9/10/2014

1
7 QC Tools
Training module
on
1
7 QC Tools
By Ankur Dhir
Learning Objectives:
Hands-on learning of Quality Tools and
Continuous Improvement Tools !
Learn TRANSFORM monthly reports to deliver
more important information instantly
Agenda:
10:00-10:30 : Process Flow Chart,
10 30 11 15 Cause and Effect Diagram 10.30-11.15 Cause and Effect Diagram,
11.15-11.45 Check sheet,
11.45 -12.15 Histogram
12:150 - 01: 00 : Pareto Chart,
01:00 2.00 Lunch
2.00 -3.00 pm, Scatter Plot, Stratification
3.00 4.30 Control Chart,
4.30-5.00 Quality Tools in Reporting,
5.00-5.30 quiz and test
Trainer profile
Qualification: B-tech, Advanced Diploma in
Quality Management, Certified Quality Manager
(ASQ), Lead Auditor ISO 9001, 14001, OHSAS .
Six Sigma Green Belt , Lean champion ( Lean
Institute)
Work Experience : more than 12 year experience in
field of quality, environment and Safety as
Management representative, consultancy, Auditing
and trainings . Have delivered more than
H bbi L i hil t l ( ll ti t
3
Hobbies: Learning , philately ( collecting stamps,
and vintage coins)
I n f l u en t i a l P r o f es si o n a l s w h o s h a p ed
QUALITY GURUS
4
f f p
t h e Qu a l i t y p a t h
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5 6
Ishikawas Basic Tools of Quality
Kaoru Ishikawa developed seven basic visual tools of quality
so that the average person could analyze and interpret data.
These tools have been used worldwide by companies,
managers of all levels and employees
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managers of all levels and employees.
What are 7 QC Tools ?
QC tools are the means for Colleting data ,
analyzing data , identifying root causes and
measuring the results.
8
THESE TOOLS ARE RELATED TO
Numerical DATA processing
USER HAS TO DEVELOP THE
SOLUTION & IMPLEMENT
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Pareto Diagram
Stratification
Scatter Diagram
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Cause and Effect Diagram
Histogram
Check Sheet
Control Chart/Graph
Detecting causes of
Record of facts
Defining the
problem
Identification of
problem
Control
Chart
Scatter
Diagram
Histogra
m
Cause &
Effect
Diagram
Pareto
Diagra
m
Stratifi
cation
Check
sheet
Graphs
Application of QC tools in Problem Solving
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Process control
( Standardization )
Evaluation of result
Implementation
Develop
Improvement
method
( Solution )
problem
Quality Tool Box Flow Chart
Flowchart
Also called: process flowchart, process flow diagram.
Description
A flowchart is a picture of the separate steps of a process in sequential order.
Elements that may be included are: sequence of actions, materials or services
entering or leaving the process (inputs and outputs), decisions that must be
made, people who become involved, time involved at each step and/or process
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measurements.
The process described can be anything: a manufacturing process, an
administrative or service process, a project plan. This is a generic tool that can
be adapted for a wide variety of purposes.
) to see if they agree that the process is drawn accurately.
Quality Tool Box - Flow Chart
When to Use a Flowchart
To develop understanding of how a process is done.
To study a process for improvement.
To communicate to others how a process is done.
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When better communication is needed between people involved with the
same process.
To document a process.
When planning a project.
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Steps in Making Flow Chart
Flowchart Basic Procedure
Materials needed: Sticky notes or cards, a large piece of flipchart paper ,
marking pens.
Steps
Define the process to be diagrammed. Write its title at the top of the work
surface.
Discuss and decide on the boundaries of your process: Where or when does the
process start? Where or when does it end? Discuss and decide on the level of
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detail to be included in the diagram.
Brainstorm the activities that take place. Write each on a card or sticky note.
Sequence is not important at this point, although thinking in sequence may help
people remember all the steps.
Arrange the activities in proper sequence.
When all activities are included and everyone agrees that the sequence is
correct, draw arrows to show the flow of the process.
Review the flowchart with others involved in the process (workers, supervisors,
suppliers, customers
Detailed Flow Chart
High Level Flow
Chart
Flow Chart example
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Cause & Effect Diagram
1. What is Cause & effect Diagram ?
A cause and effect diagram is a fish-bone diagram that
presents a systematic representation of the relationship
between the effect (result) and affecting factors (causes).
Solving a problem in a scientific manner requires
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g p q
clarification of a cause and effect relationship, where the
effect (e.g., the result of work) varies according to factors
(e.g., facilities and machines used, method of work, workers,
and materials and parts used). To obtain a good work result,
we must identify the effects of various factors and develop
measures to improve the result accordingly.
Cause & Effect Diagram
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?
A cause and effect diagram is mainly used to study
the cause of a certain matter. As mentioned above,
the use of a cause and effect diagram allows
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clarification of causal relation for efficient problem
solving. It is also effective in assessing measures
developed and can be applied to other fields
according to your needs.
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Can obtain a clear
overall picture of causal
relation. (A change in
the cause triggers a
variation in the
result.) Can clarify
the cause and effect
Method Usage Result
Cause & Effect Diagram
Used when
clarifying a cause
and effect
relationship.[Used
during a phase to
analyze causes.]
Man Machine
E
f
f
e
c
t
Cause and Effect Cause and Effect
Diagram Diagram
Man Machine
E
f
f
e
c
t
Cause and Effect Cause and Effect
Diagram Diagram
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relationship.
Can list up all causes
to identify important
causes.
Can determine the
direction of action
(countermeasure).
y ]
Used to develop
countermeasures.
[Used during a phase to plan
countermeasures.]
Material Method
Cause (4Ms) Result
(Controlled State)
Material Method
Cause (4Ms) Result
(Controlled State)
Cause & Effect Diagram
Mechanism of
Copying Machine
Quality of
Copying Paper
Smudges onthe
copiedsurface
Internal devices not
workingsmoothly
Malfunctionof
theroller
Printingtoo
lightly
Toothin
Folded
Runningout
of stock
Dampened
y
i
n
g

E
r
r
o
r
s
!
Mechanism of
Copying Machine
Quality of
Copying Paper
Smudges onthe
copiedsurface
Internal devices not
workingsmoothly
Malfunctionof
theroller
Printingtoo
lightly
Toothin
Folded
Runningout
of stock
Dampened
y
i
n
g

E
r
r
o
r
s
!
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User Surrounding
Environment
Keyboardhandling
error
Error inselectinga
scaleof reduction
Errorin
placementof
paper (setting
its faceup)
Error in
selecting
shading
Deteriorationof
performancedue
tohigh
temperatures
Nicotine-
stained
Dirtonthe
glass
surface
Dust
M
a
n
y

C
o
p
y
User Surrounding
Environment
Keyboardhandling
error
Error inselectinga
scaleof reduction
Errorin
placementof
paper (setting
its faceup)
Error in
selecting
shading
Deteriorationof
performancedue
tohigh
temperatures
Nicotine-
stained
Dirtonthe
glass
surface
Dust
M
a
n
y

C
o
p
y
Check sheet
Description
A check sheet is a structured, prepared form for collecting and
analyzing data. This is a generic tool that can be adapted for a
wide variety of purposes.
When to Use a Check Sheet
When data can be observed and collected repeatedly by the same
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p y y
person or at the same location.
When collecting data on the frequency or patterns of events,
problems, defects, defect location, defect causes, etc.
Check Sheet
1. What is Check sheet ?
A check sheet is a sheet designed in advance to allow easy
collection and aggregation of data. By just entering check
marks on a check sheet, data can be collected to extract
necessary information, or a thorough inspection can be
performed in an efficient manner eliminating a possibility
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performed in an efficient manner, eliminating a possibility
of skipping any of the required inspection items.
A check sheet is also effective in performing stratification
(categorization).
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Check Sheet
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?
Please refer to the table on next slide for the usage
and benefits of a check sheet. It is frequently used in
daily business operations, often not specifically for
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QC purposes.
Ensures collection of
required data.
Allows a thorough
inspection of all check
items.
C d t d
Method Usage Result
Check Sheet
Check Sheet Check Sheet
Day
Process
Process 1
Process 2
Process 3
Check Sheet Check Sheet
Day
Process
Process 1
Process 2
Process 3
Used to collect
data.
Used when
performing a
th h i ti
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Can understand
tendencies and
variations.
Can record required
data.
thorough inspection.
Used during phases to monitor
the situation, analyze causes,
review effectiveness of an
action, perform
standardization, and
implement a selected control
measure
Check Sheet Procedure
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Decide what event or problem will be observed. Develop
operational definitions.
Decide when data will be collected and for how long.
Design the form. Set it up so that data can be recorded
simply by making check marks or Xs or similar symbols
and so that data do not have to be recopied for analysis
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and so that data do not have to be recopied for analysis.
Label all spaces on the form.
Test the check sheet for a short trial period to be sure it
collects the appropriate data and is easy to use.
Each time the targeted event or problem occurs, record data
on the check sheet.
Check sheet Example
The figure below shows a check sheet used to collect data on telephone
interruptions. The tick marks were added as data was collected over
several weeks.
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Check Sheet
A check sheet used to identify defects
Date
Defect
Vertical Scratch
Total
Date
Defect
Vertical Scratch
Total
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Scratch
Dent
Scratch
Dent
Histogram
1. What is Histogram ?
When creating a histogram, a range of data is divided into
smaller sections having a uniformspan,and the number of data
contained in each section (the number of occurrences) is
counted to develop a frequency distribution table Then a
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counted to develop a frequency distribution table. Then, a
graph is formed from this table by using vertical bars, each
having the height proportional to the number of occurrences in
eachsection.
Histogram
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?
A histogram is mainly used to analyze a process by
examining the location of the mean value in the
graph or degree of variations, to find a problempoint
that needs to be improved. Its other applications are
listed in the table below.
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Histogram Construction
Collect at least 50 consecutive data points from a process.
Use the histogram worksheet to set up the histogram.
Histogram Analysis
Before drawing any conclusions from your histogram, satisfy yourself that the
Histogram
Microsoft Office
el 97-2003 Worksh
Double Click on file to
construct Histogram.
Note : Use Paste Values
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process was operating normally during the time period being studied.
If any unusual events affected the process during the time period of the
histogram, your analysis of the histogram shape probably cannot be
generalized to all time periods.
Analyze the meaning of your histograms shape.
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Histogram
Typical Histogram Shapes and What They Mean
Normal. A common pattern is the bell-shaped curve known as the
normal distribution. In a normal distribution, points are as likely
to occur on one side of the average as on the other.
Example : Distribution of heights (in cm) of all employees.
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Histogram
Skewed. The skewed distribution is asymmetrical because a natural
limit prevents outcomes on one side. The distributions peak is off
center toward the limit and a tail stretches away from it.
For example, a distribution of analyses of time difference between
employees arriving at work (clock in time) and official company
start time.
Typical Histogram Shapes and What They Mean
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Or , differences in actual turn around to resolve certain types of
complaints compared to goal for that segment.
These distributions are called right- or left-skewed according to the
direction of the tail.
TAIL
This is right-
skewed since the
tail is at our right
Histogram
Double-peaked or bimodal.
The bimodal distribution looks like the back of a two-humped
camel.
The outcomes of two processes with different distributions are
combined in one set of data.
Typical Histogram Shapes and What They Mean
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For example, a distribution of production data from a two-shift
operation might be bimodal, if each shift produces a different
distribution of results. Stratification often reveals this problem.
Method Usage Result
Histogram
Histogram Histogram
Standard
Range
Histogram Histogram
Standard
Range
Used to assess the actual
conditions.
Used to analyze a process to
identify a problem point that needs
to be improved by finding the
location of the mean value or
degree of variations in the graph.
Used to examine that the target
Can identify the
location of the mean
(central) value or
degree of variations.
Can find out the scope
of a defect by inserting
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Range of
Variations
X Axis (Values
Actually
Measured) Range of
Variations
X Axis (Values
Actually
Measured)
Used to examine that the target
quality is maintained throughout
the process.
Others
[Used during phases to
monitor the situation, analyze
causes, and review
effectiveness of an action.]
standard values.
Can identify the
condition of
distribution (e.g.,
whether there is an
isolated, extreme
value).
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Histogram
Frequency Distribution Table
Cutting Length of Steel Wire]
Standard
Lower Limit Upper Limit
Standard
Standard Value
Product
(Standard: 255 5 mm)
Section
Frequency Marking
Occurrences Mean
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[Histogram of Cutting Length of Steel
Wire]
Description
A Pareto chart is a bar graph.
The lengths of the bars represent frequency or cost (time or money), and are
arranged with longest bars on the left and the shortest to the right.
In this way the chart visually depicts which situations are more significant.
Pareto Chart or Pareto Analysis
Based on 80-20 Rule :
80% of the problem is caused by 20% of the causes
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When to Use a Pareto Chart
When analyzing data about the frequency of problems or causes in a
process.
When there are many problems or causes and you want to focus on the
most significant.
When analyzing broad causes by looking at their specific components.
First Example of Pareto Chart
Example 1 shows how many customer complaints were received in each
of five categories of processes or departments.
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Example 2 takes the largest category, documents, from Example #1,
breaks it down into six categories of document-related complaints, and
shows cumulative values.
Second Example of Pareto Chart
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If all complaints cause equal distress to the customer, working on
eliminating document-related complaints would have the most impact, and
of those, working on quality certificates should be most fruitful.
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Pareto Chart Procedure
Decide what categories you will use to group items.
(Horizontal Axis or X Axis)
Decide what measurement is appropriate. Common
measurements are frequency, quantity, cost and time.
(Vertical Axis or Y Axis)
Pareto Chart
Double Click on file to
construct Pareto Chart
Note : Use paste Values
Microsoft Office
el 97-2003 Worksh
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Decide what period of time the Pareto chart will cover: One work cycle? One full
day? A week?
Collect the data, recording the category each time. (Or assemble data that
already exist.)
Subtotal the measurements for each category.
Pareto Diagram
1. What is Pareto diagram ?
A Pareto diagram is a combination of bar and line graphs of
accumulated data, where data associated with a problem
(e.g., a defect found, mechanical failure, or a complaint
from a customer) are divided into smaller groups by cause
or by phenomenon and sorted for example by the number
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or by phenomenon and sorted, for example, by the number
of occurrences or the amount of money involved. (The
name Pareto came from an Italian mathematician who
created the diagram.)
Pareto Diagram
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?
Please refer to the table on next slide for the
usage and benefits of a Pareto diagram. It is
mainly used to prioritize matters, and because
f f
39
of its easiness of use, the diagram is used in a
wide variety of fields.
Pareto Diagram Pareto Diagram
(No. of Occurrences)
Pareto Diagram Pareto Diagram
(No. of Occurrences)
Used to identify a problem.
Used to identify the cause of
a problem.
Used to review the effects of
an action to be taken.
Allows clarification of
important tasks.
Allows identification
of a starting point
(which task to start
with)
Method Usage Result
Pareto Diagram
40
Used to prioritize
actions.(Used during
phases to monitor the
situation, analyze causes,
and review effectiveness of
an action.)
with).
Allows projection of
the effects of a measure
to be taken
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Pareto Diagram
To identify a course of
action to be emphasized
usinga varietyof data
Example
Assessment using Pareto
diagram (prioritization)
Confirmation of Effect
(Comparison)
Frequently used to check
the effect of an
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using a variety of data.
Details of A
improvement.
Improved
Construct Pareto of M&M colors
Produce a Pareto Chart of colors of M&M chocolate in a pack of M&M
Compare differences between your colleagues
80% of your M&M content consists of what color?
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Stratification
1. What is Stratification ?
Stratification means to divide the whole into smaller portions
according to certain criteria. In case of quality control,
stratification generally means to divide data into several groups
according to common factors or tendencies (e g type of defect
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according to common factors or tendencies (e.g., type of defect
andcause of defect).
Dividing into groups fosters understanding of a situation.
This represents the basic principle of qualitycontrol.
Stratification
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?
The common and basic principle of quality control is
stratification, i.e., to think a matter out by breaking it
into smaller portions. Stratification has a number of
useful purposes. The table below shows only a few
examples of these purposes.
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Stratification (Categorization)
Description
Stratification is a technique used in combination with other data
analysis tools. When data from a variety of sources or categories
have been lumped together, the meaning of the data can be
impossible to see. This technique separates the data so that patterns
can be seen.
When to Use Stratification
Before collecting data.
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When data come from several sources or conditions, such as shifts,
days of the week, suppliers or population groups.
When data analysis may require separating different sources or
conditions.
Stratification Procedure
Before collecting data, consider which information about the
sources of the data might have an effect on the results. Set up the
data collection so that you collect that information as well.
When plotting or graphing the collected data on a scatter
diagram, control chart, histogram or other analysis tool, use
diff t k l t di ti i h d t f i
Stratification (CATEGORIZATION OF DATA)
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different marks or colors to distinguish data fromvarious sources.
Data that are distinguished in this way are said to be stratified.
Analyze the subsets of stratified data separately.
Example of Stratification We want to reduce number of complaints but looking at the
data by Region
CountofCaseDescription
RD Total
1 118
2 137
3 47
4 68
(Region) Number of Complaints
Analyze the subsets of
stratified data (category)
separately. In this case, its
recommended to look at the
bl i b i
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5 42
6 49
7 15
8 18
9 20
(blank)
GrandTotal 514
problem region by region.
Method Usage Result
Stratification
Grouping by day,
time, place,
worker, or
process
X
Number of Units

Used to observe variations

among strata.
Used to identify the
relationship between cause
and effect.
Used to identify a purpose
Allows observation
of variations among
strata.
By performing a
cause analysis using
th t tifi d d t
48
Y
Z

y p p
and means to serve the
purpose
[Used during phases to monitor
the situation, analyze causes,
revieweffectiveness of an action,
performstandardization, and
implement a selected control
measure.]
the stratified data,
the following can be
accomplished.
1.Identification and control of a
problem
2.Division of data (obtained by
using each QC tool) into several
groups
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Stratification
Item Method of Stratification
Elapse of time
Hour, a.m., p.m., immediately after start of work,
shift, daytime, nighttime, day, week, month
Variations among workers
Worker, age, male, female, years of experience,
shift, team, newly employed, experienced worker
Variations among work
methods
Processing method, work method, working
conditions (temperature, pressure, and speed),
temperature
Variations among Measurement tool, person performing
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measurement/inspection
methods
measurement, method of measurement, inspector,
sampling, place of inspection

Scatter Diagram
1. What is Scatter Diagram ?
A scatter diagramis used to examine the relationship between
the two, paired, interrelated data types, such as height and
weight of a person. A scatter diagramprovides a means to
find whether or not these two data types are interrelated It is
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find whether or not these two data types are interrelated. It is
also utilized to determine how closely they are related to
identifya problempoint that should be controlledor improved.
Scatter Diagram
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?
The table on next slide shows some examples of
scatter diagrams usage. If, for example, there is a
relationship where an increase in the number of
rotations (x) causes an increase in abrasion (y), there
exists positive correlation. If, on the other hand, the
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p , ,
existence of a relationship where an increase in the
number of rotations (x) causes a decline in abrasion
(y) indicates that there is negative correlation.
Method Usage Result
Scatter Diagram
Used to identify a relationship
between two matters.
Used to identify a relationship
between two matters and establish
countermeasures based on their
cause and effect relation.
Example Usage
Scatter Diagram Scatter Diagram
Axi s
x Axi s
A
b
r
a
s
i
o
n
Scatter Diagram Scatter Diagram
Axi s
x Axi s
A
b
r
a
s
i
o
n
Can identify cause
and effect relation.
Can understand the
relationship
between two
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p g
1.Relationship between thermal
treatment temperature of a steel
material and its tensile strengths
2.Relationship between visit made
by a salesman and volume of sales
3.Relationship between the number
of persons visiting a department
store and volume of sales
4 Others
Number of
Rotations
Number of
Rotations
[Used during phases to monitor the
situation, analyze causes, and review
effectiveness of an action.]
results.
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Scatter Diagram

(
m
i
c
r
o
n
)
Axi s

(
m
i
c
r
o
n
)
Axi s
53
A
b
r
a
s
i
o
n
x Axi s
Number of
Rot at i ons
A
b
r
a
s
i
o
n
x Axi s
Number of
Rot at i ons
Control Chart
Also called: statistical process control (SPC)
Description
The control chart is a graph used to study how a process changes
over time. Data are plotted in time order.
A control chart always has a central line for the average, an
upper line for the upper control limit and a lower line for the
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pp pp
lower control limit.
These lines are determined from historical data.
By comparing current data to these lines, you can draw
conclusions about whether the process variation is consistent (in
control) or is unpredictable (out of control, affected by special
causes of variation).
Control Chart (Control Chart / Graph 1)
1. What is Control Chart ?
A control chart is used to examine a process to see if
it is stable or to maintain the stability of a process.
This method is often used to analyze a process. To
do so, a chart is created from data collected for a
55
certain period of time, and dots plotted on the chart
are examined to see howthey are distributed or if they
are within the established control limit. After some
actions are taken to control and standardize various
factors, this method is also used to examine if a
process is stabilized by these actions, and if so, to
keep the process in a stable state.
Control Chart
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?
There are two types of control charts: one used for
managerial purposes and the other for analytical
purposes. A control chart is used to identify dots that
are outside the control limit, which indicate some
anomalies in a process. In addition, seven
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p ,
consecutive dots showing values that are below or
above the mean (central) value, or an increment or a
decline represented by seven consecutive dots also
indicate a problemin a process.
We need to examine what has caused such a
tendency or an increment/decline.
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Method Usage Result
Control Chart
Control Chart Control Chart Control Chart Control Chart
[Used during phases to
monitor the situation,
l i
Used to observe a
change caused by
elapse of time.
Can identify a change
caused by elapse of
time.
Can judge the
process if it is in its
normal state or there
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x-R Control Chart x-R Control Chart
analyze causes, review
effectiveness of an
action, perform
standardization, and
implement a selected
control measure
In the example x bar -R
control chart, X bar
represents the central value,
while Rindicates the range.
normal state or there
are some anomalies
by examining the dots
plotted on the chart.
Control Chart for Managerial Purposes: Extends the line indicating the control limit used for analytical purposes to
plot data obtained daily to keep a process in a good state.
Control Chart for Analytical Purposes: Examines a process if it is in a controlled state by collecting data for a certain
period of time. If the process is not controlled, a survey is performed to identify its cause and develop
countermeasures.
Control Chart
Examplesof Values
RepresentedbyDots
Valuesabovethe
control limit
representedby
seven
consecutivedots
Examplesof Values
RepresentedbyDots
Valuesabovethe
control limit
representedby
seven
consecutivedots
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x-Control Chart
GroupNumber
Adecline
representedby
seven
consecutivedots
x-Control Chart
GroupNumber
Adecline
representedby
seven
consecutivedots
Graph
1. What is Graph ?
A graph is a graphical representation of data, which allows a
person to understand the meaning of these data at a glance.
Unprocessed data simply represent a list of numbers, and
finding certain tendencies or magnitude of situation fromthese
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finding certain tendencies or magnitude of situation fromthese
numbers is difficult, sometimes resulting in an interpretational
error. A graph is a effective means to monitor or judge the
situation, allowing quick and precise understanding of the
current or actual situation.
A graph is a visual and summarized representation of data that
needto be quicklyand preciselyconveyed to others.
Graph
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?
A graph, although it is listed as one of the QC tools, is
commonly used in our daily life and is the most
familiar means of assessing a situation.
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Method Usage Result
Graph
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
East
Changes in a time-sequential
order line graph
Amounts bar graph, etc.
Ratios pie graph, band
Can observe changes in
a time-sequential order,
ratios, and amounts.
A graphs is the most
frequently used tool to
i th i
61
1st Qtr
13%
2ndQtr
17%
3rdQtr
57%
4thQtr
13%
chart, etc.
(The items listed above are
representative examples.)
examine the various
matters such as those
listed on the left.
Graph
S
a
l
e
s
(milli on)
[Bar Graph of Sal es]
Survey Peri od: Dec. 1999
Prepared by: M/T
[Band Chart of Expenses]
(mill ion)
Before
Taking
Actions
Chemi cal s Chemicals
(430) (430)
Oils Oils
(200) (200)
Electricity El ectri city
(170) (170)
(Total: 8 million)
S
a
l
e
s
(milli on)
[Bar Graph of Sal es]
Survey Peri od: Dec. 1999
Prepared by: M/T
[Band Chart of Expenses]
(mill ion)
Before
Taking
Actions
Chemi cal s Chemicals
(430) (430)
Oils Oils
(200) (200)
Electricity El ectri city
(170) (170)
(Total: 8 million)
62
Sal es
Offi ce
Iwate Tokyo Osaka Shizuoka
After
Taking
Actions
Chemi cals Chemical s
(240) (240)
Oil s Oi ls
(150) (150)
El ectricity Electrici ty
(108) (108)
(Total: 4.95 million)
Sal es
Offi ce
Iwate Tokyo Osaka Shizuoka
After
Taking
Actions
Chemi cals Chemical s
(240) (240)
Oil s Oi ls
(150) (150)
El ectricity Electrici ty
(108) (108)
(Total: 4.95 million)
Pareto Diagram To identify the current status and issues
Stratification Basic processing performed when
collecting data
Scatter Diagram To identify the relationship between two
things
Cause and Effect Diagram
To sum up 7 QC tools (Numerical data ) are used as follow:
63
To identify the cause and effect relationship
Histogram To see the distribution of data
Check Sheet To record data collection
Control Chart/Graph To find out abnormalities and identify the
current status
Thank you
64
Thank you