Baseline

Monitoring of impact of anthropogenic inputs on water quality

of mangrove ecosystem of Uran, Navi Mumbai, west coast of India
Prabhakar R. Pawar

Veer Wajekar Arts, Science and Commerce College, Mahalan Vibhag, Phunde, Tal. Uran, Dist. Raigad, Navi Mumbai 400 702, Maharashtra, India
a r t i c l e i n f o
Keywords:
Water quality
Mangroves
Nutrients
Anthropogenic inputs
Jawaharlal Nehru Port
a b s t r a c t
Surface water samples were collected from substations along Sheva creek and Dharamtar creek man-
grove ecosystems of Uran (Raigad), Navi Mumbai, west coast of India. Water samples were collected fort-
nightly from April 2009 to March 2011 during spring low and high tides and were analyzed for pH,
Temperature, Turbidity, Total solids (TS), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total suspended solids (TSS), Dis-
solved oxygen (DO), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Carbon dioxide (CO
2
), Chemical oxygen demand
(COD), Salinity, Orthophosphate (O-PO
4
), Nitritenitrogen (NO
2
N), Nitratenitrogen (NO
3
N), and Sili-
cates. Variables like pH, turbidity, TDS, salinity, DO, and BOD show seasonal variations. Higher content
of O-PO
4
, NO
3
N, and silicates is recorded due to discharge of domestic wastes and sewage, efuents from
industries, oil tanking depots and also from maritime activities of Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT),
hectic activities of Container Freight Stations (CFS), and other port wastes. This study reveals that water
quality from mangrove ecosystems of Uran is deteriorating due to industrial pollution and that mangrove
from Uran is facing the threat due to anthropogenic stress.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Mangroves are one of the biologically diverse ecosystems in the
world, rich in organic matter and nutrients and support very large
biomass of ora and fauna (Robin and Bazelevic, 1966). Mangrove
forests are among the worlds most productive ecosystems and
cover an area of about 18 10
6
hectares (Spalding et al., 1997). Jit-
thaisong et al. (2012) have reported that mangrove forests can be
used as an additional natural system to increase the efciency of
man-made wastewater treatment system. The conservation, man-
agement, and sustainable development of mangroves depend on
the maintenance of hydro-geochemical characteristics of the sys-
tem (Manju et al., 2012). Mangroves ecosystems create a suitable
environment by removing and transforming pollutants in waste-
water through the processes of sedimentation, ltration, microbial
activity, plant absorption, etc. when water passes through man-
groves (Wu et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2010).
In India, 0.14% of the countrys total geographic area is under
mangroves and it account for about 5% of worlds mangrove vege-
tation (Jagtap et al., 2002). The Indian mangroves cover about
4827 Km
2
, with about 57% of them along the east coast, 23% along
the west coast, and 20% in Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Venka-
taraman and Wafar, 2005). Anthropogenic activities involving
development projects have resulted in depletion of coastal re-
sources, destruction of mangrove habitats, disruption of ecosystem
processes, and loss of biodiversity (Vijay et al., 2005).
Mumbai, a major metropolis and one of the worlds most pop-
ulous cities called as the Urbs Prima of India, generates 0.85 mil-
lions m
3
/d of liquid efuent and 14,600 t/d of solid waste, which
without any treatment are discharged in the coastal region in
and around Mumbai (Zingde, 1999). Estimates of area of man-
groves in Mumbai varied from 248.7 Km
2
(Queshi, 1957) to
200 Km
2
(Blasco et al., 1975) to 92.94 Km
2
(Inamdar et al., 2000)
to 26.97 Km
2
(Mukherji, 2002). Zingde (2002) reported that Mum-
bai has lost 40% of all its mangroves in the past decade because of
overexploitation and unsustainable demand for housing, slums,
sewage treatment, and garbage dumps.
The hydrobiology of marine ecosystem plays an important role
in predicting, locating, and exploiting the marine shery resources
(Asha and Diwakar, 2007). Water quality is an indicator which pro-
vides basic information on the health of marine waters and their
ability to support the diverse habitats and the wide array of marine
species that live in the marine environment. It enables the identi-
cation of emerging trends of concern (population growth and
pressure of urbanization) and also allows linking how activities
on land affect marine water quality (Marine Water Quality, 2013).
The coastal environment of Uran has been under considerable
stress since the onset of industries like Oil and Natural Gas Com-
mission, Liquid Petroleum Gas Distillation Plant, Grindwell Norton
Ltd., Gas Turbine Power Station, Bharat Petroleum Corporation
Limited Gas Bottling Plant, Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT, an
international port), Nhava-Seva International Container Terminal
(NSICT), Container Freight Stations (CFS), etc. These activities affect
0025-326X/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.045

Tel.: +91 22 27480622, +91 9869616135; fax: +91 22 27221035.

E-mail address: prabhakar_pawar1962@yahoo.co.in
Marine Pollution Bulletin 75 (2013) 291300
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Marine Pollution Bulletin
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er . com/ l ocat e/ mar pol bul
the quality of mangrove ecosystems of Uran, Navi Mumbai.
Although many studies have been undertaken to evaluate the
water quality of mangrove ecosystems in India, no scientic stud-
ies have been carried out on the water quality of mangrove ecosys-
tems of Uran, Navi Mumbai; hence, the present study is
undertaken. Objective of the study is to evaluate the impact of
anthropogenic inputs on water quality of mangrove ecosystems
with respect to tidal and seasonal variability.
Geographically, Uran (Lat. 1850
0
5
00
to 1850
0
20
00
N and Long.
7257
0
5
00
to 7257
0
15
00
E) with the population of 23,254 is located
along the eastern shore of Mumbai harbor opposite to Coloba. Uran
is bounded by Mumbai harbor to the northwest, Thane creek to the
north, Dharamtar creek and Karanja creek to the south, and the
Arabian Sea to the west. Uran is included in the planned metropolis
of Navi Mumbai and its port, the Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNPT) (see
Fig. 1).
The mangrove ecosystem of Uran is a tide-dominated and the
tides are semidiuranal. The average tide amplitude is 2.28 m. The
ood period lasts for about 67 h and the ebb period lasts for about
5 h. The average annual precipitation is about 3884 mm of which
about 80% is received during July to September. The temperature
range is 1236 C, whereas the relative humidity remains between
61% and 86% and is highest in the month of August. Four species of
true mangroves representing three genera and three families were
recorded during present study. The dominant species are Avicennia
marina, Avicennia ofcinalis, Acanthus ilicifolius, and Ceriops tagal.
The average tree height is 2.4 m and the canopy coverage is greater
than 90%.
The present study was carried out for a period of two years, i.e.,
from April 2009 to March 2011. Two study sites, namely Sheva
Creek, site I (Lat. 1850
0
20
00
N and Long. 7257
0
5
00
E) and Dharamtar
Creek, site II (Lat.1850
0
5
00
N and Long. 7257
0
10
00
E) separated
approximately by 10 km, were selected along the coast. At each
site, three sampling stations separated approximately by 1 km
were established for water sampling.
Surface water samples were collected fortnightly during spring
low and high tides in a clean, leak-proof plastic container. Water
samples were collected in triplicate from each station, and average
value for each variable was reported. The depth of the water col-
umn in the study area varies from 2.5 to 3 m. Standard methods
described by APHA (2005), Strickland and Parsons (1972) and
Grasshoff et al. (1999) were followed for assessment of water qual-
ity variables.
pH and temperature of water samples were measured in situ.
The pH was measured with an accuracy of 0.02 pH unit on a bat-
tery operated portable Philips pH meter. Temperature of surface
Fig. 1. Location map of study area representing various sampling stations along Sheva creek and Dharamtar creek.
292 P.R. Pawar / Marine Pollution Bulletin 75 (2013) 291300
water was measured by using a centigrade thermometer. Turbidity
was estimated by the Nephelometric method. Total solids (TS) and
Total Dissolved solids (TDS) were determined by weighing the res-
idue left after evaporation of 100 ml unltered and ltered water
samples, respectively. Total suspended solids (TSS) were calculated
by subtracting value of TDS from TS. Winklers Iodometric method
was adopted for high precision dissolved oxygen (DO) estimation.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and carbon dioxide (CO
2
) were
determined by titrimetric method. Chemical oxygen demand
(COD) was estimated by open reux method. Salinity was esti-
mated by argentometric method. Orthophosphate (O-PO
4
) was
determined by ascorbic acid method, whereas nitritenitrogen
(NO
2
N) was determined through the formation of a reddish pur-
ple azo dye produced at pH 2.02.5 by coupling deoxidized sulfa-
nilamide with N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride
(NED). Nitratenitrogen (NO
3
N) was estimated by cadmium-
reduction method. Molybdo-silicate method was used for determi-
nation of silicates. All colorimetric measurements were done on
ERMA INC (AE 11D) colorimeter (see Table 1).
An acidic pH (6.136.98 at site I & 6.276.99 at site II) was ob-
served in pre-monsoon during low and high tides, which becomes
slightly alkaline (7.077.73 at site I & 7.077.67 at site II) at both
sites during monsoon and post-monsoon. Lowered pH in monsoon
is caused by microbial oxidation of organic matter and by fermen-
tation process. The organic matter was decomposed by anaerobic
bacteria to produce low molecular weight organic acids (Mitsch
and Gosseling, 2000). The results of the study are in agreement
with Vorakuldumrongchai (1997) and Jitthaisong et al. (2012).
Slightly higher alkaline pH during monsoon and post-monsoon is
attributed to removal of CO
2
for photosynthesis through bicarbon-
ate degradation by aquatic plants (Rajasegar, 2003; Kumara and
Vijaya Kumar, 2011) (see Fig. 2).
During pre-monsoon, high temperature (26.2333.63 C) was
observed in high tide water of both sites, whereas in low tide
water, temperature variation was 25.4030.26 C. A slight high
temperature was noted in water of high tide at site I (33.63 C)
than that of site II (32.97 C) during pre-monsoon. Except a high
temperature (28.6632.86 C), a minimum temperature variation
(25.2629.36 C) was noted during remaining of monsoon season.
In present study, the surface water temperature varies from
25.26 to 33.63 C, with maximum during summer and minimum
during monsoon. High temperature during summer could be
attributed to high solar radiation (Ashok Prabhu et al., 2008),
whereas low temperature during January was because of strong
land breeze and precipitation (Satheeshkumar and Khan, 2011).
The summer peaks and monsoonal troughs in water temperature
are also reported by Arthur (2000) and Anila Kumary et al.
(2007) in the Adimalathura estuary, southwest coast of India (see
Fig. 3).
The highest turbidity in the range of 40.5941.44 NTU at site I &
41.1342.93 NTU at site II) was found during pre-monsoon in high
tide water. High turbidity values in pre-monsoon were earlier re-
ported by Kamble et al. (2010) in Thane, Malad, Marve, and Mahim
creeks of Mumbai and also by Mukherjee et al. (2010) in mangrove
ecosystem of Indian Sundarbans.
This high turbidity is attributed to the waves and turbulence
caused by tides and winds, which facilitate the mixing of sediment
with overlying water column and also to surface-runoff, stream
Table 1
Mean values of water quality variables at all the sampling stations at Sheva creek and Dharamtar creek during low tide and high tide.
Water quality variables Sheva creek (site I) Dharamtar creek (site II)
Low tide (Mean SD) High tide (Mean SD) Low tide (Mean SD) High tide (Mean SD)
pH 6.68 0.18 7.16 0.17 6.77 0.19 7.17 0.17
Temperature (C) 27.15 0.91 29.43 1.43 27.26 1.00 29.67 1.43
Turbidity (NTUs) 30.58 2.19 37.26 1.36 30.72 1.80 37.10 1.14
TS (mg/l) 47.22 1.38 43.94 1.70 47.54 1.31 44.19 1.84
TDS (mg/l) 41.92 1.04 39.08 1.43 42.45 1.19 39.47 2.01
TSS (mg/l) 5.30 0.68 4.86 0.64 5.09 0.64 5.16 0.63
Salinity (ppt) 24.31 3.11 29.14 2.39 24.24 3.15 29.31 2.49
DO (ml/l) 4.71 0.73 5.84 0.25 4.96 0.42 6.12 0.23
BOD (ml/l) 1.83 0.25 1.71 0.22 1.88 0.18 1.70 0.20
CO
2
(mg/l) 24.47 1.59 18.72 2.27 23.88 1.54 18.29 2.39
COD (mg/l) 39.74 3.05 30.65 2.24 38.65 3.21 30.11 1.87
O-PO
4
(lg/l) 0.57 0.08 0.18 0.04 0.52 0.07 0.19 0.04
NO
2
N (lg/l) 4.17 0.66 1.37 0.20 3.98 0.49 1.32 0.16
NO
3
N (lg/l) 29.88 2.15 21.33 1.82 29.94 1.81 21.50 1.82
Silicates (lg/l) 49.57 4.99 45.80 5.72 50.00 3.98 45.83 5.91
Monthly variation of pH from Uran coast
6
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8
A
p
r
-
0
9
M
a
y
-
0
9
J
u
n
-
0
9
J
u
l
-
0
9
A
u
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-
0
9
S
e
p
-
0
9
O
c
t
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0
9
N
o
v
-
0
9
D
e
c
-
0
9
J
a
n
-
1
0
F
e
b
-
1
0
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a
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1
0
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p
r
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0
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a
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0
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p
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c
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0
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o
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1
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D
e
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1
0
J
a
n
-
1
1
F
e
b
-
1
1
M
a
r
-
1
1
Months
p
H
SITE I LOW TIDE SITE I HIGH TIDE SITE II LOW TIDE SITE II HIGH TIDE
Fig. 2. Monthly variation in pH from mangroves of Uran coast.
P.R. Pawar / Marine Pollution Bulletin 75 (2013) 291300 293
ow, and overland ow in natural waters (Yisa and Jimoh, 2010).
During high tide of monsoon and post-monsoon, turbidity values
were in the range of 34.42 1.2438.38 1.47 NTU. Slight increase
in the turbidity in the range of 28.48 2.6432.47 1.78 NTU was
found in low tide water at both sites. Similar results were reported
by Kamble et al. (2010) and Mukherjee et al. (2010) (see Fig. 4).
Except, a signicant high level of TS (50.57 1.84 mg/l) re-
corded at site I during low tide water of monsoon, the TS observed
was in the range of 44.5550.09 mg/l. In post-monsoon, level of TS
was higher (45.91 1.8946.92 1.03 mg/l) than that of TS during
remaining period. High TS in monsoon is attributed to the turbu-
lence resulting from wind and wave action in impounded water,
or the movement of owing water helps maintain water particles
in suspension (Boyd, 2001). High variation in the TS content is also
an indication of the change in the process parameter in the indus-
trial units. Sathe et al. (2002) reported the similar increase in TS in
Waldhuni nalla of Thane creek, Mumbai (see Fig. 5).
At both sites, high level of TDS (45.38 0.76 mg/l) was observed
in low tide water, whereas in high tide water, lower values
(36.27 1.67 mg/l) were recorded. Higher TDS content is attrib-
uted to the presence of high organic salts (Sathe et al., 2002) or in-
ow of efuent from sewage plants or industry (Chavan and
Ramanathan, 2008) (see Fig. 6).
Higher TSS values (4.71 0.996.87 1.09 mg/l) were recorded
in low tide water of monsoon and post-monsoon at both the sites.
During remaining period, TSS was not signicantly varied within
different seasons. Higher content of TSS could be related to the or-
ganic matter and minerals transported to the sea from land erosion
(Gandaseca et al., 2011) and also to the dredging activities (Nyanti
et al., 2012) going on at both sites for widening the channel for
maritime activities of JNPT and CFS (see Fig. 7).
In pre-monsoon, high salinity (29.2333.10 ppt) was observed
in high and low tide water. During monsoon, a low level of salinity
(14.85 5.69 ppt) was observed at site II, whereas salinity was
quite higher (25.4125.66 ppt) at both the sites in high tide water.
In post-monsoon, salinity range was 23.54 5.0825.28 4.56 ppt
in low tide water, and it was 27.69 2.6728.67 2.94 ppt in high
tide water.
A distinct seasonal variation was observed in salinity ranging
from 14.85 to 33.10 ppt. The minimum values of salinity during
monsoon are due to fresh water runoff (Manju et al., 2012) and dis-
charge of wastewater into the creeks (Pawar and Kulkarni, 2007).
High salinity recorded during pre-monsoon was due to excessive
summer evaporation and negligible input of fresh water (NIO,
1992). A marked elevation of salinity noted in high tide water dur-
ing monsoon than that of low tide was correlated with the circula-
tion pattern of offshore water of high salinity with coastal water in
the area (Zingde and Sabnis, 1994). Both the sites are in the close
proximity of the Arabian Sea, and therefore, prominent tidal activ-
ity can alter the salinity of these systems (Manju et al., 2012) (see
Fig. 8).
Low DO concentration was observed in low tide water during
pre-monsoon of 2009 (4.42 0.14 ml/l at site I & 5.12 0.09 ml/l
at site II), whereas it was slightly higher in low tide water during
Monthly variation of Turbidity from Uran coast
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
A
p
r
-
0
9
M
a
y
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9
J
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J
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p
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c
t
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a
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p
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a
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a
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1
Months
T
u
r
b
i
d
i
t
y

(
N
T
U
)
SITE I LOW TIDE SITE I HIGH TIDE SITE II LOW TIDE SITE II HIGH TIDE
Fig. 4. Monthly variation in turbidity from mangroves of Uran coast.
Monthly variation of Temperature from Uran coast
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
A
p
r
-
0
9
M
a
y
-
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Months
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
o
C
)
SITE I LOW TIDE SITE I HIGH TIDE SITE II LOW TIDE SITE II HIGH TIDE
Fig. 3. Monthly variation in temperature from mangroves of Uran coast.
294 P.R. Pawar / Marine Pollution Bulletin 75 (2013) 291300
pre-monsoon of 2010 (5.01 0.44 ml/l at site I & 5.59 0.73 ml/l at
site II). Similar pattern of DO was also noted in high tide water dur-
ing pre-monsoon of 2009 and 2010. Range of DO in low tide of pre-
monsoon was 4.284.56 ml/l in 2009 at site I, whereas in pre-mon-
soon of 2010, it was 4.475.65 ml/l. In post-monsoon, a moderate
level of DO (5.726.52 ml/l) was noted in high tide water of both
the sites.
Higher values of DO recorded during monsoon and post-mon-
soon were attributable to wind velocity and monsoon inuence
(Kumara and Vijaya Kumar, 2011) and also to increase in photo-
synthetic activity with lower temperature (Valdes and Real,
2004). Relatively lower DO recorded during summer is due to in-
creased temperature and salinity. During present study, an inverse
relationship between temperature and DO is observed. Similar re-
Monthly variation of Total Solids from Uran coast
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
53
55
A
p
r
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0
9
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a
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Months
T
o
t
a
l

S
o
l
i
d
s

(
m
g
/
l
)
SITE I LOW TIDE SITE I HIGH TIDE SITE II LOW TIDE SITE II HIGH TIDE
Fig. 5. Monthly variation in total solids from mangroves of Uran coast.
Monthly variation of Total Suspended Solids from Uran coast
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
p
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Months
T
o
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a
l

S
u
s
p
e
n
d
e
d

S
o
l
i
d
s

(
m
g
/
l
)
SITE I LOW TIDE SITE I HIGH TIDE SITE II LOW TIDE SITE II HIGH TIDE
Fig. 7. Monthly variation in total suspended solids from mangroves of Uran coast.
Monthly variation of Total Dissolved Solids from Uran coast
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
A
p
r
-
0
9
M
a
y
-
0
9
J
u
n
-
0
9
J
u
l
-
0
9
A
u
g
-
0
9
S
e
p
-
0
9
O
c
t
-
0
9
N
o
v
-
0
9
D
e
c
-
0
9
J
a
n
-
1
0
F
e
b
-
1
0
M
a
r
-
1
0
A
p
r
-
1
0
M
a
y
-
1
0
J
u
n
-
1
0
J
u
l
-
1
0
A
u
g
-
1
0
S
e
p
-
1
0
O
c
t
-
1
0
N
o
v
-
1
0
D
e
c
-
1
0
J
a
n
-
1
1
F
e
b
-
1
1
M
a
r
-
1
1
Months
T
o
t
a
l

D
i
s
s
o
l
v
e
d

S
o
l
i
d
s

(
m
g
/
l
)
SITE I LOW TIDE SITE I HIGH TIDE SITE II LOW TIDE SITE II HIGH TIDE
Fig. 6. Monthly variation in total dissolved solids from mangroves of Uran coast.
P.R. Pawar / Marine Pollution Bulletin 75 (2013) 291300 295
sults were reported earlier by Saravanakumar et al. (2007), Wu
et al. (2008), Satheeshkumar and Khan (2011) and Manju et al.
(2012). Higher DO in high tide water is correlated with the tidal
inuence and due to mixing of offshore water with high oxygen le-
vel to inshore water (Pawar and Kulkarni, 2007) and also to the
oxygen exchange at the root system of mangroves (Jitthaisong
et al., 2012) (see Fig. 9).
Except the high BOD value of 2.58 ml/l in low tide water at site
II during January 2010, signicantly lower BOD values (0.93
2.51 ml/l) were recorded throughout the period of investigation.
Low BOD values were attributed to the passive distribution of
domestic sewage into the creek and to the circulation pattern of
low tide and high tide water in the creek (Zingde and Sabnis,
1994). High BOD observed during January 2010 was due to utiliza-
tion of oxygen for the oxidation biodegradation of the organic mat-
ter (Gandaseca et al., 2011; Kumara and Vijaya Kumar, 2011) (see
Fig. 10).
Exceptionally high values of free CO
2
were observed in low tide
water (27.6734.33 mg/l) and high tide water (18.6731.67 mg/l)
in post-monsoon of 2010 at site II. At site I also, CO
2
in low and
high tide water was 27.33 1.97 mg/l and 24.00 4.04 mg/l,
respectively, during post-monsoon of 2010. In post-monsoon of
2011, similar high values of CO
2
were noted at both sites. During
remaining period, CO
2
was within a range of 11.3327.67 mg/l at
both sites in high and low tidewater. High values of free CO
2
during
post-monsoon were attributed to the high rate of decomposition in
the warmer months (Kumara and Vijaya Kumar, 2011) (see
Fig. 11).
Except the high COD in the range of 41.3351.50 mg/l was re-
corded in low tide water of monsoon in 2009, moderate COD
(23.83 3.5640.75 3.92 mg/l) was recorded in both creeks.
COD measured the pollutant of water by referred to the chemi-
cal-decomposition of the organic and inorganic contamination
(Gandaseca et al., 2011). The higher level of COD indicated the
higher pollution of water by organic and inorganic matter (Waziri
and Ogugbuaja, 2010). High values of COD during monsoon are
correlated with the chemical pollutants and organic matter carried
to the creeks by runoff and industrial efuents. Lower values of
COD during remaining periods are due to dilution of the organic
wastes due to inux of fresh water (Pawar and Kulkarni, 2007)
(see Fig. 12).
Higher values of O-PO
4
(0.73 0.10 and 0.59 0.07 lg/l) were
reported in low tide water of post-monsoon and monsoon, respec-
tively, at site I, whereas at site II, it was 0.59 0.060.61 0.04 lg/l
in low tide water. During pre-monsoon, the phosphate range was
found to be normal in low and high tide water of both the sites.
Higher content of PO
4
recorded during post-monsoon and mon-
soon was due to land drainage and anthropogenic inputs as well
as due to fecal contamination and excreta of birds in mangrove
ecosystems (Manju et al., 2012). Lower content of phosphate dur-
ing pre-monsoon is due to decreased runoff, adsorption to sedi-
ments, and utilization by phytoplanktons (Ramakrishnan et al.,
Monthly variation of Salinity from Uran coast
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
A
p
r
-
0
9
M
a
y
-
0
9
J
u
n
-
0
9
J
u
l
-
0
9
A
u
g
-
0
9
S
e
p
-
0
9
O
c
t
-
0
9
N
o
v
-
0
9
D
e
c
-
0
9
J
a
n
-
1
0
F
e
b
-
1
0
M
a
r
-
1
0
A
p
r
-
1
0
M
a
y
-
1
0
J
u
n
-
1
0
J
u
l
-
1
0
A
u
g
-
1
0
S
e
p
-
1
0
O
c
t
-
1
0
N
o
v
-
1
0
D
e
c
-
1
0
J
a
n
-
1
1
F
e
b
-
1
1
M
a
r
-
1
1
Months
S
a
l
i
n
i
t
y

(
p
p
t
)
SITE I LOW TIDE SITE I HIGH TIDE SITE II LOW TIDE SITE II HIGH TIDE
Fig. 8. Monthly variation in salinity from mangroves of Uran coast.
Monthly variation of Dissolved Oxygen from Uran coast
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
A
p
r
-
0
9
M
a
y
-
0
9
J
u
n
-
0
9
J
u
l
-
0
9
A
u
g
-
0
9
S
e
p
-
0
9
O
c
t
-
0
9
N
o
v
-
0
9
D
e
c
-
0
9
J
a
n
-
1
0
F
e
b
-
1
0
M
a
r
-
1
0
A
p
r
-
1
0
M
a
y
-
1
0
J
u
n
-
1
0
J
u
l
-
1
0
A
u
g
-
1
0
S
e
p
-
1
0
O
c
t
-
1
0
N
o
v
-
1
0
D
e
c
-
1
0
J
a
n
-
1
1
F
e
b
-
1
1
M
a
r
-
1
1
Months
D
i
s
s
o
l
v
e
d

O
x
y
g
e
n

(
m
l
/
l
)
SITE I LOW TIDE SITE I HIGH TIDE SITE II LOW TIDE SITE II HIGH TIDE
Fig. 9. Monthly variation in dissolved oxygen from mangroves of Uran coast.
296 P.R. Pawar / Marine Pollution Bulletin 75 (2013) 291300
1999). Results of phosphate were in agreement with Wang et al.
(2010) (see Fig. 13).
NO
2
N concentration was ranged from 0.84 0.22
5.25 0.75 lg/l at site I and 0.93 0.264.91 0.53 lg/l at site II.
The average concentration of NO
2
N was recorded due to immedi-
ate oxidation of NO
2
to NO
3
by the microorganisms. Similar results
were also reported by Manju et al. (2012) in mangrove ecosystems
along Kerala coast and Tripathy et al. (2005) in GautamiGodavari
mangrove estuarine ecosystem of Andhra Pradesh, India, during
September 2001 (see Fig. 14).
Higher nitrate values in the range of 28.10 5.69
33.14 1.37 lg/l at site I and 27.57 5.0331.32 1.82 lg/l at site
II were recorded in low tide water, whereas in high tide water, it
was 17.73 0.1224.42 1.57 lg/l at site I and 17.99 0.30
24.34 1.71 at site II. Increased NO
3
concentration during low tide
at both sites is attributed to the discharge of excessive amount of
Monthly variation of Biochemical Oxygen Demand from Uran creek
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
A
p
r
-
0
9
M
a
y
-
0
9
J
u
n
-
0
9
J
u
l
-
0
9
A
u
g
-
0
9
S
e
p
-
0
9
O
c
t
-
0
9
N
o
v
-
0
9
D
e
c
-
0
9
J
a
n
-
1
0
F
e
b
-
1
0
M
a
r
-
1
0
A
p
r
-
1
0
M
a
y
-
1
0
J
u
n
-
1
0
J
u
l
-
1
0
A
u
g
-
1
0
S
e
p
-
1
0
O
c
t
-
1
0
N
o
v
-
1
0
D
e
c
-
1
0
J
a
n
-
1
1
F
e
b
-
1
1
M
a
r
-
1
1
Months
B
i
o
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l

O
x
y
g
e
n

D
e
m
a
n
d

(
m
l
/
l
)
SITE I LOW TIDE SITE I HIGH TIDE SITE II LOW TIDE SITE II HIGH TIDE
Fig. 10. Monthly variation in biochemical oxygen demand from mangroves of Uran coast.
Monthly variation of Carbon dioxide from Uran coast
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
A
p
r
-
0
9
M
a
y
-
0
9
J
u
n
-
0
9
J
u
l
-
0
9
A
u
g
-
0
9
S
e
p
-
0
9
O
c
t
-
0
9
N
o
v
-
0
9
D
e
c
-
0
9
J
a
n
-
1
0
F
e
b
-
1
0
M
a
r
-
1
0
A
p
r
-
1
0
M
a
y
-
1
0
J
u
n
-
1
0
J
u
l
-
1
0
A
u
g
-
1
0
S
e
p
-
1
0
O
c
t
-
1
0
N
o
v
-
1
0
D
e
c
-
1
0
J
a
n
-
1
1
F
e
b
-
1
1
M
a
r
-
1
1
Months
C
a
r
b
o
n

d
i
o
x
i
d
e

(
m
l
/
l
)
SITE I LOW TIDE SITE I HIGH TIDE SITE II LOW TIDE SITE II HIGH TIDE
Fig. 11. Monthly variation in carbon dioxide from mangroves of Uran coast.
Monthly variation of Chemical Oxygen Demand from Uran coast
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
A
p
r
-
0
9
M
a
y
-
0
9
J
u
n
-
0
9
J
u
l
-
0
9
A
u
g
-
0
9
S
e
p
-
0
9
O
c
t
-
0
9
N
o
v
-
0
9
D
e
c
-
0
9
J
a
n
-
1
0
F
e
b
-
1
0
M
a
r
-
1
0
A
p
r
-
1
0
M
a
y
-
1
0
J
u
n
-
1
0
J
u
l
-
1
0
A
u
g
-
1
0
S
e
p
-
1
0
O
c
t
-
1
0
N
o
v
-
1
0
D
e
c
-
1
0
J
a
n
-
1
1
F
e
b
-
1
1
M
a
r
-
1
1
Months
C
h
e
m
i
c
a
l

O
x
y
g
e
n

D
e
m
a
n
d

(
m
g
/
l
)
SITE I LOW TIDE SITE I HIGH TIDE SITE II LOW TIDE SITE II HIGH TIDE
Fig. 12. Monthly variation in chemical oxygen demand from mangroves of Uran coast.
P.R. Pawar / Marine Pollution Bulletin 75 (2013) 291300 297
domestic wastes and sewage in both creeks along with efuents
from Container Freight Stations (CFS), oil tanking systems, and
other maritime activities. Tripathy et al. (2005) and Manju et al.
(2012) reported that concentration of NO
3
of mangrove waters is
four times more than that of sea water (see Fig. 15).
Silicates exhibited maximum values in monsoon both in low
tide water (52.67 7.3460.23 3.71 lg/l at site I and
55.93 4.6658.42 6.77 lg/l at site II) and in high tide water
(52.52 9.9060.68 6.02 lg/l at site I and 53.41 8.48
60.91 6.99 lg/l at site II). In pre-monsoon and post-monsoon, sil-
icates in the range of 34.09 7.6152.14 0.81 lg/l at site I and
34.99 5.5955.49 0.67 lg/l at site II were recorded in low tide
water. Silicates were quite low in high tide water of pre-monsoon
and post-monsoon (34.49 1.9450.18 3.24 lg/l at site I and
Monthly variation of Ortho-phosphate from Uran coast
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
A
p
r
-
0
9
M
a
y
-
0
9
J
u
n
-
0
9
J
u
l
-
0
9
A
u
g
-
0
9
S
e
p
-
0
9
O
c
t
-
0
9
N
o
v
-
0
9
D
e
c
-
0
9
J
a
n
-
1
0
F
e
b
-
1
0
M
a
r
-
1
0
A
p
r
-
1
0
M
a
y
-
1
0
J
u
n
-
1
0
J
u
l
-
1
0
A
u
g
-
1
0
S
e
p
-
1
0
O
c
t
-
1
0
N
o
v
-
1
0
D
e
c
-
1
0
J
a
n
-
1
1
F
e
b
-
1
1
M
a
r
-
1
1
Months
O
r
t
h
o
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
a
t
e

(

g
/
l
)
SITE I LOW TIDE SITE I HIGH TIDE SITE II LOW TIDE SITE II HIGH TIDE
Fig. 13. Monthly variation in orthophosphate from mangroves of Uran coast.
Monthly variation of Nitrite-Nitrogen from Uran coast
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A
p
r
-
0
9
M
a
y
-
0
9
J
u
n
-
0
9
J
u
l
-
0
9
A
u
g
-
0
9
S
e
p
-
0
9
O
c
t
-
0
9
N
o
v
-
0
9
D
e
c
-
0
9
J
a
n
-
1
0
F
e
b
-
1
0
M
a
r
-
1
0
A
p
r
-
1
0
M
a
y
-
1
0
J
u
n
-
1
0
J
u
l
-
1
0
A
u
g
-
1
0
S
e
p
-
1
0
O
c
t
-
1
0
N
o
v
-
1
0
D
e
c
-
1
0
J
a
n
-
1
1
F
e
b
-
1
1
M
a
r
-
1
1
Months
N
i
t
r
i
t
e
-
N
i
t
r
o
g
e
n

(

g
/
l
)
SITE I LOW TIDE SITE I HIGH TIDE SITE II LOW TIDE SITE II HIGH TIDE
Fig. 14. Monthly variation in nitritenitrogen from mangroves of Uran coast.
Monthly variation of Nitrate-Nitrogen from Uran coast
15
20
25
30
35
A
p
r
-
0
9
M
a
y
-
0
9
J
u
n
-
0
9
J
u
l
-
0
9
A
u
g
-
0
9
S
e
p
-
0
9
O
c
t
-
0
9
N
o
v
-
0
9
D
e
c
-
0
9
J
a
n
-
1
0
F
e
b
-
1
0
M
a
r
-
1
0
A
p
r
-
1
0
M
a
y
-
1
0
J
u
n
-
1
0
J
u
l
-
1
0
A
u
g
-
1
0
S
e
p
-
1
0
O
c
t
-
1
0
N
o
v
-
1
0
D
e
c
-
1
0
J
a
n
-
1
1
F
e
b
-
1
1
M
a
r
-
1
1
Months
N
i
t
r
a
t
e
-
N
i
t
r
o
g
e
n

(

g
/
l
)
SITE I LOW TIDE SITE I HIGH TIDE SITE II LOW TIDE SITE II HIGH TIDE
Fig. 15. Monthly variation in nitratenitrogen from mangroves of Uran coast.
298 P.R. Pawar / Marine Pollution Bulletin 75 (2013) 291300
35.58 3.6748.41 3.73 lg/l at site II. Higher silicate concentra-
tions of mangrove ecosystem are mainly due to the weathering
process and land runoff (Manju et al., 2012). Lower silicate values
in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon are attributed to weak fresh-
water ow and the removal by biological processes (Anila Kumary
et al., 2007) (see Fig. 16).
The coastal environment of Uran has been under considerable
stress since the onset of other industries and JNPT since 1989. Hec-
tic activities of Container Freight Stations (CFS), urbanization,
industrialization, and reclamation in the stretch of creek around
Uran result in the loss of mangrove biodiversity. Several incidences
of coastal pollution occur because of leakage/discharge of trans-
porting materials along with industrial efuents.
Disposal of domestic wastes and untreated or partially treated
industrial efuents in coastal region of Uran, Navi Mumbai, has de-
pleted coastal resources, public health risk, and loss of coastal and
marine biodiversity (Zingde, 1999). Sighting of dead sh surfacing
in creeks of Mumbai and Navi Mumbai (Panvel creek, Vashi creek,
Belapur creek, etc.) is common from last few years affecting the
livelihood of shermen. Dumping of industrial efuents, untreated
sewage and unchecked encroachment along the coastal line have
resulted in deterioration of water quality and incidences of indus-
trial pollution are common in creeks of Mumbai and Navi Mumbai.
Slaughtering of mangroves from Navi Mumbai region due to over
exploration, unsustainable demand and reclamation have resulted
in destruction of marine life (Pawar and Kulkarni, 2007). Since no
earlier reports are available on water quality from mangroves of
Uran, data presented here can be taken as a baseline data in know-
ing the status of mangrove ecosystem of Uran and effect of indus-
trial development on it.
This study shows that the water quality variables from man-
grove ecosystem of Uran have intense pollution from the sewage,
industrial wastes, efuents, maritime activities of Jawaharlal Neh-
ru Port (JNPT), Container Freight Stations, and anthropogenic
stress. This deteriorates the water quality from mangrove ecosys-
tem. Present information on water quality variables would be help-
ful as a baseline data for further monitoring of anthropogenic
inputs on mangrove ecosystem of Uran.
Acknowledgements
Financial support provided by University Grants Commission,
Western Regional Ofce, Pune [File No: 47-599/08 (WRO) dated
2nd Feb 2009] is gratefully acknowledged. The author is thankful
to The Principal, Veer Wajekar Arts, Science and Commerce Col-
lege, Mahalan Vibhag, Phunde (Uran), Navi Mumbai 400 702 for
providing necessary facilities for the present study.
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Monthly variation of Silicattes from Uran coast
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