1

ABSTRACT
This experiment was conducted to evaluate and study the performance of the shell and tube
exchanger heat load and heat balance, LMTD, overall heat transfer coefficient (U), turbulent/laminar
flow, Reynolds shell side and tube side, heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop at shell and tube
side.
This experiment will run in 3 set each. Each 3 runs will be using different nominal flow rates for CW
and HW. The QC/QH that close to 1.00 will be chosen to use for U calculation. Every run will be using
different flow rate. For RUN I, CW will be 10USGPM and HW will be 25 USGPM. For RUN II, CW will
be 10USGPM and HW will be 10USGPM. For RUN III, CW will be 6USGPM and HW 10USGPM.
Temperature reading will be taken simultaneously for CW and HW temperature. We will be
concentration on taking the reading of temperature, flow rates and pressure drop reading. Note that
the pressure drop depends on the flow rate and note on the temperature.

INTRODUCTION
Heat exchangers are widely used in the process industries so their design has been highly developed.
Most exchanger are liquid-liquid but gas and non-condensing vapors can also be treated in them.
The simple double-pipe exchanger is inadequate for flow rates that cannot readily be handled in a
few tubes. If several double pipes are used in parallel the weight of metal required for the outer
tubes becomes large. The shell-and-tube construction where one shell serves for many tubes is more
economical. This exchanger , because it has one shell-side pass and one tube-side pass is a 1-1
exchanger.
In an exchanger the shell-side and tube-side heat-transfer coefficients are of comparable important,
and both must be large if a satisfactory overall coefficient is to be attained. The velocity and
turbulence of the shell-side liquid are as important as those of the tube-side liquid. To prevent
weakening of the tube sheet there must be a minimum distance between the tubes. It is not
practicable to space the tubes so closely that the area of the path outside the tubes is as small at
that inside the tubes. If the two streams are of comparable magnitude, the velocity on the shell side
is low in comparison with that on the tube side. Baffles are installed in the shell to decrease the
cross section of the shell-side liquid and to force the liquid to flow across the tube bank rather that
parallel with it. The added turbulence generated in this type of flow further increases the shell-side
coefficient.

2

AIM OF EXPERIMENTS
To evaluate and study the performance of the Shell and Tube Exchanger at various operating
conditions:
PART I: Heat Load and Heat Balance
LMTD, Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient U.
PART II: Turbulent/Laminar Flow
Reynolds Number Shell Side
Reynolds Number Tube Side
PART III: Heat Transfer Coefficients
PART IV: Pressure Drop
Shell Side
Tube Side

THEORY
The heat-transfer coefficient h
i
for the tube-side fluid in an shell and tube exchanger can be
calculated from the following equation:

)
2/3
=

The viscosity correction term is omitted in the above equation as well as in all equations that follow
since the temperature difference is not much. In this equation the physical properties of the fluid ,
are evaluated at the bulk temperature.
The coefficient for the shell-side h
o
cannot be so calculated because the direction of flow is partly
parallel to the tubes and partly across them and because the cross-sectional area of the stream and
the mass velocity of the stream vary as the fluid crosses the tube bundle back and forth across the
shell. Also, leakage between baffles and shell and between baffles and tubes short-circuits some of
the shell-side liquid and reduces the effectiveness of the exchanger. An approximate but generally
useful equation for predicting shell-side coefficient is the Donohue equation, which is based on a
weighted average mass velocity G
e
of the fluid area for flow in the baffle windowS
b
. (the baffle
window is the portion of the shell cross section not occupied by the baffle). This area is the total area
of the baffle window less the area occupied by the tubes or
S
b
=f
b

- N
b

Where f
b
= fraction of the cross-sectional area of shell occupied by baffle
D
s
= inside diameter of shell
N
b
= number of tubes in baffle window
3

D
o
= outside diameter of tubes
In crossflow the mass velocity passes through a local maximum each time the fluid passed a row of
tubes. For correlating purposes the mass velocity G
c
for cross-flow is based on are S
c
for transverse
flow between the tubes in the row at or closest to the centreline of the exchanger. In a large
exchanger S
c
can be estimated from the equation
S
c
= PD
s
(1-

)
Where p=centre to centre between tubes (1.65cm)
P= baffle spacing (15cm)
The mass velocities are then

The Donohue equation is

Where The equation tends to give conservatively low values of h
o
, especially at low
Reynolds number. More elaborate method of estimating shell-side coefficient are available for the
specialist. In j-factor becomes

Correction of LMTD for cross flow
If a fluid flows perpendicularly to a heated or cooled tube bank, the LMTD as given by the equation

Applies only if the temperature of one of the fluid is constant. If the temperature of both fluids
change, the temperatures of both fluids change, the temperature conditions do not correspond to
either countercurrent or parallel flow but to a type of flow called cross flow.
When flow types other than countercurrent or parallel appear, it is customary ro define a correction
factor F
G
, which is so determined that when it is multiplied by the LMTD for countercurrent flow, the
product is the true average temperature drop. A correlation for F
G
for crossflow derive on the
assumption that neither stream mixes with itself during flow through the exchanger F
G
=1 for 1-1
heat exchanger.
4

APPARATUS



PROCEDURE OF THE EXPERIMENT
(C1) PLANNING THE EXPERIMENT
Refer to TABLE 1 and plan out the experiment strategy as follows:-
i. RUN I
a) Run I was done at the following recommended nominal flowrates.
It is NOT necessary to operate at exactly the recommended nominal flowrates below.
A deviation of 5% is acceptable for testing purposes.
CW, FC :10USGPM HW,FH:25USGPM
b) Please refer to TABLE 1. Three (3) sets of reading were taken for every RUN.
Each Set of temperature readings consist of four readings to be taken
simultaneously:
Temperature inlet T1 at T13* and outlet T2 at T14*
HW temperature inlet t1 at T11* and outlet t2 at T12*.
Each set of flowrate readings consists of two readings:
CW flowrate (FC at F1(C)*)
HW flowrate (FH at F1(H)*)
Each set of pressure drop readings consists of two readings:
DP (shell) at DP1* with the DP selector Switch at the DP (shell) position
5

DP (tube) at DP1* with the DP selector switch at the DP (tube) position
Each set of Heat Exchanger inlet gauge pressure readings consists of two
readings:
PG-C of CW at the CW pipelines, inlet to the Shell side of the Heat Exchanger.
Pg-H of HW at the HW pipeline, inlet to the Tube side of the Heat Exchanger.
c) Note that the HW temperature in tank T1 drops (note T1c5) when the heater input is
inadequate to meet with the heat (QC) removed by CW. Hence the second and third set
of temperature readings may be taken at decreasing heat load, but the water
temperature at tank T1 must be at least 50C.
d) Concentrate on taking the three (3) sets of temperature, flowrate and pressure drop
readings. The pressure drop readings DP (shell) and DP (Tube) are taken at the panel-
mount DP1*, using the DP signal selector switch provided. Note that the pressure drop
depands on the flowrate and not on the temperature.
e) The above procedure were repeated for other RUNS (II,III) at the following CW and HW
recommended nominal flowrates. It is NOT necessary to operate at exactly the
recommended nominal flowrates. A deviation of 5% is acceptable. Below is a summary
of the recommended nominal flowrates.
RUN CW,FC HW,PH
I 10 USGPM 25 USGPM
II 10 USGPM 10 USGPM
II 6 USGPM 10 USGPM

(C2) EXPERIMENT PROCEDURES
WHENVER THE ANNUCIATOR TAH3 IS ACTIVATED DURING THE COURSE OF THE
EXPERIMENT, PRESS THE RED ACKNOLEDGE BUTTON TO SILENT THE BUZZER.
With a good overview of the experiment plan detailed in C1, RUN 1was proceed as follows:-
A
i) All the pump suction valves (for PH, PC1, PC2) was check fully opened all the time.
ii) BVC2 was open fully but shut CV2 fully so that PC2 shall operate as a back-mixing
pump for tank T2 in the next experiment.
CV1 and BVC1 was fully open. Only PC1 shall be used here to pump CW into the Heat
Exchanger in the next experiment.
Do not switch on any CW pumps (PC1, PC2) yet.
iii) HV was fully shut but open BVH fully.
6

iv) Pump PH for HW was started to circulate around T1 via only BVH.
v) The heaters was start and note T1C5.
When the HW in tank T1 was almost 70C /158F (see T1C5), HV was fully opened.
Quickly adjust the HW flowrate to about 25 USGPM by regulating its by-pass valve
BVH.
vi) Both the CW pumps PC1 and PC2 were switch on. Quickly adjust CW fowrate to
about 10 USGPM by regulating the by-pass valve BVC1.
vii) Switch the DP selector Switch to the DP(shell) position.

B
a) Take the first Set of temperature and flowrate readings
CW: temperature- inlet/outlet, T13*(T1),T14*(T2): Flowrate FC at F1(C*)
HW: temperature inlet/outlet, T11* (t1), T12*(t2): flowrrate FH at F1(H*)
Note that the CW inlet temperature (Y1) was increasing gradually. The CW outlet
temperature (T2) varies together with the HW inlet/outlet temperature t1/t2. It was
important that all the temperature and flowrate readings be taken almost
simultaneously.
Record these readings appropriately in TABLE 1.
Also record the respective inlet pressure and pressure drop of the CW and HW
flow streams. For the pressure drop readings, DP (shell), DP (Tube) at the
panel-mount DPI*, use the DP signal selector switch appropriately as explained
below.
CW : PG-C; DPI* for DP (shell) with DP selector switch at the DP (shell) position
HW:PG-H; DPI* for DP (tube) with the DP selector switch at the DP (tube)
position.
To take the DP readings at DPI*, wait till they are fairly steady.
Then take the DP reading at its highest reading (i.e. peak reading) just when it
starts to decrease.
b) Continue and take the second and third Sets of the above readings for RUN I
consecutively. The last Set of temperature readings should be taken when all the
temperatures are fairly steady



7

iii) RUN I is completed, with three sets of the above readings.
Stop all the CW pumps PC1 and PC2 .
Keep the Heaters ON for the next RUN.
With the HW pump PH still running, shut fully the discharge valve HV but
open fully the by-pass valve BVH.
Switch the DP Selector Switch to the equalising (vertical or 0) position.

iv) Whilst waiting for the HW in tank T1 to be heated to about 70oC/158oF (see TIC5)
for RUN II, analyse the datas by computing the QC and QH values for each of the
three (3) Sets of readings for the previous RUN I as follows
a) For each Set of readings in RUN I, calculate the heat load QC and QH for the
CW and the HW as per the formula in section (E) CALCULATION.
b) Compare the three (3) calculated values of QC and QH for RUN I. Select the
Set of readings where QC is closest to QH and note them down in Table 1
and Table 2, as the selected QC and QH for RUN I. At the same time, note
down their corresponding temperatures, flowrates and pressure drops as the
selected datas for RUN I. The other two Sets of datas NOT selected can be
rejected as they are of no further use.
c) The above selected Set of datas i.e. QC, QH, temperatures, flowrates and
pressure drops for RUN I shall be used to compute the LMTD, the overall
heat transfer coefficient, Reynolds numbers, individual heat transfer
coefficients and the pressure drop, for RUN I.
d) Repeat for RUN II, III, IV and V at different recommended nominal
flowrates of Ci.e. FC) and HW(i.e. FH), using the following Procedures Check-
List.
To continue with the next RUN
Check that the HW pump PH is running with BVH fully opened but HV
fully shut.
With the heaters ON, heat till the HW in tank T1 is almost 70C/158F
(see TIC5).
Open HV fully.
Adjust the HW flowrate until FH at FI (H*) is almost at the
recommended nominal flowrate for the RUN.
This is done by regulating the by-pass valve BVH with HV fully opened.
8

(However, if the flowrate is still too high even when its by-pass valve is
fully open, gradually shut its discharge valve, HV, to get the required HW
flowrate).
Start the CW pumps PC1, PC2 with CV1/BVC1/BVC2 fully opened but
CV2 fully shut. Note FC at FI(C*).
Adjust FC to the recommended nominal flowrates for the RUN by
regulating the by-pass valve BVC1 with CV1 fully opened.
(However, if the CW flowrate (FC) from PC1 is still inadequate even when
its by-pass valve BVC1 is fully shut, use the second CW pump (PC2) by
gradually opening CV2 and simultaneously shutting BVC2 to get the
required CW flowrate).
Switch the DP Selector Switch to the DP(Shell) position.
Take the various readings for the RUN. Refer to TABLE 1 of the appropriate RUN.

To end a RUN after getting 3 sets of readings
- Stop all the CW pumps PC1, PC2.
- Switch the DP Selector Switch to the equalising (vertical or 0) position.
- With the HW pump PH and the heaters still ON, shut fully HV but open BVH fully.

(C3) PLANT SHUT-DOWN PROCEDURE
When all the experimental RUNS are completed, shut down the Plant as follows:
i) Switch OFF the heaters.
ii) Check that all the pumps (PH, PC1, PC2) are switched OFF.
iii) Switch the DP Selector Switch to the equalising (vertical or 0) position.
iv) Switch OFF the main power supply to the Plant at the front of the panel/ cubical.
v) Open all the pumps suction valves, discharge valves (HV, CV1, CV2) and by-pass valves
(BVH, BVC1, BVC2






9

RESULT
RUN I SET 1 SET 2 SET 3
CW HW CW HW CW HW
TEMPERATUR
E (C)
61.4 56.5 53.4
Nominal Flow,
USGPM
FC : 10 FH:25 10 25 10 25
Actual Flow,
USGPM
FC:10.2 FH:25.4 10.2 25.4 10.3 25.5
Temperature,
C, inlet
T13:T1:40.2 T11:T1:64.
5
39.7 58.3 39.2 54.5
Temperature,
C, outlet
T14:T2:56.7 T12:T2:58.
3
53.4 52.2 49.4 50.6
Pressure, psig,
Inlet
PG-C: 8 PG-H:13 8 13 8 13
Pressure drop,
mm H
2
O
DP: 834
(shell)
DP:4406
(tube)
822 4388 817 4390
CALCULATION
FOLLOWING:
Temp Change,
C
Average
Temp, C

Q, Head Load,
BTU/HR


T2-T1:16.5

:48.45

QC:314980.97


T1-T2:6.2

:-61.4

QH:264929.5
4


13.7
46.55

289251.57


6.1
55.25

267217.8
0


10.2
44.3

259610.33


3.9
52.55

318809.5
0
Compute ratio

1.19

1.08

0.81

Select set 1 or
set 2 or set 3,
based on the
best
convergence
of QC and QH
i.e.

is
nearest to 1.0
Set 1 is
Selected/not
selected
Set 2 is
Selected/no
t selected
Set 3 is
Selected/no
t selected

For selected
set, compute
0.5 (QC + QH),
BTU/HR
278234.69





10

RUN II SET 1 SET 2 SET 3
CW HW CW HW CW HW
TEMPERATURE
(C)
64 59 56.8
Nominal Flow,
USGPM
FC : 10 FH:10 10 10 10 10
Actual Flow,
USGPM
FC:10.1 FH:10.4 10.1 10.5 10.1 10.5
Temperature, C,
inlet
T13:T1:33.3 T11:T1:63.5 34.4 59.6 35.4 57.0
Temperature, C,
outlet
T14:T2:52.2 T12:T2:50.9 47.0 48.4 45.8 47.0
Pressure, psig,
Inlet
PG-C: 2.0 PG-H:11.0 2.0 11.0 2.0 11.0
Pressure drop,
mm H
2
O
DP: 846
(shell)
DP:729
(tube)
872 723 879 717
CALCULATION
FOLLOWING:
Temp Change, C
Average Temp,
C

Q, Head Load,
BTU/HR

T2-T1:18.9

:42.75

QC:333730.45

T1-T2:12.6

:57.2

QH:48511.90

12.6
40.7

276406.86

11.2
54.0

62221.42

10.4
40.6

256389.10

10.0
52.0

73572.63
Compute ratio

6.88

4.44

3.48

Select set 1 or
set 2 or set 3,
based on the
best
convergence of
QC and QH
i.e.

is nearest
to 1.0
Set 1 is
Selected/not
selected
Set 2 is
Selected/not
selected
Set 3 is
Selected/not
selected

For selected set,
compute
0.5 (QC + QH),
BTU/HR
164980.87







11

RUN III SET 1 SET 2 SET 3
CW HW CW HW CW HW
TEMPERATURE
(C)
66.3 64.8 62.1
Nominal Flow,
USGPM
FC : 6 FH:10 6 10 6 10
Actual Flow,
USGPM
FC:5.5 FH:10.1 5.5 10 5.5 10
Temperature, C,
inlet
T13:T1:37.4 T11:T1:67.8 38.3 64.6 39.3 62.9
Temperature, C,
outlet
T14:T2:58.4 T12:T2:57.6 56.1 55.5 55.0 54.6
Pressure, psig,
Inlet
PG-C: 2 PG-H:8 2 8 2 8
Pressure drop,
mm H
2
O
DP: 321
(shell)
DP:636
(tube)
356 658 374 665
CALCULATION
FOLLOWING:
Temp Change, C
Average Temp,
C

Q, Head Load,
BTU/HR

T2-T1:21

:47.9

QC:192139.86

T1-T2:10.2

:-62.7

QH:68950.06

17.8
47.2

176284.19

9.1
60.05

78177.16

15.7
47.15

165878.91


8.3
58.75

85384.28
Compute ratio

2.25

1.94

Select set 1 or
set 2 or set 3,
based on the
best
convergence of
QC and QH
i.e.

is nearest
to 1.0
Set 1 is
Selected/not
selected
Set 2 is
Selected/not
selected
Set 3 is
Selected/not
selected

For selected set,
compute
0.5 (QC + QH),
BTU/HR
125631.60







12

CALCULATIONS
PART I
I. Heat Load and Heat Balance
For

For

RUN 1:
Set 1:

13

Set 2:

Set 3:

I. LMTD
Set II is selected, thus
LMTD =

= 44.38
From the graph One Shell Pass; 2 or more tube passes:
FT = 0.90
Thus
The corrected LMTD = 0.90
= 39.94
14

III. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient U
The total heat transfer area, A = 31.50

Therefore, U

= Q

U = 278234.69

= 221.15

TABLE 2
RUN QC QH 0.5(QC+QH) LMTDFT U

I 289251.57 278234.69 39.94 221.15
II 256389.10 73572.63 164980.87 44.00 119.03
III 165878.91

85384.28 125631.60 46.21 86.31


PART II : REYNOLDS NUMBER
Shell: OD: 6.625 ins
ID: 6.065 ins
Baffles : 23 pieces, 25% segment cut, 3 baffle spacing
Tube: OD: 0.625 ins
ID: 0.495 ins
Tube flow area: 0.1924 sq in


15

Shell-side Re(s) for CW
Re(s) =

Where de =
(

PT = pitch = 0.81 ins
De = de/12 ft
Do = Tube outside diameter, ins
= Viscosity,taken at the average fluid temperature in the Shell,

Gs = Ws/As lbm/hr.

Ws = Flowrate in

As =

= 0.029

Tube-side Re(t) for HW
Re(t) =

Where D = Tube ID = 0.04125 ft
= Viscosity,taken at the average fluid temperature in the Shell,

Gt = Wt/At lbm/hr.

16

Wt = Flowrate in

At =



=

= 0.02139

RUN I (Set II selected)
Shell-side Re(s) for CW
de =
(

= 1.127 ins.
De = 1.127/12 ft
= 0.094 ft
Average temperature:
based on appendix given,

= 1.415

From previous calculation in PART I:
Ws =

Gs =

= 176035 lbm/hr.

17

Re(s) =

= 11694.20
Tube-side Re(t) for HW
Average temperature:
based on appendix given,

= 1.221

From previous calculation in PART I:
Wt =

Gt =

= 594322.11 lbm/hr.

Re(t) =

= 20078.45
RUN II (Set 3 selected)
Shell-side Re(s) for CW
de =
(

= 1.127 ins.
De = 1.127/12 ft
= 0.094 ft
Average temperature:
18

based on appendix given,

= 1.59

From previous calculation in PART I:
Ws =

Gs =

= 174310 lbm/hr.

Re(s) =

= 10305.20

Tube-side Re(t) for HW
Average temperature:
based on appendix given,

= 1.29

From previous calculation in PART I:
Wt =

Gt =

= 245684.43 lbm/hr.

19

Re(t) =

= 7856.19

RUN III (Set 3 selected)
Shell-side Re(s) for CW
de =
(

= 1.127 ins.
De = 1.127/12 ft
= 0.094 ft
Average temperature:
based on appendix given,

= 1.368

From previous calculation in PART I:
Ws =

Gs =

= 94921.38 lbm/hr.

Re(s) =

= 189.15
20

Tube-side Re(t) for HW
Average temperature:
based on appendix given,

= 1.154

From previous calculation in PART I:
Wt =

Gt =

= 233985.04 lbm/hr.

Re(t) =

= 8363.85

PART III : HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
From the calculation in PART II:
De for RUN I, II and III = 0.094ft
D for RUN I, II and III = 0.04125 ft

= 1

21

RUN I (Set 2 selected)
jH =

jH =

From the appendix given:
For Re(s) = 11694.20, jH = 60
60 =

ho = 388.83

62 =

hi = 915.67

hio = hi x

hio = 915.67

x



= 724.98

Uc =

22

= 253.09

From the calculation in PART I:

= 221.15

Rd =

= 0.0005

Rd is less than 0.003

RUN II (Set 3 selected)
From the appendix given:
For Re(s) = 10305.20, jH = 60
60 =

ho = 411.10

60 =

23

hi = 857.81

hio = hi x

hio = 857.81

x



= 679.17

Uc =

= 256.09

From the calculation in PART I:

= 119.03

Rd =

= 0.004

Rd is higher than 0.003

24


RUN III (Set 3 selected)
From the appendix given:
For Re(s) = 189.15, jH = 60
60 =

ho = 381.66

60 =

hi = 814.54

hio = hi x

hio = 814.54

x



= 644.91

Uc =

= 239.76

25

From the calculation in PART I:

= 86.31

Rd =

= 0.007

Rd is higher than 0.003

PART IV : PRESSURE DROP
Based on appendix section, the calculated piping pressure drop for each RUN were as follow:
RUN I (Set 2 selected)
Calculated piping pressure drop for HW: 2713 mm

Calculated piping pressure drop for CW: 342 mm

Actual DP(Tube) = 4388 mm

- 2713 mm

= 1675 mm

Actual DP(Shell) = 822 mm

- 342 mm

= 480 mm

RUN II (Set 3 selected)
Calculated piping pressure drop for HW: 521 mm

Calculated piping pressure drop for CW: 342 mm

26

Actual DP(Tube) = 717 mm

- 521mm

= 196 mm

Actual DP(Shell) = 879 mm

- 342 mm

= 537 mm

RUNIII (Set 3 selected)
Calculated piping pressure drop for HW: 521 mm

Calculated piping pressure drop for CW: 137 mm

Actual DP(Tube) = 665 mm

- 521 mm

= 144 mm

Actual DP(Shell) = 374 mm

- 137 mm

= 237 mm

27

DISCUSSIONS
A few objectives is conducted in this experiment. We want to determine the heat load and heat
balance (LMTD and overall heat transfer coefficient), turbulent or laminar flow (Reynolds number in
shell and tube side, heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop in shell and tube side.

From the calculation in run I set 2 is selected. From run 1 (set 2) we get QC= 289251.57 BTU/HR, QH
=267217.80 BTU/HR , LMTD x FT= 39.94F and overall heat transfer coefficient, U
=221.15BTU/hr.ft
2
.F. After that we also get the Reynolds number is shell side, 11694.20 and
Reynolds number in tube side 20078.45. From the result we also get heat transfer coefficient h
o

=388.83 and h
io
=724.98 BTU/Hr.ft
2
.F. Beside that the pressure drop in shell side is 480
mm

1675 mm

.

After that for run II set 3 is selected. From run II (set 3) we get QC=256389.10 BTU/HR, QH=
73572.63 BTU/HR, LMTD x FT is 44.00F and overall heat transfer coefficient, U= 119.03
BTU/hr.ft
2
.F. After that we also get the Reynolds number is shell side, 10305.20 and Reynolds
number in tube side 7856.19. From the result we also get heat transfer coefficient h
o
=411.10 and
h
io
=679.17 BTU/Hr.ft
2
.F. Beside that the pressure drop in shell side is 537
mm

196 mm

.

Lastly for run III set 3 is selected. From run III (set 3) we get QC=165878.28 BTU/HR, QH=
85384.28BTU/HR, LMTD x FT is 46.21F and overall heat transfer coefficient, U= 86.31 BTU/hr.ft
2
.F.
After that we also get the Reynolds number is shell side, 189.15 and Reynolds number in tube side
8363.85. From the result we also get heat transfer coefficient h
o
=381.66 and h
io
=644.91
BTU/Hr.ft
2
.F. Beside that the pressure drop in shell side is 237 mm

144
mm

.
A few steps might be done erroneously which result in all experiment in such an outrageous values.
First and foremost, the technique applied when we set the temperature, FH and FC for every run.





28

CONCLUSION
As conclusion, the experiment shows that the shell and tube exchanger follows the basics of
thermodynamics which is the exit temperature of the hot fluid is always higher than exit
temperature of the cold fluid. Moreover, the amount of heat loss from the hot water is equal
amount of the heat gained by the cold water due to the surrounding. Therefore this experiment, it
can be shown heat load and heat balance LMTD, overall heat transfer coefficient , Turbulent or
laminar flow (Reynolds number shell side and tube side), heat transfer coefficients and pressure
drop of shell and tube side.

RECOMMENDATION
While the shell-and-tube exchanger is not dangerous piece of laboratory equipment, care still must
be taken to avoid injury. At all times operators of the equipment should wear safety glasses and
hardhats, especially when the steam is turned on. When opening or closing the steam valves, always
wear heat resistant gloves. After the steam is turned on, care must be exercised as the water and
pipes will become warm. Avoid touching the warm metal. Most of the critical areas are insulated;
however, there are several pipes that can become quite warm. Water does splash out of the tank,
and can burn at high temperatures (near decreases the amount of splashing, especially when the
water is hot. As water spills may occur, it is also important to have a mop and bucket on hand
whenever the heat exchanger is used. Clean up any spills immediately to avoid damaging. It is also
important to keep the area surrounding the pump clear. While it is enclosed and mounted, the
pump does require ventilation. Also, never run the pump dry. Not only does it wear out the valves
and seaks, but the pump can also overheat.







29

REFERENCE
1) http://research.me.udel.edu/~prasad/meeg346/labs/heat_exchanger/heatex.pdf
2) http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/SeniorLab/heatx/heatx.htm
3) http://myweb.wit.edu/powersb1/docs/heat/Report.pdf
4) Heat and mass transfer text book written by Yunus A. Cengel