SSURFACE URFACE TTENSION ENSION OF OF SSURFACE URFACE TTENSION ENSION OF OF

FFLUIDS LUIDS FFLUIDS LUIDS

Prepared By : Guidance : Prepared By : Guidance :
Adesh Katariya Dr. T.M. Sinha
Manager R&D Technical Advisor Manager-R&D Technical Advisor
TIRUPATI INKS LTD TIRUPATI INKS LTD.
Surface Tension: The Future of Surface Tension: The Future of
Water Water
. .
.
Role of Surface Tension in Outer Role of Surface Tension in Outer
Layer of Liquid Layer of Liquid
.
Surface Tension Surface Tension
Fluid surface tension is the Fluid surface tension is the
tangential force that keeps a
fluid together at the air/fluid fluid together at the air/fluid
interface.
Intermolecular force of
attraction between adjacent attraction between adjacent
molecules
Surface Tension is Surface Tension is Surface Tension is . Surface Tension is .
Low Surface Tension Of liquid High
Unit length of surface tension Unit length of surface tension
Surface tension is measured in forces per p
unit length.
Its unit is Newton per meter and we ts u t s ewto pe ete a we
measures it also in dyne per cm.
In our surface tension pens we uses In our surface tension pens, we uses
these two units. One dyne/cm
corresponds to one mN/m corresponds to one mN/m.
Why this strength is so important ? Why this strength is so important ?
This surface tension is essential in printing
Process .
Higher is the surface tension of a material Higher is the surface tension of a material
Like ink , stronger will be the adhesion of
over a substance like BOPP Film. over a substance like BOPP Film.
Fact Fact
Cohesive forces that act Cohesive forces that act
between the molecules of the
liquid without chemical
bonding give rise to the surface bonding give rise to the surface
tension.
Surface Tension: Surface Tension:
Game of internal Forces Game of internal Forces
The Surface of a Liquid behaves like The Surface of a Liquid behaves like
an elastic membrane an elastic membrane
A surface molecule which is displaced by p y
a small amount is acted on by a restoring
force due to cohesive forces.
If there are no competing external forces
present, a liquid system will minimize its p , q y
surface area. Soap bubbles and rain drops
are spherical because the sphere is the p p
shape with this smallest surface to volume
ratio.
. .
It is also a definition of S T It is also a definition of S T It is also a definition of S.T. It is also a definition of S.T.
The surface tension is defined as the
force along a line of unit length. The force
is parallel to the surface and p
perpendicular to the line. Surface tension
is therefore measured in units of N/m in
SI units.
Physics of Surface Tension Physics of Surface Tension Physics of Surface Tension Physics of Surface Tension
The surface tension balances the outward force
due to the pressure difference between the inside due to the pressure difference between the inside
and the outside air. We have two surfaces, the
inner and the outer surface of the bubble.
Th f f f i i The force from surface tension is
F = 2L = 22r = 4r.
For a single spherical surface balance is For a single spherical surface balance is
achieved if
P
i
- P
o
= 2/r.
Thi i k L l ' l f h i l This is known as Laplace's law for a spherical
membrane. For a Soap bubble with two surfaces
P
i
- P
o
= 4/r.
Measurements of Surface Tension Measurements of Surface Tension Measurements of Surface Tension Measurements of Surface Tension
Surface tension is typically measured in yp y
dynes/cm, the force in dynes required to
break a film of length 1 cm. g
Equivalently, it can be stated as surface
energy in ergs per square centimeter. gy g p q
Water at 20C has a surface tension of
72 8 dynes/cm compared to 22 3 for ethyl 72.8 dynes/cm compared to 22.3 for ethyl
alcohol and 465 for mercury.
Cohesion Theory Cohesion Theory Cohesion Theory Cohesion Theory
The cohesive forces between molecules down
i t li id h d ith ll i hb i into a liquid are shared with all neighboring
atoms.
Those on the surface have no neighboring
atoms above, and exhibit stronger attractive
f th i t i hb th forces upon their nearest neighbors on the
surface.
This enhancement of the intermolecular
attractive forces at the surface is called
f i surface tension.
Surface Tension of Water Surface Tension of Water Surface Tension of Water Surface Tension of Water
The surface tension of water is 72 dynes/cm at
25C I ld k f f 72 d b k 25C . It would take a force of 72 dynes to break
a surface film of water 1 cm long. The surface
tension of water decreases significantly with g y
temperature as shown in the graph. The surface
tension arises from the polar nature of the water
molecule Hot water is a better cleaning agent molecule. Hot water is a better cleaning agent
because the lower surface tension makes it a
better "wetting agent" to get into pores and
f h h b d h h f fissures rather than bridging them with surface
tension. Soaps and detergents further lower the
surface tension.
Effect of Temperature on Surface Effect of Temperature on Surface
Tension Tension
Cohesion and Adhesion Cohesion and Adhesion
Molecules liquid state experience strong intermolecular
attractive forces. When those forces are between like attractive forces. When those forces are between like
molecules, they are referred to as cohesive forces. For
example, the molecules of a water droplet are held together
by cohesive forces, and the especially strong cohesive forces
at the surface constitute surface tension at the surface constitute surface tension.
When the attractive forces are between unlike molecules,
they are said to be adhesive forces. The adhesive forces
between water molecules and the walls of a glass tube are between water molecules and the walls of a glass tube are
stronger than the cohesive forces lead to an upward turning
meniscus at the walls of the vessel and contribute to
capillary action.
Th i f b l l i li id b The attractive forces between molecules in a liquid can be
viewed as residual electrostatic forces and are sometimes
called van der Waals forces or van der Waals bonds.
Detergents Lower The Surface Detergents Lower The Surface
Tension of Water Tension of Water
Detergent molecules have two ends, one g
hydrophobic end, repelled by water and
one hydrophilic end, attracted to water. y p
Contact Angle Contact Angle Contact Angle Contact Angle
The contact angle is the angle at which a g g
liquid/vapor interface meets a solid
surface.
Wetting Wetting Wetting Wetting
Wetting refers to the study of how a liquid g y q
deposited on a solid (or liquid) substrate
spreads out or the ability of liquids to p y q
form boundary surfaces with solid states.
Wetting is the ability of liquids to form g y q
interfaces with solid surfaces
No Wetting Wetting No Wetting Wetting
Poor Wetting Poor Wetting Poor Wetting Poor Wetting
Contact Angle and Contact Angle and Wettebility Wettebility: : Contact Angle and Contact Angle and Wettebility Wettebility: :
The contact angle is the angle, g g
conventionally measured through the
liquid, where a liquid /vapor interface q q p
meets a solid surface.
It quantifies the Wettability of a solid
surface by a liquid surface by a liquid
Wetting and Coating Angle: Wetting and Coating Angle: Wetting and Coating Angle: Wetting and Coating Angle:
The contact angle between the liquid and g q
the solid surface is a measure of the
degree of wetting. g g
A smaller the contact angle and a smaller
the surface tension result in a greater the g
degree of wetting.
Fact Fact Fact . Fact .
When adhesive forces are greater than cohesive
forces, the contact angle lies between 0 and
90
o
.
When adhesive forces are smaller than cohesive
forces, the contact angle lies between 90
o
and
180
o
180
o
.
Wetting of liquid over substrates Wetting of liquid over substrates
.
Vapor
Vapor
Liquid
Liquid
Substrate
If surface energy of If surface energy of
substrate is lower than
surface Tension of
Liquid , Good wetting
If surface energy of
substrate is greater than
surface Tension of Liquid ,
tti f d
q , g
performed
poor wetting performed
Surface & Electro-Optics
Co., Ltd.
For liquid standing in a container, a meniscus For liquid standing in a container, a meniscus
f I b f I b forms. It can be convex or concave forms. It can be convex or concave
A concave meniscus indicated that the
molecules of the liquid have a stronger
attraction to the material of the container
(adhesion) than to each other (cohesion).
A convex meniscus indicates the molecules
have a stronger attraction to each other
than to the material of the container.

Adhesion and Surface Tension: Adhesion and Surface Tension: Adhesion and Surface Tension: Adhesion and Surface Tension:
Adhesion and surface tension together can produce
capillary action Capillary action occurs when the capillary action. Capillary action occurs when the
adhesion to the walls is stronger than the
cohesive forces between the liquid
molecules Adhesion of water to the walls of a molecules. Adhesion of water to the walls of a
vessel results in an upward force on the liquid at
the edges. The surface tension keeps the surface
intact so the whole liquid surface is dragged intact, so the whole liquid surface is dragged
upward.
Cont... Cont...
Atoms Atoms,
- Chemical bonding
unsatisfied bonds of top surface layer
Th i h i ht t hi h th Th i h i ht t hi h th The maximum height to which the The maximum height to which the
liquid will rise through capillary liquid will rise through capillary
action is given by action is given by
h = 2 h = 2cos cos/( /(gr gr)) h 2 h 2cos cos/( /(gr gr). ).
Effect of Surfactants on wetting . Effect of Surfactants on wetting . gg
((An example ) An example )
Surface Tension Values of Some Surface Tension Values of Some
Solvents: Solvents: Solvents: Solvents:
Surface Energy of Diff. Substrates Surface Energy of Diff. Substrates Surface Energy of Diff. Substrates Surface Energy of Diff. Substrates
S.N. Substrates Description Surface Energy
1
LDPE Film
31
2
HDPE Film
32
3
BOPP Film
32
4
PET Films
42
5
PP Films
29
6
PVC Film
38
77
PLA Films
..
Testing Of Substrate Surface Energy Testing Of Substrate Surface Energy
i.e. Dyne Label i.e. Dyne Label
Dyne Solution or Dyne Pens to be Used Dyne Solution or Dyne Pens to be Used
Preparing Formula for Dyne Sol Preparing Formula for Dyne Sol Preparing Formula for Dyne Sol. Preparing Formula for Dyne Sol.
Testing Of Dyne Label : Testing Of Dyne Label : Testing Of Dyne Label : Testing Of Dyne Label :
Wetting of same ink over different Wetting of same ink over different
Substrates: Substrates:
Condition for Good Adhesion of Condition for Good Adhesion of
Inks : Inks :
Transfer and spreading of an ink on a
substrate depends on the surface energy of
the material delivering the ink, the surface
t i f th i k dth f tension of the ink, and the surface energy
of the substrate receiving the ink. The
substratemust haveasurfaceenergy substrate must have a surface energy
higher than the ink, with forces of
attractiongreat enoughtopromotegood attraction great enough to promote good
transfer and spreading, which in turn
facilitates good adhesion.
..
Examples Examples
f of
S f T i Surface Tension
Walking on Water: Walking on Water: Walking on Water: Walking on Water:
Small insects such as the water strider
can walk on water because their weight is
not enough to penetrate the surface. g p
This interesting insect (See Next Slide
)can freely run along the surface of a quiet ) y g q
pond. It's tiny mass and the geometry of
its legs allow it to be supported by the g pp y
high surface tension of water.
Surface Tension and the Water Surface Tension and the Water
Strider Strider
Floating a needle: Floating a needle: Floating a needle: Floating a needle:
f ll l d h f If carefully placed on the surface, a
small needle can be made to
fl h f f float on the surface of water
even though it is several times as
d If h f dense as water. If the surface is
agitated to break up the surface
h dl ll kl tension, then needle will quickly
sink.
Dont touch the tent! Dont touch the tent! Don t touch the tent! Don t touch the tent!
Common tent materials are
somewhat rainproof in that the
surface tension of water will
bridge the pores in the finely
woven material. But if you touch y
the tent material with your
finger, you break the surface g , y
tension and the rain will drip
through. g
Soaps and Detergents Soaps and Detergents Soaps and Detergents Soaps and Detergents
Help the cleaning of clothes by
l h f lowering the surface tension
of the water so that it more of the water so that it more
readily soaks into pores and
soiled areas.
Washing with Cold Water: Washing with Cold Water: Washing with Cold Water: Washing with Cold Water:
The major reason for using hot
water for washing is that its water for washing is that its
surface tension is lower and it is
a better ettin a ent B t if the a better wetting agent. But if the
detergent lowers the surface
tension, the heating may be
unnecessary. y
Surface Tension Disinfectants: Surface Tension Disinfectants: Surface Tension Disinfectants: Surface Tension Disinfectants:
Disinfectants are usually solutions of s ecta ts a e usua y so ut o s o
low surface tension. This allow
them to spread out on the cell them to spread out on the cell
walls of bacteria and disrupt them.
One such disinfectant, S.T.37, has a
name which points to its low p
surface tension compared to the
72 dynes/cm for water 72 dynes/cm for water.
Some More Examples: Some More Examples:
Add some drops of Gasoline into Add some drops of Gasoline into
water and see,.. water and see,..
Writing with Pen Writing with Pen Writing with Pen Writing with Pen
Any questions ? Any questions ? Any questions ? Any questions ?