EE3446 Lab Manual V1.1

Electrical Engineering Department University of Texas at Arlington
EE 3446
Circuits II

Lab Manual

Howard T. Russell, Jr., PhD
V 1.1 2010 OPAL
tx

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EE 3446
Circuits II

Lab Manual
V 1.1 2010 OPAL
tx

Table of Contents

Lab Meeting No. 1 Introduction to EE Labs ..2

Lab Experiment No. 1 Time-Domain Characteristics of Linear Networks ........................30

Lab Experiment No. 2 Mesh and Nodal Matrix Equations of Linear Resistive Networks .39

Lab Experiment No. 3 FM Transmitter Design Phase 1 & 2 ....57

Lab Experiment No. 4 Network Theorems Part 1 .60

Lab Experiment No. 5 Network Theorems Part 2 .....70

Lab Experiment No. 6 Amplifier Networks .....79

Lab Experiment No. 7 Op-Amp Test and Measurement ..81

Appendix 1 Breadboard Layout Examples ...87

Appendix 2 Lab Measurement Example ...91

Appendix 3 Bills of Material ....97

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Lab Meeting No. 1 Introduction to EE Labs

I. Introduction
The objective of this first lab meeting is to introduce EE students to a professional laboratory environment where elec-
tronic circuits are built and electrical engineering experiments performed. The following topics will be addressed in this
introductory meeting
an orientation regarding proper behavior and safety while in the lab,
tools and tool box requirements,
lab instruments,
cables, connectors, probes, and wires,
electronic components, parts, and the parts request form,
lab report format, and
useful web sites.

II. Lab Orientation
All EE 3446 students are required to attend an orientation regarding proper behavior and safety while in the lab. This
orientation is presented by the resident lab technicians who are responsible for the maintenance and up-keep of the EE
labs in Nedderman Hall.

III. Tools and Tool Box (Attachment A)
Basic items such as pliers, cutters, and wire strippers are integral components in any electrical engineers tool box.
These tools are necessary to build circuits and perform experiments in the EE lab. Therefore, it is a mandatory
requirement that all EE 3446 students obtain and maintain a tool box containing a set of electrical engineering spe-
cific tools. The tool box requirement is not an option and all students must bring their tool box fully loaded to every
lab meeting beginning with the second meeting. Students without a tool box on the second and subsequent lab
meetings will not be allowed in the lab and will receive a zero for the lab. A list of these tools along with their pho-
tographs is included in Attachment A at the end of this document.

IV. Lab Instruments (Attachment B)
The electrical engineering labs located in rooms NH129, NH129A, NH148, and NH148A are equipped with the
most current industry standard test and measurement equipment found in professional electrical engineering compa-
nies. Each lab is divided into a series of lab benches with each bench containing the following instruments
Agilent 34401A 6 digit multimeter (DMM),
Agilent E3620A dual dc power supply (25V, 1A),
Agilent 54621A 60MHz dual channel oscilloscope, and
Agilent 33120A 15MHz function generator.
Most of the experiments performed in EE 3446 will involve the above mentioned instruments to some degree. Data
sheets for these instruments are included in Attachment B.

V. Cables, Connectors, Probes, and Wires
Each lab is equipped with one or more wall-mounted racks containing a variety of cables, connectors, oscilloscope
probes, and wires. These connectors provide the necessary electrical connections among the bench instruments and
your circuits.

VI. Electronic Components, Parts, and the Parts Request Form (Attachment C)
A wide assortment of electronic components and parts are available in the EE lab. An extensive list of components
and parts can be found on the lab web site www-ee.uta.edu/eelabs2/. Click on parts available for a view of the list.
The experiments performed in EE 3446 labs involve the use of parts supplied by the lab GTA. In more advanced
courses, students will have to order their own parts through the lab by submitting an online parts request form. A
copy of this form is shown in Attachment C. Most of the parts listed on the lab web site are considered disposable.
This means that once parts are given to the student, the student is allowed to keep and accumulate them. For parts
not on the list, a formal written request for these parts may be submitted along with instructor approval to lab per-
sonnel.

VII. Lab Report Format (Attachment D)
Formal lab reports are due typically within one week after each lab experiment. Exceptions are made for more
complex and/or extensive lab experiments. The format for lab reports is outlined below.
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Title Page. Every lab report begins with a title page. This page includes the course and section number, expe-
riment number, experiment title, date the experiment was performed, date the report submitted, and student name
and ID number. A sample of the EE 3446 lab report cover page is included in Attachment D.
Introduction. A brief description of the purpose of the lab and a discussion of key information the reader will
need to understand the experiment. Give a brief description of the theory the experiment is based upon.
Procedure. Describe how the experiment was performed. List equipment, instruments, and components used
in the experiment. Include the theory, equations, and detailed schematics of circuits involved.
Results. Present the results of the experiment with data collected from measurements performed. Data should
be professionally and neatly presented in the form of tables, graphs, and plots.
Discussions. Discuss any new ideas and/or questions produced in the experimental process. Comment on the
validity, accuracy, and usefulness of the procedure.
Conclusion. A description of what the experiment revealed. Generate a comparison between the expected re-
sults based on theory and the actual results. An attempt should be made here to explain any discrepancies between
these results.
Appendix. The appendix should contain actual compiled data, notes and comments, equations, sketches, and
schematics made during the experiment.
References. List any material contributed from other sources.

VIII. Useful Web Sites
Mouser Electronics www.mouser.com
Jameco Electronics www.jameco.com
Marlin P. Jones & Associates, Inc. www.mpja.com
Electronics Express/RSR www.elexp.com
Nuts and Volts (magazine) www.nutsvolts.com

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Attachment A

Tools and the Tool Box
August 2, 2009
Component Example Brand Example Source Price ($)
Suitable container (all-purpose plastic
tool box; fishing tackle box)
Keter (13 all-purpose
box)
Wal-Mart 3.64
Needle nose pliers (4 to 5) (Figure 1) Stanley (mini plier set) Wal-Mart
12.88
(set of 6)
Diagonal cutters (4 to 5) (Figure 2) Stanley (mini plier set) Wal-Mart
Wire strippers (5) (Figure 3)
H-Tools (cutter and
stripper, 34-899C)
Frys 3.49
Prototype breadboard (6.5 x 2 to 6.5 x
4 with 3 to 5 binding posts) (Figures 4
and 5)
Elenco (Model 9425,
6.5 x 2, 830 test
points)
Frys 9.99
Precision screwdriver set (6 to 11 piece
set with slotted and Phillips screwdrivers)
(Figure 6)
Stanley (6 piece; 4 slot-
ted, 2 Phillips)
Wal-Mart 4.88
22 gauge solid hook-up wire (Figure 7)
Frys product number:
PLU#1615281
Frys 2.99

Tax: 3.09
Total: 40.96

Photos

Figure 1
5 needle-nose pliers
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Figure 2
5 diagonal cutters

Figure 3
Wire strippers

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Figure 4
Three binding post breadboard

Figure 5
Three binding post breadboard

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Figure 6
Screwdriver set

Figure 7
22 gauge wire

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Attachment B

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Attachment C

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Attachment D

EE 3446.002
Lab Experiment 2
Resistors and Resistor Color Bands

Date experiment performed: June 7, 2010

Date Lab Report submitted: June 14, 2010

Student name: Howard T. Russell, Jr.

Student ID: 1000xxxxxxxxx

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Lab Experiment No. 1 Time-Domain Characteristics of Linear Networks

I. Introduction
The purpose of this lab is to investigate the behavior and characteristics of linear networks in the time-domain. The net-
works used here are simple first-order RL and RC networks and a bit more complex second-order RLC network. In or-
der to initiate this investigation, it is necessary to perform a thorough analytical study of the network in question from the
derivation of a differential equation that describes its behavior in the time-domain. The solution of this equation and
subsequent plots of network variables versus time give valuable insight into how the network performs over time. Next,
the results of the analytical study are validated from a computer-aided simulation of the network using circuit simulators
such as PSPICE. Time-domain plots generated from simulations are compared to those obtained from the analytical
study to not only validate the accuracy and correctness of analytical methods but to also strengthen the confidence of
employing these methods. Finally, the network is built or constructed in the lab on a breadboard and evaluated with
professional grade instruments and equipment. The results of lab measurements are then compared to those from analyt-
ical study and simulation to complete the study. Your job in this lab exercise is to analyze and simulate in the pre-lab
assignment and then build, test, and evaluate in the lab each of the given RLC networks to expand your hands-on expe-
rience in working with networks in the time-domain. For each network, make use of the parts supplied by the GTA and
the test equipment located on the lab bench.

II. Components and Instruments
The components and instruments required for this lab are listed below.
Components:
Resistors Capacitors Inductors
100 10nF 680H
820
1K

Instruments:
Function generator Oscilloscope
Agilent 33120A 15MHz Agilent 54621A 60MHz dual-channel

Additional:
Breadboard
Tool box
Hook-up wire
Oscilloscope probes

III. Pre-lab Assignment
The schematics for three RLC networks N
1
, N
2
, and N
3
are shown in Figures 1 through 3. Prior to constructing these
networks in the lab, you are to analyze and simulate these networks for the pre-lab assignment. Data from the results of
this work will be used to partially fill out Tables 1 through 5. You must bring the results of your pre-lab assignment to
the lab to assist you in the measurement process.

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A. RL network N
1
(Figure 1, Tables 1 and 2)
L
1
R
2
E
g
(t)
680H
1K
i
L
(t)
v
R
(t)
v
L
(t)
N
1
v
in
(t)
A B

Figure 1
RL network N
1

1. Analysis
a. derive the network ODE with the resistor voltage v
R
(t) as the dependent variable, time t as the independent
variable, and E
g
(t) as the network excitation,
b. set the initial inductor current to zero (i
L
(0) = 0), set E
g
(t) equal to a step function with an amplitude of
10V; that is,

( ) ( ) 10 u t
g
E t V =

and solve the ODE for the complete time-domain function for v
R
(t) and the inductor voltage v
L
(t),
i. use MatLab, Mathcad, or Excel to plot v
R
(t) and v
L
(t) versus time, scale the vertical axis for voltage
and the horizontal axis for time large enough to observe exponential behavior, label the axes with cor-
rect units, and
ii. fill out the first column of Table 1;
c. set the initial inductor current to zero (i
L
(0) = 0), set E
g
(t) equal to a sinusoidal function with a peak voltage
of 10V and a frequency f of 150KHz; that is

( ) ( ) 10 sin
2
150
g
E t V t
f
f KHz

=
=
=

and solve the ODE for the complete time-domain function for v
R
(t) and the inductor voltage v
L
(t),
i. use MatLab, Mathcad, or Excel to plot the input voltage v
in
(t), the resistor voltage v
R
(t), and the induc-
tor voltage v
L
(t) versus time, scale the vertical axis for voltage and the horizontal axis for time large
enough to observe several frequency cycles, label the axes with correct units, and
ii. fill out the first column of Table 2.

2. PSPICE simulation
a. prepare network N
1
in Figure 1 for time-domain analysis in PSPICE,
b. set the initial inductor current to zero (i
L
(0) = 0), set E
g
(t) as a pulse voltage source with the following pa-
rameters

1 0.0 initial value (V)
2 10.0 pulsed value (V)
1.0 delay time (sec.)
1.0 rise time (sec.)
1.0 fall time (sec.)
5.0 pulse width (sec
V
V
TD u
TR n
TF n
PW u
=
=
=
=
=
= .)
10.0 period (sec.) PER u =

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i. sweep time from zero seconds to 10 seconds,

ii. plot the inductor voltage v
L
(t) and the resistor voltage v
R
(t) versus time, and
iii. fill out the second column of Table 1;
c. set the initial inductor current to zero (i
L
(0) = 0), set E
g
(t) as a sinusoidal voltage source with the following
parameters

0.0 offset voltage (V)
10.0 amplitude (V)
150 frequency (Hz)
VOFF
VAMPL
FREQ K
=
=
=

ii. plot the input voltage v
in
(t), the inductor voltage v
L
(t), and the resistor voltage v
R
iii. fill out the second column of Table 2.

Table 1
RL network N
1
parameters; 10V step input

Parameter
Method

Units Analysis Simulation Breadboard
Time-constant sec.
Rise-time t
R
sec.
Final value v
R
() V

Table 2
RL network N
1
parameters; 10V sinusoidal input

Parameter
Method

Peak v
R
(t)/peak v
in
(t) V/V
Phase offset
m
deg.

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B. RC network N
2
(Figure 2, Tables 3 and 4)

E
g
(t)
I
C
(t)
C
1
R
2
10nF
1K
v
C
(t)
v
R
(t)
N
2
v
in
(t)
B A

Figure 2
RC network N
2

1. Analysis
a. derive the network ODE with the capacitor voltage v
C
(t) as the dependent variable, time t as the indepen-
dent variable, and E
g
b. set the initial capacitor voltage to zero (v
C
(0) = 0), set E
g
10V; that is,

( ) ( ) 10 u t
g
E t V =

and solve for the complete time-domain function for v
C
(t) and the resistor voltage v
R
(t),
i. use MatLab, Mathcad, or Excel to plot v
C
(t) and v
R
(t) versus time, scale the vertical axis for voltage
and the horizontal axis for time large enough to observe exponential behavior, label the axes with cor-
rect units, and
c. set the initial capacitor voltage to zero (v
C
(0) = 0), set E
g
(t) equal to a sinusoidal function with a peak vol-
tage of 10V and a frequency f of 15KHz; that is

( ) ( ) 10 sin
2
15
g
E t V t
f
f KHz

=
=
=

R
(t) and the capacitor voltage v
C
(t),
i. use MatLab, Mathcad, or Excel to plot the input voltage v
in
(t), the resistor voltage v
R
(t), and the capa-
citor voltage v
C
(t) versus time, scale the vertical axis for voltage and the horizontal axis for time large
enough to observe several frequency cycles, label the axes with correct units, and

2
C
(0) = 0), set E
g
(t) as a pulse voltage source with the following
parameters

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50.0
V
V
TD u
TR n
TF n
PW u
=
=
=
=
=
= pulse width (sec.)

in
(t), the capacitor voltage v
C
R
iii. fill out the second column of Table 3;
c. set the initial capacitor voltage to zero (v
C
(0) = 0), set E
g
(t) as a sinusoidal voltage source with the follow-
ing parameters

0.0 offset voltage (V)
10.0 amplitude (V)
15.0 frequency (Hz)
VOFF
VAMPL
FREQ K
=
=
=

in
(t), the capacitor voltage v
C
R

Table 3
RC network N
2
parameters, 10V step input

Parameter
Method

Time-constant sec.
Rise-time t
R
sec.
Final value v
R
() V

Table 4
RC network N
2
parameters, 10V sinusoidal input

Parameter
Method

Peak v
R
(t)/peak v
in
(t) V/V
Phase offset
m
deg.

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C. RLC network N
3
(Figure 3, Table 5)

E
g
(t) =10Vu(t)
R
1
R
3
L
2
C
4
100
10nF
v
C
(t)
i
C
(t)
680H
i
L
(t)
v
in
(t)
N
3
820
A
B

Figure 3
RLC network N
3

1. Analysis
a. derive the network ODE with the capacitor voltage v
C
(t) as the dependent variable, time t as the indepen-
dent variable, and E
g
C
(0) = 0), set E
g
10V; that is,

( ) ( ) 10 u t
g
E t V =

C
(t),
i. use MatLab, Mathcad, or Excel to plot the capacitor voltage v
C
(t) versus time, scale the vertical axis
for voltage and the horizontal axis for time large enough to observe exponential behavior, label the
axes with correct units, and

3
C
(0) = 0), set E
g
(t) as a pulse voltage source with the following
parameters

90.0
V
V
TD u
TR n
TF n
PW u
=
=
=
=
=
= pulse width (sec.)

in
(t) and the capacitor voltage v
C

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Table 5
RLC network N
3
parameters, 10V step input

Parameter
Method

Exponent
m
rad./sec.
Damped frequency of
oscillation
m

rad./sec.
Damping ratio
Undamped frequency of
oscillation
n

rad./sec.
Period of oscillation T
d
sec.
Final value v
R
() V
Percent overshoot PO %
Phase offset
m
deg.

IV. Lab Measurements
In this part of the lab, you are to build these networks on your breadboard and take time-domain measurements necessary
to verify the analytical and simulation calculations performed in the pre-lab. You will use the Agilent 33120A function
generator to provide network excitations and the Agilent 54621A oscilloscope to take measurements. Data taken from
these measurements will be used to complete Tables 1 through 5.

A. RL network N
1
(Construction and measurements)
1. layout network N
1
shown in Figure 1 on your breadboard using components provided by the GTA,
2. connect the Agilent 33120A function generator to the network in place of the voltage source E
g
(t),
3. configure the function generator to produce a square-wave voltage waveform with a frequency of 100KHz, an
amplitude of 10V peak, and an offset of zero volts,
a. place channel A probe of the Agilent 54621A oscilloscope to terminals A and ground and channel B
probe to terminals B and ground of N
1
,
b. use the built-in functions of the oscilloscope to do the following:
i. display the waveforms of the resistor voltage v
R
(t) (Channel B) and the inductor voltage v
L
(t) (Chan-
nel A Channel B), compare these waveforms to the ones generated in the pre-lab for the 10V step
input,
ii. apply the oscilloscopes math functions to fill out the third column of Table 1;
4. configure the function generator to produce a sinusoidal voltage waveform with a frequency of 150KHz, an
a. place channel A probe of the oscilloscope to terminals A and ground and channel B probe to terminals B
and ground of N
1
,
R
(t) (Channel B) and the inductor voltage v
L
(t) (Chan-
nel A Channel B), compare these waveforms to the ones generated in the pre-lab for the 10V sinu-
soidal input,
ii. apply the oscilloscopes math functions to fill out the third column of Table 2.

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B. RC network N
2
1. layout network N
2
g
(t),
3. configure the function generator to produce a square-wave voltage waveform with a frequency of 10KHz, an
a. place channel A probe of the Agilent 54621A oscilloscope to terminals A and ground and channel B
probe to terminals B and ground of N
2
,
R
(t) (Channel B) and the capacitor voltage v
C
(t) (Chan-
nel A Channel B), compare these waveforms to the ones generated in the pre-lab for the 10V step
input,
ii. apply the oscilloscopes math functions to fill out the third column of Table 3;
4. configure the function generator to produce a sinusoidal voltage waveform with a frequency of 15KHz, an am-
plitude of 10V peak, and an offset of zero volts,
a. place channel A probe of the oscilloscope to terminals A and ground and channel B probe to terminals B
and ground of N
2
,
R
(t) (Channel B) and the capacitor voltage v
C
(t) (Chan-
nel A Channel B), compare these waveforms to the ones generated in the pre-lab for the 10V sinu-
soidal input,
ii. apply the oscilloscopes math functions to fill out the third column of Table 4.

C. RLC network N
3
1. layout network N
3
g
(t),
3. configure the function generator to produce a square-wave voltage waveform with a frequency of 12.5KHz, an
a. place channel A probe of the Agilent 54621A 60MHz dual channel oscilloscope to terminals A and
ground and channel B probe to terminals B and ground of N
3
,
i. display the waveforms of the input voltage v
in
(t) (Channel A) and capacitor voltage v
C
(t) (Channel B),
compare these waveforms to the ones generated in the pre-lab for the 10V step input,
ii. apply the math functions of the oscilloscope to fill out the third column of Table 5.

V. Lab Report
The report for this lab experiment must be neatly and professionally word-processed and must contain the following
items
Title Page.
Introduction.
Provide your account of what this lab experiment is about and what is expected.
Pre-lab.
Include and explain all of your pre-lab derivations, calculations, and simulations. Detail discussions on any
problems encountered. Include Tables 1 through 5 filled out as required.
Lab Procedure.
Include an explanation on how the measurements are to be performed. Explain the use of lab instruments in
performing measurements. Provide schematics of all networks and the connection of the function generator and
oscilloscope. Provide detailed discussions and comments on any problems encountered with equipment and
taking measurements.
Results.
Tables 1 through 5 neatly and completely filled out with the results of your calculations, simulations, and mea-
surements. Provide errors in percent among the calculated, simulated, and measured values with the calculated
values as the basis.
Discussions.
Provide detailed answers and discussions to the following questions
(a) How well do the measured values correspond to those from calculations and simulation?
(b) Are the errors among calculated, simulated, and measured values within reasonable (5% absolute) toler-
ances? If not, explain why not.
(c) Explain mathematically the relationship between time constant, and rise and fall time.
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(d) Explain the significance and importance of network time constants, and rise and fall times. Why these
values are or are not important.
(e) Explain what can be determined about a network from its time constants.
Conclusion.
(a) In your opinion, do the measurements match the results of calculation and simulation?
(b) Are the procedures and methods used in this experiment suitable for characterizing the time-domain beha-
vior of networks similar to the ones examined in this lab? Explain why or why not.
(c) What other methods can be used? Explain in detail advantages and disadvantages.
(d) Explain what you learned from this lab and how you can apply what you learned.
References.
Include all of your pencil and paper work. All notes, calculations, derivations, measurements, and comments
performed in an informal manner with pencil and paper. This material serves as reference and back-up to the
formally written material included above. Include any references to textbooks and papers.

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Lab Experiment No. 2 Mesh and Nodal Matrix Equations

of Linear Resistive Networks

I. Introduction
Matrix analysis methods are very powerful tools for calculating the branch voltages and currents of a linear network.
The purpose of this experiment is to apply these methods in the pre-lab and post-lab, and to verify the accuracy of these
methods from actual measurements made in the lab. The experiments involved in this lab address the following topics.
(a) Derivation and solution of the mesh-analysis matrix equation (MAME) and the node-analysis matrix equation
(NAME) of a linear resistive network under test (NUT).
(b) Generation of the voltage, current, and power map of the NUT.
(c) Proper layout of a network on a breadboard.
(d) Application of electronic test equipment to make voltage and current measurements.
(e) Performing the least number of measurements necessary to generate the map.
The theory and equations associated with these topics are covered in lectures and class notes. Your job in this session is
to build and apply measurement methods on each of the given networks in order to expand your hands-on experience
with networks and test equipment. Make use of the parts supplied by the GTA, and the DMM and dc power supply lo-
cated on the lab bench to fill out the following Tables for each network included.

Resistors:
Network N
1
Network N
2
Network N
3
Network N
4

100 (2) 1.8K 10K (3) 30K 1K 3.6K 1K 5.1K
120 2.4K (2) 20K 100K (2) 1.2K 4.7K 2K 6.8K
1.2K (2) 2.7K 2K 5.6K 3K
2.7K 7.5K 10K trim-pot
3.3K

Active devices
1
:
Op-amp Transistor
TLC274 2N3819 NJFET

Instruments:
Power supply Multimeter
Agilent E3620A Agilent 34401A

Additional:
Breadboard
Tool box
Hook-up wire

III. Pre-lab Assignment
The schematics for four resistive networks N
1
through N
4
are shown in Figures 1 through 4. Prior to constructing these
networks in the lab, you are to perform a full circuit analysis of these networks for the pre-lab assignment. Networks N
1

and N
2
are to be analyzed with the mesh analysis method while the nodal analysis method is to be used on N
3
and N
4
.
Data from the results of this work will be used to fill out Tables 1 through 4 associated with the networks. As usual, you
must bring the results of your pre-lab assignment to the lab to assist you in the measurement process.

1
Download data sheets for these devices for use in the lab.
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A. Calculated variables for network N

1
(Figure 1, Tables 1(a) and 1(b)).
1. Derive the MAME for N
1
in symbolic and numerical form using the mesh orientations shown on the schematic.
2. Solve the MAME for the mesh current vector I
m
and use it to fill out Table 1(a).
3. Apply the mesh currents to calculate the voltage across, the current through, and the power dissipated by each
network component, and place these values in Table 1(b) for the network variable map.
4. Calculate the total power dissipated by the network (P
diss
) and the total power delivered to the network (P
del
).
List these powers at the bottom of Table 1(a) where indicated.

Network N
1

E
ps1
E
ps2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
R
7
R
8
R
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
12V
12V
100
120
100
1.2K
1.2K
1.8K
2.4K
2.7K
2.4K
m
1
m
3
m
2
m
4
m
5
N
1

Figure 1
Resistive network N
1

Table 1(a)
Calculated mesh currents
for N
1

Mesh i I
mi
(A)
m
1

m
2

m
3

m
4

m
5

P
diss
W
P
del
W

Table 1(b)
Calculated variable map for N
1

Component
i
Spec
value
V
i
(V) I
i
(A) P
i
(W)
R
1
100
R
2
120
R
3
100
R
4
1.2K
R
5
1.8K
- 41 -
R
6
1.2K
R
7
2.7K
R
8
2.4K
R
9
2.4K
E
ps1
12V
E
ps2
12V

B. Calculated variables for network N
2
1. Derive the MAME for N
2
in symbolic and numerical form using the mesh orientations shown in the schematic.
2. Solve the MAME for the mesh current vector I
m
3. Apply the mesh currents to calculate the voltage across, the current through, and the power dissipated by each
network component, and place these values in Table 2(b) for the network variable map (be sure to include these
variables for the VCVS).
diss
del
).

Network N
2

R
2
R
4
R
5
R
1
R
3
E
ps1
10K
30K
10K
10K
20K
V
R5
V
R5
( =2V/V)
m
1
m
2
m
3
N
2
1
2
3
0
5V
Figure 2
Resistive network N
2

Table 2(a)
Calculated mesh currents
for N
2

Mesh i I
mi
(A)
m
1

m
2

m
3

P
diss
W
P
del
W

- 42 -
Table 2(b)
2

Component
i
Spec
value
V
i
(V) I
i
(A) P
i
(W)
R
1
10K
R
2
10K
R
3
20K
R
4
30K
R
5
10K
E
ps1
5V
VCVS = 2V/V

C. Calculated variables for network N
3
1. Derive the NAME for N
3
in symbolic and numerical form using the positive node voltage orientation shown on
the schematic.
2. Solve the NAME for the node voltage vector V
n
3. Apply the node voltages to calculate the voltage across, the current through, and the power dissipated by each
diss
del
).

Network N
3

R
3
R
1
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
6
R
7
R
8
R
9
4.7K
3.3K 5.6K
1.2K
2.7K 7.5K
1K
2K
3.6K
E
ps1
E
ps2
5V
8V
1
2
3
4
5
0
N
3
V
n1
V
n2
V
n3
V
n4
V
n5
Figure 3
Resistive network N
3

- 43 -
Table 3(a)
Calculated node voltages
for N
3

Node i V
ni
(V)
1
2
3
4
5
P
diss
W
P
del
W

Table 3(b)
3

Component
i
Spec
value
V
i
(V) I
i
(A) P
i
(W)
R
1
4.7K
R
2
3.3K
R
3
5.6K
R
4
1.2K
R
5
2.7K
R
6
7.5K
R
7
1K
R
8
2K
R
9
3.6K
E
ps1
5V
E
ps2
8V

D. Calculated variables for network N
4
1. Derive the NAME for N
4
in symbolic and numerical form using the positive node voltage orientation shown on
the schematic.
2. Solve the NAME for the node voltage vector V
n
3. Apply the node voltages to calculate the voltage across, the current through, and the power dissipated by each
diss
del
).

- 44 -
Network N
4

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
E
ps1
2K
3K 1K
6.8K
5.1K
J
g2
20V
1mA
1 2 3
0
V
n1
V
n2
V
n3
N
4

Figure 4
Resistive network N
4

Table 4(a)
Calculated node voltages
for N
4

Node i V
ni
(V)
1
2
3
P
diss
W
P
del
W

Table 4(b)
4

Component
i
Spec
value
V
i
(V) I
i
(A) P
i
(W)
R
1
2K
R
2
3K
R
3
6.8K
R
4
1K
R
5
5.1K
E
ps1
20V
J
g2
1mA

- 45 -
IV. Lab Measurements

In this part of the lab, you are to build the networks in Figures 1 through 4 on your breadboard and take dc measurements
necessary to verify the calculations performed in the pre-lab. You will use the Agilent E3620A power supply to provide
network excitations and the Agilent 34401A DMM to take dc voltage and current measurements. Data from these mea-
surements will be used to fill out the Tables included with each network.

A. Measured variables for network N
1
1. Build network N
1
shown in Figure 5 below (identical to Figure 1) on your breadboard with particular attention
paid to strict layout procedures. Connect the power supply to the network in place of the voltage sources E
ps1

and E
ps2
. Set the supply voltages to 12V as indicated on the schematic.
2. Measure with the DMM the resistance of each resistor and the voltage source voltages. Record these values in
the third column of Table 5(a) where indicated.
3. Use the DMM to measure the voltage drop across each resistor and label on the schematic with a positive sign
(+) the resistors positive terminal. Record these voltage readings in the fourth column of Table 5(a) where in-
dicated.
4. Complete Table 5(a) entries by calculating the current through and the power dissipated by each resistor. Use
KCL to determine the current through and the power dissipated by the power supplies.
5. Apply the component currents in Table 5(a) to calculate the mesh currents in meshes m
1
through m
5
. Label on
the schematic the direction of positive current flow with an arrow and record these currents in Table 5(b).
diss
del
).
List these powers at the bottom of Table 5(b) where indicated.

Network N
1

E
ps1
E
ps2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
R
7
R
8
R
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
12V
12V
100
120
100
1.2K
1.2K
1.8K
2.4K
2.7K
2.4K
m
1
m
3
m
2
m
4
m
5
N
1

Figure 5
Resistive network N
1

- 46 -

Table 5(a)
Measured variable map for N
1

Component
i
Spec
value
Measured
value
V
i
(V) I
i
(A) P
i
(W)
R
1
100
R
2
120
R
3
100
R
4
1.2K
R
5
1.8K
R
6
1.2K
R
7
2.7K
R
8
2.4K
R
9
2.4K
E
ps1
12V
E
ps2
12V

Table 5(b)
Measured mesh currents
for N
1

Mesh i I
mi
(A)
m
1

m
2

m
3

m
4

m
5

P
diss
W
P
del
W

- 47 -
B. Measured variables for network N

2
1. Build network N
2
shown in Figure 6 below on your breadboard with particular attention paid to strict layout
procedures. The TLC274 operational amplifier with resistors R
a
and R
b
is an active subnetwork biased by E
ps2

that models the VCVS with a gain parameter determined from

1 2.0V/V
b
a
R
R
= + =

Connect the power supply to the network in place of the voltage sources E
ps1
and E
ps2
. Set E
ps1
to 5V and E
ps2

to 10V as indicated on the schematic.
3. Use the DMM to measure the voltage drop across each resistor and label on the schematic with a positive sign
(+) the resistors positive terminal. Record these voltage readings in the fourth column of Table 6(a) where in-
dicated.
4. Complete Table 6(a) entries by calculating the current through and the power dissipated by each resistor. Use
KCL to determine the current through and the power dissipated by the power supply E
ps1
.
5. Apply the component currents in Table 6(a) to calculate the mesh currents in meshes m
1
through m
3
. Label on
the schematic the direction of positive current flow with an arrow and record these currents in Table 6(b).
diss
del
).

Network N
2

R
1
30K
R
a
10K
10K
10K
20K
100K
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
V
R5
100K
R
b
E
ps1
E
ps2
5V
1
2
3
0
TLC274
(E
ps2
=10V)
N
2
m
1
m
3
m
2
V

Figure 6
Network N
2
with op-amp simulated VCVS

- 48 -
Table 6(a)
2

Component
i
Spec
value
Measured
value
V
i
(V) I
i
(A) P
i
(W)
R
1
10K
R
2
10K
R
3
20K
R
4
30K
R
5
10K
E
ps1
5V
VCVS = 2V/V

Table 6(b)
Measured mesh currents
for N
2

Mesh i I
mi
(A)
m
1

m
2

m
3

P
diss
W
P
del
W

C. Measured variables for network N
3
1. Build network N
3
shown in Figure 7 below (identical to Figure 3) on your breadboard with particular attention
paid to strict layout procedures. Connect the power supply to the network in place of the voltage sources E
ps1

and E
ps2
, and set the supply voltages to 5V and 8V, respectively, as indicated on the schematic.
3. Use the DMM to measure the voltage at each node (V
ni
) with respect to the ground node (node 0) and record
in Table 7(b) where indicated. Label on the schematic the polarity of the node voltage with a positive (+) or
negative (-) sign.
4. Apply KVL to the node voltages to calculate the voltage across each network resistor. Record the resistor vol-
tages in the fourth column of Table 7(a).
5. Complete the entries in Table 7(a) by computing the current through and the power dissipated by each resistor.
Use KCL to compute the current through and the power dissipated by the power supply voltages.
diss
del
).

- 49 -
Network N
3

R
3
R
1
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
6
R
7
R
8
R
9
4.7K
3.3K 5.6K
1.2K
2.7K 7.5K
1K
2K
3.6K
E
ps1
E
ps2
5V
8V
1
2
3
4
5
0
N
3
V
n1
V
n2
V
n3
V
n4
V
n5
Figure 7
Resistive network N
3

Table 7(a)
3

Component
i
Spec
value
Measured
value
V
i
(V) I
i
(A) P
i
(W)
R
1
4.7K
R
2
3.3K
R
3
5.6K
R
4
1.2K
R
5
2.7K
R
6
7.5K
R
7
1K
R
8
2K
R
9
3.6K
E
ps1
5V
E
ps2
8V

- 50 -
Table 7(b)
Measured node voltages
for N
3

Node i V
ni
(V)
1
2
3
4
5
P
diss
W
P
del
W

D. Measured variables for network N
4
(Figures 8(a) and 8(b), Tables 8(a) and 8(b)).
1. Build the network shown in Figure 8(a) with a 2N3819 NJFET. This network is current diode that is to replace
the current sink in network N
4
in Figure 4. Adjust the 10K trimpot R
T
for a drain current I
D
of 1mA. Use the
DMM to measure the resistance of the adjusted trimpot. Label this resistance R
S
.
2. Build network N
4
shown in Figure 8(b) on your breadboard with the current diode network biased by a source
resistor having a value as close as possible to the value of R
S
. Again, pay attention to strict layout procedures.
Connect the power supply to the network in place of the voltage source E
ps1
and set the supply voltage to 20V
as indicated on the schematic.
3. Measure with the DMM the resistance of each resistor and the voltage source voltage. Record these values in
4. Use the DMM to measure the voltage at each node (V
ni
) with respect to the ground node (node 0) and record
in Table 8(b) where indicated. Label on the schematic the polarity of the node voltage with a positive (+) or
negative (-) sign.
5. Apply KVL to the node voltages to calculate the voltage across each network resistor. Record the resistor vol-
tages in the fourth column of Table 8(a).
6. Complete the entries in Table 8(a) by computing the current through and the power dissipated by each resistor.
Use KCL to compute the current through and the power dissipated by the power supply voltage.
diss
del
).

- 51 -
Network N
4

J
1
R
T
V
DD
10V
I
D
10K
2N3819
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
S
2K
3K
6.8K
1K
E
ps1
20V
1 2 3
0
V
n1
V
n2
V
n3
1mA
J
1
N
4
2N3819
(a) (b)
I
D
V
DD
10V

Figure 8
(a) NJFET current diode
(b) Resistive network N
4
with NJFET current diode

Table 8(a)
4

Component
i
Spec
value
Measured
value
V
i
(V) I
i
(A) P
i
(W)
R
1
2K
R
2
3K
R
3
6.8K
R
4
1K
R
5
5.1K
E
ps1
20V
J
1
1mA

Table 8(b)
Measured node voltages
for N
4

Node i V
ni
(V)
1
2
3
P
diss
W
P
del
W

- 52 -
V. Post-lab Assignment
In order to establish a legitimate comparison between the matrix methods of network analysis and physical measure-
ments from actual networks, you are to recalculate the variable maps generated for each network in the pre-lab using
measured resistance values. Fill out the following Tables below for each network.
A. Recalculated variables for network N
1
1. Repeat the calculation steps performed in the pre-lab assignment on network N
1
with resistor values measured
in the lab and recorded in Table 5(a).
2. Record the recalculated mesh currents in Table 9(a).
3. Record the voltage across, the current through, and the power dissipated by each network component, and place
these values in Table 9(b).
diss
del
).

Table 9(a)
Recalculated mesh currents
for N
1

Mesh i I
mi
(A)
m
1

m
2

m
3

m
4

m
5

P
diss
W
P
del
W

Table 9(b)
Recalculated variable map for N
1

Component
i
Spec
value
Measured
Value
V
i
(V) I
i
(A) P
i
(W)
R
1
100
R
2
120
R
3
100
R
4
1.2K
R
5
1.8K
R
6
1.2K
R
7
2.7K
R
8
2.4K
R
9
2.4K
E
ps1
12V
E
ps2
12V

- 53 -
B. Recalculated variables for network N

2
2
2. Record the recalculated mesh currents in Table 10(a).
diss
del
).

Table 10(a)
Recalculated mesh currents
for N
2

Mesh i I
mi
(A)
m
1

m
2

m
3

P
diss
W
P
del
W

Table 10(b)
2

Component
i
Spec
value
Measured
value
V
i
(V) I
i
(A) P
i
(W)
R
1
10K
R
2
10K
R
3
20K
R
4
30K
R
5
10K
E
ps1
5V
VCVS = 2V/V

- 54 -
C. Recalculated variables for network N

3
3
2. Record the recalculated node voltages in Table 11(a).
diss
del
).

Table 11(a)
Recalculated node voltages
for N
3

Node i V
ni
(V)
1
2
3
4
5
P
diss
W
P
del
W

Table 11(b)
3

Component
i
Spec
value
Measured
value
V
i
(V) I
i
(A) P
i
(W)
R
1
4.7K
R
2
3.3K
R
3
5.6K
R
4
1.2K
R
5
2.7K
R
6
7.5K
R
7
1K
R
8
2K
R
9
3.6K
E
ps1
5V
E
ps2
8V

- 55 -
D. Recalculated variables for network N

4
4
2. Record the recalculated node voltages in Table 12(a).
diss
del
).

Table 12(a)
Recalculated node voltages
for N
4

Node i V
ni
(V)
1
2
3
P
diss
W
P
del
W

Table 12(b)
4

Component
i
Spec
value
Measured
value
V
i
(V) I
i
(A) P
i
(W)
R
1
2K
R
2
3K
R
3
6.8K
R
4
1K
R
5
5.1K
E
ps1
20V
J
1
1mA

- 56 -
VI. Lab Report

The report for this lab experiment must be neatly and professionally word-processed and must contain the following
items
Title Page.
Introduction.
Provide your account of what this lab experiment is about and what is expected.
Pre-lab.
Include and explain all of your pre-lab derivations and calculations. Detail discussions on any problems en-
countered. Include Tables 1 through 4 filled out as required.
Lab Procedure.
Include an explanation on how the measurements are to be performed. Explain the use of lab instruments in
performing measurements. Provide schematics of all networks and the connection of the power supply and
DMM. Provide detailed discussions and comments on any problems encountered with equipment and taking
measurements.
Results.
Tables 1 through 12 neatly and completely filled out with the results of your pre-lab, measurements, and post-
lab. Provide errors in percent among the calculated, simulated, and measured values with the calculated values
as the basis.
Discussions.
(a) For the two networks analyzed with the MAME (N
1
and N
2
), compare the calculated mesh currents from the
pre-lab to those determined from measurements. Compare the calculated variable map to the measured varia-
ble map for each network. Explain reasons for any differences greater than 5%.
(b) For the two networks analyzed with the MAME (N
1
and N
2
), compare the calculated mesh currents from the
post-lab to those determined from measurements. Compare the calculated variable map to the measured varia-
(c) Which calculated variables are more accurate, those from the pre-lab or post lab? Explain reasons why.
(d) For the two networks analyzed with the NAME (N
3
and N
4
), compare the calculated node voltages from the
pre-lab to those determined from measurements. Compare the calculated variable map to the measured varia-
(e) For the two networks analyzed with the NAME (N
3
and N
4
), compare the calculated node voltages from the
post-lab to those determined from measurements. Compare the calculated variable map to the measured varia-
(f) Which calculated variables are more accurate, those from the pre-lab or post lab? Explain reasons why.
(g) Provide comments on how efficient, accurate, and reliable the MAME is for calculating network variables. Are
there any restrictions on the application of the MAME for the analysis of on a network? Explain these restric-
tions.
(h) Provide comments on how efficient, accurate, and reliable the NAME is for calculating network variables. Are
there any restrictions on the application of the NAME for the analysis of on a network? Explain these restric-
tions.
(i) Are the errors among calculated and measured values within reasonable (5% absolute) tolerances? If not,
explain why not.
(j) How well do the dissipated powers match the delivered powers for each network? Explain any differences
beyond 5% absolute.
Conclusion.
(a) In your opinion, do the measurements match the results of pre-lab and post-lab calculations?
(b) Are the procedures and methods used in this experiment suitable for analyzing networks similar to the
ones examined in this lab? Explain why or why not.
(c) What other methods can be used? Explain in detail advantages and disadvantages.
(d) Explain what you learned from this lab and how you can apply what you learned.
Appendix. The appendix should contain actual compiled data, notes and comments, equations, sketches, and
schematics made during the experiment. Include all of your pencil and paper work. All notes, calculations, de-
rivations, measurements, and comments performed in an informal manner with pencil and paper. This material
serves as reference and back-up to the formally written material included above.
References. List any material contributed from other sources.

- 57 -
Lab Experiment No. 3 FM Transmitter Design Phase 1 & 2
I. Introduction
The object of this lab experiment is to gain familiarity with the design cycle of analog circuits. The network used in
this project is a simple RF transmitter that must oscillate with a frequency within the FM band (88MHz to 108MHz).
The network used in this design is shown in Figure 1 where a single NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT)
(MPS5179) is employed as the active device that drives a tuned LC circuit to set the oscillation frequency. Your job
in this lab involves the first two phases in the design cycle of analog circuits
the application of the theory and tools developed in Circuits II to analyze the network in Figure 1 and
the application of the PSPICE circuit simulator to investigate the networks large-signal time-domain behavior.
The third phase is the actual fabrication and testing of the design to verify the analysis and simulation results. This
phase is reserved for a future lab experiment.

No electronic components or instruments are required for this lab experiment.
III. Phase 1: Analysis

The small-signal equivalent circuit of the transmitter is shown in Figure 2(a) while the small-signal high-frequency
model of the NPN BJT is shown in Figure 2(b). Values for the bias-dependent model components evaluated at the
dc operating point are given below.

0.271
230
0.458
44.4
2
CQ
m
F t
F
m
jc
m
T
I
g S
V
r
g
C C pF
g
C C pF
f
= =
= =
= =
= =
(1)

Insert the BJT model into the equivalent circuit in Figure 2(a), assume the capacitor C
4
has an initial voltage (v
C4
(0))
stored on its plates, and do the following.
(a) Derive the symbolic s-domain function for the voltage V
C
(s) at the collector C. Express V
C
(s) as a rational re-
sponse function of s with v
C4
(0) as the excitation. For best results, apply the NAME algorithm in your analysis
[1].
(b) Use the response function for V
C
(s) to derive symbolically the relationship among the network and model com-
ponents that will sustain oscillation.
(c) Derive the symbolic expression for the frequency of oscillation (f
osc
) in Hz.
(d) Use the network and model component values to generate a plot of the analytical frequency of oscillation (f
osc
)
versus C
3
swept from 6.5pF to 30pF. Include at least 10 points in this plot for good resolution.

IV. Phase 2: Simulation
Use the PSPICE program to perform a dc operating point and time-domain simulation of the network shown in Fig-
ure 1. Use the 2N5179 BJT found in the Fairchild semiconductor parts library in place of the MPS5179 device. In
the simulation of the dc operating point, make sure the inductor L
1
and all capacitors (C
1
through C
7
) are void of
initial conditions; that is, i
L1
(0) and v
C1
(0) through v
C7
(0) are all zero. This will prevent initial condition contamina-
tion of the networks dc bias point. From this simulation, do the following.
(a) Generate a complete voltage, current, and power map of the network at dc. Use the tabular format for this map
as was done in several Problem Set problems.
(b) Generate a plot of the simulated frequency of oscillation (f
osc
) versus C
3
from 6.5pF to 30pF. Include at least 10
points in this plot for resolution.
(c) Compare the analytical and simulated plots of f
osc
versus C
3
. Comment on which plot is more accurate and
why.

- 58 -
+V
CC
Mod. input
gnd
V
CC
9V
Ant.
R
1
R
2
R
3
C
1
C
2
C
4
C
3
C
5
L
1
Q
1
C
6
C
7
15K
10K
220
3.3nF
3.3nF
10pF
3.3nF
101.5nH
C
3
=6.5pF to 30pF
(trimmer capacitor)
Q
1
=MPS5179
(NPN RF BJ T)
10nF 10F

Figure 1
RF transmitter network

C
4
v
C4
(0)
R
3
C
3
L
1
Q
1
V
E
(s) V
C
(s)
r
g
m
v
B
B
C
C
E
E
(a)
(b)

Figure 2
(a) Transmitter network equivalent circuit
(b) HF BJT model

- 59 -
V. Lab Report
Your lab report on these design phases should consist of the following:
Analysis and simulation phases.
(a) Detailed derivations from circuit analysis. Expression for f
osc
and conditions for oscillation from analysis. A plot of
f
osc
vs C
3
.
(b) Voltage and current map from analysis.
(c) Time-domain plots from simulation. Determine f
osc
and conditions for oscillation from these plots. A plot of f
osc
vs
C
3
.
(d) Voltage and current map from simulation.
(e) A conclusion and comments on the accuracy of your measurements and extracted parameters.
(f) An appendix containing copies of pages from your lab notebook containing all data and calculations made during
the experiment.
Discussions.
Provide detailed discussions on how well the analytical results and values correspond to those from simulation.
Conclusion.
(a) Are the procedures and methods used in this experiment suitable for designing analog networks similar to the
ones examined in this lab? Explain why or why not.
(b) What other methods can be used? Explain in detail advantages and disadvantages.
(c) Explain what you learned from this lab and how you can apply what you learned.
Appendix.
The appendix should contain actual compiled data, notes and comments, equations, sketches, and schematics made
during the experiment. Include all of your pencil and paper work. All notes, calculations, derivations, measure-
ments, and comments performed in an informal manner with pencil and paper. This material serves as reference and
back-up to the formally written material included above. Include any references to textbooks and papers.
References.
List any material contributed from other sources.

VI. References
1. H.T. Russell, Jr., An Algorithm for the Fast Generation of the Nodal-Analysis Matrix Equation of a Linear
Network, OPAL Engineering, Inc., 1995.

- 60 -
Lab Experiment No. 4 Network Theorems Part 1

I. Introduction
The purpose of this lab is to gain familiarity with several important Electrical Engineering theorems. The experiments
performed in this lab involve the following concepts
application of voltage division,
application of current division, and
superposition theorem.
The theory and equations associated with these experiments are covered in your class notes. Your job in this session is
to investigate and apply the above theorems on resistive networks to provide a hands-on experience to the theory covered
in the lectures on these topics. For each of the networks given below, use the parts supplied by the GTA, and the DMM
and dc power supply located on the lab bench.

Resistors:
Network N
1
Network N
2
Network N
3
Network N
4

100 3.3K 2K (2) 15K 1K (5) 2K (5) 7.5K 15K
270 5.1K 7.5K 24K 30K
1.6K 10K (2) 30K (2)

Network N
5

1K 5.1K
2.7K 6.8K
3.9K 8.2K
4.7K

Instruments:

Additional:
Breadboard
Tool box
Hook-up wire

III. Experiment Procedures
Procedures for performing experiments on a collection of networks are attached. These experiments involve the theory
and applications covered in the lecture on voltage and current division, superposition, and reciprocity. In your lab re-
port, provide detailed answers and discussions to the following
(a) With respect to resistor tolerance, are the results of the measurements within tolerance to calculated values us-
ing specified component values?
(b) Explain reasons for any discrepancies between calculated and measured results.
(c) How useful are these theorems and operations? Can you think of any specific applications?

IV. Application of Voltage Division
Voltage dividers play important roles in reference circuits. However, there is another application of the voltage divider
that is just as important. This application involves the indirect measurement of the terminal driving-point resistance of a
given network. Consider, for example, the network N shown in Figure 1. The driving-point resistance of N at terminals
AB is modeled by the resistance R
AB
which is unknown. A battery E
G
and resistor R
G
are connected to the network as
shown. The values for both of these components have been measured and are known. By measuring the voltage V
AB
,
the value of R
AB
can be calculated from the voltage divider theory. For the connection shown, V
AB
is written as

AB
AB G
AB G
R
V E
R R
=
+
(1)

- 61 -
N
R
G
E
G
V
AB
A
B
R
AB

Figure 1
Network N connected to E
G
and R
G

Since RAB is the only unknown in this expression, it can be calculated from

1
G
AB
G
AB
R
R
E
V
=
(2)

The result from this equation will be more accurate if the value of R
G
is selected to be very close to that of R
AB
. You are
to apply this method to measure the terminal input resistance of two networks.

A. Resistive network N
1
.
1. Build network N
1
shown in Figure 2(a) on your breadboard using parts supplied by the GTA.
2. Measure the values of each resistor with the DMM and record in Table 1(a) where indicated.
3. Use network analysis operations to do the following:
a. calculate the value of the resistance at terminal 1 to ground of N
1
(R
in1
) using specified component values and
record in Table 1(b),
b. calculate the value of R
in1
using measured component values and record in Table 1(b), and,
c. use the DMM to measure the value of R
in1
and record in Table 1(b).
4. Connect terminals 1-0 of N
1
to the 10V source and R
G
as shown in Figure 2(b) and do the following:
a. select a specified value of R
G
to be as close as possible to that of the calculated value of R
in1
; record this value
in Table 1(c),
b. obtain this resistor from the GTA, measure its value, measure the value of E
G
, and record in Table 1(c),
c. measure the voltage V
10
at terminal 1 to ground of N
1
and record in Table 1(c),
d. apply the voltage divider operation to calculate the value of R
in1
using the measured values of E
G
, R
G
, and
V
10
; record in Table 1(c), and
e. calculate the difference () in percent between the DMM measured value of R
in1
and the value of R
in1
calcu-
lated from the voltage divider operation; use the DMM value as the basis with

( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 1
1
voltage divider DMM
% 100%
DMM
in in
in
R R
R

= (3)

record in Table 1(c) where indicated.
5. Provide comments on the accuracy of voltage division for calculating network input resistance with respect to resis-
tor tolerance.

- 62 -
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
270
3.3K R
in1
5.1K
1.6K
100
1
2
3
0
N
1
N
1
R
in1
R
G
E
G
1
0
(a) (b)
V
10
10V

Figure 2
(a) Network N
1

(b) N
1
in the voltage divider connection

Table 1(a)
N
1
component values
Component Specified value Measured value
R
1
270
R
2
1.6K
R
3
5.1K
R
4
100
R
5
3.3K

Table 1(b)
R
in1
from N
1
(Figure 2(a))
Condition R
in1
()
Calculated from specified R values
Calculated from measured R values
R
in1
measured with DMM

Table 1(c)
R
in1
from voltage division (Figure 2(b))
R
G
specified
()
R
G
measured
()
E
G
measured
(V)
V
10
measured
(V)
R
in1
calculated
()

(%)

- 63 -
B. Resistive network N
2
.
1. Build network N
2
2. Measure the values of each resistor with the DMM and record in Table 2(a) where indicated.
3. Use resistor combination operations to do the following:
a. calculate the value of the resistance at terminals A-B of N
2
(R
AB
) using specified component values and record
in Table 2(b),
b. calculate the value of R
AB
using measured component values and record in Table 2(b), and,
c. use the DMM to measure the value of R
AB
and record in Table 2(b).
4. Connect terminals A-B of N
2
to the 10V source and R
G
as shown in Figure 3(b) and do the following:
a. select a specified value of R
G
to be as close as possible to that of the calculated value of R
AB
; record this value
in Table 2(c),
b. obtain this resistor from the GTA, measure its value, measure the value of E
G
, and record in Table 2(c),
c. measure the voltage V
AB
across terminals A-B of N2 and record in Table 2(c),
d. apply the voltage divider operation to calculate the value of R
AB
using the measured values of E
G
, R
G
, and
V
AB
; record in Table 2(c), and
e. use equation (3) to calculate the difference () in percent between R
AB
s DMM measured value (3c) and
R
AB
s value calculated from the voltage divider operation (4d), use the DMM value as the basis; record in
Table 2(c).
5. Provide comments on the accuracy of voltage division for calculating network input resistance with respect to resis-
tor tolerance.

R
2
R
1
N
2
R
3
R
5
R
7
R
4
R
8
R
6
R
9
A
B
1 2
3
4 5
15K
30K
30K
10K
7.5K 2K
10K
24K
2K
R
AB
(a)
N
2
R
G
E
G
V
AB
A
B
(b)
10V

Figure 3
(a) Network N
2

(b) Voltage divider with N
2

- 64 -
Table 2(a)
N
2
component values
R
1
15K
R
2
30K
R
3
2K
R
4
30K
R
5
24K
R
6
10K
R
7
2K
R
8
7.5K
R
9
10K

Table 2(b)
R
AB
from N
2
(Figure 3(a))
Condition R
AB
()
Calculated from specified R values
Calculated from measured R values
R
AB
measured with DMM

Table 2(c)
R
AB
from voltage division (Figure 3(b))
R
G
specified
()
R
G
measured
()
E
G
measured
(V)
V
AB
measured
(V)
R
AB
calculated
()

(%)

- 65 -

V. Application of Current Division
An important application of current division is applied in the design of a current output digital-to-analog converter
(DAC). These networks use binary scaled currents generated in a resistive ladder network called the R-2R ladder.
This network is responsible for repeatedly dividing the input reference current (I
ref
) into a series of branch currents
scaled by powers of 2. A typical R-2R ladder network is shown in Figure 4 where 1K and 2K resistors are used.

R-2R current divider network N
3
.
1. Build R-2R network N
3
shown in Figure 4 on your breadboard using parts supplied by the GTA.
2. Measure the values of each resistor and the voltage source E
G
with the DMM and record in Table 3(a) where indi-
cated.
3. Apply the current division operation to calculate values for the currents listed on the schematic and record in Table
3. Use specified resistor and voltage source values in these calculations.
4. Measure with the DMM these currents and record their values in Table 3.
5. Calculate the difference () in percent between the currents measured from the network (3) and those calculated
with specified component values (2) as the basis, and record in Table 3 where indicated.
6. Provide comments on the accuracy of the current divider network N
3
for providing precise binary-weighted currents
resistor scaling and tolerance.

E
G
R
G2
R
G1
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
R
7
R
8
I
ref
I
1
I
3
I
5
I
7
I
8
12V
1K
1K
1K 1K 1K
2K
2K
2K 2K 2K
N
3

Figure 4
R-2R network N
3

Table 3(a)
N
3
component values
E
G
12V
R
G1
1K
R
G2
1K
R
1
2K
R
2
1K
R
3
2K
R
4
1K
R
5
2K
R
6
1K
R
7
2K
- 66 -
R
8
2K

Table 3(b)
N
3
currents

Current
Calculated from current
division (A)
Measured from N
3

(A)

(%)
I
ref

I
1

I
3

I
5

I
7

I
8

VI. Superposition
A. Resistive Network N
4
.
1. Build network N
4
2. Measure the value of each resistor and each voltage source with the DMM and record in Table 4(a) where indicated.
3. With both sources connected and turned on, measure V
AB
and record its value in Table 4(a) where indicated.
4. Perform the following operations.
a. With E
G1
turned on and E
G2
turned off by replacing it with a short circuit, perform the following operations
i. calculate voltage V
AB
using the specified component values and record in the first row of Table 4(b),
ii. calculate voltage V
AB
using the measured component values and record in the first row of Table 4(b), and
iii. measure with the DMM voltage V
AB
from the breadboard and record in the first row of Table 4(b).
b. With E
G2
turned on and E
G1
turned off by removing it with a short circuit, perform the following operations
i. calculate voltage V
AB
using the specified component values and record in the second row of Table 4(b),
ii. calculate voltage V
AB
using the measured component values and record in the second row of Table 4(b),
and
iii. measure with the DMM voltage V
AB
from the breadboard and record in the second row of Table 4(b).
c. Apply the superposition theorem to do the following
i. calculate the total voltage for V
AB
by adding the values calculated from specified component values and
record in the third row of Table 4(b),
ii. calculate the total voltage for V
AB
by adding the values calculated from measured component values and
record in the third row of Table 4(b), and
iii. calculate the total voltage for V
AB
by adding the values measured from the breadboard and record in the
third row of Table 4(b).
d. Calculate the difference () in percent (%) between V
AB
measured directly from N
4
(step 3) and the total V
AB

calculated from superposition with measured values (step 3ciii); use the direct measured value as the basis.
5. Provide comments on the accuracy of superposition for providing precise voltage measurements and on the ease of
making these measurements.

- 67 -
E
G1
E
G2
14V 14V
R
1
R
2
R
3
30K 15K
7.5K
V
AB
A
B
N
4

Figure 5
Network N
4

Table 4(a)
N
4
values
E
G1
14V
E
G2
14V
R
1
30K
R
2
15K
R
3
7.5K
V
AB

Table 4(b)
N
4
voltages from superposition

Voltage
Calculated from
specified R values
(V)
Calculated from
measured R values
(V)

Measured from N
4

(V)
V
AB
(E
G2
= 0)
V
AB
(E
G1
= 0)
V
AB
(total)

B. Resistive network N
5
.
1. Build network N
5
2. Measure the value of each resistor and each voltage source with the DMM and record in Table 5(a) where indicated.
3. With both sources connected and turned on, measure voltages V
AB
and V
CD
directly from N
5
and record their values
in column 5 of Table 5(b) under Direct measurement where indicated.
3. Perform the operations similar to those performed in Part A.
a. With E
G1
turned on and E
G2
turned off by replacing it with a short circuit, measure voltages V
AB
and V
CD
, and
record in the first column of Table 5.
b. With E
G2
turned on and E
G1
turned off by replacing it with a short circuit, measure voltages V
AB
and V
CD
, and
record in the second column of Table 5.
c. Apply the superposition theorem to calculate the total measured values for V
AB
and V
CD
, and record in the
fourth column of Table 5(b).
- 68 -
d. Calculate the difference () in percent between V

AB
and V
CD
measured directly from N
5
(fifth column) and V
AB

and V
CD
calculated from superposition (fourth column) with the direct measured values as the basis. Record
these values in the last column of Table 5(b).
3. Provide comments on the accuracy of superposition for providing precise voltage measurements and on the ease of
making these measurements.

E
G1
E
G2
R
2
R
1
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
R
7
A
B
C
D
8.2K
1K
5.1K 6.8K 4.7K
3.9K
2.7K
15V
12V
N
5

Figure 6
Network N
5

Table 5(a)
N
5
component values
E
G1
15V
E
G2
12V
R
1
1K
R
2
8.2K
R
3
5.1K
R
4
6.8K
R
5
4.7K
R
6
3.9K
R
7
2.7K

- 69 -
Table 5(b)
N
5
voltages

Voltage
Measured with
E
G2
= 0
(V)
Measured with
E
G1
= 0
(V)
Total from
superposition
(V)
Direct
measurement
(V)

(%)
V
AB

V
CD

- 70 -
Lab Experiment No. 5 Network Theorems Part 2

I. Introduction
The investigation of network theorems is continued in this lab. Part 2 of Network Theorems include experiments on the
following concepts
Thevenins theorem,
Nortons theorem,
reciprocity theorem, and
maximum power transfer.
The theory and equations associated with these experiments are again covered in your class notes. Your job in this ses-
sion is to investigate and apply the above theorems on resistive networks to provide hands-on experience to verify and
demonstrate the theory covered in the lectures on these topics. For each of the networks given below, use the parts sup-
plied by the GTA, and the DMM and dc power supply located on the lab bench.

Resistors:
Network N
1
Network N
2
Network N
3
Network N
4

1K 5.1K 1.5K 6.8K 1K 5.1K 100 1K (3)
2.7K 6.8K 3K (2) 12K 2.7K 6.8K
3.9K 8.2K 3.6K 15K 3.9K 8.2K
4.7K 4.7K

Network N
5

100 4.7K
300 5.1K (2)
1K (2) 6.8K (2)
2K 8.2K
2.7K 10K
3K 30K
3.9K 51K

Diode:
Network N
4

1N4148

Instruments:

Additional:
Breadboard
Tool box
Hook-up wire

III. Experiment Procedures
Procedures for performing experiments on a collection of resistive networks are attached. These experiments involve the
theory and applications covered in the lecture on Thevenins and Nortons equivalents, reciprocity, and maximum power
transfer. In your lab report, provide detailed answers and discussions to the following
(a) With respect to resistor tolerance, are the results of the measurements within tolerance to calculated values us-
ing specified component values?
(b) Explain reasons for any discrepancies between calculated and measured results.
(c) How useful are these theorems and operations? Can you think of any specific applications?

- 71 -
IV. Thevenins Equivalent

Resistive network N
1
.
1. Build network N
1
2. Measure the values of the voltage sources and resistors with the DMM, and record in Table 1(a).
3. Apply basic network operations to do the following:
a. calculate values for the Thevenins voltage source E
TH
, Thevenins resistance R
TH
, and the current I
L
through
R
L
using the specified values of the components and record in Table 1(b),
b. calculate values for E
TH
, R
TH
, and I
L
using the measured values of the components and record in Table 1(b),
c. apply the DMM on N
1
to measure values for E
TH
, R
TH
, and I
L
and record in Table 1(b), and
d. calculate the difference () in percent (%) between E
TH
, R
TH
, and I
L
measured from the network (c) and those
calculated with specified resistor values (a) as the basis, and record in Table 1(b) where indicated.
4. Provide comments on the accuracy and convenience of Thevenins equivalent for providing precise resistor currents
connected as loads to the network.

E
G1
E
G2
R
2
R
1
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
A
B
8.2K
1K
5.1K 4.7K
3.9K
2.7K
15V
12V
N
1
(a)
R
L
6.8K
(b)
E
TH
R
TH N
1TH A
B
I
L
V
L

Figure 1
(a) Network N
1

(b) Thevenins equivalent network

- 72 -
Table 1(a)
N
1
component values
E
G1
15V
E
G2
12V
R
1
1K
R
2
8.2K
R
3
5.1K
R
4
4.7K
R
5
3.9K
R
6
2.7K
R
L
6.8K

Table 1(b)
N
1
Thevenins equivalent

Component
Calculated from
specified R values
Calculated from
measured R values

Measured from N
1

(%)
E
TH

R
TH

I
L

V. Nortons Equivalent
Resistive network N
2
.
1. Build network N
2
3. Apply basic network operations to do the following:
a. calculate values for the Nortons current source J
N
, Nortons conductance G
N
, and the current I
L
through R
L

using the specified values of the components and record in Table 2(b),
b. calculate values for J
N
, G
N
, and I
L
using the measured values of the components and record in Table 2(b),
c. apply the DMM on N
2
to measure values for J
N
, G
N
, and I
L
and record in Table 2(b), and
d. calculate the difference () in percent (%) between J
N
, G
N
, and I
L
measured from the network (c) and those
calculated with specified resistor values (a) as the basis, and record in Table 2(b) where indicated.
4. Provide comments on the accuracy and convenience of Nortons equivalent for providing precise resistor currents
connected as loads to the network.

- 73 -
E
G1
E
G2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
3K
15K
1.5K
3.6K
3K
12K
6V 12V
A
B
R
L
6.8K
(b)
J
N
G
N
N
2N A
B
I
L
(a)
N
2
V
L

Figure 2
(a) Network N
2

(b) Nortons equivalent network

Table 2(a)
N
2
component values
E
G1
6V
E
G2
12V
R
1
3K
R
2
15K
R
3
1.5K
R
4
3.6K
R
5
3K
R
6
12K
R
L
6.8K

- 74 -
Table 2(b)
N
2
Nortons equivalent

Component
Calculated from
specified R values
Calculated from
measured R values

Measured from N
2

(%)
J
N

G
N

I
L

VI. Reciprocity and Reciprocal Networks
A. Resistive Network N
3
.
1. Build network N
3
2. Measure the value of each resistor and voltage source with the DMM and record in Table 3(a) where indicated.
3. Perform the following operations.
a. Remove voltage source E
G2
from the connection by replacing it with a short circuit. Turn on voltage source
E
G1
, measure its value, and record in Table 3(a) then
i. using specified component values, calculate current I
G2
and transconductance Y
T21
from

2
2
21
1
0
G
G
T
G
E
I
Y
E
=
= (1)

and record both I
G2
and Y
T21
in Table 3(b) where indicated,
ii. using measured component values, calculate current I
G2
T21
and record both in Ta-
ble 3(b) where indicated,
iii. measure with the DMM current I
G2
from the breadboard and use it to calculate Y
T21
; record both in Table
3(b) where indicated, and
iv. calculate the difference () in percent (%) between Y
T21
measured and Y
T21
calculated with specified com-
ponent values as the basis, and record in Table 3(b).
b. Remove voltage source E
G1
from the connection by replacing it with a short circuit. Turn on voltage source
E
G2
, measure its value, and record in Table 3(a) then
i. using specified component values, calculate current I
G1
T12
from

1
1
12
2
0
G
G
T
G
E
I
Y
E
=
= (2)

and record both I
G1
and Y
T12
in Table 3(b) where indicated,
ii. using measured component values, calculate current I
G1
T12
and record both in Ta-
ble 3(b) where indicated,
iii. measure with the DMM current I
G1
from the breadboard and use it to calculate Y
T21
; record both in Table
3(b) where indicated, and
iv. calculate the difference () in percent (%) between Y
T12
measured and Y
T12
calculated with specified com-
ponent values as the basis, and record in Table 3(b).
4. Provide comments on the accuracy of your calculations and measurements for generating the transconductance
functions Y
T21
and Y
T12
.

- 75 -
E
G1
E
G2
R
2
R
1
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
R
7
8.2K
1K
5.1K 6.8K
4.7K 3.9K
2.7K
8V
12V
N
3
I
G1
I
G2

Figure 3
Network N
3

Table 3(a)
N
3
component values
E
G1
8V
E
G2
12V
R
1
1K
R
2
8.2K
R
3
5.1K
R
4
6.8K
R
5
4.7K
R
6
3.9K
R
7
2.7K

- 76 -
Table 3(b)
N
3
transconductances

Parameter
Calculated from
specified R values
Calculated from
measured R values

Measured from N
3

Difference
(%)
I
G2
(E
G2
= 0) (A)
Y
T21
(E
G2
= 0) (S)
I
G1
(E
G1
= 0) (A)
Y
T12
(E
G1
= 0) (S)

B. Network N
4
.
1. Build network N
4
2. Determine from measurements if N
4
is reciprocal. Provide definite reasons why it is or is not.

R
1
R
2
R
4
R
3
D
1
1K
1K
1K
100
1N4148
V
1
V
2
N
7

Figure 4
Network N
4

VII. Maximum Power Transfer
Resistive network N
5
.
1. Build network N
5
(identical to network N
1
in Figure 1(a)) shown in Figure 5 on your breadboard using parts sup-
plied by the GTA.
3. Connect the load resistors R
L
listed in Table 5(b) to terminals A-B and measure the corresponding load voltage V
L
,
load current I
L
, and load power P
L
. Record these measurements in Table 5(b) where indicated.
4. Generate a plot of P
L
(linear scale) versus R
L
(log scale) and indicate the maximum power P
L
(max) and correspond-
ing R
L
(R
L
(opt)) on the plot.
5. Use the measured component values in Table 5(a) to calculate the optimal value for the load resistor R
L
(R
LC
(opt))
that will produce the maximum power delivered by N
5
to the load. Calculate the maximum power P
LC
(max). Make
use of the Thevenins equivalent.
6. Calculate the difference () in percent (%) between the measured maximum power and the calculated maximum
power with the measured value as the basis, and record in Table 5(c).
7. Compare P
LC
(max) to P
L
(max) and R
LC
(opt) to R
L
(opt) and comment on the accuracy of the calculations and mea-
surements of these terms.

- 77 -
E
G1
E
G2
R
2
R
1
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
A
B
8.2K
1K
5.1K 4.7K
3.9K
2.7K
15V
12V
N
5
R
L
V
L
I
L

Figure 5
Network N
5

Table 5(a)
N
5
component values
E
G1
15V
E
G2
12V
R
1
1K
R
2
8.2K
R
3
5.1K
R
4
4.7K
R
5
3.9K
R
6
2.7K
R
L
6.8K

- 78 -
Table 5(b)
N
5
measurements
Specified R
L

value ()
Measured R
L

value ()
Load voltage
V
L
(V)
Load current
I
L
(A)
Load power
P
L
(W)
100
300
1K
2K
3K
5.1K
6.8K
10K
30K
51K

Table 5(c)
N
5
maximum power transfer
Parameter Measured value Calculated value (%)
R
L
(opt)
P
L
(max)

- 79 -
Lab Experiment No. 6 Amplifier Networks

I. Introduction
The purpose of this lab session is to gain familiarity with several well-known amplifier circuits built with standard opera-
tional amplifiers. The theory and derivations associated with each of the circuits listed below has been covered both in
class and in homework assignments. Basically, your job in this session is to design (where necessary), build, test, and
evaluate each of these circuits in order to expand your hands-on experience in working with operational amplifiers. For
each circuit listed below, use TLC274 operational amplifiers, standard 5% resistors, a 5 volt dc power supply, and an ac
signal generator. For measurements, use ac voltmeters, DVMs, and oscilloscopes.

Components:
Resistors
510 5.1K 10K 18K 20K
30K 39K 51K
10K single-turn potentiometer

Instruments:
Agilent 33120A 15MHz Agilent 54621A 60MHz dual-channel

Additional:
Breadboard
Tool box
Hook-up wire
Oscilloscope probes

III. Lab Assignment
Build and perform measurements on the following amplifier networks.

A. Amplifier No. 1. An inverting-gain amplifier with a dc voltage gain of -5.0 and an input resistance of 10.0K.
Measure and plot the magnitude of the voltage gain (dB) over frequency from 10Hz to 15MHz. Indicate on this plot
the -3dB bandwidth and calculate the amplifier GBW.
B. Amplifier No. 2. A non-inverting-gain amplifier with a dc voltage gain of +4.0 and an input resistance of 10.0K.
Measure and plot the magnitude of the voltage gain (dB) over frequency from 10Hz to 15MHz. Indicate on this plot
the -3dB bandwidth and calculate the amplifier GBW.
C. Amplifier No. 3. A dual-input difference amplifier with a dc voltage gain of 2.0 and input resistances of 10.0K.
Measure and plot the magnitude of the voltage gain (dB) for each input over frequency from 10Hz to 15MHz. Indi-
cate on this plot the -3dB bandwidth and calculate the GBW for each input.
D. Amplifier No. 4. The dual-output audio panpot amplifier (see problem 1.25 Ref .1) shown in Figure 1. Determine
the 1KHz voltage gain at each output as the pot R
P
is varied over its full range.
E. Amplifier No. 5. The bridge amplifier (see problem 1.74 Ref. 1, Ref. 2) shown in Figure 2. Design this amplifier
for a differential output voltage gain of 8. Determine the maximum undistorted peak-to-peak voltage swing across
the load resistor R
L
at 1KHz.

IV. References
1. S. Franco, Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, 3rd Ed., The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., New York, NY, 2002, (ISBN 0-07-232084-2).
2. NSC data sheet, LM4991, 3W Audio Power Amplifier with Shutdown Mode, Audio Power Amplifier Series, Na-
tional Semiconductor Corporation, 2003.

- 80 -
R
2L
R
1L
R
3L
R
P
R
1R
R
3R
R
2R
20K
10K 5K
+5V
+5V
10K
OA
L
OA
R
V
oR
V
oL
20K
10K 5K
V
in
-5V
-5V
right channel
left channel
Figure 1
Audio panpot amplifier

V
in
R
1a
10K
R
2a
V
o1
V
o2
R
L
510
R
1b
10K
R
2b
OA
1
OA
2
+5V
+5V
-5V
-5V
V
o
Figure 2
Bridge amplifier
(aka Boomer Amplifier)

- 81 -
Lab Experiment No. 7 Op-Amp Test and Measurement

I. Introduction
The purpose of this lab exercise is to test an operational amplifier (op-amp) and to measure a set of its open-loop parame-
ters. The results of these measurements provide important parameters for an op-amp data sheet. Your job in this lab
experiment is to apply test circuit OATC1 shown in Figure 1 to a given device under test (DUT). The description of this
test circuit and the procedures for taking measurements from the DUT are explained in the paper OATC1: A Universal
Test Circuit for Measuring Op-Amp Parameters attached to this experiment. Make use of the parts and the DUT sup-
plied by the GTA, and the instruments located on the lab bench to perform this experiment.

Components:
Op-amp: OP-07 (3) LM741 DUT
Capacitors: 300nF, NPO multilayer ceramic
Resistors:
100 (2) 2K (5) 30K 51K (3) 100K (2)
Potentiometer:
10K, trimpot

Instruments:
Agilent 33120A Agilent 54621A

Additional:
Breadboard
Tool box
Hook-up wire

III. Op-amp Parameters and the Data Sheet
Download the data sheet for the LM741 op-amp. From this data sheet, extract the parameters listed in Table 1. Fill out
the first column in Table 1 with these parameters. Build test circuit OATC1 on your breadboard with the LM741 con-
nected as the device under test (DUT). Apply the procedures outlined in the attached paper to measure the parameters
listed in Table 1. Fill out the second column of Table 1 with these measured values.

IV. Compare and Comment
(a) Compare the parameter values listed in Table 1. How close are the LM741 data sheet parameters to those from
actual measurements? How useful is the test circuit OATC1 for generating a data sheet for an op-amp?
(b) Comment on any major differences among the data in Table 1. Determine reasons for these differences.

V. References
1. V. Pua, H.T. Russell, Jr., W.A Davis, and R.L. Carter, A Comparison of Operational Amplifier Test Circuits, 9th
IEEE Emerging Technologies Conference (ETC 2006), Richardson, TX, September 15, 2006.
2. S. Franco, Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, 3rd Ed., The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., New York, NY, 2002, (ISBN 0-07-232084-2).

VI. Attachments
1. H.T. Russell, Jr., OATC1: A Universal Test Circuit for Measuring Op-Amp Parameters, Department of EE,
UTA, November, 2009.

- 82 -
DUT
R
2
R
3
R
7
R
5
R
6
R
8
R
9
+5V +5V
-5V -5V
+V
psp
-V
psn
OP07 V
o2
V
id
R
4
R
1
V
ic
V
o
I
p
I
n
S
4
S
2
R
C
C
C
30K
100
100
100K
100K
2K
2K
2K
2K
51K
OP07
V
o1
U1 U2
OP07
U3
+5V
-5V
R
F3
2K
R
p
10K
V
id
or V
ic
(a)
(b)
300nF
1
2

Figure 1
Op-amp test circuit OATC1

Table 1
DUT parameters
(V
psp
/V
psn
= 10V, R
L
= 2K, T = 27C)
Parameter Description
LM741
Data sheet
OATC1 Units
V
os
Input offset voltage V
I
B
Input bias current A
I
BOS
Input bias offset current A
P
diss
Power dissipation W
CMRR Common-mode rejection ratio dB
PSRR
p
Positive power supply rejection ratio dB
PSRR
n
Negative power supply rejection ratio dB
G
vdm
(0) Open-loop dc differential-mode voltage gain V/V
G
vcm
(0) Open-loop dc common-mode voltage gain V/V

- 83 -
The University of Texas at Arlington

Department of Electrical Engineering

Dr. H.T. Russell, Jr. OPAL
tx

November 2009

OATC1: A Universal Test Circuit for
Measuring Op-Amp Parameters

The circuit shown in Figure 1(a) is the test circuit OATC1 for the measurement of a variety of operational am-
plifier parameters. This circuit is an adaptation of the one shown on Intersil Corporations application note AN551.1
entitled Recommended Test Procedures for Operational Amplifiers. You may download this note from the com-
pany web site www.intersil.com. A similar circuit may be found in problem 5.27 on pages 246-247 of Sergio Fran-
cos textbook
2
.

DUT
R
2
R
3
R
7
R
5
R
6
R
8
R
9
+5V +5V
-5V -5V
+V
psp
-V
psn
OP07 V
o2
V
id
R
4
R
1
V
ic
V
o
I
p
I
n
S
4
S
2
R
C
C
C
30K
100
100
100K
100K
2K
2K
2K
2K
51K
OP07
V
o1
U1 U2
OP07
U3
+5V
-5V
R
F3
2K
R
p
10K
V
id
or V
ic
(a)
(b)
300nF
1
2

Figure 1
(a) OATC1 op-amp test circuit
(b) dc voltage generator

The V
psp
and V
psn
dc voltage rails are nominal power supply voltages required to bias the device under test
(DUT) while V
id
and V
ic
represent differential-mode and common-mode input voltages to the DUT. These voltages
are obtained from the circuit shown in Figure 1(b) which generates a low-impedance dc voltage set by R
p
. Resistor
values shown on the schematic are typical with 1% tolerances and can be changed if necessary. Assuming that the
OP07s in this circuit are ideal op-amps, routine circuit analysis produces the following low-frequency, small-signal
expression for the output voltage V
o2
.

V
R
R
R
R R
G V V
R
R
G V
R
R
G V R I R I
id vdm o ic vcm ic vdm os p p n n
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J

F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
6
5
3
3 7
2
6
5
6
5
b g d i
(1)
2
S. Franco, Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, 3
nd
Ed., The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York, NY,
2001.
- 84 -

where

R R R
R R
R R
R R
p
n
= +
= +
+
1 2
4
3 7
3 7
(2)

These equations are used in the procedures that follow to measure a series of low-frequency op-amp parameters. In
these procedures, the indicated changes in V
id
and V
ic
are provided by the dc voltage generator with values.

1. Input offset voltage V
os

a. close switches S
2
and S
4
,
b. set V
ic
and V
id
to zero by connecting pins 1 and 2 to ground,
c. measure V
o2
with a dc voltmeter,
d. calculate V
os
from

V
R
R R
V
os o
=
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
3
3 7
2
(3)

2. Open-loop differential-mode voltage gain G
vdm

a. close switches S
2
and S
4
,
b. set V
ic
to zero by connecting pin 1 to ground,
c. connect the output of the signal generator to pin 2 for V
id
,
d. adjust R
p
to change the dc value of V
id
to get

V V V
id id id
= 1 2 a f a f (4)

e. measure the corresponding dc values of V
o2
to get

V V V
o o o 2 2 2
1 2 = a f a f (5)

f. calculate G
vdm
from

G
R
R
R
R
V
V
vdm
o
id
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
5
6
7
3
2
1
1
(6)

3. Common-mode rejection ratio CMRR
a. close switches S
2
and S
4
,
b. set V
id
to zero by connecting pin 2 to ground,
c. connect the output of the signal generator to pin 1 for V
ic
,
d. adjust R
p
to change the dc value of V
ic
to get

V V V
ic ic ic
= 1 2 a f a f (7)

e. measure the corresponding dc values of V
o2
to get

V V V
o o o 2 2 2
1 2 = a f a f (8)

- 85 -
f. calculate CMRR from

CMRR
R
R V
V
o
ic
= +
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
H
G
I
K
J
1
1
1
7
3
2
(9)

4. Positive input terminal current I
p

a. open switch S
2
, close switch S
4
,
b. set V
ic
and V
id
c. measure V
o2
d. calculate I
p
from

I
R
R
R R
V V
p
p
o os
=
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
1
3
3 7
2
(10)

5. Negative input terminal current I
n

a. close switch S
2
, open switch S
4
,
b. set V
ic
and V
id
c. measure V
o2
d. calculate I
n
from

I
R
R
R R
V V
n
n
o os
=
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
1
3
3 7
2
(11)

6. Input bias current I
B
and input bias offset current I
BOS

a. calculate I
B
and I
BOS
from

I
I I
I I I
B
p n
BOS p n
=
+
=
2 (12)

Example. Four 741-type op-amps were tested with this circuit. Circuit values for the DUT are given below.

V V
V V
R K
CC
EE
=
=
=
5 06
5 05
51
7
.
.
(13)

Data for V
os

Unit V
o2
(V) V
os
(V)
7001 -0.294 575.3
7014A -0.238 465.7
2E23 -0.157 307.2
D34 -0.0634 124.1

- 86 -
Data for G
vdm

Unit V
id
(1) (V) V
o2
(1) (V) V
id
(2) (V) V
o2
(2) (V) G
vdm
(V/V)
7001 -1.012 -0.316 +1.023 -0.276 26.00K
7014 -1.001 -0.258 +1.069 -0.221 28.59K
2E23 -1.049 -0.1603 +1.038 -0.1599 2.67M
D34 -1.093 -0.0668 +1.096 -0.0666 5.59M

Data for CMRR
Unit V
ic
(1) (V) V
o2
(1) (V) V
ic
(2) (V) V
o2
(2) (V) CMRR
7001 -1.029 -1.294 +1.069 0.757 22.81K
7014 -1.075 -1.301 +1.069 0.819 45.65K
2E23 -1.016 -1.162 +1.044 0.878 52.63K
D34 -1.018 1.065 +1.048 0.974 39.10K

- 87 -
Appendix 1 Breadboard Layout Examples

EE 1105
Bread board layout techniques
September 13, 2008
HTR, Jr.

binding post
(red)
binding post
(black)
R
1
R
2
R
3
1K 200K
33K

Figure 1
Resistor network schematic

Figu re 2
Wrong way off the board with loops
- 88 -

Figure 3
Right way - low to the board and tight

Figure 4
Right way low to the board and even tighter

- 89 -
Breadboard layout examples

HTR, Jr.
February, 25, 2009

- 90 -

- 91 -
Appendix 2 Lab Measurement Example

Lab Measurement Example 1

A
B
1 4
3 2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
V
ps
10K 3.3K
680 56K
56K 51K
10V

Figure 1
Network schematic

Figure 2
Breadboard layout

- 92 -
Table 1
Voltage, current, and power map

Element

Specified
value

Measured
value
Element voltage Element current

Element
power (W)
Nodes

Measured
value (V)
Nodes

Calculated
value (A)
+ +
R
1
10K 9.8251K
R
2
3.3K 3.2624K
R
3
680 684.22
R
4
51K 50.294K
R
5
56K 55.175K
R
6
56K 55.158K
V
ps
10V A B

Table 2
Kirchhoff current law
Node
Total current
into (I
in
) (A)
Total current
out of (I
out
) (A)
KCL
(I
in
I
out
) (A)
1
2
3
4
A
B

- 93 -
Table 3
Kirchhoff voltage law
Circuit
Total cw voltage
drop (V
cw
) (V)
Total ccw voltage
drop (V
ccw
) (V)
KVL
(V
cw
V
ccw
) (V)
V
ps
, R
1
,
R
5
, R
6

R
5
, R
2
, R
3
,
R
4

V
ps
, R
1
,
R
2
, R
3
, R
4
,
R
6

- 94 -
Lab Measurement Example 1

Solutions

A
B
1 4
3 2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
V
ps
10K 3.3K
680 56K
56K 51K
10V

Figure 1
Network schematic

Figure 2
Breadboard layout

- 95 -
Table 1
Voltage, current, and power map

Element

Specified
value

Measured
value
Element voltage Element current

Element
power (W)
Nodes

Measured
value (V)
Nodes

Calculated
value (A)
+ +
R
1
10K 9.8251K A 1 1.09245 A 1 111.1897 121.4692
R
2
3.3K 3.2624K 1 4 0.18271 1 4 56.00478 10.23263
R
3
680 684.22 4 3 38.073m 4 3 55.64438 2.118549
R
4
51K 50.294K 3 2 2.8199 3 2 56.06832 158.1071
R
5
56K 55.175K 1 2 3.0406 1 2 55.10829 167.5623
R
6
56K 55.158K 2 B 6.1287 2 B 111.1117 680.9704
V
ps
10V 10.0147V A B 10.2831 A B -111.4 1.145537m

Table 2
Kirchhoff current law
Node
Total current
into (I
in
) (A)
Total current
out of (I
out
) (A)
KCL
(I
in
I
out
) (A)
1
(I
R1
)
111.1897
(I
R2
+ I
R5
)
111.1131
76.63n
(0.069%)
2
(I
R4
+ I
R5
)
111.1766
(I
R6
)
111.1117
64.91n
(0.058%)
3
(I
R3
)
55.64438
(I
R4
)
56.06832
423.9366n
(0.762%)
4
(I
R2
)
56.00478
(I
R3
)
55.64438
360.4n
(0.648%)
A 0
(I
R1
+ I
ps
)
210.3n
210.3n
(0.189%)
B
(I
ps
+ I
R6
)
-288.3n
0
288.3nA
(0.259%)

- 96 -
Table 3
Kirchhoff voltage law
Circuit
Total cw voltage
drop (V
cw
) (V)
Total ccw voltage
drop (V
ccw
) (V)
KVL
(V
cw
V
ccw
) (V)
V
ps
, R
1
, R
5
, R
6

(V
R1
+ V
R5
+ V
R6
)
10.26175
(V
ps
)
10.2831
21.35m
(0.208%)
R
5
, R
2
, R
3
, R
4

(V
R2
+ V
R3
+ V
R4
)
3.040683
(V
R5
)
3.0406
83
(0.0027%)
V
ps
, R
1
, R
2
, R
3
,
R
4
, R
6

(V
R1
+ V
R2
+ V
R3
+ V
R4
+ V
R6
)
10.26183
(Vps)
10.2831
21.267m
(0.207%)

A
B
1 4
3 2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
V
ps
10K 3.3K
680 56K
56K 51K
10V

Figure 3
Oriented network schematic

Total power dissipated by resistors (delivered to resistors) = 1.14046mW
Total power delivered by the power supply = 1.145537mW
Absolute difference (%) = 5.076W (0.445%)

- 97 -
Appendix 3 Bills of Material

Lab 1
Bill of materials (BOM)

Resistors
100
820
1K
Capacitors
10nF
Inductors
680H

- 98 -
Lab 2

Resistors
100 (2) 120 1K (2)
1.2K (2) 1.8K 2K (2)
2.4K (2) 2.7K (2) 3K
3.3K 3.6K 4.7K
5.1K 5.6K 6.8K
7.5K 10K (3) 20K
30K 100K (2) 10K trimpot

Active devices:
TLC274 op-amp 2N3819 NJFET

- 99 -
Lab 3

No electronic components or instruments are required for this lab experiment.

- 100 -
Lab 4

Resistors
100 270 1K (5) 1.6K
2K (5) 2.7K 3.3K 3.9K
4.7K 5.1K 6.8K 7.5K
8.2K 10K (2) 15K 24K
30K (2)

- 101 -
Lab 5

Resistors:
100 300 1K (3) 1.5K
2K 2.7K 3K (2) 3.6K
3.9K 4.7K 5.1K (2) 6.8K (2)
8.2K 10K 12K 15K
30K 51K

Diode:
1N4148

- 102 -
Lab 6
Bill of Materials
Part Description Count
Op-amp
TLC274, quad CMOS op-amp, plastic
encapsulated
1
Resistor 510, 1/4W, 5%, carbon film resistor 1
Resistor 5.1K, 1/4W, 5%, carbon film resistor 2
Resistor 10K, 1/4W, 5%, carbon film resistor 10
Pot 10K, 1/4W, single turn potentiometer 1
Misc. Wire

- 103 -
Lab 7

Active devices:
OP-07 op-amp (3) LM741 DUT

Resistors:
100 (2) 2K (5) 30K
51K (3) 100K (2) 10K trimpot

Capacitors:
300nF, NPO multilayer

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Electrical Engineering Department University of Texas at Arlington

Lab Meeting No. 1 Introduction to EE Labs

Lab Experiment No. 1 Time-Domain Characteristics of Linear Networks

i. sweep time from zero seconds to 10 seconds,

Lab Experiment No. 2 Mesh and Nodal Matrix Equations

A. Calculated variables for network N

IV. Lab Measurements

B. Measured variables for network N

B. Recalculated variables for network N

C. Recalculated variables for network N

D. Recalculated variables for network N

VI. Lab Report

Lab Experiment No. 3 FM Transmitter Design Phase 1 & 2

III. Phase 1: Analysis

Lab Experiment No. 4 Network Theorems Part 1

d. Calculate the difference () in percent between V

Lab Experiment No. 5 Network Theorems Part 2

IV. Thevenins Equivalent

Lab Experiment No. 6 Amplifier Networks

Lab Experiment No. 7 Op-Amp Test and Measurement

The University of Texas at Arlington

f. calculate CMRR from

Appendix 1 Breadboard Layout Examples

Breadboard layout examples

Appendix 2 Lab Measurement Example

Lab Measurement Example 1

Appendix 3 Bills of Material

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