Draft Estimate

INTRODUCTION
1
A. Definition
The plumbing in a six-door ottage inludes the installation of pipes! plumbing
fixtures and other apparatus neessar" in the design! installation and maintenane of
plumbing. There are t#o pipes $no#n as the #ater suppl" and drainage pipes in #hih
suppl" pipes on%e" and suppl" #ater #hile drainage pipes arr" off the used #ater. The
used #ater is generall" disharged and disposed into a ommon se#er or other plae of
disposal in a health" and sanitar" manner.
&. 'urpose
&asiall"! plumbing is installed for personal omfort and on%eniene as #ell as
sanitation and publi health measures. It has t#o main ob(eti%es! #hih are to suppl"
#ater to different parts of the ottage and to remo%e and disharge human exrements
and other substanes out of the ottage. That is possible if there is enough #ater suppl"
and proper plumbing installation based on the re)uirements enumerated b" the National
'lumbing Code.
*
+or an effeti%e #ater suppl"! there must be suffiient )uantit" of #ater to suppl" the
plumbing fixtures and the pre%ention of ba$flo# of used #ater into the #ater suppl"
s"stem. &a$flo# is the flo# of #ater or other li)uid mixture or substanes into the
distributing pipes of a suppl" of #ater from an" soure! other than its intended soure. In
other #ords! ba$flo# brings danger to human health beause it ma" ontaminate the
#ater suppl". Indeed! it is important to reali,e the importane of sanitation ations in the
form of an effiient and effeti%e #ater suppl" and se#age disposal.
C. 'riniple
-ere is a general set of priniples #hih an be used to guide us is found in the
Reommended .inimum Re)uirements for 'lumbing de%eloped b" the &ureau
of /tandards! U./. Department of Commere. These basi plumbing priniples
#ere #ritten to meet the minimum sanitar" re)uirements for all parts of the
ountr"! after due onsideration of differenes in limate! building odes! and
methods of se#age disposal0 All premises intended for human habitation or
oupan" shall be pro%ided #ith a suppl" of neither pure and #holesome #ater!
neither onneted #ith unsafe #ater supplies nor ross-onneted through
plumbing fixtures to the drainage s"stem. If suh premises abut on a street in
#hih there is a publi se#er! the" shall ha%e a onnetion! if possible! a separate
onnetion! #ith the se#er. &uildings in #hih #ater losets and other plumbing
fixtures exist shall be pro%ided #ith a suppl" of #ater ade)uate in %olume and
pressure for flushing purposes b" pipes of suffiient si,e to suppl" suh #ater
#ithout reduing pressure at other fixtures. 'lumbing s"stems shall be
maintained in a sanitar" ondition and #ill be designed and onstruted to guard
against fouling and logging! but #ith ade)uate and aessible leanouts in ase!
suh stoppages should our. 'lumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth! non-
absorbent materials! shall be free from onealed fouling surfaes! and shall be
set free of enlosures! #ith eah fixture or ombination fixture pro%ided #ith a
separate! aessible! self-souring! reliable! #ater-seal trap plaed as near the
fixture as possible. Drainage s"stem piping shall be so designed and onstruted
as to be proof for a reasonable life of the building against lea$age of #ater or
drain air due to defeti%e materials! imperfet onnetions! orrosion! settlements
or %ibration of the ground or building! temperature hanges! free,ing! or other
auses. The plumbing s"stem shall be sub(et to a #ater- or air-pressure test and
1
to a final air-pressure test in suh a manner as to dislose all lea$s and
imperfetions in the #or$. -ouse drainage s"stems shall be so designed that there
#ill be an ade)uate irulation of air in all pipes and no danger of siphoning!
aspiration! or foring of trap seals under onditions of ordinar" use. The soil sta$
shall extend full si,e up#ard through the roof and ha%e a free opening #ith no
danger of logging from frost or roof #ater draining into it or of an" air from it
passing to an" #indo#. If #ater losets or other fixtures exist in buildings #here
no se#er is #ithin a reasonable distane! suitable pro%ision shall be made for
disposing of house se#age b" some method of se#age treatment and disposal
satisfator" to the health authorit" ha%ing (urisdition. 2here ba$flo# of
se#age is possible! pro%ision should be made to pre%ent its o%erflo# in the
building.
1
The priniple of proper plumbing installation must be ahie%ed safel" for the
pre%ention of spread of disease. The hori,on of possibilit" in the spread of disease is so
true and of satisfator" publi interest that is the reason #h" the National 'lumbing Code
is regulated to promulgate muniipal ordinanes. The health and safet" re)uirements
presribed b" the National 'lumbing Code has a set of rules of the standards of design!
installation and maintenane of %arious plumbing fixtures and other related installation
sub(et to human health and sanitation.
1. Re)uirements
a. Drainage s"stem. There are established re)uirements enumerated belo#
for an effeti%e drainage s"stem0
1
###.ii%ilengineer.om
3
That all pipe (oints must be #ell fitted and tightl" onneted #ith eah other to
pre%ent lea$age of gas and li)uid. The drainage pipe should be graded or inlined
properl" for a do#n#ard gra%it" flo# of #ater to#ards the main se#er line or to
the septi tan$. The drainage pipe should be pro%ided #ith ade)uate leanout
aessible for repair in ase of stopping. The drainage s"stem must be pro%ided
#ith %entilation pipe that #ill on%e" gases to the atmosphere #here it an do no
harm to human health. That exept for #ater loset! eah fixture should be
pro%ided #ith suitable trap that #ill pre%ent ba$flo# of gases. The drainage
s"stem must be %ented to a%oid siphonage or ba$flo# to the #ater seal.
*
'lumbing %entilation is one of the most important elements in drainage pipe
installation beause it is intentionall" designed to maintain a balane atmospheri
pressure to pre%ent the existene of trap seal loss! retardation of flo# and disintegration
of plumbing materials! #hih ma" attribute to unpleasing fators that #ill unsatisfatoril"
bring harm to us.
b. 2ater distribution. +or health and safet" purposes! it is important to plan
the #ater distribution so as to attain a satisfator" hemial and bateriologial )ualit".
This an pre%ent #ater borne diseases and other ause. The follo#ing elaborated belo#
must be $no#n0
The s"stem must be pro%ided ade)uate suppl" of #ater! #ith ade)uate pressure
up to the extremities of the s"stem. The safet" and )ualit" of the #ater should not
be impaired b" the defets in the s"stem. It should be pro%ided #ith suffiient
%al%es and blo# offs to allo# repair #or$ #ithout undue interruption of ser%ie o
some areas and to allo# the flushing of the s"stem. There should be no
unproteted open reser%oir or ross onnetions #ith inferior #ater s"stem to
enter the distribution s"stem. The #ater s"stem should be tight against lea$age.
The main and branhes onnetion should not be submerged in surfae #ater! or
*
+a(ardo! .ax &. 4r. 'lumbing Design and 5stimate. *
nd
edition! 6117 .erhandising! 'hilippines! *881
6
sub(eted to an" soure of ontamination. The #ater s"stem detail design shall
afford effeti%e irulation of #ater #ith minimum number of dead end mains.
1
It is onl" through planning and $no#ing the essene of ade)uate #ater suppl" sine
insuffiient suppl" ma" ause defets and ontamination in the s"stem. It is neessar" to
be a#are of the safet" preautions and be proteted against lea$age! #hih ma" lead to
bursting of pipe (oints to ensure health and sanitation.
*. -"drauli priniple. In plumbing! pressure pla"s an important funtion in the
flo# of fluids. It is the fore needed for the #ater to mo%e inside the pipe. It is the onl"
means neessar" to o%erome frition. There are t#o forms of pressure namel" the stati
pressure and the normal pressure. /tati pressure is the pressure exerted b" the #ater at
rest. One example of stati pressure is the pressure exerted b" the #ater at the base of a
#ater ser%ie pipe #hen the #ater is not mo%ing. The #ater ser%ie pipe is the pipe from
the #ater main or other soure of #ater suppl" to the ottage ser%ed. On the other hand!
normal pressure refers to the pressure range measured o%er a period of t#ent"-four
hours. Normal pressure ranges from thirt" to fort" pound per s)uare inh. 9o#er than
this ma" result to insuffiient flo# of #ater suppl" espeiall" during simultaneous use of
the plumbing fixtures. 2hereas! #ater pressure greater than fift" pound per s)uare inh
ma" ause undesirable pipe hammering or e%en brea$ing of pipe (oints.
1
nd
:
'asal;s la# states that the pressure on a fluid is e)ual in diretions and in all
parts of the ontainer.
3
'asal;s statement an be restated in the formula gi%en belo#0
F
P
A
= <1=
2here +> fore! N
A>area! m
*
.eaning to sa" as pressure is exerted on #ater inside the pipe! li)uid flo#s of e)ual
part and diretion to#ards to the ottage tan$ going to the distributing pipes of plumbing
fixtures loated else#here in the ottage. The li)uid runs freel" or rises to the same le%el
in all parts of the pipe.
The pump is plaed underground the ottage. It is onneted to the soure of #ater
suppl"! #hih is also laid underground along the streets #here the house se#er pipe is
onneted.
A pump is designed to pump or raise the #ater from a lo#er ele%ation in the
#ater suppl" s"stem to a higher ele%ation going to the roof of the ottage of
#hih tan$ is loated. The input po#er <'
input
= of the pump is eletrial energ"
and its output po#er <'
output
= is the flo# energ". The e)uation gi%en belo# is the
3
?illesania! Diego T. +luid .ehanis and -"draulis. ?'' ?illesania 'rinting 'ress! 'hilippines! *881
@
energ" e)uations #ith pump #here
is the summation of $ineti and

potential energies0
6
1 *
HA HL + =

<*=
2here
A
2
1 1
1
1
2
v P
g
= + +

at lo#er ele%ation

* A
2
2 2
2
2
v P
g
= + +

at higher ele%ation
5)uation * #ould then beome the mathematial expression of &ernoulli;s theorem
in #hih its priniples are appliable to the solution of problems in the flo# of fluids0
1 A
2
1 1
2
v P
g
+ +
B -A>
* A
2
2 2
2
v P
g
+ +
<1=
2here
A
2
1 1
1
1
2
v P
g
= + +

at lo#er ele%ation

* A
2
2 2
2
2
v P
g
= + +

at higher ele%ation
-A> pump
-9> head loss due to frition
6
7
The e)uation 1 means that if #ater is pumped to the tan$! the #ater from the tan$ is
distributed to different fixtures of e)ual total energ" plus the energ" lost b" frition due to
flo# bet#een them.
The flo# energ" of the pump #ould then beome e)uation 3 #here C is the
disharge of #ater and D is the speifi #eight of the unit %olume of a fluid
flo#ing.
:
'
output
>CD-A
<3=
A general expression for the flo# of fluids an be expressed as0
@
f > -
2
2
Lv
d g
or C>ACER/ <6=
In #hih f> frition fator! depending on harater of #all or onduit
g> aeleration die to gra%it"
l> length of pipe or onduit
d>diameter of the pipe or onduit
-
f
> loss of head due to frition in onduit
C>oeffiient
R>h"drauli radius of the onduit
/>h"drauli gradient or
hf
S
l
=
5laborated belo# are ertain fators inluded in the flo# of fluids through pipes0
:
@
&abbit! -arold 5. 'lumbing. .?ra#--ill &oo$ Compan"! Toronto! 1F:8
F
-ead loss due to frition hf! in a length of l of the onduit. The magnitude of hf is
expressed in terms of the height of a olumn of the fluid flo#ing in the onduit. The rate
of flo# C that is! the )uantit" of fluid passing a ross setion of a onduit in a unit of
time. The %eloit" of flo# G! that is the distane of the fluid partile tra%els in a unit of
time in that ross setion #here C is measured. The inside diameter of the onduit d! for
irular pipes or its h"drauli radius R for shapes other that irular. The roughness of the
onduit #all expressed in %arious terms suh as C! f! n and $ and determined empiriall"
for partiular fluids and onditions of flo#. The densit" of the fluid! H and the %isosit" of
the fluid! I.
7
?i%en belo# is the -a,en and 2illiams;s formula or the flo# of #ater in pipes under
pressure0
F
G>Cr
8.:1
/
8.63
8.881
-8.83
<:=
2here > a oeffiient depending on the roughness of the pipe
r> h"drauli radius of the pipe! ft>dJ3
/>h"drauli gradient>h
f
Jl
d>diameter of pipe! ft
G>%eloit"! fps
The %alues of are gi%en in table 1.
Table10 Galues of oeffiients
18
Kind of pipe +ormula Coeffiient
Cast iron! *8 "rs old!
tuberulated
G>Cr
8.:1
/
8.63
8.881
-8.83
C> 188
Cast iron! ne# tar oated G>Cr
8.:1
/
8.63
8.881
-8.83
C> 116
Cast iron! ement lined!
entrifugal proess
G>Cr
8.:1
/
8.63
8.881
-8.83
C>168
Cast iron ne#! bitumasti-
enamel-lined
G>Cr
8.:1
/
8.63
8.881
-8.83
C>166
2rought iron #ith ne#
oupling
G>78.*d
8.:@7
/
8.631
/teel! ri%eted and #elded -> KG
1.F
Jd
1.1
K>8.17 to 8.37
C> 118 to 118
7
F
18
18
Conrete -> KG
*
Jd
1.6
K> 8.11 to 8.3:6
C> 136 to 116
&abbit! -arold 5. 'lumbing. .?ra#- -ill &oo$ Compan"! Toronto! 1F:8
'9U.&IN? .AT5RIA9/
A. Underground 2ater /uppl" and Drainage 'ipes
5xplained belo# are the material used and its seleted fittings used in underground
and #ater suppl" drainage pipes.
1. Cast iron pipe. Cast iron pipe ha%e been $no#n the most popular and generall"
used material in drainage s"stem beause of its distinti%e propert" ompared to other
materials. It is durable and on%enientl" installed of buildings not more than t#ent" fi%e
store"s high. Cast iron pipe is not ad%isable to use to buildings of more than t#ent"-fi%e
store"s high beause it ma" result in lea$ing of pipe (oints.
-o#e%er! ast iron pipe has its limited design. It is affeted b" orrosion #hih is
aused b" the ation of ertain gases li$e arbon dioxide! sulfur oxide and methane
forming solutions of arboni and sulfuri aids. These aids are responsible for the
rusting of its metalli material ause b" the hemial reation to ta$e plae. Cast iron pipe
is lassified into t#o t"pes. These are the /G t"pe! #hih is generall" used for building
installations and the LG t"pe $no#n as the extra dut" pipe used for underground
installations. Cast iron pipes %ar" in different designs and purposes lassified as the
standard pipe! single hub pipe! double hub pipe and hubless pipe.
11
The standard pipe #hih is used for a #ell-fitted hub and spigot onnetions. The
single hub pipe #hih is reommended #ith the length of the pipe needed is more
than 168m long #herein utting is not neessar". The double hub pipe #hih is
preferred #hen a piee of pipe needed is more than 168m long. 2hen pipe is
ut! both ends has hub to ser%e as (oint onnetor. The hubless pipe #hih is
used in lieu of the single hub to do a#a" #ith aul$ing of (oints. It is heaper and
easil" onneted using a neoprene rubber slee%es.
11
Refer to the figures sho#n belo# fort the four %arieties of ast iron pipe0
1*
+igure 10 /ingle -ub 'ipe
+igure *0 Double -ub 'ipe
11
nd
1*
nd
1*
+igure 10 -ubless 'ipe
+igure 30 /tandard 'ipe
11
5ah %ar"ing pipes and its reommended uses are appliable in determining the t"pe
of pipe that is appropriate in a gi%en length of ast iron pipe re)uired to onnet the
plumbing installation. The" ser%e! as a referene on #hat t"pe of pipe shall be used.
*. +ittings.
There are three t"pes of end #hih are standard to ast iron pipe and fittings.
These are $no#n as the bell-and-spigot! flanged and sre#ed. &ell-and-spigot
ends are used prinipall" or underground #or$ and in buildings #here there is
ample spae for the larger dimensions of the fittings and for aul$ing operations.
+langed ends are used #ithin buildings #here spae is limited. The pipe setions
being held together b" bolts! sometimes #ith gas$ets bet#een the flanges and
sometimes #ith #atertight mahine-faed flanges. Threaded or sre#ed ends are
used in small pipes in general pratie! although the" are a%ailable in pipes up to
7 and 18in. in diameter. +langed fittings and threaded fittings are more expensi%e
than bell-and-spigot. The" re)uire more aurate utting and fitting and the" la$
the adaptabilit" of bell-and-spigot pipe to the slight hanges in dimension or
diretion that are sometimes met in installation. 2hen properl" fitted ho#e%er!
the" are easier to handle and the" an be installed more )ui$l" than bell-and-
spigot ends. The use of an" fitting other than standard ma" be ostl" and time
onsuming in design! manufature and installation. Therefore! the use of non-
standard fittings should be a%oided and ingenuit" exerised.
11
+or the bell-and-spigot end fittings! refer to the follo#ing figures sho#n belo#0
13
+igure 60 /anitar" &ranh
11
13
nd
13
Table *0 Dimensions of /anitar" &ranh
nd
edition! 6117 .erhandising!
'hilippines! *881
*in 1in 3in 6in :in 7in 1x* 3x* 3x1 6x* 6x1 6x3
A 18.: 11.1 16 1:.1 1@.6 *1.F 11.F 1*.6 11.7 1*.6 11.7 16
& 11.1 1:.F 17 *8 *1.1 *6.1 1:.1 1@.6 17.1 17.7 1F.3 *8
C *:.1 11.F 16 1@.6 38 61.1 *F.3 18 1*.6 18 1*.6 16
D *8 *6 *@.6 18 1*.6 3*.6 **.6 *6 **.6 *6 *6 *@.6
5 : 18 11.1 1*.6 11.7 1:.: 18 11.1 11.1 1*.6 1*.6 1*.6
16
+igure :0 9ong /#eep
Table 10 Dimensions of 9ong /#eep
*in 1in 3in 6in :in 7in
A :.F 7.1 7.7 7.7 7.7 18.1
& *:.F *F.3 11.1 1*.6 11.7 1@.7
C *@.6 18 1*.6 11.7 16 31.1
nd
'hilippines! *881
+igure @0 /ingle M branhes
Table 30 Dimensions of /ingle M branhes
*in 1in 3in 6in :in 7in 1x* 3x* 3x1 6x* 6x1
A 1:.1 *8.@ *3.3 *@.6 18.: 17.1 17.F *8.F **.@ **.* *3.1
& *:.1 11.1 1@.6 31.1 36 6@.6 *F.3 18 11.7 18 11.7
C *8 *:.1 18 11.7 1@.6 37.7 *6.6 **.6 *:.1 **.6 *:.1
1:
D 18 11.7 1:.F *8 *1.1
8
*F.6 1*.6 13.3 13.: 1:.1 1@.6
nd
'hilippines! *881
+or the flanged end fittings! refer to the follo#ing figures sho#n belo#0
16
+igure 70 Reduing /hort Tee 2"e
Table 60 Dimensions of Reduing /hort Tee 2"e <mm=
18x1
*
68x1
:
68x1
7
:1x1
*
:1x1
7
:1x6
8
@6x1
7
@6x6
8
188x1
7
188x68
A 18F 111 1*1 1*7 1*7 117 1*@ 133 136 136
& :F @8 @6 71 71 F* 71 F1 18* 18*
C :F :@ @* @6 @6 @7 @1 71 73 73
nd
'hilippines! *881
16
nd
1@
+or the sre#ed end fittings! refer to the follo#ing figures sho#n belo#0
1:
+igure F0 Reduer
Table :0 Dimensions of Reduer
1x* 3x* 3x1 6x* 6x1 6x3 :x* :x1 :x3 :x3 7x*
A F.3 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 11.1
& 11.F 1*.6 1*.6 1*.6 1*.6 1*.6 1*.6 1*.6 1*.6 1*.6 16
C 17.1 17.1 17.3 17.7 1F.3 1F.F 17.7 1F.3 *8 *8 *1.1
nd
'hilippines! *881
&. 2ater suppl" #ithin the ottage
5laborated belo# are the material used and its hosen fittings for #ater suppl" pipe
#ithin the ottage0
1. 'lasti 'ipe. 'lasti pipe is a produt of inno%ation! #hih is reentl" de%eloped in
the field of plumbing. It has a)uired #orld#ide aeptane after it has pro%en itself to be
superior in #ater suppl" and drainage pipes.
1:
nd
17
Aording to Di$ Dems$e0 .an" odes ha%e not been updated sine the da"s
#hen plasti #as still in the test tube stage! and therefore do not ma$e an"
mention of the t"pe of plasti piping that are in #idespread use toda"N &uilding
authorities ha%e a reputation for hard headedness and it is not un$no#n for them
to re)uire the tearing do#n of installation that does not onform to their odes.
1@
&asiall"! there are t#o t"pes of plasti pipes. These are lassified as the rigid t"pe
and the flexible t"pe. One of the man" pipes of rigid pipe #hih is ommonl" seen in
plumbing installation inside the ser%ed ottage is the pol"%in"l hloride <'GC=.
5numerated belo# are ad%antages of plasti pipes0
'lasti pipe is more resistant to rust and orrosion. 2ater on%e"ed b" plasti
pipe has no pipe tastes. The extreme smooth interior surfae pre%ents the buildup
of sale! rust and foreign material that often impedes flo# through metalli pipes.
There is no turbulene of #ater and therefore! has a minimum resistane to flo#.
'GC pipe and fittings #eighs about 1J6 of the metal pipe. The" are easil" and
)ui$l" installed through sol%ent ementing. 'lasti pipes are ast in longer
length and eas" to ut as #ell as to install. 'GC pipe an be onneted to existing
metal pipe using a threaded adapter. 'GC is %irtuall" aid proof to an" hemial
use in reommended strengths around the home. No speial tools are needed for
installing 'GC exept a ruler to measure and a sa# to ut.
17
Despite the superiorit" of plasti pipes o%er others! not all plasti pipes that are being
sold and a%ailable in the mar$et are appropriate for plumbing installation. Reputable
manufaturers honestl" said that other plasti pipe ate doubtful for plumbing use sine
1@
nd
17
nd
1F
most of the plasti pipes are produed from s"ntheti resins! #hih means that the
hemistr" of plasti pipe is onfusing and that the finished produt ould appear in great
forms! %arieties and olors. +urthermore! the" must not be exposed at higher temperature
beause the" tend to ha%e lo# strength! #hih ma" result in ra$ing. Therefore! the
ustomers must be a#are of ertain extension brought b" the plasti pipe.
*. +ittings. /ho#n belo# are seleted fittings for #ater suppl" #ithin the ottage0
1F
+igure 180 F8
o
Threaded 5lbo#
Table @0 Dimensions of F8
o
Threaded 5lbo#
nd
'hilippines! *881
+igure 110 F8
o
Threaded Tees
1F
nd
a b A & C D
*8 11 18 *@ 11 13
*6 *8 16 11 13 1@
1* *6 36 1F 1@ **
*8
Table 70 Dimensions of F8
o
Threaded Tees
a b A & C D
*8 11 18 *@ 11 13
*6 *8 16 11 13 1@
nd
'hilippines! *881
+igure 1*0 F8
o
5lbo#
*1
Table F0 Dimensions of F8
o
5lbo#
a A & C
*8 *:.6 *@ 11
*6 1*.6 11 13
1* 38 1F 1@
38 3F 3F *1
68 :8.6 6F *7
:1 @6 @* 13
nd
'hilippines! *881
C. Trap
A trap is sientifiall" designed for the purpose of pre%ention of ba$flo# gases
oming from the se#age s"stem passing into the outlet of the fixture that ma" affet
human health. A trap must be self-leansing. It must allo# the passage of li)uid arr"ing
solids in suspension #ithout maintaining the solid inside the trap and beoming logged.
In other #ords! it must be pro%ided #ith an opening bet#een suspensions of the #ater
seal trap in ase of logging of solid substane. 2ater seal is a olumn of #ater that is
maintained inside the trap. The re)uirements of a perfet trap are enumerated belo#0
**
It must be able to pass used #ater freel" #ithout mehanial aid. It must be able
to pre%ent passage of se#er air either diretion #hether se#age is flo#ing or not.
It must be self-leansing. It must ha%e a preferabl" not less than *-in deep. It
must be strong and proof against lea$age from it of gas or li)uid. It must ha%e no
mehanial or mo%ing parts. It should be pro%ided #ith a lean out or other
means of aess to interior in the e%ent of ho$age. The o%er must be gastight
and #atertight. It must ha%e no reesses! a%ities or po$ets that annot be
soured b" the flo# of se#age through the trap. It must ha%e no internal
pro(etions to ath and hold hair! lint! bits of mathes! et. but must ha%e a
smooth inner surfae e%er" part of #hih is automatiall" soured b" the flo# of
se#age through the trap. It must ha%e no #ashers! gas$ets or pa$ing on the
se#er side of the seal that ma" dea" and ause se#age or se#er air lea$age.
2here neessar"! it must be ba$-%ented. It must not ha%e onealed partitions!
tubes or other in%isible parts if defets in onstrution might permit se#er air to
enter into the house.
*8
The National 'lumbing Code on traps pro%ides that0 O5%er" trap shall be self-
leansing. Traps for bathtubs! la%atories! sin$s and other similar fixtures shall be
of either lead! brass! ast iron! gal%ani,ed! porelain or enameled inside or
plasti. 5ah fixture shall b separatel" trapped b" a #ater sealed trap plaed as
possible to the fixture exept that a set of similar fixture onsisting of not more
than three #ash basins! or a set of three laundr" tra"s or a set of three sin$s ma"
onnet ma" onnet #ith a single trap but in no ase shall the #aste from
bathtub or other fixture disharge into a #ater loset trap. No fixture shall be
double trapped.P
*1
'9U.&IN? D5/I?N
A. Design 'roedures
5numerated belo# are the proedures in the design of plumbing #or$ and the
preparation of plumbing dra#ings0
*8
*1
nd
*1
Count the plumbing fixtures and estimate the follo#ing0 si,es of house se#ers!
si,e of #ater ser%ies! si,e of gas ser%ie and hot #ater load <Tan$ si,e and
neessar" ma$eup=. Determine if sump pumps or e(etor pumps are re)uired.
Determine if onstant-pressure booster pumps or gra%it" or pneumati tan$s are
re)uired. Note the presene or absene of suffiient slop sin$s! fixtures for the
handiapped and drin$ing fountains or #ater oolers and he$ an" la$ #ith the
arhitet. Notif" the eletrial pro(et engineer of the eletrial re)uirements of
the plumbing #or$. Che$ #ith the -GAC and eletrial pro(et engineers
regarding spae onditions for risers! fire hose abinets and for re)uired
mahiner" room spae. Che$ the strutural dra#ings for spae onditions
affeting the plumbing #or$. Obtain minimum eiling heights from the
arhitetural dra#ings or arhitet and he$ to see that the plumbing #or$ lears
these heights. Note la$ of proper pipe sta$s and #all thi$ness for the
plumbing #or$ and he$ this la$ #ith the arhitet. In general! piping should
be run as diret as possible. -o#e%er exept for piping buried underground! all
piping should be run parallel to and at right angles to the #alls! partitions! et.
and should be neatl" grouped in parallel lines. Note piping rising #ith a store" as
OriseP. Note that rising to the store" should be noted as OdropP. Dropping to the
store" should be noted as Oat eilingP #hen exposed and as Oin eiling belo#P as
re)uired. All information reei%ed from or gi%en to the arhitet! o#ner! loal
authorities! et. either in person or in telephone! should be immediatel" onform
to the memorandum #it opies sent t indi%iduals in%ol%ed. 2hen attending
pro(et meetings! detailed notes should be ta$en at all items of disussion
pertaining either the meeting! a memorandum should be #ritten onforming the
details disussed to a op" sent to the others present at the meeting. After a
pro(et has been sheduled and started! the pro(et engineer should reord the
memorandum the in%ol%ed <man da"s= and an" resultant dela" in ompletion! and
ha%e this memorandum appro%ed before proeeding #ith the #or$ in%ol%ed.
**
&. 'lumbing 9a"out
Roughing-in refers to atual installation. The roughing-in proess in the plumbing
pipes proeeds simultaneousl" #ith the eretion of the strutural parts of the ottage.
Therefore the #alls and floors must be ompleted first before the installation of pipes.
Roughing-in inludes the plaement of onnetions of pipes! fittings and fixtures from
the onnetion of the house se#er in the underground at the top of the %ent sta$
**
Churh! 4ames ?. 'ratial 'lumbing Design ?uide. .?ra#--ill &oo$ Compan"! Ne# Mor$! 1F@F
*3
extending through the roof and all #ater lines but not onneted to fixtures. 'lumbing
#or$ that is ompletel" roughed-in is read" for fixtures.
&asiall"! the first step in plumbing installation is the onnetion of the house
ser%ie pipeline #ith the underground spring #ater and also of the house se#er line #ith
the publi se#er. 2ater hangers for plumbing sta$s are then plaed to support the
%ertial main of a s"stem of soil or #aste pipe in the ottage. /oil pipe differs from
#aste pipe in the #a" the" reei%e and on%e" disharges of li)uid and solid substanes.
/oil pipe arries human #aste oming from the #ater loset #hereas #aste pipe does not
reei%e disharges from #ater loset but from other fixtures onl".
After the installation of supports! #ater suppl" and drainage are then plaed
simultaneousl" follo#ed b" the branhing pipe follo#ing losel" on the eretion of riser
pipes and sta$s. &ranhing pipes are hori,ontal pipes that ser%e the fixtures #hile riser
pipes are the %ertial suppl" pipes! #hih extend up#ard from the floor to the next.
9astl"! plumbing fixtures are installed after flooring and plastering is ompleted.
The plumbing plan for the six-door ottage is sho#n belo# #ith its orresponding
plumping speifiations! s"mbols and shemati diagram.

*6
+igure 110 'erspeti%e of the /ix-Door Cottage.
*:
+igure 130 'lumbing 'lan
'9U.&IN? +ILTUR5/
*@
'lumbing fixtures are installed reeptales! #hih are supplied #ith suffiient #ater
and reei%e all disharges #ater or #aste#ater into the drainage s"stem. It omes in
%arieties of st"le. It must be seleted #ith dependable )ualit" sine the" ta$e a lot of
abuse! "et expeted to remain ade)uate and suffiient for "ears.
A. 9a%ator"
A la%ator" is a hollo# %essel #ith running #ater! #hih is primaril" used in #ashing
our faes and hands. It is onneted #ith a #aste pipe for draining the #aste#ater inside
the la%ator". The ele%ation sides are nearl" sloping side for eas" esape of #ater in the
drainage pipe. It is a%ailable in a %ariet" of forms. It omes as rounded! s)uare! o%al!
retangular! trape,oidal and triangular shapes. /ho#n belo# is a retangular la%ator"
installed inside the ottage.
*7
+igure 160 Retangular 9a%ator"
*1
The disharge pattern of a la%ator" is dependent on the length! diameter and
slope of the fixture drain! on the t"pe of sta$ fitting used! on the t"pe and
diameter of the trap! on the side and shape of the la%ator" and on the %olume of
#ater in the la%ator".
*3
2"l" and -ints from the tests at the National &ureau of /tandards found that the
a%erage rate of flo# from la%atories and bathtubs ould express fairl" #ell b"
this formula0
*6
)> 3.11AEh <@=
*1
*3
.anas! Ginent T. National 'lumbing Code -amdboo$. .?ra#--ill &oo$ Compan"! 1
st
5dition!
Toronto!1F6@
*6
.anas! Ginent T. National 'lumbing Code -amdboo$. .?ra#--ill &oo$ Compan"! 1
st
5dition!
Toronto!1F6@
*F
2here )> rate of disharge! gpm
A> effeti%e area of the outlet orifie! in
*
h> %ertial distane from #ater surfae to le%el of o%erflo# onnetion! in.
&. 2ater Closet
2ater loset is a plumbing fixture! #hih is used to arr" human exrements to the
drainage s"stem. 2ater losets are $no#n #ith different names aording to its design!
)ualit"! shape and olor. 2ith respet to its )ualit"! it must flush do#n organi #astes
)uietl" and ompletel". It must funtion effeti%el" and effiientl" and must maintain
large amount of standing #ater inside the bo#l to a%oid fouling odors and ontamination.
The figure as sho#n belo# is $no#n as the /iphon Gortex #ater loset installed inside
the ottage.
+igure 1:0 /iphon Gortex 2ater Closet
*:
*:
###.ii%ilenginer.om
18
The /iphon Gortex #ater loset has the follo#ing harateristis0
Although it is aeptabl" expensi%e t"pe of #ater loset bo#l! "et! pro%en to be
less nois" and %er" effiient in its performane. The flushing ation of the siphon
%ortex #ater loset is through a #hirlpool motion of #ater inside the bo#l!
follo#ed b" a flush do#n of the li)uid and #aste ompletel". /iphon %ortex
retains a large amount of standing #ater o%ering almost the entire interior
surfae of the bo#l. Considering the large amount of standing #ater retained
inside the bo#l! it is %er" sanitar" and eas" to lean.
*@
C. /ho#er
A sho#er is another plumbing fixture installed inside the ottage. It is named as
sho#er beause it has an o%erhead no,,le that spra"s #ater do#n on our bodies. It is
#here ustomers bath themsel%es #ith suffiient suppl" of #ater.
*@
nd
11
+igure 1@0 /ho#er
*7
'9U.&IN? /M/T5./
The plumbing s"stem generall" inludes the #ater suppl" and drainage s"stem. It
further explains the funtion of #ater suppl" distributing pipes! soil pipe! house drain and
house se#er.
*7
1*
A. 2ater /uppl" /"stem
The #ater suppl" onsists of the #ater ser%ie pipe! #ater-distributing pipes! and
other neessar" onnetion pipes and fittings to the ottage being ser%ed. 2ater ser%ie
pipe is onneted underground to the spring #ater.
2ater is the heart in plumbing beause #ithout its existene! there #ill be no
plumbing installation at all. The #ater on%e"ed must be exerised #ith extreme
preautions of organi matter! #hih inludes the animal and human #astes sine the
soure of #ater suppl" in the ottage is from underground spring #ater.
/pring #ater! is nothing more than a %er" shallo# #ell #ith #ater! ta$en from a
#ater stratum omposed of er%ial limestone! sand or gra%el! l"ing a fe# meters
belo# the earth. Contrar" to ommon belief! spring #ater is not al#a"s free from
ontamination. Indeed! it is unertain to onlude that spring #ater is proteted
from surfae #ater ontamination b" imper%ious formation of the soil. Therefore
extreme preautions should be exerised in de%eloping #ater intended for
drin$ing and household use.
*F
The fissure #herein the spring #ater #ill flo# should be enlosed ompletel"
#ith a reser%oir of onrete! tile! steel or other imper%ious materials under the
follo#ing onsiderations0 The depth of the reser%oir #alls shall penetrate
do#n#ard the imper%ious formations beneath the #ater produing stratum. The
reser%oir o%er shall be inset proof! free from dust and rain#ater. A manhole of
the raised ur%ing t"pe! #ith o%erlapping o%er on its edges terminating in a
do#n#ard diretion! shall be pro%ided #ith failities for lo$ing. The reser%oir
should be disinfeted #ith a hlorine solution! and then flushed thoroughl" prior
to the submitting of samples for laborator" test. 2ater from the spring reser%oir!
shall be delared safe onl" after the result of bateriologial test.
18
*F
nd
18
nd
11
/ho#n belo# is a summari,ed presentation in the flo# of #ater from the underground
spring #ater to the #ater suppl" distribution.
+igure 170 +lo# of 2ater
In #ater suppl" distribution! frition is defined as the resistane bet#een the
moleules of #ater. It an be minimi,ed under the follo#ing onditions0 All the
#ater pipes should be installed straight and diret as possible. The use of turns!
offsets and traps should be minimi,ed. 'ipes #ith plain and smooth surfae
should be used. The use of fittings! stops and other de%ies onneted to the
distribution lines should be minimi,ed. All fittings and (oints must be onneted
properl".
11
&. 2ater Drainage /"stem
11
nd
13
The drainage s"stem inludes all piping that on%e"s #aste#ater to the established
point of disposal. The prinipal of design of drainage pipes is not similar from the
priniple of #ater suppl" pipes that funtions under pressure greater than atmospheri
and that ma" freel" flo# from a lo#er to a higher ele%ation.
The materials for drainage s"stem must be hosen rightfull" #ith respet #ith the
strength! durabilit" and the apait" to resist the orrosi%e irumstanes of #astes
disharged into them. /ine ast iron pipe is the seleted material in the underground
#ater drainage s"stem! it should not be exposed to aid #astes and hot #ater. The
presene of heat is eligible enough to inrease the rapidit" of the e%aporation of #ater
from traps #hih ma" aused the undesirable odors to ta$e plae and the alternate
ontration and expansion of pipes #hih ma" loosen (oints that has been sealed #ater
tight and air tight.
The re)uirements for a drainage s"stem an be summari,ed as follo#s0 It must
arr" the #aste#ater rapidl" a#a" from the fixtures. The passage of air! odors or
%ermin from the se#er into the building must be pre%ented. The drainage pipes
must be gastight! airtight and #atertight. The pipes must be durable and #ell
installed that slight mo%ements of the building or of the pipe #ill not ause
lea$age.
1*
1. /oil 'ipe. A soil pipe is a drainage pipe that reei%es and on%e"s human #astes
oming from the #ater loset.
The National 'lumbing Code on soil pipe pro%ides0 That! at least one of the
%ertial sta$s in the plumbing s"stem must extend full si,e through the roof for
the follo#ing purposes0 To %entilate and dispose the se#er gas abo%e the roof! to
1*
nd
16
pre%ent siphoning of the #ater trap seal b" fore of sution and to pre%ent the
possibilit" of ba$ pressure #hih ma" fore the #ater seal off the fixture trap.
An" struture #ith a house drain installed must ha%e at least one soilQ sta$ or
sta$ %ent! extended full si,e abo%e the roof not less than @6mm diameter or the
si,e of the drain #hihe%er is smaller. As a greater rule! %ent sta$ must be
extended and terminate through the roof of the building. 2hen the roof is to be
used other than protetion from the elements of #eather! the %ent sta$ should b
extended no less than *m abo%e the roof.
11
The 'lumbing ode on soil pipe installation pro%ides that0 the soil pipe shall be
properl" onealed or embedded in olumns! #alls or partitions and installed
prior to the onstrution of plumbing. The entire installations in building suh as
the loation of fixtures! thi$ness of the partitions! loation of doors and
#indo#s! drop eiling! eletrial la"out and outlets and their relations #ith eah
other shall be onsidered in the pre planning stages prior to the rough-in #or$.
The soil branh that #ill diretl" reei%e #aste from #ater loset shall b short
and diret as pratiable. /oil pipe (oints shall be tight and free from li)uid or gas
lea$. Installation #or$manship shall be stritl" in aordane #ith the standard
pratie o the trade in%ol%ed. /oil pipes not embedded in onrete #all! olumns
or partitions shall be anhored rigidl" b" means of metal hangers. The hanges
from %ertial to hori,ontal diretions shall be done b" using0 R bend! long s#eep
R bend! t#o S bend and ombination of M and S bend.
13

*. -ouse drain. -ouse drain is that portion of the hori,ontal piping of the drainage
s"stem of a ottage into #hih all the soil and #aste pipes #hether %ertial or hori,ontal
is ultimatel" disharged. This house drain is laid outside the ottage foundation #all
#here it onnets the house se#er.
On house drain! the plumbing ode pro%ides that0 No #ater loset shall disharge
into a drain less than @6mm or 1in. pipe diameter. No more than t#o #ater
losets shall disharge into an" @6mm hori,ontal soil branh! house drain or
house se#er.
16
11
nd
13
nd
16
nd
1:
On house drain leanout! the National 'lumbing Code pro%ides that0 The house
drain shall be pro%ided #ith ade)uate number of leanouts to pre%ent brea$ing of
the floor! in ase of drain stoppage. The loation of the leanout depends upon
the good (udgment of the plumber #here it is aessible in ase of line trouble.
An" branh of the house drain terminating at a floor drain or fixture shall e
pro%ided #ith 188mm diameter pipe extended at least *in. abo%e the floor
inserted in a 36
T
M branh in the diretion of the drain flo#. The leanout shall be
e)uipped #ith threaded sre# o%er pro%ided #ith a raised head that ould be
remo%ed easil" #ith a #renh. A leanout extended abo%e the floor shall not be
utili,ed as a floor drain. The trap of a floor drain shall be plaed not more than
68m belo# the finished floor line to failitate leaning in ase of line trouble. A
leanout shall be installed at e%er" *8m-inter%al distane and also at the base of
all soil and #aste sta$.
1:
1. -ouse /e#er. -ouse se#er is that portion of hori,ontal piping of the drainage
s"stem of a ottage! #hih onnets the house drain and publi se#er. The house se#er
ser%es as a ontinuation of the main drain to the point #here the house drain piping ends
to its onnetion into the se#er. This is onneted #ith the main #ater b" a small hole
using an" form of boring instrument.
?eneral onditions in installing se#er pipes0 /eure permits from the se#erage
authorit". Gerif" the depth of the house drain outlet. Determine the depth of the
onnetion #ith the main se#er in the street and the grade of the house se#er.
The depth is found b" measuring the length of the longest branh of the house
drain multiplied b" the pre-planned pith per meter. Add the re)uired 18m
ground o%ering from the top of onrete floor or 38m of ground o%ering
#ithout onrete floor. Gerif" the depth of the onnetion to be made #ith main
se#er. Remo%e the manhole o%er on both ends. .easure the depth using a meter
tape or sti$. The grade of the house se#er ould be found through the differene
bet#een the house se#er and the depth of the main se#er. Additional grade an
1:
nd
1@
be made #ith the use of S bend onsidered as the most pratial method of
establishing grade.
1@
'ROC5// O+ IN/TA99IN?
A. Cast iron pipe
1. .easuring length.
In measuring length of ast iron pipe! the end portion that #ill enter into the hub
is added to the fae length of the effeti%e distane.
17
+igure 1F0 +ae-to-+ae 9ength
/ee Table 18 for the additional length in utting ast iron pipe.
1@
nd
17
nd
17
Table 180 Additional length in utting ast iron pipe
'ipe Diameter 5ngagement 9ength
mm in mm in
68 * :* :.*
@6 1 :7 :.7
188 3 @6 @.6
1*6 6 @6 @.6
168 : @6 @.6
nd
'hilippines! *881
The additional length is neessar" in onneting ast iron pipe into the hub. It is
used for one end onnetion onl"! but if both ends are inserted into the hub! the
length should be doubled.
1F
*. Cutting ast iron pipe.
The proedures in utting ast iron pipes are as follo#s0 The hal$ mar$ is dra#n
around the pipe. The pipe is laid on sand. 2ith the use of hammer and old
hisel! the sored lines around the pipe is stru$ gentl" at first round then
ontinue stri$ing harder all around until the pipe is ut or part off.
38
+igure *80 Cutting Cast Iron 'ipe
1F
nd
38
nd
1F
1. Caul$ing (oints.
Caul$ing (oints of ast iron pip is done through the follo#ing steps0 .a$e sure
that the pipes to be (oined are perfetl" aligned #ith the spigot entered inside the
bell. 2rap the oa$um around the spigot ne$ filling the spae around the inner
hub. 2ith the use of "arning iron! dri%e the oa$um into the bottom of the hub
then! ompress firml" to ma$e a solid bed pro%iding *8 to *6mm learane from
the top of the bell. After pa$ing! the (oint is sealed #ith lead monolithiall"
poured around the inner hub at about 1mm abo%e the bell then pa$ed against the
hub b" the aul$ing iron tamping it firml" to ma$e a #atertight seal.
31
+igure *10 Caul$ing Cast Iron 'ipe 4oints
&. 'lasti pipe
5laborated belo# are #a"s in #or$ing #ith plasti pipes0
31
nd
38
.easure the fae-to-fae distane of the fittings to be onneted. Add the
engagement length before utting the pipe. /ome plasti pipes an be ut #ith a
sharp $nife! but all an be ut #ith ha$sa# or handsa#. A rotar" pipe utter
should not in an" manner be used in utting plasti pipes. &e sure to ut pipe
ends s)uare or at right angle #ith the axis of the pipe. 2or$ on one (oint at a
time. /ol%ent is %er" )ui$ setting and unforgi%ing of mista$es. One an error is
ommitted! the onl" remed" is to ut the pipe and ha%e it replaed. After utting!
remo%e the burrs inside the pipe! ream and lean the end portion of the pipe until
smooth to allo# full ontat #ith meth"l eth"l $eton <.5K= or simpl" aetone.
-o#e%er! depending upon the t"pe of plasti being used! there is sol%ent that
needs no leaning of the pipe before its appliation. Appl" sol%ent ement
liberall" using non-s"ntheti brush to the shoulder fitting and butt end of the
pipe. Insert the pipe into the fitting and gi%e it a )uarter turn or R turn. The span
of time from the ement appliation to the )uarter turning should not be more
than 18 seonds. Do not disturb the pipe for se%eral minutes after the )uarter
turn. 2ait for about *3 hours before testing the line under pressure. Dr"ing of the
ement must be far enough ad%anes from about 16-*8 hours to permit use of the
line. In the proess of bending! plasti pipe is pa$ed #ith sand then heated
using a flame torh or hot #ater. Appl" pressure gentl" and graduall" #hen the
pipe is soft and read" for bending. Continue bending until the desired ur%ature
of the pipe is arri%ed at. A metal spring for bending opper tube ma" be used to
pre%ent flattering of the pipe. Corretion or repair of the lines ma" be done b"
utting the pipes at a reasonable distane from the side of the fitting then onnet
#ith oupling or so$et.
3*
+igure **0 Repairing Damaged 'lasti 'ipe
CONC9U/ION
It is important to $no# the proper installation and follo# the design proedures in
plumbing in aordane of the re)uirements of the National 'lumbing Code of the
'hilippines sine improper plumbing is %ulnerable to human health and sanitation.
3*
nd
31
Improper design! installation and maintenane ma$e possible infestations b" rats!
o$roahes! mos)uitoes and other pests. -o#e%er! their presene an be pre%ented b"
proper preautions. 'reautions to be ta$en ma" inlude the ma$ing of tight (oints in
drainage pipes! the use of ade)uate seal in traps! the a%oidane of standing #ater in the
presene of light to disourage egg-la"ing and the use of toxi substanes in pastes and
glues on pipe o%erings to $ill #ingless insets.
3*

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