SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

Transformers are magnetically-operated devices that can change voltage, current, and
impedance values in ac circuits .It consists of two coils of wire wound on a common core of
ferromagnetic material, such as iron. One coil is called the primary winding while the other is
called the secondary winding .The main objective of this Laboratory is explain and demonstrate
important operating characteristics of single-phase transformers able to connect transformer
windings in series-aiding and series-opposing configurations, and demonstrate the effect that
loading has on secondary voltage
EXPERIMENT 1: VOLTAGE AND CURRENT RATIOS
The windings of a standard single-phase transformer are called the primary winding and the
secondary winding. The primary winding is the power input winding and this is the side that is
connected to the AC power source. The Secondary winding is connected to the load and is
physically and electrically isolated from the primary. The main objective of this Experiment was to
get familiar with voltage and current characteristics of a single-phase transformer, and able to use
the transformer turns ratio to predict the voltage and current that will flow in the secondary
winding.

PROCEDURE AND RESULTS
1. First of all we installed the Power Supply, Data Acquisition Interface, and Single-Phase
Transformer modules in the EMS Workstation.
2. We set the Power Supply to the 0 (OFF) position, and turned the voltage control knob
fully ccw.
3. We connected the DAI LOW POWER INPUT to the main Power Supply and set the 24 V- AC
power switch to the I(ON) position, and connected the USB port cable from the computer
to the DAI.
4. After opening the Metering application we selected the setup configuration file ES17-1.dai.
5. Than we set up the transformer circuit shown in the Figure bel ow and connected the E1
and I 1 as shown and use E2 to measure the different secondary voltages.











6.
I Pri = 0.010 A E1-2 = 240V E3-4 = 415.8V
E5-6 = 239V E3-7 = 207.7 V E7-8 = 151.7 V
E8-4 = 56.05V E 5-9 = 119.8 V E 9-6 = 119.8 v

7. Yes the secondary voltages compare well with the rated values written on the front panel.
8. Turns Ratio of each case is

= 1

= 0.58
9. Yes the transformer turns ratios and the corresponding voltage ratios are approximately the
same.
10. And than we connected the circuit as shown in figure below and setup configuration file ES-17-
2.dai on the metering application.

11. Recorded values of primary voltage and current,and the value of the short- circuit secondary
current in winding 5-6 are

E PRI = 27.75V I PRI = 0.2 A I SEC = 0.2A
LINE
VOLTAGE
(V)
Es

(V)
120 120
220 220
240 240

12.


= 1


13. Yes the ratio is approximately equal to N
2
/ N
1

14.
Recorded values of primary voltage and current, and the secondary winding current after now
short circuiting secondary terminals 3-4.

E PRI = 31.42V I PRI = 0.353 A I SEC = 0.203A

15. No, the ratio of primary current to secondary current is not equal to N
2
I N
1

16.
We set up the transformer circuit shown in Figure below. It will be used to show how exciting
current is affected when the transformer core becomes saturated. We connected the
transformer primary terminals to Power Supply terminals 4 and 5 through sense resistor R.






















17. After selecting the setup configuration file ES17-3.dai we turned the power on and used the
output voltage control to obtain values for E2 equally spaced at about 10% intervals over the
complete control knob range. The recorded Data at each interval can be found in the Data table
below.



LINE
VOLTA
GE
(V)
R

(0)
120
100
220
367
240 400
E line 1 ( V ) E line 2 ( V ) I line 1 ( A ) I line 2 ( A )
I field
( A )
P IN ( W )
Torque
( Nm )
0 415.45 0.19 0.27 0 0 19.57 0.32
1 414.83 0.18 0.32 0 0 7.03 0.37
2 414.39 0.15 0.38 0 0 31.78 0.93
3 413.59 0.09 0.45 0 0 56.91 1.22
4 413.81 0.1 0.53 0 0 83.1 1.52
5 413.09 0.19 0.62 0 0 109.73 1.82
6 412.34 0.12 0.73 0 0 137.06 2.12
7 412.14 0.22 0.76 0 0 144.6 2.21
8 412.39 0.17 0.81 0 0 156.79 2.32
9 412.7 0.1 0.85 0 0 166 2.41
10 412.36 0.17 0.89 0 0 175.07 2.49
11 411.96 0.12 0.95 0 0 187.91 2.62
12 412.22 0.18 1 0 0 196.29 2.7
13 412.01 0.14 1.06 0 0 209.73 2.79
14 411.81 0.12 1.13 0 0 222.35 2.89

Speed
( r/min )
Mech
Power
( W )
PQS1 + PQS2 f (E1) ( Hz )
P elctric
( W )

0 1473.71 49.54 188.64 49.91 74.01
1 1203.16 46.89 195.1 49.91 131.33
2 1403.29 136.99 204.96 49.92 187.33
3 1356.33 173.63 216.88 49.9 244.96
4 1325.74 210.36 233.49 49.91 305.55
5 1268.35 242.06 255.57 49.9 373.56
6 1199.22 265.61 282.26 49.91 444.07
7 1200.35 277.58 291.69 49.91 465.6
8 1172.59 284.53 306.11 49.92 497.71
9 1148.5 289.35 318.94 49.93 522.11
10 1126.83 293.46 332.77 49.9 548.73
11 1080.91 296.67 354.77 49.88 586.73
12 1044.41 295.34 372.58 49.9 616.27
13 993.66 289.2 395.12 49.91 654.57
14 930.18 281.77 425.64 49.91 698.36



19.


Review questions

1. a. 1 : 3
2. b 1.25A
3.
d. primary voltage is greater than the rated value.
4. d. 4A
5. b. To ensure that the current rating of the primary is not exceeded.



EXPERIMENT 2: TRANSFORMER POLARITY

The Polarity of a Transformer is identifying all terminals that have the same polarity, either
negative or positive, at any point of time.

PROCEDURE AND RESULTS
1. First of all we installed the Power Supply, Data Acquisition Interface, and Single-Phase
Transformer modules in the EMS Workstation.
2. We set the Power Supply to the 0 (OFF) position, and turned the voltage control knob
fully ccw.
3. We connected the DAI LOW POWER INPUT to the main Power Supply and set the 24 V- AC
power switch to the I(ON) position, and connected the USB port cable from the computer
to the DAI.
4. After opening the Metering application we selected the setup configuration file ES17-4.dai.
5. We set up the transformer circuit as shown in Figure below and connected terminals 1
and 5 together as shown. AC input power was connected at winding 3-4.






6. After turning on the power and adjusting voltage control to set Es at exactly 50 % of the rated voltage for
3-4 We get the following values across different windings.






7. The Windings are connected in the Series Opposing Condition

E 1-2 = 120.2 E 5-6 = 120.0 E2-6 = 0.392
8. After reversing the connections to Metere3 the value of E2-6 is 240 V

9. After
Selecting the setup configuration file ES17-5.dai. We turned the power o n set E
5
at
exactly 50% of the rated voltage for winding 3-4. Measured and recorded the
voltages at transformer windings 1-2, 5-6, and 2-5 can be found in the table below


E 1-2 = 120 E 5-6 = 120 E2-5 = 240


10. Both the values in Step 9 and Step 8 are same

11. The two voltages which can be obtained across the series combination of windings 3-4 and 1-
2 when the same voltage as that in step 9 is applied to winding 3-4 is same as in the step
above

12. After connecting terminals 1 and 4 together setting E
s
at exactly 50% of the rated voltage
for winding 3-4 and selecting setup configuration file ES17-6.dai. We get t he
f ol l owi ng vol t ages at transformer windings 1-2, and 2-3 using E2 and E3.




13. After that we disconnected terminals 1 and 4, and connected terminals 1 and 3
together. We Interchanged the connections at input E2 of the DAI module.

14. Than we turned on the power and set E
s
at exactly 50% of the rated voltage for winding 3-4.
Selecting setup configuration file ES17-7.dai. Measuring and recording the voltage at
transformer winding 2-4


E 2-4 = 87.8
15.

16.

17.



E 1-2 = 120.3 E 2-3 = 328.4
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. a. Yes, but the polarity must be determined experimentally beforehand.
2. a. connected in series-opposing
3 b. Yes, if the 50-V and 75-V windings are connected to oppose the 125-V winding.

4 . c. the de method and the ac method.

5. a. to know their ratings.


EXPERIMENT 3 - TRANSFER REGULATION
The main objective of this experiment is to determine the voltage regulation of a transformer
with varying loads, and discuss capacitive and inductive loading on transformer regulation.


PROCEDURE AND RESULTS
1. First of all we installed the Power Supply, Data Acquisition Interface, and Single-Phase
Transformer modules in the EMS Workstation.
2. We set the Power Supply to the 0 (OFF) position, and turned the voltage control knob
fully ccw.
3. We connected the DAI LOW POWER INPUT to the main Power Supply and set the 24 V- AC
power switch to the I(ON) position, and connected the USB port cable from the computer
to the DAI.
4. After opening the Metering application we selected the setup configuration file ES17-8.dai.
5. We set up the circuit as shown in the figure below



LINE
VOLTAG
E
(V)
E;;

(V)
R

(Q)
120 120
=













6. After turning on the main Power Supply and adjusting the main voltage control to
obtain the value of Es = 240 V we recorded the values of E and I with No Load on the
transformer


7. Than we adjusted the switches on the Resistive Load module to successively obtain the
resistance values given in Table below. For each resistance value, we recorded the
measurements as in step 6.













8. As the Load Resistance decreases the Secondary voltage increases which is clearly visible in the graph
below

220 220
=

240
240
=


LINE
VOLTAG
E

R, XL, Xc

R, XL, Xc

R, XL, Xc

R, XL, Xc

R, XL, Xc

v

0

0

0

0

0

120

1 200

600

400

300

240

220

4400

2200

1 467

1100

880

240

4 800

2400

1 600

1 200

960






9. Using the formula we get the result of 400%

10. Now clearing the data table and using the Inductance Load Module for further experiment

11.
After turning on the main Power Supply and adjusting the main voltage control to
obtain the value of Es = 240 V we recorded the values of E and I with No Load on the
transformer

12. Than we adjusted the switches on the Inductive Load module to successively obtain the
Inductance values given in Table in Point 7. For each Inductance value, we recorded
the measurements as in step 6








As the Load Inductance decreases the Secondary voltage increases which is clearly visible in the graph
below


14 Now clearing the data table and using the Capacitance Load Module for further experiment

15
After turning on the main Power Supply and adjusting the main voltage control to
obtain the value of Es = 240 V we recorded the values of E and I with No Load on the
transformer

16 Than we adjusted the switches on the Capacitive Load module to successively obtain the
Capacitive values given in Table in Point 7. For each Inductance value, we recorded
the measurements as in step 6



As the Load capacitance increases the Secondary voltage increases which is clearly visible in the graph
below.

18. The main difference between the three curves is that the secondary voltage increases with the increase
in capacitive load whereas its the opposite in case of resistive and inductance load. All of the three follow
linear line with a steep increase in between




Review Questions

1.
b. 100 (ENL- EFL) I ENL

2. d. 5 %

3. b . capacitive

4. c. 2%

5. a. depends on the type of load connected at the secondary.