Unit 2: Gases

Adapted from Gases (NMSI, Rene McCormick) and Chemistry (Brown/eMay)

Properties of Gases
!n"y # $%antities are needed to de&ne the
state of a gas'
the quantity of the (as, n (in mo"es)
the temperature of the (as, T (in
KELVIN)
the volume of the (as, V (in "iters)
the pressure of the (as, P (in
atmospheres)
Genera" )roperties of Gases'
Gases wi"" &"" any container
Gases are easi"y compressed
Gases mi* comp"ete"y with other (ases
Gases e*ert a press%re on
s%rro%ndin(s
Kinetic Molecular Theory KMT)
o Mode"s +eha,ior of (ases
o An appro*imation
therefore wi"" not A-A.S
+e tr%e
o Attempts to e*p"ain properties of an idea" (as
o Idea" (ases and /rea" (ases0 are most simi"ar
at ow )ress%re and 1i(h 2emperat%re
!ssu"ptions of the M#$EL:
%& !ll particles are in constant' ran(o"' "otion&
2& !ll collisions )et*een particles are perfectly elastic&
+& The ,olu"e of the particles in a gas is negligi)le
-& The a,erage .inetic energy of the "olecules is its Kel,in te"perature&
This neglects any inter"olecular forces as *ell&
Gases e/pan( to 0ll their container' soli(s1li2ui(s (o not&
Gases are co"pressi)le' soli(s1li2ui(s are not apprecia)ly co"pressi)le&
P3E44U3E 3 force per %nit area4 a meas%re of the force a (as e*erts on its container4 res%"ts from
co""isions of (as mo"ec%"es with each other and with the container
E/ercise Pressure 5on,ersions
2he press%re of a (as is meas%red as #5 torr6 Represent this press%re in +oth atmospheres and pasca"s6
6&- 7 %8
92
at"

6&: 7 %8
+
Pa
Gas La*s
S2) 7 Standard 2emperat%re and )ress%re (8 C and 9 atm)
;o* (oes the ,olu"e a<ect the pressure of a gas in a
seale( container=
2hink a+o%t'
-hat wi"" +e he"d constant:
o(istics 3 how wi"" yo% meas%re each property:
;ata'
Re"ationship'
>hat is the relationship )et*een pressure an( nu")er of
particles for a gas in a seale( container=
2hink a+o%t'
-hat wi"" +e he"d constant:
o(istics 3 how wi"" yo% meas%re each property:
;ata'
Re"ationship'
;o* (oes te"perature a<ect the pressure of a gas in a
seale( container=
2hink a+o%t'
-hat wi"" +e he"d constant:
o(istics 3 how wi"" yo% meas%re each property:
;ata'
Re"ationship'
E/ercise ?oyle@s La* I
S%"f%r dio*ide (S!<), a (as that p"ays a centra" ro"e in the formation of acid rain, is fo%nd in the e*ha%st of
a%tomo+i"es and power p"ants6 Consider a 96=>? samp"e of (aseo%s S!< at a press%re of =6@ A 98
>
)a6 If
the press%re is chan(ed to 96= A 98
#
)a at a constant temperat%re, what wi"" +e the new ,o"%me of the
(as:
8&:A L
E/ercise 5harles@s La*
A samp"e of (as at 9=BC and 9 atm has a ,o"%me of <6=C 6 -hat ,o"%me wi"" this (as occ%py at >CBC and 9
atm :
2&AB L
E/ercise !,oga(ro@s La*
S%ppose we ha,e a 9<6<? samp"e containin( 86=8 mo" o*y(en (as (!<) at a press%re of 9 atm and a
temperat%re of <=BC6 If a"" this !< were con,erted to oDone (!>) at the same temperat%re and press%re,
what wo%"d +e the ,o"%me of the oDone :
C&% L
T;E I$E!L G!4 L!>
A"" other (as "aws in,o",e a chan(e in properties6 Idea" does not 3 yo%Ere "ookin( at 9 (as and
identifyin( itEs properties
/e$%ation of state0 3 descri+es a (as at a certain set of conditions at a (i,en time
/Idea" (as0 7 hypothetica" s%+stance6 2hereEs no s%ch thin( as an idea" (as in /rea" "ife06
aw +ased on e*periments 3 a (as that o+eys this e$%ation is said to +eha,e /idea""y0
Idea" Gas aw mode"s the +eha,ior of a /rea"0 (as +est at L#> P3E44U3E an( ;IG;
TEMPE3!TU3E6
Ass%me yo% are dea"in( with an idea" (as6
Fo%r $%antities descri+e the state of a (as' press%re, ,o"%me, temperat%re, and G of mo"es ($%antity)6
Com+ine a"" > "aws'
V nT
P
Rep"ace the with a constant, R, and yo% (et'
PV = nRT
R 7 86C<8@ atm/mo" H a"so e*pressed as 86C<8@ atm mo"
I9
H
I9
Useful only at lo* Pressures an( high te"peraturesD Guarantee( points on the !P
E/a"D
E/ercise I(eal Gas La* I
A samp"e of hydro(en (as (1<) has a ,o"%me of C6=@ at a temperat%re of 8BC and a press%re of 96= atm6
Ca"c%"ate the mo"es of 1< mo"ec%"es present in this (as samp"e6
8&:A "ol
E/ercise I(eal Gas La* II
S%ppose we ha,e a samp"e of ammonia (as with a ,o"%me of >6= at a press%re of 96@C atm6 2he (as is
compressed to a ,o"%me of 96>= at a constant temperat%re6 Jse the idea" (as "aw to ca"c%"ate the &na"
press%re6
-&- at"
G!4 4T#I5;I#MET3E
Jse PV = nRT to so",e for the ,o"%me of one mo"e of (as at S2)'
ook fami"iar: 2his is the "olar ,olu"e of a (as at S2)6 -ork stoichiometry pro+"ems %sin( yo%r fa,orite
method, dimensiona" ana"ysis, mo"e map, the ta+"e wayKL%st work FAS2M Jse the idea" (as "aw to con,ert
$%antities that are N!2 at S2)6
E/ercise Gas 4toichio"etry I
A samp"e of nitro(en (as has a ,o"%me of 96N= at S2)6 1ow many mo"es of N< are present:
A&C% 7 %8
92
"ol N2
O%ick"ime (Ca!) is prod%ced +y t he therma" decomposition of ca"ci%m car+onate
(CaC!
>
)6 Ca"c%"ate the ,o"%me of C!
<
at S2) prod%ced from the decomposition of 9=< (
CaC!
>
+y the reaction
CaC!
>
(s) Ca!(s) P C!
<
(()
A samp"e of methane (as ha,in( a ,o"%me of <6C8 at <=BC and 96@= atm was mi*ed
with a samp"e of o*y(en (as ha,in( a ,o"%me of >=68 at >9BC and 96<= atm6 2he
mi*t%re was then i(nited to form car+on dio*ide and water6 Ca"c%"ate the ,o"%me of C!
<
formed at a press%re of <6=8 atm and a temperat%re of 9<=BC6
T;E $EN4ITE #F G!4E4 '
d = m = P(MM) {for ONE mole of gas= MM !N" Molar Mass = MM =
dRT
V RT ##$% &
P
Q%st remem+er that densities of (ases are reported in (/ N!2 (/m6
E/ercise Gas $ensity1Molar Mass
2he density of a (as was meas%red at 96=8 atm and <NBC and fo%nd to +e 965= (/6 Ca"c%"ate the mo"ar
mass of the (as6
+2&8 g1"ol
These la*s in,ol,e "ore than % gasD
$alton@s La* of Partial Pressures
For a "i/ture of gases in a container, the tota" press%re e*erted is the s%m of the press%res that each
(as wo%"d e*ert if it were a"one6
If yo%r pro+"em says anythin( a+o%t co""ectin( (as o,er water, it means the water ,apor sho%"d +e one
of the (ases in yo%r mi*t%re, therefore yo%E"" %se the ,apor press%re of the water as one of the
press%res in the pro+"emM
Jse this e$%ation if yo% on"y ha,e press%re ,a"%es in yo%r pro+"em'
Ptotal G Pgas% H Pgas2 H Pgas+ HI
()(asG 7 )artia" )ress%re of (as G)
If yo% are (i,en amo%nts of (as in yo%r pro+"em, yo% need these e$%ations'
7 n9/ntota" 7 n9/(n9 P n<P n> PK) )(as 7 (as * )tota"
Mo"e Fraction ()
Ratio of the n%m+er of mo"es of a (i,en component in a mi*t%re to the tota" n%m+er of mo"es in the
mi*t%re (simi"ar to a percenta(e 3 on"y in decima" form)
E/ercise $alton@s La* II
2he partia" press%re of o*y(en was o+ser,ed to +e 9=@ torr in air with a tota" atmospheric press%re of N#>
torr6 Ca"c%"ate the mo"e fraction of !< present6
8&2%8
E/ercise Gas 5ollection o,er >ater
A samp"e of so"id potassi%m ch"orate (HC"!>) was heated in a test t%+e (see the &(%re a+o,e) and
decomposed +y the fo""owin( reaction'
< HC"!>(s) R < HC"(s) P > !<(g)
2he o*y(en prod%ced was co""ected +y disp"acement of water at <<BC at a tota" press%re of N=# torr6 2he
,o"%me of the (as co""ected was 86@=8 , and the ,apor press%re of water at <<BC is <9 torr6 Ca"c%"ate the
partia" press%re of !< in the (as co""ected and the mass of HC"!> in the samp"e that was decomposed6
Partial pressure of #2 G A++ torr
2&%2 g K5l#+
$I4T3I?UTI#N #F M#LE5UL!3 4PEE$4
)"ot G of (as mo"ec%"es ha,in( ,ario%s speeds ,s6 the speed and yo% (et a c%r,e6 Chan(in( the
temperat%re aSects the s'ape of the c%r,e N!2 the area +eneath it6 Chan(e the G of mo"ec%"es and a""
+ets are oSM
Ma*we""Es e$%ation'
FW
RT
u u
rms
3
2
= =
Jse the /ener(y R0 or C6>9#=98 Q/H mo" for this e$%ation since kinetic ener(y is in,o",ed6
E/ercise 3oot Mean 42uare Velocity
Ca"c%"ate the root mean s$%are ,e"ocity for the atoms in a samp"e of he"i%m (as at <=BC6
%&+6 7 %8
+
"1s
If we co%"d monitor the path of a sin("e mo"ec%"e it wo%"d +e ,ery erratic6
Mean free pathTthe a,era(e distance a partic"e tra,e"s +etween
co""isions6 ItEs on the order of a tenth of a micrometer6 -AAAA.
SMAM
U*amine the eSect of temperat%re on the n%m+ers of mo"ec%"es with a (i,en
,e"ocity as it re"ates to temperat%re6
;E!T JEM UP' 4PEE$ JEM UPDD
;rop a ,ertica" "ine from the peak of each of the three +e"" shaped c%r,esTthat
point on the (?a*is represents the AVURAGU ,e"ocity of the samp"e at that
temperat%re6 Note how the +e""s are /s$%ashed0 as the temperat%re increases6
.o% may see (raphs "ike this on the A) e*am where yo% ha,e to identify the
hi(hest temperat%re +ased on the shape of the (raphM
Graha"@s La* of E<usion Graha"@s La* of E<usion
US%sion 3 the mo,ement of a (as
Compares the re"ati,e speeds of 2 gases
2he ,e"ocity of a (as is indirect"y proportiona" to the mo"ar mass of the (as
In Un("ishKthe hea,ier the (as is (+ased on mo"ar mass) the s"ower it wi"" tra,e"
Ve"ocities are %s%a""y (i,en in meters/second
Mo"ar mass is (/mo"M
1 2
2 1
Velocity MolarMass
Velocity MolarMass
=
E/ercise E<usion 3ates
Ca"c%"ate the ratio of the eS%sion rates of hydro(en (as (1<) and %rani%m he*aW%oride (JF@), a (as %sed in
the enrichment process to prod%ce f%e" for n%c"ear reactors6
%+&2
E/ercise
A p%re samp"e of methane is fo%nd to eS%se thro%(h a poro%s +arrier in 96=8 min%tes6 Jnder the same
conditions, an e$%a" n%m+er of mo"ec%"es of an %nknown (as eS%ses thro%(h the +arrier in #6N> min%tes6
-hat is the mo"ar mass of the %nknown (as: