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PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS LAB

REVIEWER
#6 GLYCERIN SUPPOSITORIES
CATEGORY: suppository
SYNONYM: glycerina
LABEL: red label
CONTAINER: suppository bottle
Suppository - solid dosage form intended for insertion
into the body orifices where they melt, soften,
dissolvem and exert localizied or systemic effect.
5 TYPES OF SUPPOSITORIES
1. rectal - cylindrical or bullet shape
- 32 mm (1 inch)
- 2g adult; 1g children
Use: glyercin laxative effect
Sodium stearate (Soap); solidifying agent
Cathartic acts directly on colonic mucosa
to produce normal peristalsis. Not
appreciably affects the motility of small
intestine
Relieve pruritus ani pain associated w/
hemorrhoids
constipation
2. urethral (bougies or inserts) slender, pencil
shaped.
Male: 4g; 140 mm long, 3-6 mm diameter
Female: 2g; 60-70 mm long
Use: dilatation of uterus
Anti-infective agent
Erectile dysfunction
Tx of local infection
3. vaginal (pessaries) - globular, oviform, cone-shaped;
5 grams.
Caused by: Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida (Monilia)
albicans, Haemophilus vaginalis
Estrogenic substances (dienestrol) used to
restore the vaginal mucosa to its normal state.
Vaginal tablets (vaginal inserts) - easier to
manufacture, more stable, and less messy.
Anti-infective
w/ homonal substances
Tablet lubricant Magnesium stearate
Disintegrating agent - startch
Use: anti-fungal
Anti-infective
Contraceptive (w/ spermicide)
4. otic (aural) pencil-shaped
5. nasal (burginarium) pencil-shaped
CRITERIA FOR SUPPOSITORIES
1. melts at body temperature
2. firm at room temperature
3. yields at clear melt
4. inert and compatible with other agent
5. wetting and emulsifying
6. acid value (<0-2)
7. saponification value (200-245) if it forms ester
8. non- irritating
9. iodine value (<7) determines the unsaturation of
double bonds (C=C)
TYPES OF SUPPOSITORY BASES
1. tend to melt -
cocoa butter (theobroma oil) polymorphic
- very good suppository base for rectal,
seldom used in vagina and urethral
- tendency to lower melting point
- inability to absorb aqueous solution
witepool C
12
C
18
(no polymorphism)
wecobee only suppository base that came
from coconut oil
2. tend to dissolve polyethylene gylcol (PEG)
- PEG liquid (300, 400, 600)
- PEG semi-solid
- PEG solid- wax ( > 1000)- clear colorless liquid
METHODS OF PREPARATION
1. hand rolling mixing and rolling in a pile tile.
2. compression - more elegant in appearnce
- very simple avoid sedimentation
- not for large manufacturing
- mix -> supp. Compression device -> apply pressure
-> cool
3. fusion method
- melting of all ingredients
- pour directly to mold
- freeze
- wrap in Aluminum foil

#7 COLD CREAM
CATEGORY: cream
SYNONYM: petrolatum rose water ointment
USES: emollient, cleansing cream, ointment base
CONTAINER: 15 g ointment jar
Creams semisolid preparations containing one or more
medicinal agents dissolves or dispersed in either o/w or
w/o emulsion or in another type of water-washable
base.
Easily spread and remove than ointment
Lighter, less viscous
Impart pseudo-plastic flow when applied
2 TYPES OF CREAMS
1. oil-in-water vanishing cream (galens cerate)
Example: shaving cream, hand cream, foundation
cream
2. water-in-oil- imparts oily feeling on skin
Example: cold cream (petrolatum rose water
ointment), emollient cream
Substitutes for Spermaceti Wax
a. cetyl ester wax
b. cethy alcohol
why is almond oil changed ito mineral oil?
More stable cold cream
But if almond oil is used, better emollient
property

#8 WHITE OINTMENT
SYNONYM: salve, chrisma, unguentum album,
unguentum simplex
USE: protective, emollient, lubricant
CONTAINER: 15 g ointment jar
Ointment semisolid preparation intended for
external application to skin and mucous membrane.
2 TYPES OF OINTMENT:
1. medicated- w/ active ingredient
2. non-medicated- ointment bases. Serves as vehicles
for application of medicinal substances
Medicaments are reduced to impalpable
powder before incorporation into a base to
reduce grittiness and form a very smooth
nucleus for a smooth homogeous ointment.
METHODS OF PREPARATION
1. fusion
2. mechanical incorporation performed by trituration
in a mortar or on a slab with spatula is a process known
as levigation.
Unguator
4 TYPES OF OINTMENT BASES
1. oleaginous bases aka hydrocarbon bases
Have emollient effect after application
Water insoluble
Non-washable
Cannot absorb water
Oily, occlusive, lack cosmetic appeal
Examples:
a. Petrolatum, USP good base for insoluble
ingredients
ex. vaseline
b. White petrolatum, USP yellow wax is decolorized
ex. White vaseline
c. Yellow Ointment, USP aka simple ointment;
- yellow wax- purified wax
obtained from honeycomb of the bee Apis mellifera
d. white ointment USP - white wax (bleached and
purified yellow wax)
e. Lanolin derivatives
e. Synthetic esters constituents of oleaginous
- glyceryl monostearate, butyl
stearate, isopropyl lanolate , stearyl alcohol
2. Absorption Bases
Water insoluble
Non-washable
Can absorb water
Anhydrous
Oily, occlusive, lacks cosmetic appeal
Examples:
a. Hydrophilic petrolatum w/o emulsifier
b. Aquaphor has the capacity to absorb up to 3x its
weight in water
c. Aquabase
d. Wool fat (anhydrous lanolin) from wool of sheep
(Ovis aries)
Higher percentage of cholesterol
Ability to absorb twice its weight
3. Water-Removable bases o/w emulsions; aka
emulsion bases.
2 types:
a. Water in oil
water insoluble
non-washable
can absorb water
contains water
Examples:
cold cream (petrolatum rose water ointment)
Lanolin (hydrous wool fat)
Hydrophilic ointment
Vanishing creams
b. Oil in water
water insoluble
water washable
can absorb water
contains water
Examples:
Hydrophilic ointment
Velvachol
Unibase
Acid mantle
Dermabase
Vanicream
Humectants hydrating agent
Glycerin
Propylene glycol
Sorbitol 70%
4. Water Soluble bases
Water soluble
Water washable
Can absorb water
Anhydrous or hydrous
All water soluble, no oil phase
Examples: polyethylene glycol ointment
Veegum
Methods of Preparation:
1. Fusion heating all ingredients. Let cool and
congeal.
2. Mechanical incorporation - performed by
trituration in a mortar or on a slab with spatula
is a process knwon as levigation.
COMPEDIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR OINTMENTS:
1. Microbial content test for absence of
Staphyloccocus aureus and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa.
Addition of preservatives such as
methyparaben, propylparaben,phenols, benzoic
acid, sorbic acid, and quarternary ammonium
salts

2. Minimum fill to ensure proper contents
compared with labeled amount.
- 30% max (overage)
- 10% minimum
3. Packaging, storing, and labeling
Packaging jar: glass, plastics ( DO NOT POUR
WHILE HOT)
- dispensing jars: plastic
- tubes: plasitc, tin, aluminum
Labeling protect w/ tape
- Dual labels
Storage store in a cool place
4. Sterility test and metal particles content for
ophthalmic ointment
5. non-gritty non sand-like feeling to be
achieved by heavy trituration.
SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE BASE:
Topical or percutaneous drug absorption
Release rate
Occlusion
Stability of the drug
Effect of drug on ointment base
Easy removable
Characteristics of surface for application
#9 ZINC OXIDE OINTMENT
SYNONYM: Zinc oxide unguentum
USE: Tx and Prevention for diaper rash (protectant)
CONTAINER: 10 g ointment jar
Active ingredient: ZnO
#10 SULFUR OINTMENT
SYNONYM: Unguentum sulfuris, Unguentum de Azufre
USE: Tx for scabies, ketolytic, acne vulgaris
Active ingredient: precipitated sulfur make a
smoother ointment than any other sulfur. Provides
greater reactive surfaces.


#11 CINNAMON WATER
SYNONYM: cassia oil, cassio nare
USE: flavored vehicle for internal aqueous solution,
carminative
DESCRIPTION OF FINAL PRODUCT: clear, saturated
solution
CONTAINER: 30 ml narrow amber bottle
#12 CONCENTRATED PEPPERMINT WATER
SYNONYM: Aqua Mint
USE: flavoring vehicle, carminative
CONTAINER: 30 ml narrow amber bottle
DESCRIPTION OF FINAL PRODUCT: clear, saturated
solution
Computed by alligation alternate (x method)
Aromatic water- clear, aqueous soution saturated with
volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances.
Should be free from empyreumatic (smole-like)
and other foreign odor.
METHODS OF PREPARATION
1. distillation - most satisfactory methos of preparation
but the slowest and most expensive of the 2 methods.
Example: Strong Rose Water
Cohobation process of repeatedly using the distillate
to distille with fresh portions of flowers/ plant materials
to minimize loss of water soluble components.
Example: Orange or Rose flowers
2. Solution
2a. Direct solution method - prepared by repeatedly
shaking and set aside or 12 hours, filtered through
wetted filter paper and qs ad.
Example: cinnamon water
2b. Alternate solution method prepared by
incorporating the volatile oil with talc or siliceous earth
or pulped filter paper, agitate for 10 mins, filtered and
qs ad.
Example: concentrated peppermint water
Dispersing agent - surface of volatile substances
ensuring more rapid saturation of water and forms an
efficient filter aid for a clearer solution.
#13 CALCIUM HYDROXIDE TOPICAL SOLUTION
CATEGORY: astringent
DESCRIPTION OF FINAL PRODUCT: clear, colorless
solution
SYNONYM: hydrated lime, lime water, liqoud calcis
Ca(OH)
2
+ CO
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
CONTAINER: 30 ml narrow mouth flint bottle
REMARKS:
Should be stored in well-filled, tightly stoppered
containers to determine the absorption of CO
2
and should be kept in the cool place to avoid
degradation.
Best accomplished by the use of a siphon with
care not to entrain the residue.
Prepared by simple solution
NOTE: CaOH is more soluble in cold water

#14 STRONG IODINE SOLUTION
SYNONYM: Liquor Iodi Fortis, Lugols soln
USE: antiseptic
CONTAINER: 15 ml narrow amber bottle
REMARKS:
Iodine crystals stains hand and jewelries
1:2950
Very volatile
Very reactive to metal use porcelain
or very hard rubber spatula
Addition of KI to increase solubility
Prepared by simple solution


#15 MAGNESIUM CITRATE ORAL SOLUTION
SYNONYM: Milk of Magnesia, Ascapate of Magnesia
USE: saline cathartic
DESCRIPTION OF FINAL PRODUCT: colorless to slightly
yellow clear effervescent liquid having a sweet,
aciduloud taste and a lemon flavor.
REMARKS:
NOTE: CaOH is more soluble in cold water
Is has tendency to deposit a crystalline solid
upon standing
Official MgCo
3
a basic hydrated MgCO
3
, or a
normal hydrated MgCO
3

STORAGE: cool place preferably a ref keepping the cork
or rubber liner moist and swollen maintaining airtight
seal between cap and bottle.
CONTAINER: 120 ml wide mouth flint bottle
Solutions liquid preparations that contain one or
more chemical substances dissolves in a suitable solvent
or mixture of mutually miscible substances.
Homogenous mixture
Relative Terms of Solubility
Descriptive term
Parts of solvent required
for 1 part of solute
Very soluble <1
Freely soluble 1-10
Soluble 10-30
Sparingly soluble 30-100
Slightly soluble 100-1000
Very slightly soluble 1000-10,000
Practically insoluble or
insoluble
>10,000

METHODS OF PREPARATION (SOLUTIONS)
1. simple solution - by dissolving solute in a suitable
solvent.
Example: NaCl soln, Strong Iodine solution, CaOH soln
2. solution by chemical reaction by reacting two or
more solute with each other in a suitable solvent.
Example: Aluminum subacetate soln, Magnesium
citrate solution, Sulfurate lime solution
3. solution by distillation for isolation of volatile oil
4. solution by extraction drug or pharmaceutical
necessities of vegetable or animal origin.
Aka extractives
a. maceration submerging solute
Best used for drugs containing little or no
cellular material such as benzoin, aloe and tolu
w/c dissolves almost completely in the
menstruum.
b. percolation using percolator
c. digestion with the aid of gentle heat
d. infusion blanching; + hot water
e. decoction boiling for 15 mins.
#16 SIMPLE SYRUP
SYNONYM: syrupus, sirup, syrup
DESCRIPTION OF FINAL PRODUCT: clear solution of
sucrose in purified water
USE: sweetening agent, sweet vehicle and basis for
many flavored and medicated syrup
CONTAINER: 60 ml flint bottle
Computation:

M Soln = D x V
mass solvent = mass soln- mass solute
vehicle (Water) - * with the mass solvent
PREPARED BY: percolation
REMARKS: loose cotton permit sucrose light flow
freely
Tight cotton inhibits flow of liquid
Filter paper to prevent holing of sugar
#17 CHOCOLATE SYRUP
USE: flavored vehicle to active medicaments or
substance to improve their taste
SYNONYM: Cacao syrup, chocolate fllavored syrup
DESCRIPTION OF FINAL PRODUCT: viscous, dark brown
syrup with the odor and taste of cocoa
CONTAINER: 15 ml amber bottle
PREPAPERED BY: w/ aid of heat

Ingredients:
1. Cocoa powder flavorant
2. Sucrose sweetening agent
3. Liquid glucose
4. Glycerin humectant (hydrating agent),
preservative
5. Sodium chloride taste balancer
6. Vanilin - flavorant
7. Sodium benzoate - preservative
8. Purified water vehicle
REMARKS:
Cocoa is NMT 12% non-volatile ether soluble
extractives of fats yields syrups having a
minimum tendency to separate.
Sodium benzoate and glycerin are preservatives
added to prevent bacterial and mold growth
because of low concentration of sucrose
(not self-preserving)
Syrup concentrated aqueous solution containing
sugar usually sucrose or any sugar substitute.
Polyols (glycerin or sorbitol) retart crystalliation of
sucrose to increase its solubility.
TYPE OF SYRUP:
1. simple syrup clear, concentrated, sweet, aqueous,
hypertonic solution with striations with concentrations
of 85% w/v or 65% w/w (sp gr.: 1.313) for self
preserving characteristics.
2. flavored/ non-medicated syrup - contains aromatic
and pleasantly flavored substances.
Example: chocolate syrup(flavorant), glycyrrhiza syrup
(masks bitter taste of alkaloid)
3. medicated syrup with active ingredient and has
therapeutic efect
Example: Ipecac, FeSO
4
METHODS OF PREPARATION FOR SYRUP
1. solution without aid of heat
ADVANTAGE: for heat sensitive. Avoids heat induced
conversions
DISADVANTAGE: slowest and time consuming method
Example: FeSO
4

2. solution with aid of heat for heat stable only
ADVANTAGE: fast
DISADVANTAGE: excessive heating will cause inversion
of sucrose and form caramelization
tendency to ferment
sweeter
less stable
prone to microbial growth
Example: acacia syrup, cocoa syrup, syrup USP
3. percolation a percolator or a column is being used.
The fluid rate of liquid(water) is controlled or adjusted
to 20 drops/minute using a cotton.
The percolator will allow the passage of water
slowly through the bed of crystalline sucrose
and will eventually dissolve the sugar.
Example: Tolu Balsam, Simple syrup
4. addition of sucrose to a medicated liquid simple
admixture of sugar to a prepared medicated liquid
usually a fluidextract or a tincture.
The syrup prepared through this is not self
preserving.
Prone to microbial growth low concentration
of sucrose.
#18 ACACIA MUCILAGE
SYNONYM: Mucilage of Gum Arabic, Mucilage of Gum
Acacia
DESCRIPTION OF FINAL PRODUCT: thick,viscid,
adhesive liquid with brown color
USE:
Demulcent
Suspending agent
Excipient in making pills and troches
Emulsifying agent for cod liver oil and mineral
oil emulsion
CONTAINER: 15 ml flint bottle
REMARKS:
benzoic acid preservative
must be free from molds or any other indication
of decomposition
it is unstable and prone to decomposition
(+preservative)
SHOULD NEVER BE MADE IN LARGE
QUANTITIES!

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