1. Why star delta starter is preferred with induction motor?

Star delta starter is preferred with induction motor due to following reasons:
Starting current is reduced 3-4 times of the direct current due to which voltage drops and hence
it causes less losses.
Star delta starter circuit comes in circuit first during starting of motor which reduces voltage 3
times that is why current also reduces up to 3 times and hence less motor !urning is caused.
"n addition starting tor#ue is increased and it prevents the damage of motor winding.
$. State the difference !etween generator and alternator
%enerator and alternator are two devices which converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy. &oth have the same principle of electromagnetic induction the only difference is that
their construction. %enerator persists stationary magnetic field and rotating conductor which rolls
on the armature with slip rings and !rushes riding against each other hence it converts the
induced emf into dc current for e'ternal load whereas an alternator has a stationary armature and
rotating magnetic field for high voltages !ut for low voltage output rotating armature and
stationary magnetic field is used.
3. Why AC systems are preferred over DC systems?
(ue to following reasons )* systems are preferred over (* systems:
a. "t is easy to maintain and change the voltage of )* electricity for transmission and
distri!ution.
!. +lant cost for )* transmission ,circuit !rea-ers transformers etc. is much lower than the
e#uivalent (* transmission
c. /rom power stations )* is produced so it is !etter to use )* then (* instead of converting it.
d. When a large fault occurs in a networ- it is easier to interrupt in an )* system as the sine
wave current will naturally tend to 0ero at some point ma-ing the current easier to interrupt.
4. What are the various kind of cables used for transmission?
*a!les which are used for transmitting power can !e categori0ed in three forms:
1ow-tension ca!les which can transmit voltage upto 1222 volts.
3igh-tension ca!les can transmit voltage upto $3222 volts.
Super tension ca!les can transmit voltage 44 -5 to 13$ -5.
6. Why back emf used for a dc motor? highlight its significance.
7he induced emf developed when the rotating conductors of the armature !etween the poles of
magnet in a (* motor cut the magnetic flu' opposes the current flowing through the
conductor when the armature rotates is called !ac- emf. "ts value depends upon the speed of
rotation of the armature conductors. "n starting the value of !ac- emf is 0ero.
4. What is slip in an induction motor?
Slip can !e defined as the difference !etween the flu' speed ,8s. and the rotor speed ,8.. Speed
of the rotor of an induction motor is always less than its synchronous speed. "t is usually
e'pressed as a percentage of synchronous speed ,8s. and represented !y the sym!ol 9S:.
;. What are the different methods for the starting of a synchronous motor.
Starting methods: Synchronous motor can !e started !y the following two methods:
&y means of an au'iliary motor: 7he rotor of a synchronous motor is rotated !y au'iliary
motor. 7hen rotor poles are e'cited due to which the rotor field is loc-ed with the
stator-revolving field and continuous rotation is o!tained.
&y providing damper winding: 3ere !ar conductors are em!edded in the outer periphery of the
rotor poles and are short-circuited with the short-circuiting rings at !oth sides. 7he machine is
started as a s#uirrel cage induction motor first. When it pic-s up speed e'citation is given to the
rotor and the rotor starts rotating continuously as the rotor field is loc-ed with stator revolving
field.
<. 8ame the types of motors used in vacuum cleaners phonographic appliances
vending machines refrigerators rolling mills lathes power factor improvement and
cranes.
/ollowing motors are used: -
5acuum cleaners- =niversal motor.
+honographic appliances > 3ysteresis motor.
5ending machines > Shaded pole motor.
?efrigerators > *apacitor split phase motors.
?olling mills > *umulative motors.
1athes > (* shunt motors.
+ower factor improvement > Synchronous motors.
@. State Thevenins Theorem:
)ccording to thevenin:s theorem the current flowing through a load resistance
*onnected across any two terminals of a linear active !ilateral networ- is the ratio open circuit
voltage ,i.e. the voltage across the two terminals when ?1 is removed. and sum of load
resistance and internal resistance of the networ-. "t is given !y 5oc A ,?i B ?1..
12. State Nortons Theorem
7he 8orton:s theorem e'plains the fact that there are two terminals and they are as follows:
Cne is terminal active networ- containing voltage sources
)nother is the resistance that is viewed from the output terminals. 7he output terminals are
e#uivalent to the constant source of current and it allows giving the parallel resistance.
7he 8orton:s theorem also e'plains a!out the constant current that is e#ual to the current of the
short circuit placed across the terminals. 7he parallel resistance of the networ- can !e viewed
from the open circuit terminals when all the voltage and current sources are removed and
replaced !y the internal resistance.
11. . State Maimum power transfer theorem
7he Da'imum power transfer theorem e'plains a!out the load that a resistance will e'tract from
the networ-. 7his includes the ma'imum power from the networ- and in this case the load
resistance is !eing is e#ual to the resistance of the networ- and it also allows the resistance to !e
e#ual to the resistance of the networ-. 7his resistance can !e viewed !y the output terminals and
the energy sources can !e removed !y leaving the internal resistance !ehind.
1$. E'plain different losses in a transformer.
7here are two types of losses occurring in transformer:
*onstant losses or "ron losses: 7he losses that occur in the core are -nown as core losses or iron
losses. 7wo types of iron losses are:
o eddy current loss
o 3ysteresis loss.
7hese losses depend upon the supply voltage fre#uency core material and its construction. )s
long as supply voltage and fre#uency is constant these losses remain the same whether the
transformer is loaded or not. 7hese are also -nown as constant losses.
5aria!le losses or copper losses: when the transformer is loaded current flows in primary and
secondary windings there is loss of electrical energy due to the resistance of the primary
winding and secondary winding and they are called varia!le losses. 7hese losses depend upon
the loading conditions of the transformers. 7herefore these losses are also called as varia!le
losses.
13. E'plain different types of D!C motors? %ive their applications
(ifferent type of (* motors and their applications are as follows:-
Shunt motors: "t has a constant speed though its starting tor#ue is not very high. 7herefore it is
suita!le for constant speed drive where high starting tor#ue is not re#uired such as pumps
!lowers fan lathe machines tools !elt or chain conveyor etc.
Service motors: "t has high starting tor#ue F its speed is inversely proportional to the loading
conditions i.e. when lightly loaded the speed is high and when heavily loaded it is low.
7herefore motor is used in lifts cranes traction wor- coal loader and coal cutter in coalmines
etc.
*ompound motors: "t also has high starting tor#ue and varia!le speed. "ts advantage is it can
run at 8"1 loads without any danger. 7his motor will therefore find its application in loads
having high inertia load or re#uiring high intermittent tor#ue such as elevators conveyor rolling
mill planes presses shears and punches coal cutter and winding machines etc.
14. . E'plain the process of commutation in a dc machine. E'plain what are
inter-poles and why they are re#uired in a dc machine.
*ommutation: "t is phenomenon when an armature coil moves under the influence of one pole-
pairG it carries constant current in one direction. )s the coil moves into the influence of the ne't
pole- pair the current in it must reverse. 7his reversal of current in a coil is called commutation.
Several coils undergo commutation simultaneously. 7he reversal of current is opposed !y the
static coil emf and therefore must !e aided in some fashion for smooth current reversal which
otherwise would result in spar-ing at the !rushes. 7he aiding emf is dynamically induced into the
coils undergoing commutation !y means of compoles or interpoles which are series e'cited !y
the armature current. 7hese are located in the interpolar region of the main poles and therefore
influence the armature coils only when these undergo commutation.
16. . *omment on the working principle of operation of a single"phase
transformer!
Wor-ing principle of operation of a single-phase transformer can !e e'plained as
)n )* supply passes through the primary winding a current will start flowing in the primary
winding. )s a result the flu' is set. 7his flu' is lin-ed with primary and secondary windings.
3ence voltage is induced in !oth the windings. 8ow when the load is connected to the
secondary side the current will start flowing in the load in the secondary winding resulting in
the flow of additional current in the secondary winding. 3ence according to /araday:s laws of
electromagnetic induction emf will !e induced in !oth the windings. 7he voltage induced in the
primary winding is due to its self inductance and -nown as self induced emf and according to
1en0e:s law it will oppose the cause i.e. supply voltage hence called as !ac- emf. 7he voltage
induced in secondary coil is -nown as mutually induced voltage. 3ence transformer wor-s on
the principle of electromagnetic induction.
14. . (efine the following terms:-
?elia!ility
Da'imum demand
?eserve-generating capacity
)vaila!ility ,operational..
?elia!ility: "t is the capacity of the power system to serve all power demands without failure
over long periods.
Da'imum (emand: "t is ma'imum load demand re#uired in a power station during a given
period.
?eserve generating capacity: E'tra generation capacity installed to meet the need of scheduled
downtimes for preventive maintenance is called reserve-generating capacity.
)vaila!ility: )s the percentage of the time a unit is availa!le to produce power whether needed
!y the system or not.
1;. Dention the disadvantages of low power factor? 3ow can it !e improved?
Disadvantages of low power factor:
1ine losses are 1.6; times unity power factor.
1arger generators and transformers are re#uired.
1ow lagging power factor causes a large voltage drop hence e'tra regulation e#uipment is
re#uired to -eep voltage drop within prescri!ed limits.
%reater conductor si0e: 7o transmit or distri!ute a fi'ed amount of power at fi'ed voltage the
conductors will have to carry more current at low power factor. 7his re#uires a large conductor
si0e.
1<. E'plain the terms real power apparent power and reactive power for ac circuits and also
the units used.
#eal $ower: "t is the product of voltage current and power factor i.e. + H 5 " cos I and !asic
unit of real power is watt. i.e. E'pressed as W or -W.
Apparent power: "t is the product of voltage and current. )pparent power H 5 " and !asic unit
of apparent power is volt- ampere. E'pressed as 5) or J5).
% #eactive $ower: "t is the product of voltage current and sine of angle !etween the voltage and
current i.e. ?eactive power H voltage K current K sinI or ?eactive power H 5 " sin I and has no
other unit !ut e'pressed in 5)? or J5)?.
1@. . (efine the following: )verage demand Da'imum demand (emand factor 1oad factor.
Average Demand: the average power re#uirement during some specified period of time of
considera!le duration is called the average demand of installation.
% Maimum Demand: 7he ma'imum demand of an installation is defined as the greatest of all
the demand which have occurred during a given period. "t is measured accordingly to
specifications over a prescri!ed time interval during a certain period.
Demand &actor: "t is defined as the ratio of actual ma'imum demand made !y the load to the
rating of the connected load.
% 'oad &actor: "t is defined as the ratio of the average power to the ma'imum demand.
$2. . State the methods of improving power factor?
Dethods of improving power factor:
&y connecting static capacitors in parallel with the load operating at lagging power factor.
) synchronous motor ta-es a leading current when over e'cited and therefore !ehaves li-e a
capacitor.
&y using phase advancers to improve the power factor of induction motors. "t provides e'citing
ampere turns to the rotor circuit of the motor. &y providing more ampere-turns than re#uired the
induction motor can !e made to operate on leading power factor li-e an overe'cited synchronous
motor.
$1. E'plain forward resistance static resistance and dynamic resistance of a pn Iunction
diode.
&orward #esistance: ?esistance offered in a diode circuit when it is forward !iased is called
forward-resistance.
DC or (tatic #esistance: (* resistance can !e e'plained as the ratio of the dc-voltage across
the diode to the direct current flowing through it.
% AC or Dynamic #esistance: "t can !e defined as the reciprocal of the slope of the forward
characteristic of the diode. "t is the resistance offered !y a diode to the changing forward current.
$$. . 3ow does )ener phenomenon differ from )valanche !rea-down?
7he phenomenon when the depletion region e'pands and the potential !arrier increases
leading to a very high electric field across the Iunction due to which suddenly the reverse current
increases under a very high reverse voltage is called Lener effect. Lener-!rea-down or )valanche
!rea-down may occur independently or !oth of these may occur simultaneously. (iode Iunctions
that !rea-down !elow 6v are caused !y Lener Effect. Munctions that e'perience !rea-down
a!ove 6v are caused !y avalanche-effect. 7he Lener-!rea-down occurs in heavily doped
Iunctions which produce narrow depletion layers. 7he avalanche !rea-down occurs in lightly
doped Iunctions which produce wide depletion layers.
$3. . *ompare *&+Ts and M,(&+Ts.
*omparison of M/E7:s and DCS/E7:s:
M/E7:s can only !e operated in the depletion mode whereas DCS/E7:s can !e operated in
either depletion or in enhancement mode. "n a M/E7 if the gate is forward-!iased e'cess-carrier
inIunction occurs and the gate-current is su!stantial.
DCS/E7:s have input impedance much higher than that of M/E7:s. 7hus is due to negligi!le
small lea-age current.
M/E7:s have characteristic curves more flat than that of DCS/E7 is indicating a higher drain
resistance.
When M/E7 is operated with a reverse-!ias on the Iunction the gate-current "% is larger than it
would !e in a compara!le DCS/E7.
$4. What is a differential amplifier? )lso e'plain *D??.
Differential Amplifier: 7he amplifier which is used to amplify the voltage difference
!etween two input-lines neither of which is grounded is called differential amplifier. 7his
reduces the amount of noise inIected into the amplifier !ecause any noise appearing
simultaneously on !oth the input-terminals as the amplifying circuitry reIects it !eing a common
mode signal.
CM##: "t can !e defined as the ratio of differential voltage-gain to common made voltage gain.
"f a differential amplifier is perfect *D?? would !e infinite !ecause in that case common mode
voltage gain would !e 0ero.
$6. -hy is negative feedback more preferable in control system.
7he role of feed!ac- system in control system is to chec- deviation from the desired result that
is it ta-es the sample output !ac- to the input and compares the output signal with the input
signal for any -inds of error. 8egative feed!ac- results in a !etter sta!ility for the system. "t
reIects any -ind of distur!ance signal and is less sensitive to any -ind of parameter variations.
$4. What is reverse power relay?
?everse power relay are used for the protection of the generating stations. 7he generating
stations feed power to the grid and in case when the generating stations are off there is no
generation in the plants and it pulls off power from the grid. 7o stop this power flow from the
grid to the generating stations reverse power relays are used.
$;. What is the difference between three point and four point starters?
"n the four point starter the line and Shunt are connected separately. "n the three point
starter the line and shunt are connected in same. 7his is one of the advantages of three point
starter.
$<. -hy the capacitor works doesnt work on DC?
7he capacitor normally gives an infinite resistance to (* component. &ut it allows )*
power component to pass through the devices. 7hese resistances of the capacitor !loc-s wor- of
(* component.
$@. What do you mean !y electric traction?
Electric 7raction means running a machine !y using electric energy or power. Electrical
energy energies the traction system. &asically (* motors are used in traction system. 8ow
electric traction system widely used in trams trolleys industries railways .&ullet train is also
running !y the magnetic traction magnetism is setup !y the electric energy in the !ullet train.
32. What does /0123 AC (upply/ really mean? "s it the ?DS or pea- voltage?
"f the pea- value is meant it should !e clearly stated otherwise assume it is the ?DS
value. 7he supply is $325 )* means $325 ?DS so the pea- voltage of the mains is a!out
3$25.
31. What does the multimeter in volt meter mode show? "s it the #M( or peak voltage?
"f the multimeter is in voltmeter mode and when it connects to )* circuits it shows the
?DS value of the voltage or current. When it connects to varying (* signals it will show ?DS
value only
3$. 4ow does 5nduction Motor work.
"nduction motors are also -nown as rotating transformer., +rimary winding is
stator and secondary winding is rotor..
When the 3 phase stator windings are fed !y 3 phase supply a magnetic flu' of
constant magnitude rotating at synchronous speed is generated. 7hese flu' passes
through the air gap sweeps past the rotor surface cuts stationary rotor
conductors.
)ccording to /aradayNs laws of electro-magnetic induction an emf is induced in
the rotor. 7his emf fre#uency is same as supply fre#uency.
)s rotor conductors form a closed circuit the induced emf produces a current. "tNs
direction will oppose the cause producing it , according to len0Ns law..
"n this case the cause is relative velocity !etween the rotating flu' of the stator
and stationary rotor conductors. So to reduce the relative speed the rotor starts to
run in the same direction of the stator flu'.
33. What is a System?
When a num!er of elements or components are connected in a se#uence to perform a
specific function the group of elements that all constitute a System
34. What is *ontrol System?
"n a System the output and inputs are interrelated in such a manner that the output
#uantity or varia!le is controlled !y input #uantity then such a system is called *ontrol System.
7he output #uantity is called controlled varia!le or response and the input #uantity is called
command signal or e'citation.
36. What are different types of *ontrol Systems?
7wo maIor types of *ontrol Systems are 1. Cpen loop *ontrol System $. *losed 1oop
*ontrol Systems
Cpen loop *ontrol Systems:7he Cpen loop *ontrol System is one in which the Cutput Ouantity
has no effect on the "nput Ouantity. 8o feed!ac- is present from the output #uantity to the input
#uantity for correction.
*losed 1oop *ontrol System:7he *losed loop *ontrol System is one in which the feed!ac- is
provided from the Cutput #uantity to the input #uantity for the correction so as to maintain the
desired output of the system.
34. What is a feed!ac- in *ontrol System?
7he /eed!ac- in *ontrol System in one in which the output is sampled and proportional
signal is fed !ac- to the input for automatic correction of the error , any change in desired
output. for futher processing to get !ac- the desired output.
3;.What is the effect of positive feed!ac- on sta!ility of the system?
+ositive feed!ac- is not used generally in the control system !ecause it increases the error
signal and drives the system to insta!ility. &ut positive feed!ac-s are used in minor loop control
systems to amplify certain internal signals and parameters
3<. What is 1atching current?
%ate signal is to !e applied to the thyristor to trigger the thyristor C8 in safe mode. When
the thyristor starts conducting the forward current a!ove the minimum value called 1atching
current the gate signal which is applied to trigger the device in no longer re#uire to -eep the scr
in C8 position.
3@. What is 3olding current ?
When scr is conducting current in forward conduction state scr will return to forward
!loc-ing state when the anode current or forward current falls !elow a low level called 3olding
current
8ote: 1atching current and 3olding current are not same. 1atching current is associated with the
turn on process of the scr whereas holding current is associated with the turn off process. "n
general holding current will !e slightly lesser than the latching current.
42.What are the different losses that occur in thyristor while operating?
(ifferent losses that occur are
a./orward conduction losses during conduction of the thyristor
!.1oss due to lea-age current during forward and reverse !loc-ing.
c.+ower loss at gate or %ate triggering loss.
d.Switching losses at turn-on and turn-off.
41. What is meant !y -nee point voltage?
Jnee point voltage is calculated for electrical *urrent transformers and is very important
factor to choose a *7. "t is the voltage at which a *7 gets saturated.,*7-current transformer..
4$.What will happen if (* supply is given on the primary of a transformer?
Dainly transformer has high inductance and low resistance."n case of (* supply there is
no inductance only resistance will act in the electrical circuit. So high electrical current will flow
through primary side of the transformer.So for this reason coil and insulation will !urn out.
43. What is the difference !etween isolators and electrical circuit !rea-ers? What is
!us-!ar?
"solators are mainly for switching purpose under normal conditions !ut they cannot
operate in fault conditions .)ctually they used for isolating the *&s for maintenance. Whereas
*& gets activated under fault conditions according to the fault detected.&us !ar is nothing !ut a
Iunction where the power is getting distri!uted for independent loads.
44. What are the advantage of free wheeling diode in a /ull Wave rectifier?
"t reduces the harmonics and it also reduces spar-ing and arching across the mechanical
switch so that it reduces the voltage spi-e seen in a inductive load.
46. What is stepper motor.what is its uses?
Stepper motor is the electrical machine which act upon input pulse applied to it. it is one
type of synchronous motor which runs in steps in either direction instead of running in complete
cycle.so in automation parts it is used.
44. What is S/4 *ircuit &rea-er?
S/4 is Sulpher he'a /louride gas.. if this gas is used as arc #uenching medium in a
*ircuit!rea-er means S/4 *&.
4;.What is ferrantic effect?
Cutput voltage is greater than the input voltage or receiving end voltage is greater than
the sending end voltage.
4<. What is the difference !etween D*& F D**& Where it can !e used?
D*& is miniature circuit !rea-er which is thermal operated and use for short circuit
protection in small current rating circuit. D**& moulded case circuit !rea-er and is thermal
operated for over load current and magnetic operation for instant trip in short circuit
condition.under voltage and under fre#uency may !e in!uilt. 8ormally it is used where normal
current is more than 122).
4@. (efine "(D7 relay?
"t is an inverse definite minimum time relay."n "(D7 relay its operating is inversely
proportional and also a characteristic of minimum time after which this relay operates."t is
inverse in the sense the tripping time will decrease as the magnitude of fault current increase.
62. What are the transformer losses?
7?)8S/C?DE? 1CSSES - 7ransformer losses have two sources-copper loss and
magnetic loss. *opper losses are caused !y the resistance of the wire ,"$?.. Dagnetic losses are
caused !y eddy currents and hysteresis in the core. *opper loss is a constant after the coil has
!een wound and therefore a measura!le loss. 3ysteresis loss is constant for a particular voltage
and current. Eddy-current loss however is different for each fre#uency passed through the
transformer.
61. what is the full form of J5)??
We -now there are three types of power in Electricals as )ctive apparent F reactive. So
J5)? is stand for PPJilo 5olt )mps with ?eactive component.
6$. What is the difference !etween synchronous generator F asynchronous generator?
"n simple synchronous generator supplyNs !oth active and reactive power !ut
asynchronous generator,induction generator. supplyNs only active power and o!serve reactive
power for magneti0ing.7his type of generators are used in windmills.
63. What is )utomatic 5oltage regulator,)5?.?
)5? is an a!!reviation for )utomatic 5oltage ?egulator."t is important part in
Synchronous %enerators it controls theoutput voltage of the generator !y controlling its
e'citation current. 7hus it can control the output ?eactive +ower of the %enerator.
64. 3ow many types of colling system it transformers?
1. C8)8 ,oil naturalair natural.
$. C8)/ ,oil naturalair forced.
3. C/)/ ,oil forcedair forced.
4. C(W/ ,oil directwater forced.
6. C/)8 ,oil forcedair forced.
66. What is rated speed?
)t the time of motor ta-ing normal current ,rated current.the speed of the motor is called
rated speed. "t is a speed at which any system ta-e small current and give ma'imum efficiency.
64. What will happen when power factor is leading in distri!ution of power?
"f their is high power factor i.e if the power factor is close to one:
a.1osses in form of heat will !e reduced
!.*a!le !ecomes less !ul-y and easy to carry and very cheap to afford F
c."t also reduces over heating of tranformers.
6;. What are the advantages of speed control using thyristor?
)dvantages :
1. /ast Switching *haracterstics than Dosfet &M7 "%&7
$. 1ow cost
3. 3igher )ccurate.
6<. What is )*S? ca!le and where we use it?
)*S? means )luminium conductor steel reinforced this conductor is used in
transmission F distri!ution.
6@. What is $ phase motor?
) two phase motor is a motor with the the starting winding and the running winding have
a phase split. e.gGac servo motor.where the au'iliary winding and the control winding have a
phase split of @2 degree.
42. What is the principle of motor?
Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in an magnetic field it produce turning or
twisting movement is called as tor#ue.
41. What is meant !y armature reaction?
7he effect of armature flu to main flu' is called armature reaction. 7he armature flu' may
support main flu' or opposes main flu'.
4$. What is the difference !etween synchronous generator F asynchronous generator?
"n simple synchronous generator supplyNs !oth active and reactive power !ut
asynchronous generator,induction generator. supplyNs only active power and o!serve reactive
power for magneti0ing.7his type of generators are used in windmills
43. What are the characteristics of ideal ,pamp?
"nfinite open loop voltage gain
"nfinite input impedance
Lero output impedance
"nfinite &andwidth
Lero offset voltage
44. What is sampling?
7he process of o!taining a set of samples from a continuous function of time ',t. is
referred to as sampling.
46. State sampling theorem.
"t states that while ta-ing the samples of a continuous signal it has to !e ta-en care that
the sampling rate is e#ual to or greater than twice the cut off fre#uency and the minimum
sampling rate is -nown as the 8y#uist rate.
44.What is meant !y impedance diagram.
7he e#uivalent circuit of all the components of the power system are drawn and they are
interconnected is called impedance diagram.
4;. What is the need for load flow study.
7he load flow study of a power system is essential to decide the !est operation e'isting system
and for planning the future e'pansion of the system. "t is also essential for designing the power
system.
4<. What is the need for !ase values?
7he components of power system may operate at different voltage and power levels. "t
will !e convenient for analysis of power system if the voltage power current ratings of the
components of the power system is e'pressed with referance to a common value called !ase
value.
4@. What is Cscillator?
)n oscillator is a circuit that creates a waveform output from a direct current input. 7he
two main types of oscillator are harmonic and rela'ation. 7he harmonic oscillators have smooth
curved waveforms while rela'ation oscillators have waveforms with sharp changes.
;2.What is 6niversal Motor?
"t is defined as a motor which can !e operated either on (* or single-phase )* supply at
appro'imately the same speed and output. 7he universal motor is !uilt e'actly li-e a series (*
motor. &ut a series (* motor cannot !e run as a universal motor even though !oth motors loo-
the same internally and e'ternally. We cannot use these motors in the industrial applications due
to the low efficiency ,$6Q -36Q.. "t has high starting tor#ue and a varia!le speed characteristic.
"t runs at dangerously high-speed on no load.
;1. -hat is meant by $MDC.
+D(* stands for +ermanent Dagnet (* Dotor
) +ermanent Dagnet (* Dotor is similar to an ordinary dc shunt motor e'cept that its field is
provided !y permanent magnets instead of salient-pole wound field structure.
7here are three types of permanent magnets used for such motors namelyG
,i. )lnico Dagnets
,ii. *eramic magnets
,iii. ?are-earth magnets
7he maIor advantages are low noise small si0e high-efficiency low manufacturing cost.
70! -hat is meant by cyclo"converter.
"t is also -nown as fre#uency changer. "t converts input power at one fre#uency to output power
at another fre#uency with one stage conversion.
;3. What is meant !y commutation in power electronics?
7he process of changing the direction of current flow in a particular path of the circuit. "t is used
to turn off the S*?.
;4. What is natural commutation?
7he process of the current flowing through the thyristor goes through a natural 0ero and ena!le
the thyristor to turn off is called as natural commutation.
;6. What is forced commutation.
7he process of the current flowing through the thyristor is forced to !ecome 0ero !y e'ternal
circuitry is called as forced commutation.
;4. -hat are the different turn on methods of (C#.
/orward voltage triggering
%ate 7riggering
dvAdt triggering
7emperature triggering
1ight triggering
77! -hat is snubber circuit.
7he snu!!er circuit is used for the dvAdt protection of the S*?. "t is a series com!ination of a
resistor and a capacitor in parallel with the S*?.
78! Name some of the current controlled 9current driven: devices;
S*?
%7C
%7?
7<! Name some of the voltage driven 9 3oltage controlled: devices
"%&7
D*7
"%*7
S"7
82! -hat is duty cycle.
"t is the ratio of the C8 time of the chopper to total time period of the chopper.
( H 7on A R7on B 7offS
8=! &or 4igh voltage applications will you prefer M,(&+T or 5>?T.
/or 3igh voltage applications we have to use "%&7. &ecause DCS/E7s are low voltage devices.
ie 7heir voltage rating is lesser than "%&7.
%eneral rule is DCS/E7s are suita!le for applications which has !rea-down voltage less than
$625. 7he "%&7s are suita!le for applications which has !rea-down voltage upto 12225.
80! &or 4igh fre@uency applications will you prefer M,(&+T or 5>?T. -hy.
/or 3igh fre#uency applications DCS/E7 is the right choice of the device. &ecause DCS/E7
has low switching losses compare to that of "%&7.
%eneral rule of thum! is for low-fre#uency applications having fre#uency range upto $2-30 we
have to use "%&7. /or high fre#uency applications having fre#uency range of more than $22-30
we have to use DCS/E7.
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