Introduction To Information Technology Turban Rainer and Potter Chapter 6

Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter

Chapter 6 Telecommunications and Networks
CHAPTER 6
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKS
Learning b!ecti"es
Describe the components of a telecommunications system
Describe the five basic types of communication media, including
their advantages and disadvantages
Classify the major types of networks
Differentiate among the three types of distributed processing
Identify seven telecommunications applications and describe how
they help the organization attain competitive advantage
Chapter "er"iew
Telecommunications
Systems
#
Signal
#
Communications
processors
#
Communications
media and channels
#
Communications
carriers and services
etworks
#
!ocal area networks
#
"ide area networks
etwork Communication
Software
#
etwork operating system
#
etwork management
software
#
#rotocols
#
Types of data transmission
etwork #rocessing
Strategies
#
$rganizational
distributed processing
#
$pen systems and
enterprise networking
Telecommunications
%pplications
#
&lectronic mail
#
'ideo conferencing
#
&lectronic data interchange
#
&lectronic funds transfer
#
(acsimile
#
Telecommuting
#
Distance learning
Case $ Network %anagement
at &outhwest 'irlines

The (usiness Problem
The &olution

etwork )ealth

to predict the possible ramifications of shifting network traffic
to virtually add and subtract applications and make theoretical changes in transmission capacity through*out the network
to help the network managers monitor network usage

it had to make the transition from its legacy
applications to client+sever
technology to maintain service levels and keep up with
network traffic volume
The Results
Save almost ,-..,... in staffing costs in the first year
%ble to smooth network traffic among reservations centers
Shorten customers/ waiting time

)hat ha"e we learned from this case**

Case (continued)
+,change of data - facilitated by telecommunications technologies -
brings a number of "ery significant changes
Take management of resources "ery seriously
(ring disastrous losses in re"enues and customer satisfaction by minor
disruption in telecommunications traffic
.nderstand technology in order to gain and maintain competiti"e
ad"antage
Rarely in modern companies do computers work in
isolation
The Telecommunications &ystem

)ardware * all types of computers and communication
processors
Communications media * the physical media through which

electronic signals are transmitted ,including wireless media
Communications networks* the links among computers and

communications devices
Communications software* software that controls the

telecommunications system and the entire transmission process
Data communications providers* regulated utilities or

private firms that provide data communications services
Communications protocols* the rules for transmitting

information across networks
Communications applications* electronic data interchange,

teleconferencing, videoconferencing, electronic mail, facsimile,
and electronic funds transfer, as well as others
The Telecommunications &ystem
(continued )
Computer
Communications
#rocessor
Communications
#rocessor
Computer
etwork
Software
Communications
Channels and %edia
Transmitter
Recei"er
Communication Processors
%odem
an analog network to carry "oice signals or sounds in an
analog wa"e format
%ultiple,er
an electronic de"ice that allows a single
communications channel to carry data transmissions
simultaneously from many sources
/ront-end-Processor
a small secondary computer dedicated solely to
communication in computer system
Communication %edia and Channels
Cable %edia
Twisted-pair wire
Coa,ial cable
base band transmission
broad band transmission
/iber optics
optical networking
Copper "ersus fiber
the price differential between copper 0cheap1 and fiber
0e,pensi"e1 is beginning to narrow
(continued )
)ireless %edia
%icrowa"e - transmission stations $ usually not spaced
more than 23 miles apart
&atellite - digital transmission
4eostationary earth orbit 04+1 - 55,233 miles
%edium earth orbit 0%+1 - 6,333 miles
Low earth obit 0L+1 - 633 to 7,333 miles
4lobal positioning system - 73,833 miles
Radio
use when you do not ha"e to depend on microwa"e or satellite
links, especially for short ranges
(continued )
)ireless %edia (continued ...)
Infrared
red light not commonly "isible to human eyes
commonly used in tele"ision or "ideocassette remote
control units
Cellular radio technology
transfers calls from one cell to another
%obile computing
occurs on Radio-based networks that transmit data to and
from mobile computers
Personal communication ser"ices
uses lower-power and higher-fre9uency means
(continued )

Characteristics of Communications
%edia

Transmission speed

(andwidth - range of fre9uencies a"ailable
(aud rate
%easured in bits per second 0bps1
Transmission mode
'synchronous or &ynchronous
Telecommunications Carriers
Common Carriers
the long-distance telephone companies
:alue-added Carriers
ha"e de"eloped pri"ate telecommunications systems and
pro"ide ser"ices for a fee
&witched Lines
a person can access from his or her computer to transmit data
to another computer
;edicated
pro"ide a constant connection between two de"ices and
re9uire no switching or dialing
Telecommunications &er"ices
)ide-area Telecommunications &er"ices 0)'T&1
method for billing customers who use "oice band media e,tensi"ely
Telephone and ;ialing &er"ices
'utomatic Number Identification 0'NI1
Integrated &er"ices ;igital Network 0I&;N1
transfer "oice, "ideo, image, and data simultaneously
;igital &ubscriber Line 0;&L1
pro"ide high-speed, digital data transmission
Networks

Local 'rea Network 0L'N1 - connect two or
more communicating de"ices within 5,333 feet

L'N Technology

the network gateway connects the L'N to public
networks or other corporate networks so that the L'N
can e,change information with networks e,ternal to it
Pri"ate (ranch +,changes 0a type of L'N1
controls telephone switching at a company site
carry both "oice and data
perform call waiting, call forwarding, and "oice mail

Network Typologies
&tar network
Ring
network
(us network
<ierarchical
network
%ainframe
%ini-
computers
;esktop computers
Networks (continued )
)ide 'rea Network 0)'N1 - long-haul, broadband 0analog1
networks co"ering wide geographic area
:alue-added Networks 0:'Ns1
pri"ate, data-only networks
add message storage, tracking, and relay ser"ices as well as
teleconferencing ser"ices
:irtual Pri"ate Networks 0:PNs1
allow an organi=ation to le"erage the robust, shared communication
infrastructure of the internet
pro"ide a gateway between a corporate L'N and the Internet
allow access to a corporate network>s e-mail, shared files, or intranet, "ia
an Internet connection
Network Communications &oftware
Network perating &ystems
Network %anagement &oftware
Protocols
set of rules and procedures go"erning transmission of data
across a network
line access and collision a"oidance
identify each de"ice in the communication path
e,ample $ +thernet73 (aseT and Transmission Control
Protocol?Internet Protocol 0TCP?IP1
pen &ystem Interconnection 0&I1
&e"en Layers of the &I %odel
-0 #hysical
!ayer
Transmits raw bits over a communication channel1
Its purpose is to provide a physical connection for
the transmission of data among network entities
and the means by which to activate and deactivate
a physical connection1
20 Data !ink
!ayer
#rovides a reliable means of transmitting data
across a physical link3break up the input data into
data frames se4uentially and processes the
acknowledgement frames sent back by data into
data frames se4uentially and processes the
acknowledgement frames sent back by the receiver
50 etwork
!ayer
6outes information from one network computer to
another3 accepts messages from source host and
sees to it that they are directed toward the
destination1 Computers may be physically located
within the same network or within another network
that is interconnected in some fashion1
&e"en Layers of the &I %odel
(continued )
70 Session
!ayer
#rovides user/s interface into network3 where
user must negotiate to establish connection with
process on another machine1 $nce the connection
is established, the session layer can manage the
dialogue in an orderly manner1
80 #resentation
!ayer
Translates message to and from the format used
in the network to a format used at the application
layer
90 %pplication
!ayer
Includes activities related to users, such as
supporting file transfer, handling messages, and
providing security1
:0 Transport
!ayer
#rovides a network*independent transport
service to the session layer, accepts data from
session layer, splits it up into smaller units as
re4uired, passes these to the network layer, and
ensures all pieces arrive correctly at other end1
Types of ;ata Transmission

Packet &witching

breaks up blocks of te,t into small, fi,ed bundles of
data called packets
/iber ;istributed ;ata Interface 0/;;I1
passes data around a ring, but with a bandwidth of

733 %bps
'synchronous Transfer %ode 0'T%1
di"ides data into uniform cells
eliminates the need for protocol con"ersion
&witch <ub Technologies
turns many small L'Ns into one big L'N

Network Processing &trategies
Types of rgani=ational ;istributed Processing
Terminal-to-<ost Processing
/ile &er"er Processing
Client?&er"er 'rchitecture and Processing
links two or more computers in an arrangement
organi=ations can make their systems faster and sa"e money
fi"e models of client?ser"er implementation that partition the
three components between the ser"er and the client
Client?&er"er Configuration
T;#&S $( C!I&T+S&6'&6 C$<#=TI>
S&'&6S?
Distributed
#resentation
6emote
#resentation
Distributed
(unction
6emote
Data
<anagement
Distributed
Data
<anagement
Data
<anagement
Data
<anagement
Data
<anagement
Data
<anagement
Data
<anagement
(unction (unction (unction
#resentation
#resentation #resentation #resentation #resentation #resentation
(unction (unction (unction
Data
<anagement
e
t
w
o
r
k
e
t
w
o
r
k
e
t
w
o
r
k
e
t
w
o
r
k
C!I&TS?
Difficult Difficult
<ore
Difficult
<ore
Difficult
&@tremely
Difficult
Aenefits and !imitations of Client+Server
%rchitecture for etwork #rocessing
Aenefits Aenefits

The network is not o"erloaded
with entire files being transferred
back and forth
/ile integrity is much easier to

maintain because only the ser"er
actually updates the files@ /ile
security easier to maintain with
ser"er in full control of file data
!imitations !imitations

%icrocomputers with independent
processing power are more
difficult to coordinate and
administer on a network@
There is difficulty in writing

software that di"ides processing
among clients and ser"ers@
&pecific ser"ers can be slowed

when too many clients need
ser"ice@
Types of rgani=ational
;istributed Processing
Client?&er"er 'rchitecture and Processing
Peer-to-peer processing
allows two or more computers to pool their resources
benefits
A
there is no need for a network administrator
A
the network is fast and ine,pensi"e to set up and maintain
A
each computer can pro"ide backup copies of its files to other
computers for security
A
it is the easiest network to build
pen &ystems and +nterprise
Networking

pen &ystems - allows any computing device to be
seamlessly connected to and interact with any other computing
device, regardless of size, operating system, or application
Connecti"ity - ability of the various computer resources to

communicate with each other through network devices
&nterprise*wide etwork
<anu*
facturing
(inance
<arketing
%ccount
*ing
%dministrative
Services
and )6<
Corporate Aackbone
"%
B(iber optic cables3
(DDI protocol0
<ainframe
&mbedded
!%
&mbedded
!%
&mbedded
!%
&mbedded
!%
Aackbone wide
area network
(ile server for
backbone
"%
Telecommunications 'pplications
+lectronic %ail 0e-mail1 - computer-based messages
transmitted through telephone wires or wireless networks
:ideoconferencing - allows people to ha"e Bface-to-faceC
communications with a group in another location
+lectronic ;ata Interchange 0+;I1 - electronic
transmission of routine, repetiti"e business documents directly
between the computer systems
+lectronic /unds Transfer 0+/T1 - electronically routing
funds, debits and credits, and charges and payments
Telecommunications 'pplications
(continued )
/acsimiles 0/'D1 - con"ert modulated signals into white
and black areas for printing
Telecommuting - work at home, using personal
computers and telecommunications technology to
communicate "ia electronic mail with other workers, and to
send and recei"e business work
;istance Learning - the students are able to see and hear
the professor, and the professor can hear the students off-
siteE students may be able to see each other
/or 'ccounting

Corporate accountants perform cost?benefit
analyses on the telecommunications
infrastructure of the firm

/or /inance

/inancial managers use corporate networks
to transfer and recei"e funds, complete
transactions, and use +/T
)hat>s in IT for %e*
)hat>s in IT for %e* (continued )

/or %arketing

%odern telecommunications technologies open
huge conduits of information to and from an
organi=ation, and pro"ide great strategic
ad"antage to the marketing function

/or Production?perations %anagement
Telecommunications can make the linkage

between the customer and the production function
much more direct, making possible different
manufacturing strategies
)hat>s in IT for %e* (continued )
/or <uman Resource %anagement
<uman resource managers utili=e their

corporate networks e,tensi"ely for posting
!ob openings, and use internal corporate
networks to publish corporate policies,
company newsletters and !ob openings

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Introduction to Information Technology

Turban, Rainer and Potter

to help the network managers monitor network usage

Save almost ,-..,... in staffing costs in the first year

%ble to smooth network traffic among reservations centers

Shorten customers/ waiting time

)hat ha"e we learned from this case**

Communications media * the physical media through which

Communications networks* the links among computers and

Communications software* software that controls the

Data communications providers* regulated utilities or

Communications protocols* the rules for transmitting

Communications applications* electronic data interchange,

%easured in bits per second 0bps1

Pri"ate (ranch +,changes 0a type of L'N1

controls telephone switching at a company site

carry both "oice and data

perform call waiting, call forwarding, and "oice mail

/iber ;istributed ;ata Interface 0/;;I1

passes data around a ring, but with a bandwidth of

'synchronous Transfer %ode 0'T%1

di"ides data into uniform cells

eliminates the need for protocol con"ersion

&witch <ub Technologies

turns many small L'Ns into one big L'N

/ile integrity is much easier to

There is difficulty in writing

&pecific ser"ers can be slowed

Connecti"ity - ability of the various computer resources to

Telecommunications can make the linkage

/or <uman Resource %anagement

<uman resource managers utili=e their

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