European Emission Standards

9/3/2014 European emission standards - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_emission_standards#Emission_standards_for_trucks_and_buses 1/15
Simplified chart showing the
progression of European emission
standards for Diesel cars.
Simplified chart showing the
progression of European emission
standards for Petrol cars. Note that
until Euro 5, there were no PM limits.
European emission standards
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU
member states. The emission standards are defined in a series of European Union directives staging the
progressive introduction of increasingly stringent standards.
Currently, emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO ), total hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane hydrocarbons
(NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) are regulated for most vehicle types, including
cars, lorries, trains, tractors and similar machinery, barges, but excluding seagoing ships and aeroplanes. For
each vehicle type, different standards apply. Compliance is determined by running the engine at a standardised
test cycle. Non-compliant vehicles cannot be sold in the EU, but new standards do not apply to vehicles
already on the roads. No use of specific technologies is mandated to meet the standards, though available
technology is considered when setting the standards. New models introduced must meet current or planned
standards, but minor lifecycle model revisions may continue to be offered with pre-compliant engines.
In the early 2000s, Australia began harmonising Australian Design Rule certification for new motor vehicle
emissions with Euro categories. Euro III was introduced on 1 January 2006 and is progressively being
introduced to align with European introduction dates.
Also see the EU-mandated European on-board diagnostics.
Contents
1 CO
2
emission
1.1 Obligatory labelling
1.2 Obligatory vehicle CO2 emission limits
2 Toxic emission: stages and legal framework
2.1 Emission standards for passenger cars
2.2 Emission standards for light commercial vehicles
2.3 Emission standards for trucks and buses
x
2.4 Emission standards for large goods vehicles
2.5 Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle
2.6 Emission standards for non-road mobile machinery
2.7 Cycle beating
3 Electrification
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
7.1 In the media
CO
2
emission
Within the European Union, road transport is responsible for about 20% of all CO
2
emissions, with passenger cars contributing about 12%.
[1]
The target fixed at Kyoto Protocol was an 8% reduction of emissions in all sectors of the economy compared to 1990 levels by 2008-2012.
Relative CO
2
emissions from transport have risen rapidly in recent years, from 21% of the total in 1990 to 28% in 2004,
[1][2][3]
but currently there are
no standards for limits on CO
2
emissions from vehicles.
EU transport emissions of CO
2
currently account for about 3.5% of total global CO
2
emissions.
Obligatory labelling
The purpose of Directive 1999/94/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 13 December 1999 relating to the availability of
consumer information on fuel economy and CO
2
emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger cars
[4]
is to ensure that information
relating to the fuel economy and CO
2
emissions of new passenger cars offered for sale or lease in the Community is made available to consumers in
order to enable consumers to make an informed choice.
In the United Kingdom, the initial approach was deemed ineffective. The way the information was presented was too complicated for consumers to
understand. As a result, car manufacturers in the United Kingdom voluntarily agreed to put a more consumer-friendly, colour-coded label displaying
CO
2
emissions on all new cars beginning in September 2005, with a letter from A (<100 CO
2
g/km) to F ( 186+ CO
2
g/km) . The goal of the new
green label is to give consumers clear information about the environmental performance of different vehicles.
[5]
Other EU member countries are also in the process of introducing consumer-friendly labels.
Obligatory vehicle CO2 emission limits
EU Regulation No 443/2009 sets an average CO
2
emissions target for new passenger cars of 130 grams per kilometre. The target is gradually being
phased in between 2012 and 2015. A target of 95 grams per kilometre will apply from 2021.
For light commercial vehicle, an emissions target of 175 g/km applies from 2017, and 147 g/km from 2020.
[6]
Toxic emission: stages and legal framework
The stages are typically referred to as Euro 1, Euro 2, Euro 3, Euro 4 and Euro 5 for Light Duty Vehicle standards. The corresponding series of
standards for Heavy Duty Vehicles use Roman, rather than Arabic numerals (Euro I, Euro II, etc.)
The legal framework consists in a series of directives, each amendments to the 1970 Directive 70/220/EEC.
[7]
The following is a summary list of the
standards, when they come into force, what they apply to, and which EU directives provide the definition of the standard.
Euro 1 (1993):
For passenger cars - 91/441/EEC.
[8]
Also for passenger cars and light trucks - 93/59/EEC.
Euro 2 (1996) for passenger cars - 94/12/EC (& 96/69/EC)
For motorcycle - 2002/51/EC (row A)
[9]
- 2006/120/EC
Euro 3 (2000) for any vehicle - 98/69/EC
[10]
For motorcycle - 2002/51/EC (row B)
[9]
- 2006/120/EC
Euro 4 (2005) for any vehicle - 98/69/EC (& 2002/80/EC)
Euro 5 (2008/9) and Euro 6 (2014) for light passenger and commercial vehicles - 715/2007/EC
[11]
Exhaust gases are far less toxic than
they were years ago.
These limits supersede the original directive on emission limits 70/220/EEC.
The classifications for vehicle category are defined by:
[12]
Commission Directive 2001/116/EC of 20 December 2001, adapting to technical progress Council Directive 70/156/EEC on the approximation
of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers
[13][14]
Directive 2002/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 March 2002 relating to the type-approval of two or three-wheeled
motor vehicles and repealing Council Directive 92/61/EEC
In the area of fuels, the 2001 Biofuels Directive requires that 5.75% of all transport fossil fuels (petrol and diesel) should be replaced by biofuels by 31
December 2010, with an intermediate target of 2% by the end of 2005. However, MEPs have since voted to lower this target in the wake of new
scientific evidence about the sustainability of biofuels and the impact on food prices. In a vote in Strasbourg, the European parliaments environment
committee supported a plan to curb the EU target for renewable sources in transport to 4% by 2015. They also said that a thorough review would be
required in 2015 before the EU could progress to an 8-10% mark by 2020.
Emission standards for passenger cars
Emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles are summarised in the following tables.
Since the Euro 2 stage, EU regulations introduce different emission limits for diesel and petrol vehicles. Diesels
have more stringent CO standards but are allowed higher NO emissions. Petrol-powered vehicles are
exempted from particulate matter (PM) standards through to the Euro 4 stage, but vehicles with direct injection
engines will be subject to a limit of 0.005 g/km for Euro 5 and Euro 6. A particulate number standard (P) or
(PN) is part of Euro 5 and 6, but is not final. The standard is to be defined as soon as possible and at the latest
upon entry into force of Euro 6.
[11]
All dates listed in the tables refer to new type approvals. The EC Directives also specify a second date one
year later which applies to first registration (entry into service) of existing, previously type-approved vehicle
models.
European emission standards for passenger cars (Category M*), g/km
x
Tier Date CO THC NMHC NO HC+NO PM P***
Diesel
Euro 1 July 1992 2.72 (3.16) - - - 0.97 (1.13) 0.14 (0.18) -
Euro 2 January 1996 1.0 - - - 0.7 0.08 -
Euro 3 January 2000 0.64 - - 0.50 0.56 0.05 -
Euro 4 January 2005 0.50 - - 0.25 0.30 0.025 -
Euro 5 September 2009 0.50 - - 0.180 0.230 0.005 -
Euro 6 September 2014 0.50 - - 0.080 0.170 0.005 -
Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro 1 July 1992 2.72 (3.16) - - - 0.97 (1.13) - -
Euro 2 January 1996 2.2 - - - 0.5 - -
Euro 3 January 2000 2.3 0.20 - 0.15 - - -
Euro 4 January 2005 1.0 0.10 - 0.08 - - -
Euro 5 September 2009 1.0 0.10 0.068 0.060 - 0.005** -
Euro 6 (future) September 2014 1.0 0.10 0.068 0.060 - 0.005** -
* Before Euro 5, passenger vehicles > 2500 kg were type approved as light commercial vehicles N
1
-I
** Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines
*** A number standard is to be defined as soon as possible and at the latest upon entry into force of Euro 6
Values in brackets are conformity of production (COP) limits
Emission standards for light commercial vehicles
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305 kg (Category N
1
-I), g/km
x x
Tier Date CO THC NMHC NO HC+NO PM P
Diesel
Euro 1 October 1994 2.72 - - - 0.97 0.14 -
Euro 2 January 1998 1.0 - - - 0.7 0.08 -
Euro 3 January 2000 0.64 - - 0.50 0.56 0.05 -
Euro 4 January 2005 0.50 - - 0.25 0.30 0.025 -
Euro 5 September 2009 0.500 - - 0.180 0.230 0.005 -
Euro 6 September 2014 0.500 - - 0.080 0.170 0.005 -
Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro 1 October 1994 2.72 - - - 0.97 - -
Euro 2 January 1998 2.2 - - - 0.5 - -
Euro 3 January 2000 2.3 0.20 - 0.15 - - -
Euro 4 January 2005 1.0 0.10 - 0.08 - - -
Euro 5 September 2009 1.000 0.100 0.068 0.060 - 0.005* -
Euro 6 September 2014 1.000 0.100 0.068 0.060 - 0.005* -
* Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305 kg 1760 kg (Category N
1
-II), g/km
x x
Diesel
Euro 1 October 1994 5.17 - - - 1.4 0.19 -
Euro 2 January 1998 1.25 - - - 1.0 0.12 -
Euro 3 January 2001 0.80 - - 0.65 0.72 0.07 -
Euro 4 January 2006 0.63 - - 0.33 0.39 0.04 -
Euro 5 September 2010 0.630 - - 0.235 0.295 0.005 -
Euro 6 September 2015 0.630 - - 0.105 0.195 0.005 -
Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro 1 October 1994 5.17 - - - 1.4 - -
Euro 2 January 1998 4.0 - - - 0.6 - -
Euro 3 January 2001 4.17 0.25 - 0.18 - - -
Euro 4 January 2006 1.81 0.13 - 0.10 - - -
Euro 5 September 2010 1.810 0.130 0.090 0.075 - 0.005* -
Euro 6 September 2015 1.810 0.130 0.090 0.075 - 0.005* -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles >1760 kg max 3500 kg. (Category N
1
-III & N
2
), g/km
x x
Diesel
Euro 1 October 1994 6.9 - - - 1.7 0.25 -
Euro 2 January 1998 1.5 - - - 1.2 0.17 -
Euro 3 January 2001 0.95 - - 0.78 0.86 0.10 -
Euro 4 January 2006 0.74 - - 0.39 0.46 0.06 -
Euro 5 September 2010 0.740 - - 0.280 0.350 0.005 -
Euro 6 September 2015 0.740 - - 0.125 0.215 0.005 -
Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro 1 October 1994 6.9 - - - 1.7 - -
Euro 2 January 1998 5.0 - - - 0.7 - -
Euro 3 January 2001 5.22 0.29 - 0.21 - - -
Euro 4 January 2006 2.27 0.16 - 0.11 - - -
Euro 5 September 2010 2.270 0.160 0.108 0.082 - 0.005* -
Euro 6 September 2015 2.270 0.160 0.108 0.082 - 0.005* -
Emission standards for trucks and buses
Whereas for passenger cars, the standards are defined by vehicle driving distance, g/km, for lorries (trucks) they are defined by engine energy output,
g/kWh, and are therefore in no way comparable. The following table contains a summary of the emission standards and their implementation dates. Dates
in the tables refer to new type approvals; the dates for all type approvals are in most cases one year later (EU type approvals are valid longer than one
year).
The official category name is heavy-duty diesel engines, which generally includes lorries and buses.
EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines, g/kWh (smoke in m
1
)
x x
Tier Date Test cycle CO HC NO PM Smoke
Euro I
1992, < 85 kW
ECE R-49
4.5 1.1 8.0 0.612
1992, > 85 kW 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36
Euro II
October 1996 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.25
October 1998 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
Euro III
October 1999 EEVs only ESC & ELR 1.0 0.25 2.0 0.02 0.15
October 2000
ESC & ELR
2.1 0.66 5.0
0.10
0.13*
0.8
Euro IV October 2005 1.5 0.46 3.5 0.02 0.5
Euro V October 2008 1.5 0.46 2.0 0.02 0.5
Euro VI
31 December 2013
[15]
1.5 0.13 0.4 0.01
* for engines of less than 0.75 dm swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3,000 per minute. EEV is "Enhanced
environmentally friendly vehicle".
Emission standards for large goods vehicles
Euro norm emissions for category N3, EDC, (2000 and up)
Standard Date CO (g/kWh) NO (g/kWh) HC (g/kWh) PM (g/kWh)
Euro 0 19881992 12.3 15.8 2.6 none
Euro I 19921995 4.9 9.0 1.23 0.40
Euro II 19951999 4.0 7.0 1.1 0.15
Euro III 19992005 2.1 5.0 0.66 0.1
Euro IV 20052008 1.5 3.5 0.46 0.02
Euro V 20082012 1.5 2.0 0.46 0.02
x
x
Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle
Standard Date CO (g/kWh) NO (g/kWh) HC (g/kWh) PM (g/kWh)
Euro 0 19881992 11.2 14.4 2.4 none
Euro I 19921995 4.5 8.0 1.1 0.36
Euro II 19951999 4.0 7.0 1.1 0.15
Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle
Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle or EEV is a term used in the European emission standards for the definition of a "clean vehicle" > 3.5
tonne in the category M2 and M3. The standard lies between the levels of Euro V and Euro VI.
Emission standards for non-road mobile machinery
The term non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) is a term used in the European emission standards to control emissions of engines that are not used
primarily on public roadways. This definition included off road vehicles as well as railway vehicles.
European standards for non-road diesel engines harmonize with the US EPA standards, and comprise gradually stringent tiers known as Stage I-IV
standards. The Stage I/II was part of the 1997 directive (Directive 97/68/EC). It was implemented in two stages with Stage I implemented in 1999 and
Stage II implemented between 2001 and 2004. In 2004, the European Parliament adopted Stage III/IV standards. The Stage III standards were further
divided into Stage III A and III B were phased in between 2006 and 2013. Stage IV standards will be enforced in 2014.
Cycle beating
For the emission standards to deliver real emission reductions it is crucial to use a test cycle that reflects real-world driving style. It was discovered that
engine manufacturers would engage in what was called 'cycle beating' to optimise emission performance to the test cycle, while emissions from typical
driving conditions would be much higher than expected, undermining the standards and public health. In one particular instance, research from two
German technology institutes found that for diesel cars no 'real' NO reductions have been achieved after 13 years of stricter standards (2006 report).
[16]
Electrification
As Europe's requirements for its vehicle fleets head toward a goal of 98 grams of CO per kilometer by 2020, Christian Maloney of the German office
x
x
As Europe's requirements for its vehicle fleets head toward a goal of 98 grams of CO
2
per kilometer by 2020, Christian Maloney of the German office
of consulting group McKinsey & Co. says the only way the automakers can get there and make money is with plug-in vehicles.
[17][18]
Many EU member states have responded to this problem by exploring the possibility of including electric vehicle-related infrastructure into their existing
road traffic system, with some even having begun implementation. The UK has begun its "plugged-in-places" scheme which sees funding go to several
areas across the UK in order to create a network of charging points for electric vehicles.
[19]
See also
ACEA agreement (the voluntary agreement with auto manufacturers to limit CO
2
emissions)
Biofuels Directive
Emission standards
Energy policy of the European Union
European Common Transport Policy
European Federation for Transport and Environment
European Union Emission Trading Scheme
Life cycle assessment
Motor vehicle emissions
National Emission Ceiling
Portable emissions measurement system
Type approval
World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE))
Notes
References
1. ^
a

b
"European Commission plans legislative framework to ensure the EU meets its target for cutting CO
2
emissions from cars. Ref: IP/07/155
07/02/2007" (http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/155&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en). Europa.eu.
Retrieved 2011-02-02.
2. ^ Mulvey, Stephen (2007-02-07). "7 February 2007, EU car CO
2
fight only beginning. by Stephen Mulvey"
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6337057.stm). BBC News. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
3. ^ Suellentrop, Chris (2013-06-29). "International Herald Tribune. EU to compromise on auto emissions - by Dan Bilefsky, Published: February 6, 2007"
(http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/06/news/carbon.php). International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2013-07-15.
4. ^ "Directive 1999/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 1999 relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel
economy and CO2 emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger cars" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?
uri=CELEX:31999L0094:EN:NOT). Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
5. ^ "Resources for the Future, Resources Magazine, Weathervane, One Car At A Time" (http://www.rff.org/news/features/pages/combating-global-
warming-one-car-at-a-time.aspx). Rff.org. 2006-01-10. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
6. ^ International Council on Clean Transportation (January 2014). "EU CO2 standards for passenger cars and light-commercial vehicles"
(http://www.theicct.org/eu-co2-standards-passenger-cars-and-lcvs). Retrieved 5 February 2014.
7. ^ "European Commission > Enterprise and Industry > Sectors > Automotive > Reference documents > Directives and regulations > Directive 70/220/EEC"
(http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/automotive/documents/directives/directive-70-220-eec_en.htm). Ec.europa.eu. 2010-08-31. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
8. ^ "91/441/EEC Council Directive 91/441/EEC of 26 June 1991 amending Directive 70/220/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States
relating to measures to be taken against air pollution by emissions from motor vehicles" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?
9. ^
a

b
"Directive 2002/51/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 July 2002 on the reduction of the level of pollutant emissions from two-
and three-wheel motor vehicles and amending Directive 97/24/EC" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002L0051:EN:NOT).
Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
10. ^ "Directive 98/69/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 relating to measures to be taken against air pollution by
emissions from motor vehicles and amending Council Directive 70/220/EEC" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?
11. ^
a

b
"Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2007 on type approval of motor vehicles with respect to
emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information" (http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32007R0715:EN:NOT). Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
Wikisource has original
text related to this article:
European Parliament
resolution on Winning
the Battle Against
Global Climate Change
External links
European emission standards (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/transport/road.htm).
European Environment Agency
EEA Glossary (http://glossary.eea.europa.eu)
EEA transport page (http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/transport).
EurActiv.com - Euro 5 emissions standards for cars (http://www.euractiv.com/en/transport/euro-5-
emissions-standards-cars/article-133325)
12. ^ "EUROPA > Summaries of EU legislation > Internal market > Single Market for Goods > Motor vehicles > Technical harmonisation for motor vehicles"
(http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/internal_market/single_market_for_goods/motor_vehicles/motor_vehicles_technical_harmonisation/index_en.htm).
Europa.eu. 2010-10-29. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
13. ^ "Council Directive 70/156/EEC of 6 February 1970 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor
vehicles and their trailers" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31970L0156:EN:NOT). Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2011-02-
02.
14. ^ "Commission Directive 2001/116/EC of 20 December 2001 adapting to technical progress Council Directive 70/156/EEC on the approximation of the
laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?
15. ^ "COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 582/2011 (Euro VI), date is for new registrations" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?
uri=OJ:L:2011:167:0001:0168:EN:PDF). Retrieved 2013-07-15.
16. ^ "Transport Environment.org Transport & Environment, Bulletin - News from the European Federation for Transport and Environment, No 146, March
2006, WHO adds pressure for stricter Euro-5 standards" (http://www.transportenvironment.org/docs/Bulletin/2006/2006-02_bulletin146_web.pdf) (PDF).
Retrieved 2011-02-02.
17. ^ "The California Cars Initiative. The Ultimate Posting on Plug-In Hybrid Developments: Sep 22, 2009" (http://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/1072.html).
Calcars.org. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
18. ^ "03 Sep 2009 McKinsey: EU CO
2
Regs Are a Death Sentence to Car Makers - But There's a Solution ... SYNOPSIS: Consultants McKinsey in Germany
says there is only one way for car makers to reach the EU's ambitious CO
2
targets: by selling lots of electric cars" (http://evworld.com/news.cfm?
newsid=21688). Evworld.com. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
19. ^ "Recharging infrastructure" (http://www.dft.gov.uk/topics/sustainable/olev/recharging-electric-vehicles/). Department for Transport. Retrieved 22
December 2011.
Dieselnet: EU emission standards (http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/eu/ld.html)
Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/500043002.pdf) The Impact of Euro 5 - Facts and
figures.
Commission proposal for Euro 5 (http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?
reference=IP/05/1660&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en)
T&E: No diesel NOX reduction in 13 years due to cycle beating (http://www.transportenvironment.org/Downloads-index-req-getit-lid-421.html)
COM 2007/19 Results of the review of the Community Strategy to reduce CO
2
emissions from passenger cars and light-commercial vehicles
(http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52007DC0019:EN:NOT)
European Commission conference (2003): Options to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions due to Mobile Air Conditioning
(http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/mac2003/index.htm)
In the media
2007-07-02, Auto Industry: ACEA welcomes EU Environment Councils recognition of need for integrated approach to CO
2
reduction
(http://www.autoindustry.co.uk/news/02-07-07_19)
February 7, 2007, BBC: EU car CO
2
fight only beginning (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6337057.stm)
February 7, 2007, European Commission: EU plans legislation to cut CO
2
emissions from cars (http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?
reference=IP/07/155&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en)
February 6, 2007, International Herald Tribune: EU to compromise on auto emissions
(http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/06/news/carbon.php)
January 31, 2007, Transport and Environment: Europe set to clean up fuels but stalls on cars
(http://www.transportenvironment.org/Article353.html)
January 31, 2007, European Commission: EU proposes stricter fuel standards to cut CO
2
emissions
(http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/120&type=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en)
January 24, 2007, The Guardian: Grand plan for a low-carbon Europe goes up in smoke
(http://environment.guardian.co.uk/travel/story/0,,1997422,00.html)
October 19, 2004: European Environment Agency: Poor European test standards understate air pollution from cars
(http://www.eea.europa.eu/pressroom/newsreleases/TERM2004-en)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_emission_standards&oldid=623704913"
Categories: Emission standards Carbon emissions in the European Union
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