Chapter # 1

Introduction
The recent development in Wireless Senor Network has found much potential application in
many fields. One of the important fields is remote patient monitoring which is our project. In this
project, we have developed a health care application which senses and transmits a patients
o!ygen saturation level i.e. SpO" and heart rate.
The second chapter gives an introduction of wireless sensor networks and some of the
applications are also given. Types of wireless sensor network applications are also given. # study
of essential components of a node of wireless sensor network is also ela$orated. The function of
sensor and its different types are also $rought to the study in this section.
The third chapter introduces and ela$orates wireless sensor networks in health care with a
num$er of e!amples. This is the core section of the thesis. It e!plains how a wireless network
helps a human life regarding the health care.Wireless sensor network has revolutioni%ed the
traditional health care system and has made lives easier to live. &otivation of our project is also
e!plained in this section.
The fourth chapter gives an overview of the hardware used in the project, which is a
development tool e'()*+,"-** from Te!as Instruments. It contains a low power
microcontroller and ".( ./% IS& $and compliant wireless transceiver. #s the most important
aspect of a wireless sensor network is the energy consumption, our device meets this prere0uisite
easily. Some of the routing protocols are also deli$erated which are used in wireless sensor
networks.
The fifth chapter e!plains previous work on wireless sensor networks in health care along with
the results and the findings. Numerous research $ased projects have $een carried out to evaluate
the performance of wireless sensor networks under different circumstances such as multi1hop
1
propagation and reduction of transmission power. These research projects serve as guidance for
the future enhancements in this technology.
The sixth chapter is $ased on e!periments and findings. # num$er of e!periments are carried out
with proper e!planation and recordings. The recorded data is shown in graphs to help make
$etter understand the e!periment outcomes.
2
Chapter # 2
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Network
2.1 Wireless Sensor Network:
# group of wisely employed sensors installed for the purpose of data gathering of a certain type
esta$lish a wireless sensor network. These sensors can $e used for a diverse data collection. The
sensor can $e used to sense a physical phenomenon and then can transmit this data to a gateway
through a wireless channel. # num$er of immediate nodes are included to transmit the data to the
desired location. These nodes re0uire to $e placed carefully in order to communicate efficiently
with a minimum num$er of nodes possi$le. # wide range of applications are using the wireless
sensor network which now found a critical position in modern communication scenarios.
Whether surveillance in military or home care, wireless sensor networks play a pivotal role in
almost all fields in which they are employed. Their diversity and fle!i$ility make them easier to
use and efficient to work.
Wireless networks are offering fle!i$ility as they dont re0uire comple! wired $ack$ones as
compared to typical networks. This makes their installation easier and on the other hand, more
economical. Todays advancements in integrated chips allow radio transceiver, 234 and
actuators to $e $uilt on a single $oard. 5ow powered radios provide effective communication at
small distances. These sensor nodes occupy a very small physical si%e. This is essentially a
distri$uted system which a cluster of sensor nodes occupying a specific area to provide a solution
to a specific need.
We can define wireless sensor network, the assem$ly of small ar$itrarily placed devices, called
sensors that provide three $asic essential purposes 678 such as9
To sense and monitor physical and environmental conditions i.e. temperature,
pressure, light and moisture
3
To activate devices like switches, motors or actuators which operate on the sensed
parameters
To $ring fast, consistent communications through a wireless network.
These small logically placed computing devices capa$le of data processing and communication
678. The main purpose of a wireless sensor network is to collect relia$le information and send it
to the designated place. # num$er of sensors or actuators may $e attached to these devices. :ata
is transmitted and received through wireless channel. Wireless sensor network is actually a real
time distri$uted system. # distri$uted system consists of scattered data ac0uisition devices.
Wireless sensor network now plays a pivotal role in promoting areas of personal health to the
monitoring of environmental conditions. Wireless sensor network improves the 0uality of life. It
is very important for time critical applications. It has got a wide range of applications ranging
from personal health to the military purposes. ;nvironment and industrial monitoring, traffic
control and weather check also fall under the shadow of the vast $enefits resulting from the
wireless sensor networks. The recent advancement in this technology is very promising and in
the near future this technology is going to e!pand.
The composition of a wireless sensor network consists of numerous sensors, which collectively
perform the same function for the testing or monitoring purposes. Num$ers of nodes are
connected to a wireless sensor network to perform a set of functions. These nodes are separated
$y a reasona$le distance. These nodes are also known as motes. # num$er of data collection
devices called sensor are attached to nodes. These sensors collect the re0uired data and transmit
it to the nodes. :ifferent types of routing protocol are used for the communication of data. &ulti
hop is one of these techni0ues. The nodes are then connected to a gateway which receives the
data. These nodes are powered $y dry cells. # well1suited architecture is followed in the
placement of the nodes and the sensors.
:iversity is the major advantage of WSN. ;ach node can operate indecently and do the functions
as assigned. This allows operating of application $ased protocols resulting in a higher modular
system according to 67-8.
2.2 Components of a node:
4
# typical node may consist of a9
&icrocontroller
+adio transceiver
Sensor or more
3ower source <:ry $atteries=
2.2.1 Microcontroller:
# microcontroller is a powerful device used for data processing> e!ecution of different
algorithms and communication protocols. In other words, it is the $rain of a node. It can also $e
called a small computer.
It fundamentally contains9
# processor which e!ecutes the instructions.
&emory which stores the program.
+eprogramma$le input or output peripherals to provide fle!i$ility in usage
The microcontroller fetches the instructions from the +#& and then e!ecutes the instructions.
These instructions are actually the code which is downloaded to the microcontroller. The
performance of microcontroller strongly depends on the power. /igher the performance, higher
will $e the power consumed. It is highly recommended to choose a suita$le microcontroller
otherwise it may not $e economical $ecause of the power constraints
2.2.1.1 Microcontroller diersit!:
The diversity in microcontrollers as in 6"8 includes9
&emory si%e
Internal vs. e!ternal memory
3hysical si%e
3eripheral support
11S3I, 4#+T, I"2
Operating voltage range
2apture and compare
5
2.2.2 "adio transceier:
+adio transceiver ena$les a node to transmit and receive an electromagnetic signal. # radio
transceiver contains $oth the transmitter and the receiver. It communicates through radio waves.
It allows communication $etween two nodes and operates on a certain fre0uency. It converts
electrical energy to electromagnetic waves and vice versa. The radio transmission and reception
are carried out $y the transceiver. It is an important technology advancement to com$ine a
transmitter and a receiver on a single chip using same connection either to transmit or to receive.
# radio transceiver can operate in one of the following modes9
Transmit
+eceive
Sleep
Idle <neither transmit nor receive=
It is very important to manage the sleep mode of a radio transceiver, $ecause a significant
amount of power is wasted in waking up the radio from sleep mode and then $ringing it to
receive mode. # num$er of techni0ues are employed to minimi%e the power wastage. Sleep
modes are 0uite critical in energy management. # transceiver stay in a sleep mode until a signal
is received. Sleep mode turns off 234, as there is no instant re0uirement of data processing, and
other energy1consuming components.
2.2.# Sensor:
The sensor is a device which converts physical parameters to electrical signals. # sensor
responds to an e!ternal signal. Sensor in a wireless communication system is attached to the
node. It converts a physical 0uantity to a sensi$le signal which can $e processed. The signal
sensed $y the sensor is transmitted to the node. The output of a sensor is generally a voltage. The
signal processing is done $y the micro controller.
.enerally a sensor can $e classified as9
#nalogue sensor, i.e. a thermometer
:igital sensor, i.e. touch switch
6
Numerous types of sensors are availa$le such as touch, motion, humidity and smoke sensor. So
WSN has a wide range of applications.
2.2.#.1 Commerciall! $aila%le Sensors:
# num$er of sensors are availa$le for commercial use. These sensors serve different useful
purposes. Some of them are given $elow9
&ulse ox!'en saturation sensors:
These sensors are used to determine the o!ygen saturation in a patient along with the heart$eat
rate. 2ommonly known sensors are SpO" sensors. :ifferent wavelengths of light are made to
penetrate through soft tissues such as earlo$es or finger tips and then the resulting a$sorption is
noted $ased on the intensity on photodiode. The commonly used wavelengths are ??*nm and
@(*nm. The a$sorption at these wavelengths is viewed and then o!ygen saturation is calculated.
(lood pressure sensors:
Alood pressure is an important entity for the successful analysis of certain diseases. Sensors are
availa$le, which are used to measure $lood pressure. The $lood pressure sensor takes the
measurements of systolic, diastolic pressures, which are synonymous with contraction and
rela!ation rate of heart muscles resulting in circulation of $lood.
)lectrocardio'ram *)C+,:
The sensors which are used to determine the hearts activity are known as ;2. sensors. These
sensors are employed in heart diagnostics.
)lectrom!o'ram *)M+,:
7
In some cases, it is desira$le to record and analyses the muscle activities. ;&. sensors are used
to measure the muscle movement. These sensors detect and measure the muscles activity when
they are electrically activated which results in an electrical potential 67@8.
-emperature sensors:
These are the most commonly used sensors to measure the internal $ody temperature and skin
temperature.
(lood flow sensors
These sensors record the $lood flow in arteries.
(lood ox!'en leel sensor:
O!ygen is an important part of human $lood and is carried $y hemoglo$in, which is called the
o!ygen carrier. Sensors are used to record the o!ygen saturation in the $lood.
"espiration sensors:
These sensors are used for measuring respiratory system motion.
2.2..)ssential re/uirements for a node:
# sensor node has the following re0uirements as discussed in 6"89
5ow power consumption
Small physical si%e
&ulti1hop communication support
Self1configuration
2.2...1+eneral architecture of a node0 mote:
8
The architecture most commonly implemented for a sensor node consists of a microcontroller,
memory, analogue and digital input ports, and sensor as shown $y the following figure 6"*8.
2.# Communication in a Wireless Sensor Network:
:ata communication in a wireless network can $e divided into two categories 6(89
2.#.1 Sin'le 1op:
;ach node can independently transmit and receive data with the $ase station using a single hop.
The transmission power is usually high.
9
)xternal Memor!
"adio -ransceier
&icrocontroller
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Sensor
Sensor
4i'ure 2.1 .eneral #rchitecture of a &oteBNode 6"*8
2.#.2 Multi5hop:
The range of sensor node is low and data is communicated to the $ase station $y a num$er of
immediate nodes. &ulti1hop is more common as we re0uire radios to operate at a minimum
transmission power. # routing protocol must $e defined for communication $etween different
nodes.
2.. -!pes of Wireless Sensor Network $pplications:
.enerally, applications of WSN fall into following three categories as descri$ed in 6-89
2...1 Continuous:
Sensor continuously senses and transmits data to the nodes. This type of WSN is critical for time
$ase applications 6-8. #pplications re0uiring real time data gathering employ such techni0ues.
2...2 2n53emand:
Sensor, although continue data sensing all the time, $ut transmit the data when there is a re0uest
for data from $ase station. :ata is stored in the $uffer and sent whenever a demand is sent.
2...# )ent53rien:
Sensors only send data if a certain event has occurred, i.e. smoke and fire sensors. This techni0ue
is usually employed for security applications.
10
Sensor
Node or mote
4i'ure 2.2 Wireless Sensor Network
2.6 Comparison of WSN with other networks:
-raditional Network Wireless Network
Serves many applications Serves one specific application
;nergy is not a prime concern ;nergy consumption is critical
Well planned network Often work on ad1hoc
&aintenance is possi$le No maintenance is possi$le
11
-a%le 2.1 2omparison of Traditional and Wireless Network
Waltenegus :argie et al. <"*7*, ,undamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks Theory and
3ractice= has descri$ed a$ove differences $etween typical wired and wireless networks.
2.7 $pplication of Wireless Sensor Networks:
Wireless sensor network has many applications in every field, ranging from personal heath to
wide industrial monitoring and mechani%ation. Some of them are given $elow 6?8.
Specific monitoring of an area
;cological monitoring
&onitoring of Industrial machinery
#pplication in agriculture field
&onitoring of physical structures
Tracking
/ome defense
2.7.1 Specific monitorin' of an area:
We re0uire to monitor an area for certain reasons that might $e of defense or seismological.
WSN gives us a simple applica$le solution to this pro$lem. Sensors are deployed in that area
which needs to $e monitored. These sensors detect the re0uire activity and transmit it to the $ase
station.
2.7.2 )colo'ical monitorin':
;cological monitoring covers a num$er of parameters such as air 0uality, fire, deterioration of
land and disaster management. These are the critical factors which need to $e monitored in for a
health environment. # $rief description of these factors is given $elow.
12
2.7.# $ir /ualit! control
#ir can $e polluted in a num$er of ways. There is a need to keep an eye on the 0uality of air. The
concentration of ha%ardous gases, which is harmful for human health, needs to $e checked
regularly.
2.7.. 4ire control:
,ire causes too much damage to the property and the natural environment. The destruction $y the
fire can $e minimi%ed if fire is detected at an early stage. Sensors are availa$le which can detect
fire $y measuring the corresponding area temperature.
2.7.6 8and slide detection:
It is of 0uite interest to know that, sensors can detect the movement and numerous parameters
which can help us to study the land slide effects $efore and after.
2.7.7 3isaster mana'ement:
Natural disasters are $ound to come due to undesira$le effects casted $y the human $eings.
Wireless sensor networks allow us to manage these natural catastrophes. Sensor can sense heavy
rain and flooding in an area.
2.7.9 Monitorin' of industrial machiner!:
Aig and costly machinery operates inside an industrial area. This makes their safety and
maintenance more important. # slightest change can cause these machines to work inappropriate
and yield the wrong results. The varying 0uantities such as temperature and pressure are kept
maintained $y the sensors installed.
2.7.: $pplication in a'ricultural field:
# farmer can use wireless sensor network to provide a specific 0uantity of water to the crops.
This avoids major water wastage. The electronic $illing can $e supported for the water. In
addition water 0uality can also $e verified $efore watering the crops. Sensors are availa$le to
identify different diseases in the produces.
13
2.7.; Monitorin' of ph!sical structures:
The giant structures need to check for deformation or any damage to evade any future tragedies.
2.7.1< -rackin':
#ny o$ject can $e tracked and located $y wireless sensor network provide a sensor attached to
the o$ject. The sensor sends the signal which is used to track the e!act locations. The tracking
can also $e taken in terms of surveillance.
2.7.11 1ome defense:
/ome defense system includes sounding the alarm in case of a ro$$ery. There is also
development for the navigation of disa$led persons in home environment.
Chapter # #
Wireless Sensor Networks in &u%lic 1ealth Care
#.1 Wireless Sensor Network in 1ealth:
Now, here comes a significant improvement in the health sector. &odern electronic components
are used to check the patients as far as their homes. +emote patient monitoring is a techni0ue $y
which a physician sitting in his own office can see the vital sign variations in a patient. It is very
effective in chronic diseases where e!tensive care is re0uired $y the patient. The patient is fully
mo$ility independent. 2ontrary to the scenario where the patient has to $e contained within a
room and then recording the vital sign readings, WSN provides fle!i$ility that this service is now
14
availa$le at the doorstep of the patient. Cust attach a sensor to your $odys corresponding area
and connect this sensor to a wireless sensor network node.
The technology which is incorporated into remote patient monitoring is Wireless Sensor
Network commonly known as WSN. Ay the help of this technology, a slightest change in $ody
temperature or pulse can $e transmitted to the doctor. The doctor then takes the appropriate
measure. This technology uses different sensors to detect the patients data, manipulates it and
sends it wirelessly. :ifferent types of sensors are availa$le to diagnose the symptoms of diverse
ailments. ;arly detection is possi$le using wireless sensor networks. The time which is wasted in
transportation to the hospital is compensated ensuring more relia$le and efficient treatments. In
more severe cases, the patient may e!pire $efore reaching the hospital.
3hysiological data such as $lood pressure, $ody temperature and pulse are collected through
various sensors, which are deployed on the patients $ody. This data is passed through some
processing and then finally transmitted $y a wireless device at the patients place to the
concerned health care units which in turn take the appropriate measures to ensure patients good
health. This data is now analy%ed for potential pro$lems $y a health1care professional, and
immediate care is given if needed. This techni0ue improves patients outcome. The future of the
medical area strongly depends on wireless technologies such as remote patient monitoring.
15
Node 1
Node n51
Node n
+atewa! Serer
Spo2 Sensor
connected with
patient and node 1
&atient
We can categori%e the diseases as temporary or prolonged. # chronic disease is a dangerous one,
and it stays with the patient for a 0uite long period of time. It severely affects the activities of a
common $eing, and it needs e!tensive treatment. The patient has to regularly go to the physician
and take the medicine as instructed. The patient has got to $e regularly checked up and take the
necessary precautions as indicated $y the physician.
The most important purpose of a WSN in health care is the detection of early symptoms, which
result in patients deterioration later. These symptoms allow the physician to intervene and take
necessary steps to safeguard the patients life.
The traditional way of treatment comes into the hospital where the patient is kept in a controlled
environment. The patient may $e treated either with the medicine or surgery.
# multitude variety of health related applications has $een recommended including o$servation
and treatment of patients with9
;pilepsy
;lderly people with chronic diseases.
3arkinsons disease /eart patients
3atients reha$ilitating from stroke or heart attack
/ealth care applications do not function as separate systems. They are integral parts of a
comprehensive and comple! health and rescue system.
16
4i'ure #.1: +emote 3atients &onitoring 4sing ;'()*+,"-** :evelopment Tool
#.1.1 1ealth related WSN examples:
Wireless sensor network reduce the use of heavy machinery which were used for health
monitoring. Now with use of small si%e wireless sensor network devices, patients can $e
monitored in a $etter way and patients sitting at home can monitor them $y using wireless sensor
devices.
Use of wireless sensor networks with existing electronic devices provides a
new and eas wa of health !onitoring at ho!e" #arl detection of diseases
helps in i!proving the life $%alit of a h%!an" &ireless sensor networks as
disc%ssed in '6( help in health !onitoring at ho!e in so!e of the following
was"
Sleep Safe
Aa$y .love
,ire 5ine
2ardiovascular :isease
.lucose 5evel &onitoring
#.1.1.1 Sleep Safe:
Infants aging $etween one month to one year die due to the disease of Sudden Infant :eath
Syndrome <SI:S=. With the research, doctors find that one of the reasons of this disease is due to
the sleep of children on their stomach. :octors make caution to the parents to not put their
children $ack on while sleeping> these results reduce the death rate to (*D.
Wireless sensor network helps in detecting the position of child during sleep. # sensor is attached
to the clothes of the child which continuously detects the position of the child and sends the
collected data wirelessly to other sensor which is connected to the $ase station. The processing of
data is done at the $ase station $y checking, if the child is sleeping on its side or on the stomach
parents are informed $y the $ase station. So, parents dont need to watch their child while
sleeping.
#.1.1.2(a%! +loe:
17
The $ody mass of infants is very low, so they face health pro$lems due to low sweating. The
temperature of the infants must maintain $etween )?2 to )E 2 as indicated in 6F8.
Wireless sensor networks help to check the temperature of the infants. # special device is
designed for this purpose called $a$y glove. It consists of two sensor plates containing trimester
and electrode to monitor pulse rate and the water content. ;lectrodes of the sensor plates are
placed at posteriors and anterior upper part of the chest of the infant. The temperature sensor
collects data and transmits to the $ase station. The pulse rate electrode sensor operates on the
heart $eat during $lood pump and calculates the hydration using resistive measurements. Ay
analy%ing the processed data, an alarm is signaled to the parents, if the current disorder crosses
the predefined health situations.
#.1.1.# 4ire 8ine:
Wireless sensor networks help us to monitor the health of firefighter. :uring firefighting hostile
environment, temperature and smoke cause stress to firefighter heart. This causes a serious threat
to firefighters health. # wireless sensor device called Tmote is designed to resolve this pro$lem.
Tmote device consists of heart rate sensor $oard with electrode. The device is sewn on inner rite
sleeves of the shirt. The electrodes samples the voltage signal from heart $eat every 7*ms. This
reading is transmitted to a near$y $ase station where it is analy%ed. If the heart rate increase or
decrease to a certain limit e.g. for a normal person it ranges $etween -*17(* $pm, then the
firefighter is removed from the scene.
#.1.1.. Cardioascular 3isease:
Now a days heart attack is one of the fastest increasing diseases in the world. This disease
appears without any type of indication, so the person gets death due to lack of on time treatment.
With use of wireless sensor network patients can easily check their heart $eat status.
,or this purpose the monitoring system consists of three parts.
;2. monitoring device around neck or on $elt clip
# sever
# remote monitoring center
18
;2. monitoring device sense the patient heart rate and transmit the sensed data wirelessly to a
server. The data is then sent to the monitoring center for analy%ing. If the waveform crosses the
predefined limit then patient is informed to take precautionary action. This can also $e done for
daily $asis treatment $y keeping the record of data.
#.1.1.6 +lucose 8eel Monitorin'
In developed countries it is estimated that "(D of total population is suffering from the disease
of dia$etes. If it is not monitored properly then there may $e a chance of serious threat to human
life. With the development of wireless sensor network, makes patients efficient and low cost
treatment at their home.
The glucose level monitoring system consists of sensors and actuators. #ctuator takes action
which is commended $y sensors. The sensors are placed at patients $ody, sense and transmit the
data to a server and monitoring room. #fter analy%ing the data, if it reaches the predefined limit
then insulin is injected to patients $ody automatically through actuator.
#.1.1.7 In 1ome $ssistance:
In home health care wireless sensor network provide caring environment and make users aware
of dangerous situations. ,or e!ample the refrigerator informs the users that the food which is
present is going out of date or not. These network stores data and e!change this data with server
remotely wirelessly. So users need not to go out for checking the food that it is safe or it e!pires.
#.2 Need for WSN:
WSN ensures health care facilities at the door step. 3atients find the $est part in WSN as a
convenience. The patient has not to travel at all or very less often. It significantly reduces
hospital trips which in turns are highly economical. #ll the vital signs of the patients health are
transmitted to concerned place where they are taken good care of. The doctor advises the patient
accordingly. The doctor can have a good look at the patients conditions even if they are present
19
there physically. This is a great fle!i$ility shown $y integrating wireless networks in healthcare.
#s the hospital are overcrowding day $y day with the provision of health care services are not in
proportionate to the num$er of patients vesting hospital. Today there is more congestion which
re0uires looking for an alternate solution for this very pro$lem. Wireless sensor networks
designed for health care applications ensure monitoring of multiple of patients contrary to the
conventional system. This is no e!tensive re0uirement of an attendant or a nurse around a patient
to report in case of emergency. The a$normal condition of a patient can easily $e traced. Wireless
sensor is specially designed to report in critical conditions of patient along with normal tracking
of patients data. Wireless sensor network has far reaching effects in health care. On one side it
improves the economy of the hospitals and on the other hands provides a handy continuous
monitoring of the patient without distur$ing the normal life.
#.2.1 "easons:
The typical health care facilities are very costly. So, there is a need for a more competent health
care system. #ccording to the 4S 2enters for &edicare and &edicaid Services <2&S=, the
national health spending in the country in "**E was estimated to $e G".(trillion 4S:. The costs
caused $y heart disease and stroke are around G)@( $illion. This is a concern for policy makers,
health care providers, hospitals, insurance companies, and patients whom the current health care
system is not providing the re0uired results.
/igher spending does not imply 0uality service or prolonged lifetime <Hulkarni and I%tJrk
"**F=. ,or e!ample, in "***, the 4S spent more on health care than any other country in the
world K an average of G(,-** 4S: per person, $ut ranked "Fth in average life e!pectancy, which
is certainly not a positive point regarding this system. Some of the countries achieve much higher
life e!pectancy with lower costs. 3reventive health care poses a significant inconvenience for
routine life and managing schedules. This causes a change in living and working ha$its and e!tra
transportation charges.
To cope with these pro$lems, researchers proposed comprehensi$le solutions that involve the
following tasks9
20
Auilding pervasive systems that provide patients with rich information a$out diseases and
their prevention mechanisms.
Seamless integration of health infrastructures with emergency and rescue operations as
well as transportation systems
:eveloping relia$le and uno$trusive health monitoring systems that can $e worn $y
patients to reduce the task and the presence of medical personnel.
#larming nurses and doctors when medical intervention is necessary.
+educing inconvenient and costly check1up visits $y creating relia$le links $etween
autonomous health monitoring systems and health institutions
)xamples:
&arkinson=s disease:
The aim is to augment or entirely replace a human o$server and to help physicians fine1tune
medication dosage. Weaver <"**)= the system consists of a lightweight sensor node with ):
accelerometer sensors <sampled at a rate of (*/%.=, a processor core, a storage system for
logging data for later retrieval. The system could record 7F hours of accelerometer data. The
patients wear the nodes in their ankles and wrists. The report reveals that the system could
identify the occurrence of dyskinesia at the rate of E*D.
5orinc% et al. <"**@, Shimmer wireless sensor platform= the node consists of TI&S3()*
processor22"("* I;;; E*".7-.( radiotri1a!ialaccelerometer rechargea$le5i1polymer$attery
integrates a &icro S: slot <supports flash memory= for storing accelerometer data. The node is
capa$le of storing data continuously for more than E* days at a sampling fre0uency of -*/%.
#.# $danta'es of WSN in health care:
#.#.1 -ime efficient:
21
It is highly time efficient. The early symptom which patient records at the hospital can now
easily $e transmitted without $eing travelled. The travelling time is compensated allowing the
physicians to take a deep look.
#.#.2 >ualit! of life improement:
It increases a patientLs 0uality of life. It allows a patient to rela! that I am $eing continuously
monitored. If something happens to me I would $e treated well. We can say that a virtual doctor
is availa$le to the patient. It ensures the improvement of mental health.
#.#.# )arl! s!mptoms detection:
WSN allows trend analysis of physiological parameters and ena$le early detection of health
deterioration. This is a su$stantial improvement in health care system.
#.#.. Communication improement:
The new improvements in this technology focus on education and good communication $etween
the patient and health care unit.
#.#.6 Continuous monitorin':
WSN allows continuous monitoring of patients vital signs. This does not re0uire an intervention
form the medical staff as the signal is transmitted $y the device. # critical change in any of signs
alerts that the patient is in need of immediate attention.
#.#.7 "emote detection:
WSN also allows monitoring of patients when they are in remote areas.
#.#.9 Cost effectie:
+emote patent monitoring ensures health care facilities a lower cost than the traditional system.
#.. 8imitations and Challen'es:
22
Wireless sensor networks have many limitations. Sensors are designed with limited processing
capa$ilities and limited amount of energy. Now a days researchers are trying to find those
algorithms for wireless sensor networks that take less computation and data storage. The si%e is
also an issue so that minimum power is to $e utili%ed.
#...1 )ner'! Consumption:
Sensor nodes are e0uipped with small and limited $atteries which cannot $e changed or
recharged. If the $atteries e!hausts, the sensor nodes are destroyed. In addition, wireless sensor
networks consume more energy for communication as compared to data computation. The
energy cost of communication is same as that re0uired $y e!ecuting operations.
:uty cycling and in1network processing are two techni0ues used to reduce the power
consumption in wireless sensor networks. so the relia$ility of system must $e kept in mind $y
using energy consumption algorithms.
#...2 Securit!:
Security is one of the major issues in wireless sensor network. Wireless media is less secure than
wired media. So in health care little change in data may cause serious threat to life. We can
define security at some levels. Wireless sensor transmits data in every direction, so it is possi$le
that the data may $e hacked $y hackers or change the destination or make the flow of data
inconsistent. The hackers can also steal and modify the data through .3+S. The hackers can also
track location and keep an eye on the activity of users.
:ata encryption and authentication techni0ues are used for security of data transfer at some
levels.
#...# Context $wareness:
2onte!t is the information which descri$es the state of person, place or o$ject. 2onte!t
awareness is also an issue in wireless sensor network. ,or e!ample if sensor detects the heart rate
of person which may $e increased due to some e!ercise rather than heart rate which causes the
heart attack. Some factors such as sensors notice, failure of node and noise in network may cause
inaccurate reading. So, proper conte!t aware algorithm must $e used to reduce the noise in data.
23
To include new algorithms its must $e kept in mind to familiar with old conte!t algorithms so
that to avoid re learning.
#...# 4ault -olerance:
&any faults occur in wireless sensor network due to harsh environment, hackers and the in
a$ility of device. # node is said to $e faulty node if we get the results which are deviated $y the
neigh$or nodes. The network has to provide the services even some nodes fail to communicate
due to any reason. To ac0uire proper services fault tolerance mechanisms must $e used.
#.... &riac!:
3rivacy is also one main issue in wireless sensor network. When the data is transmitted
wirelessly, there is a possi$le threat to data privacy. so the end users feel unrelia$le in this
situation. It is not possi$le to get consent of user for transmission of data during emergency
cases. The information is transmitted through pu$lic used medium so hackers can misuse the
data.
#...6 >ualit! of Serice *>oS,:
+educe of transmission delay is a challenging issue of wireless sensor network. When data is
transmitted, it passes through multiple hopes or nodes and it is also possi$le that some nodes are
present in critical areas having magnetic field or radio waves influence which may cause
transmission delay. So network must $e synchroni%ing in such a way that there occurs less
transmission delay.
#...7 $ccurac! and "elia%ilit!:
#ccuracy makes the devices relia$le. If the data collected from patients $ody is not accurate,
then the treatment is done on the wrong collected data which can harm patients life.
#...9 Scala%le Inte'ration:
With vast use of wireless sensor network in daily routine it must $e keep in mind the integration
of new sensor with possi$le re0uirements.
24
#...: Comfort a%ilit!:
The devices $ased on wireless sensor networks must $e made comforta$le for users so that they
will not affect users daily routine and easy to use.
#...; )fficient "esponse:
In emergency situations there is a need of efficient response. The device must have the a$ility of
0uick response in these situations.
#.6 Motiation:
We aim to provide a wireless monitoring system for those patients who fre0uently re0uire
hospital visits. Our system removes this inconvenience very well. This system $ased on wireless
sensor networking is very effective for chronic patients. Now the patient can $e monitored at the
hospital without $eing actually travelled to the hospital. The vital signs of the patient can $e sent
to the specific health unit where they can $e evaluated and the patient can $e given the proper
attention or precaution that is needed. This system removes the hindrance of travelling making it
more time efficient and to a greater e!tent an economical system. With the deployment of WSN
in health care significant amount of time and money can $e saved. Today the hospitals are
overloaded with patients so WSN has got a great potential for solving this pro$lem.
We are currently sending patients heart rate data through this system. Other signal such as ;2.
and $ody temperature can also $e sent. We are using SpO" sensor to accomplish this project.
This sensor measures the o!ygen saturation in the $lood.
25
Chapter # .
Introduction to 1ardware and "outin' &rotocols
..1 Sp22 sensor:
SpO" is widely used in medical e!aminations when a sudden change in heart rate or decline of
$lood o!ygen needs medical attention 6E8. It is used to measure two important characteristics,
heart rate and $lood o!ygen saturation. This sensor is deployed on the finger of the patient where
it measures o!ygen level $y sending signals of different wavelength and measure the resulting
a$sorption of these wavelengths $y o!ygen molecules. ,ingertip pro$es are most common SpO"
sensors deployed.
#s we know that hemoglo$in is the carrier of o!ygen molecules in the $ody cells. The saturation
of o!ygen in human $lood cells is the comparative concentration of o!ygen saturated
hemoglo$in recogni%ed as /$O" and o!ygen free hemoglo$in known as /$. The a$sorption of
these wavelengths $y these two can $e clearly distinguished. The typical wavelengths used are
??*nm and @(*nm. O!ygen carrier the hemoglo$in shows contrasting a$sor$ance features with
these wavelengths.
..1.1 Workin' of Sp22 sensor:
26
SpO" sensor consists of a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter consists of two 5;:s one
red and other infrared. +ed 5;: has a wavelength of??*nm while @(*nm is the wavelength of
infrared 5;:. The receiver in fact is a photodiode which receives the signal after $eing a$sor$ed
$y the arterial $lood. The transmitter transmits wavelengths which are made to pass through
tissues and are then finally received at the receiver. #s the arteries are contracted or rela!ed it
results in a different amount of light a$sor$ed. This allows determining a$sor$ent due to
pulsating $lood. The a$sorption $y o! hemoglo$in and de1o!yhemoglo$in is different at these
wavelengths. Their ratio can $e calculated $y the ratio of a$sorption of red and infrared light.
The sensor readings fluctuate due to the heart$eat as the arteries a$sor$ differently when they are
contracted or rela!ed. #s the si%e of arteries varies it creates a change in the o$servance of these
wavelengths.
..1.2 $danta'es of Sp22 sensor:
Aecause of its simplicity it can $e used anywhere.
It has simple architecture.
It is deployed widely in areas where the patients o!ygen level needs to $e monitored.
It can $e e0ually conveniently used in intensive care units and monitoring rooms.
It is of great importance for chronic patients.
It is easier to use and uses non1conventional method to o$tain o!ygen saturation.
..2 )?.#<5"426<<:
It is a comprehensive development tool which we are using for our project of WSN. This
development tool comes from Te!as Instruments. The e'()*1+,"-** is a complete &S3()*
wireless development tool 6@8 which provides9
The hardware and
The software
27
The microcontroller included is &S3()*,""F( and the radio transceiver is 22"-** which
operates at ".( ./%. It is e!tremely efficient in wireless sensor networking, as it consumes very
small energy which is the foremost re0uirement of our project. This development tool operates
on very small power and provides astonishing communication services.
..2.1 2peratin' modes of MS&.#<4229.:
#s low power consumption is very critical for WSN application, so &S3()*,""F( has only one
active mode which is the most energy consuming mode and five software selecta$le modes for
ensuring power efficiency. # signal of an interrupt type can cause the 234 to wake up in any of
these modes. #ccording to 67*8 following current consumption are noted for different modes of
operation.
Operating modes 2urrent
consumption
#ctive mode <active9 234 and all clock= )."Em#
53&* mode
<active9 S&25H, #25H> disa$led9 234, &25H-=
".EEm#
53&) mode
<active9 #25H> disa$led9 234, &25H, S&25H=
".F"m#
53&( mode
<disa$led9 234 and all clock=
".F"m#
-a%le #.1: Operating modes of &S3()*,""F(
..2.2 2scillator and clock source:
The $asic clock as in 6778, module includes support for9
#u!iliary clock <#25H=, fed from a )" k/% watch crystal, a high fre0uency crystal, or
the internal very low power low fre0uency oscillator.
28
&ain clock <&25H=, this clock is used $y the 234 to e!ecute instructions and
commands.
Su$1&ain clock <S&25H=, the peripheral modules use this clock.
..2.# 3i'ital I02:
There are four E1$it IBO ports implemented num$ering from 37to 3( 67789
#ll individual IBO $its are independently programma$le.
#ny com$ination of input, output, and interrupt conditions is possi$le.
;dge1selecta$le interrupt input capa$ility for all the eight $its of port 37 and 3".
+eadBwrite access to port1control registers are supported with all instructions.
;ach IBO has an individually programma$le pull1upBpull1down resistor.
..2.. $3C:
It is an important feature for the manipulation of analogue signals. #:2 stands for analogue to
digital converter. It converts analogue signal to a digital one as re0uired $y the hardware to apply
digital signal processing techni0ues. #:2 converts a continuously varying 0uantity into a
specific num$er which represents the amplitude of the signal 6778. The main steps of #:2 are9
Sampling
Muanti%ation
..2...1 Samplin':
Sampling tells how many samples are picked at a given period of a time. /igher sampling rates
result in reconstruction of the almost the original signal. Sampling period needs to $e carefully
chosen. It converts analogue signal to a discrete one. If the sampling rate is low the analogue
signal will not $e fully comprehended.
..2...2 >uanti@ation:
The ne!t step in #:2 is to assign levels to the sampled data. These levels depend on the num$er
of $its of #:2 used. ,or e!ample, a 7*1$it #:2 has 7*"( or "
7*
levels which can $e assigned to a
29
discrete signal. #s the signal is varied, one complete cycle can $e represented $y uni0ue $inary
num$ers ranging from ********** to 7777777777 in case of 7*1$it #:2 67"8.
..2...# Main features of $3C in MS&.#<"426<<:
Some of the main features as found in 67)8 associate following characteristics #:29
Supports sample rate of "**ksps
Supports 7*1$it #:2
Software selecta$le reference voltage
Software selecta$le internal or e!ternal reference selection
3rogramma$le sample periods.
..# "outin' &rotocols in WSN:
To transmit any data we must have to follow some rules. In wireless sensor networks routing is
different from conventional routing 6"78. There are several algorithms to route data in wireless
sensor network. Some of them are found in 67(8 are as follow9
5ocation1$ased 3rotocols
:ata1centric 3rotocols
/ierarchical 3rotocols
&ovement1$ased 3rotocols
&ultipath1$ased 3rotocols
/eterogeneity1$ased 3rotocols
Muality of service $ased protocols
..#.1 8ocation5%ased &rotocols:
In location $ased protocols sensor nodes can communicate with each other when the locations of
nodes are determined. The distance $etween particular nodes can $e calculated in order to
estimate the consumption of energy. ,or e!ample .#,, .;#+, Span etc 6")8.
..#.2 3ata5centric &rotocols:5
30
In data centric protocols as the data is transmitted to sink $y the sensor nodes, the immediate
sensor aggregate the data which is coming from multiple sensor nodes and sends the com$ined
data to the sink. This protocol is power efficient $ecause less transmission power is re0uired to
send data from sources to destination. ,or e!ample S3IN, Information1:irected +outing,
.radient1Aased +outing etc 6"?8.
..#.# 1ierarchical &rotocols:5
/ierarchical clustering plays important role in wireless sensor networks $ecause it is energy
efficient protocol. In cluster we have several nodes which form groups. In each group one node
is selected for the collective data transmission and managing activities of the entire cluster of
nodes. 2luster head node route the data which is received from group nodes in the other cluster
head or to the $ase station. This provides the faster transmission. ,or e!ample 5;#2/, /;;:,
T;;N etc 6"F8.
..#.. Motion5%ased &rotocols:
&o$ility $ased protocols provide a change in wireless sensor network. The static nodes which
are present around the sink node deplete their power when heavy loaded data are transmitted
from mo$ile nodes to static nodes. Ay depleting power of these nodes, this causes a network
$reakdown. Ay using mo$ility $ased protocols the nodes near sink are made mo$ile so that the
data load is e0ually distri$uted to other nodes to prevent the depletion of power. ,or e!ample
S;#:, TT::, Coint &o$ility and +outing etc.
..#.6 Multipath5%ased &rotocols:
There are two categories of path to communicate data from source node to the destination node.
The first one is a single path routing in which the data is transmitted to sink though the shortest
path $y each sensor node. In multipath $ased protocols the each sensor node finds the first
shortest path, $ased on routing ta$le, to reach the destination and then splits the data load among
these shortest pathways. ,or e!ample, Sensor1:isjoint &ultipath, Araided &ultipath, N1to17
&ultipath :iscovery etc.
..#.7 1etero'eneit!5%ased &rotocols:
31
There are two types of sensors in heterogeneity $ased protocols, named as9
5ine powered sensors
Aattery powered sensors.
In line powered sensors there is no limitation of energy whereas in $attery powered sensors the
lifetime of energy is limited. The energy is used efficiently $y minimi%ing the potential of data
communication. ,or e!ample, I:SM, 2#:+, 2/+ etc 6"(8.
..#.9 >ualit! of serice %ased protocols:
To decrease the consumption of energy, it is also vital to provide the 0uality of service
re0uirements such as reducing delay, minimi%ing error rates and provide relia$ility in
communication services. MoS $ased protocols provide a $alance $etween energy consumption
and re0uirements. ,or e!ample, S#+, S3;;:, ;nergy1aware routing etc. 6"-8.
32
Chapter # 6
&reious Work on Wireless Sensor Networks in 1ealth
Care
6.1 &reious work on WSN in health care:
2ontinuous research in wireless sensor network has led to many innovations and far more
$eneficial applications. This area is very promising for the upcoming needs. #s the wireless
technologies are gripping the world day $y day it is e!tremely likely that we might see wireless
networking in almost every area. Numerous research papers have $een pu$lished $y the
professionals round the glo$e. They mentioned numerous techni0ues to overcome the difficulties
faced $y this field. In addition they also opened new research hori%ons which are ready to $e
discovered. Some of the important research papers and their findings are given $elow9
Cing .il Hop et al. 67-8 focused on the finding the challenges faced during the designing of a
wireless sensor network for health care applications. The issues deli$erated in 67-8 are of core
importance and there is a dire need to address them properly. Some of the issues discussed are
relia$ility, efficiency, privacy, security and data communication which were faced in health care
applications such as9 &onitoring in mass causality a disaster, vital sign monitoring in hospitals.
:ifferent types of WSN prototypes were presented in A7-B such as 2ode Alue 6""8 and &edian
which are capa$le of automating patient monitoring systems.
33
Ceong .il et al. 67-8 different prototypes for different types of applications tested and verified for
health care and presented the most suita$le one. 2odeAlue was efficient in disaster scenarios and
the patient can easily $e tracked using +,I:. 2odeAlue was a$le to integrate various sensors. In
the same way working of &;:iSN was also tested and results were o$tained. The architecture of
&;:iSN is 0uite different from 2odeAlue which uses ad1hoc like most of the wireless sensor
networks. &;:iSN also promises to solve the same pro$lems as 2odeAlue. It uses a wireless
$ack$one network which allows deployment of relay points +3s. Two more systems were tested
and analy%ed for motion and activity monitoring. These systems were S#TI+; and &ercury.
S#TTI+; identifies the activity of a user with the help of .3S and accelerometer.
Wireless sensor networks play essential role in todays life. 2ertain types of WSN are suita$le for
certain application and they prove it.
In 67?8 the authors presented a new architecture for wireless sensor networking called /2&Net.
The focus in 67?8 is on the design and implementation of /2&Net. This architecture com$ines
the independently working wireless sensor networks mainly operating in health care. The mesh
router manages the WSN in addition to data transmission. This architecture integrates WSNs
with the internet.
# series of e!periments were performed in 67?8 to assess the performance of data communication
with /2&Net. The ma!imum distance $etween a sensor node and a mesh router is set to $e F*m
in case of line of sight and one hop condition. It took 7(s to transmit a packet of -*kA and "*.-
for a F*kA packet for one hop. The theoretical data rate estimated is "-*k$Bs
The development of /2&Net is very productive for patients with varied health care
re0uirements which may arise due to more than one ailment. /2&Net is a dispersed system
which allows communication to $etween
&o$ile ad1hoc WSNs with conventional internet, and integrates em$edded devices, $ack1end
server, online analysis, and user interfaces. This paper 67?8 com$ines the wireless sensor network
with the internet and we$ server contains all the information of the patients.
34
In 67-8 a wireless system for the monitoring of pulse and o!ygen saturation is descri$ed. This
data is sent through I;;; E*".7-.( to a central monitoring station. The wireless sensor motes
used for this project are &ica' programmed through nes2.
The aim of the project in 6)8 was to record data, evaluate the network performance and link
0ualities for static and low mo$ility situations. Total num$er of packets, num$er of packets
dropped and forwarded are tested while investigating the system performance. It has $een
o$served in 6)8 that for the static case reducing the +, power of the nodes, leads to a strong
increase in the dropped packet rate nearly F times <from an average of*. 7"D to an average of
*.FFD=. In the case when mo$ility was introduced this increase is much smaller K less than twice
<from 7.*?D to 7.E"D=. On the other hand the num$er of retries in the static case was increased
due to reduced transmission power from *.(?D of the total packets to *.E(D. In the mo$ile case
the num$er of retries was increased from -D to nearly 7*D.
The findings in 67F8 investigate the performance of wireless systems in statics and mo$ility
circumstances. +educing the power in static mode has $ad impact while in a movement this
performs $etter. So it is not feasi$le to use low power otherwise it degrades system performance.
With the vast development in new technologies, wireless sensor network influenced on the areas
of medical :ue to advantages of wireless sensor network such as low price, low power, speed,
the usage of this technology is increasing in medical day $y day.
Wireless sensor networks make health care easily availa$le at home. So people sitting at home
can monitor his health $y use of wireless sensor network technology. It frees "(BF monitoring in
a hospital, reducing cost, increasing efficiency and even small changes in the human $ody like
heart rate o!ygen level can $e monitored $y wireless sensor networks.
:evelopment in the field of this technology provides home monitoring for chronic diseases and
elderly patients which was very e!pensive $efore the evolution of wireless technology. #ll
products which are $ased on this kind $ecome a necessary part of our home1health care.
35
#s the world population in increasing day $y day, the diseases of elderly persons will increase $y
increasing in population. The cost of health care is rapidly increasing and $ecoming
unafforda$le. New technology evolution decreases the pressure of finance.
/ome held e0uipment facilitates people $y providing health care tools to communicate easily in
an emergency. This helps the patients to improve the 0uality of life $y early detection of ailments
and patientLs doctor communication efficiency.
There are some privacy, security and legal issues $y use of wireless technology $ut use of some
techni0ues these issues can $e handled at some instant level.
The patients parameters such as $lood pressure, temperature, ;2., ;;. are measured $y
sensors and wirelessly transmitted to the monitoring system in the doctorLs room, and data is also
accessi$le in monitoring system present in the nursing room through networking and stored there
67E8. The technology used is 'ig$ee 67E8. In case of a$sence of a doctor, the data is sent to
doctors mo$ile phone for monitoring.
The main o$jective of 6-8 is to focus on the monitoring of $lood pressure. The decision making
algorithm is used for transmission of patients data, if the patient is at low risk, the data are
collected and transmitted wirelessly to monitor system and the patient at low risk> the data are
transmitted after some time delay. The patient $lood pressure is categori%ed in three values. If it
ranges $etween E* and 7"* is referred as normal $lood pressure, if it ranges $etween 7"* and
7(* is referred as mild hypertension. If it lies a$ove 7(* it is referred as severe /ypertension. Ay
o$serving the results the patients can $e classified in safe or critical condition.
In current monitoring systems, one 32 is connected to each patients $ed to measure many
parameters such as $lood, pressure, ;2., ;;. and temperature, etc. This research paper
descri$es the effective monitoring of various patients up to si! patients at a time $y competent
use of wireless sensor networks. The multiple parameters of numerous patients are collected,
transmitted and processed simultaneously at a time. To differentiate the parameters of each
patient, a uni0ue id is assigned to parameters of every patient and time scheduling scheme is
used during transmission of data.
36
Chapter 7
)xperiments
# num$er of e!periments were carried out to o$tain corresponding results. These e!periments
were carried out under different scenarios to allow some diversity in the recorded data. The
e!periments and their records are given $elow.
)xperiment 1:
This e!periment is $ased on continuous waveform readings $ased upon voltage levels.
#ppro!imately 7-* samples are taken and are plotted.
37
4i'ure 7.1: Sample Colta'e Calculation
)xperiment 2:
This e!periment is $ased on continuous waveform $ased upon #:2 levels. #:2 levels are not
converted to corresponding voltage levels. Num$er of samples is appro!imately si! thousand. #
$urst of 7** samples is taken at a time.
38
4i'ure 7.2: Sample $3C 8eels "epresentation
+raphical Dser Interface
# graphical user interface has $een created to assist an end device operator to correctly assess
the reading and take the necessary measurement.
39
4i'ure 7.#: +raphical Dser Interface Sample "eadin's no. 1
40
.raphical 4ser Interface Sample +eading "
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43