S.

Mekid 1
Equivalent load
1
Except for pure thrust bearings and cylindrical roller
bearings, all other bearings are usually operated with
some combination of radial F
r
and thrust load F
a
.





Since catalog ratings are based only on radial loading (or
only on thrust loading), an equivalent radial load F
e
must
be calculated.
Remember equivalent stress
S.Mekid 2
Equivalent load
2
e
f
D
F a F =
The equivalent radial load F
e
(for radial bearings) is calculated
using the following AFBMA equation:

a i r i e
F Y VF X F + =
The design Load is thus:
F
D
Design Load
a
f
Application Factor (service factor) obtained from table 11.5
F
e
Radial Equivalent load
F
r
Radial load
F
a
Axial (thrust) load
V Rotation factor (V = 1 for rotating inner ring, V= 1.2 for outer ring )
X
i
& Y
i
respectively radial and thrust load factors obtained from table 11.1
S.Mekid 3
Equivalent load
3
Variation of Equivalent Load
with thrust (axial) F
a
( Figure
11.6 see Table 11.1).

S.Mekid 4
Bearing Selection
4
S.Mekid 5
Bearing Selection
5
Only to ball, straight roller and spherical roller bearings
S.Mekid 6
Sample Problem on Bearing Selection
6
Select a ball Bearing for an industrial machine intended for
continuous one-shift 8-h/day operation at 1800 rpm.
The radial and thrust loads are 1.7 and 1.2 kN
respectively.
The machine operates with light to moderate impact
The desired reliability is 95%.
Given
1. Ball bearing (a = 3)
2. Machine working 8-hr continuous (table 11.4)
3. n
D
= 1800 rpm
4. F
r
= 1.7 kN
5. F
a
= 1.2 kN
6. Light to moderate impact
7. R = 0.95
Required:
Select ball bearing (C
10
?)
S.Mekid 7
7
6 . 0 ) 95 . 0 1 ( 439 . 4 02 . 0
) 1 ( 439 . 4 02 . 0
483 . 1 / 1
483 . 1 / 1
= +
= + =
D R
R K
a
R
D
D
K
x
F C
/ 1
10
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
483 . 1 / 1
) 1 ( 439 . 4 02 . 0
D R
R K + =
3240
10
60 1800 30000
60
60
/
6
10 =
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
R R
D D
D
n L
n L
L L x
Table 11.4 take highest to be conservative
Ball bearing
5 11 5 . 1 =
=
table from a
F a F
f
e f D
Now the problem is finding the equivalent load F
e
Sample Problem on Bearing Selection
S.Mekid 8
PROCEDURE:
Compute Equivalent Load?
SELECTION?
( ) ? 7 . 1 7 . 1 1 1
1 1
Max kN VF X F
r e
= - - = =
2 . 1 7 . 1 1 56 . 0
2 2 2 2
- + - - = + = Y F Y VF X F
a r e
1
st
Iteration:
1. Assume a value mid-range from Table 11.1: Y
2
=1.71 or 1.63
Another method is to start from table 11.2 directly selecting candidate bearing
2. Compute F
e2
:


3. Compute C
10
:



4. Select candidate bearing from Table 11.2 (02-series)
a. Try deep groove first (cheaper, easier to mount) C=83.2 kN and C
0

=53 kN
b. If angular contact is considered: C=80.6 kN and C
0
=55 kN
kN F kN F
e e
7 . 1 04 . 3 2 . 1 7 . 1 1 56 . 0
1 2
71 . 1 = = - + - - =
kN
K
x
F C
a
R
D
D
05 . 80
6 . 0
3240
5 . 1 04 . 3
3 / 1
/ 1
10
=
|
.
|

\
|
- =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Y
2
=?
S.Mekid 9
9
21 . 0 0218 . 0
55
2 . 1
Re ) ( 71 . 1 99 . 1
22 . 0 0226 . 0
53
2 . 1
0
2
0
~ =
|
.
|

\
|
=
= = >
~ =
|
.
|

\
|
=
e
C
F
peat Assumed Y then e
VF
F
e
C
F
a
r
a
a
For Deep-Groove Bearing




For Angular Contact Bearing
2
nd
Iteration:
2. Compute F
e2
:


3. Compute C
10
:


4. Select candidate bearing from Table 11.2 (02-series)
a. Try deep groove first (cheaper, easier to mount) C= 95.6 kN and C
0
= 62 kN
b. If angular contact is considered: C=90.4 kN and C
0
=63kN
kN F kN F
e e
7 . 1 34 . 3 2 . 1 7 . 1 1 56 . 0
1 2
99 . 1 = = - + - - =
kN
K
x
F C
a
R
D
D
9 . 87
6 . 0
3240
5 . 1 34 . 3
3 / 1
/ 1
10
=
|
.
|

\
|
- =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
S.Mekid 10
10
For Deep-Groove Bearing



For Angular Contact Bearing
3
rd
Iteration:
2. Compute F
e2
:


3. Compute C
10
:


4. Select candidate bearing from Table 11.2 (02-series)
a. Try deep groove first (cheaper, easier to mount) C= 95.6 kN and C
0
= 62 kN
b. If angular contact is considered: C= 90.4 kN and C
0
= 63kN
kN F kN F
e e
7 . 1 42 . 3 2 . 1 15 . 2 7 . 1 1 56 . 0
1 2
= = - + - - =
kN
K
x
F C
a
R
D
D
90
6 . 0
3240
5 . 1 42 . 3
3 / 1
/ 1
10
=
|
.
|

\
|
- =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
21 . 0 019 . 0
63
2 . 1
Re ) ( 99 . 1 15 . 2
21 . 0 019 . 0
62
2 . 1
0
2
0
~ =
|
.
|

\
|
=
= = >
~ =
|
.
|

\
|
=
e
C
F
peat old Y then e
VF
F
e
C
F
a
r
a
a
S.Mekid 11
11
Since the 3
rd
bearing is the same as the 2
nd
we stop and summarize:

02 series deep-groove ball bearing with load rating of 95.6 kN
and dimensions: d = 90 mm, D = 160 mm and W = 30 mm is the
suitable bearing for the application.

02 series angular contact ball bearing with load rating of 90.4
kN and dimensions: d = 90 mm, D = 160 mm and W = 30 mm
may also be selected for the application.

Note that in solving this problem no constraints concerning the
size of shaft and housing were considered. In reality, shaft and
housing dimensions are considered in the selection of bearings.
Tables 11.2 and 11.3 do not allow the freedom for such selection
but real catalogs do as shown in following SKF catalog tables.

S.Mekid 12
12
Bearing Selection
Table 11-2
S.Mekid 13
13
Bearing Selection
Table 11-3- Straight (Cylindrical) Roller Bearings
S.Mekid 14
Bearing Selection
14
S.Mekid 15
15
Bearing Selection

Principal Dimensions Basic load ratings Allowable
load limit
Speed ratings Abutment and fillet
Dimensions
Designation
db da bw
dynamic
C
static
C0 wall
grease oil
Db,min Da,max ra,max
mm
in
mm
in
mm
in
N
lbf
rpm mm
in
mm
in
mm
in
2.5
0.0984
8
0.3150
2.8
0.1102
319
71.7
106
23.8
4
0.899
67000 80000 3.7
0.146
6.8
0.268
0.1
0.004
60/2.5
5
0.1969
11
0.4331
3
0.1181
637
143
255
57.3
11
2.47
53000 63000 6.2
0.244
9.8
0.386
0.1
0.004
618/5
19
0.7480
6
0.2362
1720
387
620
139
26
5.85
36000 43000 7
0.276
17
0.669
0.3
0.012
635
7
0.2756
14
0.5512
3.5
0.1378
956
215
400
89.9
17
3.82
45000 53000 8.2
0.323
12.8
0.504
0.1
0.004
618/7
10
0.3937
19
0.7480
5
0.1969
1380
310
585
132
25
5.62
36000 43000 12
0.472
17
0.669
0.3
0.012
61800
26
1.0236
8
0.3150
4620
1040
1960
441
83
18.7
30000 36000 12
0.472
24
0.945
0.3
0.012
6000
35
1.3780
11
0.4331
8060
1810
3400
764
143
32.1
20000 26000 14
0.551
31
1.220
0.6
0.024
6300
15
0.5906
24
0.9449
5
0.1969
1560
351
800
180
34
7.64
28000 34000 17
0.669
22
0.866
0.3
0.012
61802
28
1.1024
7
0.2756
4030
906
2040
459
85
19.1
24000 30000 17
0.669
26
1.024
0.3
0.012
61902
32
1.2598
8
0.3150
5590
1260
2850
641
120
27.0
22000 28000 17
0.669
30
1.181
0.3
0.012
16002
32
1.2598
9
0.3543
5590
1260
2850
641
120
27.0
22000 28000 17
0.669
30
1.181
0.3
0.012
6002
35
1.3780
11
0.4331
7800
1750
3750
843
160
36.0
19000 24000 19
0.748
31
1.220
0.6
0.024
6202
42
1.6535
13
0.5118
11400
2560
5400
1210
228
51.3
17000 20000 20
0.787
37
1.457
1
0.039
6302

See Tables 11.2 for BB
11.3 for SRB
1998 McGraw-Hill
Single Row, Deep Groove Ball Bearings
[From SKF Catalog (1991)]
with full outer
ring shoulders
with recessed outer
ring shoulders
r
a
d
a
d
b
b
w
D
a
D
b
S.Mekid 16
2010/2011 Chapter 11-Notes
16
1998 McGraw-Hill
Single Row Deep Groove Ball Bearings
20-30 mm
Principal Dimensions Basic load ratings Allowable
load limit
Speed ratings Abutment and fillet
Dimensions
d
b
d
a
b
w
dynamic
C
static
C
0
w
all
grease oil
D
b,min
D
a,max
r
a,max
mm
in
mm
in
mm
in
N
lbf
rpm mm
in
mm
in
mm
in
20
0.7874
32
1.2598
7
0.2756
2700
607
1500
337
63
14.2
19000 24000 22
0.866
30
1.181
0.3
0.012
37
1.4567
9
0.3543
6370
1430
3650
821
156
35.1
18000 22000 22
0.866
35
1.378
0.3
0.012
42
1.6535
8
0.3150
6890
1550
4050
910
173
38.9
17000 20000 22
0.866
40
1.575
0.3
0.012
42
1.6535
12
0.4724
9360
2100
5000
1120
212
47.7
17000 20000 24
0.945
38
1.496
0.6
0.024
47
1.8504
14
0.5512
12700
2860
6550
1470
280
62.9
15000 18000 25
0.984
42
1.654
1
0.039
52
2.0472
15
0.5906
15900
3570
7800
1750
335
75.3
13000 16000 26.5
1.043
45.5
1.791
1
0.039
72
2.8346
19
0.7480
30700
6900
15000
3370
640
144
10000 13000 26.5
1.043
65.5
2.579
1
0.039
25
0.9843
37
1.4567
7
0.2756
4360
980
2600
585
125
28.1
17000 20000 27
1.063
35
1.378
0.3
0.012
47
1.8504
12
0.4724
11200
2520
6550
1470
275
61.8
15000 18000 29
1.142
43
1.693
0.6
0.024
62
2.4409
17
0.6693
22500
5060
11600
2610
490
110
11000 14000 31.5
1.240
55.5
2.185
1
0.039
80
3.1496
21
0.8268
35800
8050
19300
4340
815
183
9000 11000 33
1.299
72
2.835
1.5
0.059
30
1.1811
42
1.6535
7
0.2756
4490
1010
2900
652
146
32.8
15000 18000 32
1.260
40
1.575
0.3
0.012
55
2.1654
13
0.5118
13300
2990
8300
1870
355
79.8
12000 15000 35
1.378
50
1.969
1
0.039
72
2.8346
19
0.7480
28100
6320
16000
3600
670
151
9000 11000 36.5
1.437
65.5
2.579
1
0.039
90
3.5433
23
0.9055
43600
9800
23600
5310
1000
225
8500 10000 38
1.496
82
3.228
1.5
0.059
Bearing Selection
S.Mekid 17
17
Ball & Cylindrical
Bearing
Selection
F
a
=0?
F
D
= a
f
VF
r
calculate Fe =
X
1
VF
r
+Y
2
F
a
Calculate C
10
Ball Bearing?
Table
11.2
Table
11.3
Try midrange of
Y
2
in
Table 11.1
Calculate Fe
Calculate C10
Equation 11.6
Select candidate
Bearing from
Table 11.2 and
get C
0
Calculate F
a
/C
0
Find e from table
11.1
F
a
/VF
r
<=e?
Use new Y
2
from Table 11.1
Calculate F
e
Calculate C
10
Select bearing
from table 11.2
STOP and write
down a summary
of your selection
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
Y
N
STOP and write a
summary of your
selection
Is it same
bearing?
A procedure for selecting bearings,
when a significant thrust load is
applied:
1- Assume values for X and Y.
Reasonable values are from the
middle range of Table 11-1
2- Compute the equivalent radial
load, Fe =VXFr +YFa
3- Compute the required basic oad
rating C10.
4- Select a candidate bearing having
a value of C10 at least equal to the
required value.
5- For the selected bearing,
determine C0.
6- Compute Fa/C0.
7- From table 11-1, determine e.
8- If Fa/VFr >e, then determine X and
Y from table 11-1.
9- If the new value of Y is different
from that in 1, repeat the process.
10- If Fa/VFr, compute the equivalent
radial load, Fe = V Fr and proceed as
for a pure radial load.


S.Mekid 18
Tapered Roller Bearings
2008/2009 Ch 11. Notes
18
Cup Can be easily removed from cone and
roller assembly because of this and
because even a pure radial load will
induce a thrust load because of the
taper TRB have to be mounted in
pairs:
Back to Back (Direct mounting)
Front to Front (Indirect mounting)
Timken Co. Data shows that the induced
thrust force can be estimated from Eq.
11-15:
Nomenclature
K
F
F
r
a
o
47 . 0
) 180 (
=
K = ratio of rated radial to rated thrust
load approximated 1.5 for radial TRB
and 0.75 for steep angle bearings
Span
S.Mekid 19
Selection of Tapered Roller Bearings
The load rating for Timken Co. tapered roller bearings is
calculated as follows:

a
R R R v T
D D
f
n L K f f
n L
P a C C
/ 1
10
90
60
60
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
For Timken Co. Catalogs:
L
R
= 3000 Hours and n
R
= 500 rpm (3000500 x60
= 90.10
6
revolutions)
F
D
= a
f
P
P is calculated as follows
3 / 2 5 . 1 / 1
) 1 ( 48 . 4 )) / 1 (ln( 48 . 4 D
D R
R R K = =
S.Mekid 20
Selection of Tapered Roller Bearings
S.Mekid 21
21
X
O
Selection of Tapered Roller Bearings
X
O
S.Mekid 22
Indirect mounting
Direct mounting
Indirect mounting
provides greater rigidity
when pair of bearings is
closely spaced: front
wheel of a car, drums,
sheaves,..
Direct mounting
provides greater rigidity
when pair of bearings is
not closely spaced:
transmission, speed
reducers, rollers,..
X
O
S.Mekid 23
Selection of Tapered Roller Bearings
23
f
V
=Viscosity factor obtained from figure 11.17.
S.Mekid 24
f
T=
Temperature factor
estimated from figure
(11-16):
Selection of Tapered Roller Bearings
S.Mekid 25
S.Mekid 26
26
S.Mekid 27
27
Solved Example
S.Mekid 28
28
Direct
mount
Shaft + right
to Left
S.Mekid 29
29
S.Mekid 30
30
S.Mekid 31
Mounting and Enclosure of Bearings
31
Alternative Mounting
d
s
d
H
Positioning
Floating
Takes thrust
No thrust and allows for
shaft expansion when hot
Retaining nuts on inner ring
No retaining devices on inner ring
Outer races completely retained
Shoulders in shaft and housing: See tables 11.2
and 11.3 for dimensions
S.Mekid 32
32
Use of 2 or more bearings in one end of shaft for
additional rigidity or increased load capacity.
Mounting and Enclosure of Bearings
S.Mekid 33
33
Two-bearing mounting with use
of washers against cone
Mounting and Enclosure of Bearings
S.Mekid 34
34
Duplex Mounting of angular contact bearings: Bearings manufactured
for this purpose have their rings ground with an offset so that they are
tightly clamped together and a preload is automatically established
(as you have seen on the animation).
a) Face to face mounting (DF) for heavy F
r
and F
a
from either direction
b) Back to back mounting (DB)= a)+ aligning stiffness
c) Tandem arrangement (DT) for thrust which is always in the same
direction. Preload required.

Mounting and Enclosure of Bearings
S.Mekid 35
35
S.Mekid 36
Mounting and Enclosure of Bearings
S.Mekid 37
S.Mekid 38
Needs preloading
See p. 600.
Mounting and Enclosure of Bearings
S.Mekid 39
Low speeds Moderate to high speeds
High to very
high speeds
spring
rubber
Mounting and Enclosure of Bearings
S.Mekid 40
Lubrication
40
Elastohydrodynamic lubrication: Remember the movie showing a
thin film (m) of oil between rolling elements subjected to
extreme pressures is transformed from a liquid lubricant (oil) into
a solid for a nano fraction of a second.
(from presentation by Saeed S. Aramco)
S.Mekid 41
Liquids (oils)

Semi-Liquids (greases)

Solids (Graphite)

41
Types of Lubricant
See Page 597 of text book for conditions
S.Mekid 42
42
Mineral
Additives
Base Oil
Synthetic
Naphthenic Parraffinic
Lubricating Oil
(from presentation by Saeed S. Aramco)
S.Mekid 43
43
Grease
Base Oil Thickener
Additives
70 90
%
3 30
%
1 10
%
o Simple Metal Soaps
o Complex Metal Soap
o Non-Soap
(from presentation by Saeed S. Aramco)
S.Mekid 44
Common Oil Physical and Chemical Properties
Color
Appearance
Flash point
Pour point
TAN
TBN
Density
Oxidation stability
Viscosity
Viscosity Index


44
S.Mekid 45
Common Oil Physical and Chemical
Properties
Appearance
Flash Point
Pour Point
TAN
TBN
Density
Specific Gravity
Viscosity
Viscosity Index



2008/2009 Ch 11. Notes
45
S.Mekid 46
FAILURE OF BEARINGS
Failure causes
1. - Manufacture and assembly
Mounting with improper tools,
Loose/tight fits, Misalignment, ...
2. - Design and Operating conditions
Bad selection, Overload, Fatigue, ...
3. - Lubrication
Unsuitable/ excess/ lack, Contamination


S.Mekid 47
FAILURE OF BEARINGS
Failure modes

Fracture/Separation
Spalling, Cracks, Smearing, Seizing,

Deformation
Indentations, Brinnelling, Fluting,

Wear
Abrasive, Burning, Scuffing, ...

Corrosion
Etching, Fretting, Rust Staining
S.Mekid 48
Ch 11. Notes
48
Table 10
Failure Causes of Rolling and Plain Bearings [5]
Failure Cause Occurrence, %
Rolling Plain
Bearings Bearings
Vendor problems 30.1 23.4
Workmanship 14.4 10.7
Errors in design/applications 13.8 9.1
Wrong material of construction 1.9 3.6
User-induced problems 65.9 69.6
Operational errors, maintenance
deficiencies, failure of monitoring 37.4 39.1
equipment
Wear 28.5 30.5
External problems 4.0 7.0
Contaminated lubricants; intermittent
failure of oil supply system 4.0 7.0
S.Mekid 49
FATIGUE FAILURE
49
VIDEOS 1 & 3
S.Mekid 50
Simulation of progression of
fatigue failure
50
Hamrock , J acobson andSchmid McGraw-Hill 1998
Fatigue Wear
.
Text Reference: Figure 8.22, page 346
S.Mekid 51
51
FATIGUE (End of useful life) Spalling
Progression of fatigue failure.
Spot
Flaking
Failure-Noise
S.Mekid 52
FATIGUE - Spalling
52
S.Mekid 53
Prevention
53
Fatigue failure cannot be prevented, but it can be
delayed by taking three steps:
1. Make sure that the replacement bearing is designed
to take the desired load.
2. Protect the bearing from damage and keep it clean
during the installation.
3. Lubricate adequately.
S.Mekid 54
Misalignment
54
Certain types of bearings can
tolerate only limited amounts
of misalignment.


In deep groove ball bearings
misalignment will produce
load zones not parallel to ball
groove which can be detected
easily.
S.Mekid 55
55
MISALIGNMENT
Advanced spalling
caused by edge loading.

In cylindrical and tapered roller bearings
edge-load caused by misalignment causes
premature spalling.
Fatigue caused by edge loading.
S.Mekid 56
Prevention
56

1. Make sure that the component is correctly aligned
during installation
2. Inspect shaft for any bowing
3. If new or modified design, the distance between bearings
should be determined by deformation analysis.
4. Make sure that bearing seat is smooth
5. After bearings are in place the shaft should be aligned
with the machine
6. Whenever possible use correct self-aligning bearings

S.Mekid 57
Lubrication-related failures
57
1. Inadequate lubrication is the cause of a large
number of bearing premature failures.

2. Inadequate lubrication will cause surface damage
such as roughening, frosting leading to spalling.

3. Inadequate lubrication will cause discoloration
of the surface
S.Mekid 58
Spalling and discolration caused by
inadequate lubrication
58

Progressive stages of spalling Dislocation caused by
inadequate lubrication
S.Mekid 59
Inadequate lubrication
59
Discoloration caused by inadequate lubrication
S.Mekid 60
Contamination & Improper
Lubrication
60
The bearing failure
appears to have been
caused by either
abrasive wear from the
introduction of fine
foreign particles and /or
over-lubrication

The failed rollers were
subjected to contact
fatigue followed by heat
checking

Optimize frequency of
lubrication and amount
of clean grease
S.Mekid 61
Contamination & Corrosion
Corrosion results from the
chemical attack on bearing
materials.

Symptoms include
red/brown areas on rolling
elements, raceways, or
cages.

Corrosion usually results
in increased vibration
followed by wear, with
subsequent increase in
radial clearance
61
S.Mekid 62
Prevention
62
1. Make sure that the correct Manufacturer specified type of
lubricant is used.
2. Sufficient elastohydrodynamic film prevents surface distress
(glazing, pitting).
3. Good boundary lubrication guards against smearing and sliding
surface wear.
4. Clean lubricants prevent significant wear of rolling surfaces.
5. Sufficient lubricant flow keeps bearings from overheating.
6. Change the oil or grease in the bearing according
Manufacturers schedule.
S.Mekid 63
Mounting Related Failures

63
Fatigue from chip in bore Fragment denting
Improper mounting practices can cause:
1. Smearing or fragment denting
2. Fatigue spalling (dirt)
3. Impact damage
S.Mekid 64
Mounting Related Failures
Smearing
64

Smearing caused by excessive
force in mounting a cylindrical
roller bearing.
(X 8) Enlargement of
smearing.
S.Mekid 65
Mounting Related Failures
Parasitic Thrust
65
Spalling from parasitic thrust (self-alignment bearing)
S.Mekid 66
Damage due to improper fits
66
The degree of tightness or looseness is
Governed by both the levels of load and speed.

In general the rotating ring is mounted
with interference fit and the non-rotating
ring with slip-fit.
S.Mekid 67
Damage due to improper fits
(Scoring)
67
Scoring of inner ring caused by creep, relative
movement between ring and shaft.
S.Mekid 68
Damage due to improper fits
(Wear)
68
Wear due to creep. Brilliant polish due to lubrication
penetration between ring and shaft seating. Face of ring
is also damaged by shaft shoulder.
S.Mekid 69
Damage due to improper fits
Excessive Interference Fit
69
Axial cracks caused by excessive
interference fit.
S.Mekid 70
Damage due to improper fits
Fretting Corrosion
70

Wear due Fretting corrosion
caused by unnecessary loose
housing fit.
Advanced Wear due to
Fretting corrosion.
S.Mekid 71
Damage due to improper fits
71

Crack caused by faulty
housing fit.
Fretting caused by yield.
S.Mekid 72
Electric Fluting
Findings:
The bearing had
undergone an
incipient stage of
electrical pitting
(fluting)

Recommendations:
Insulate the
bearings properly
72
S.Mekid 73
Other causes of failure
73
Electric current arcing
Ineffective sealing
Vibration
S.Mekid 74
References
1. J. E. Shigley and C. R. Mischke, Mechanical Engineering
Design, McGraw-Hill, 2004 (7
th
Ed.)
2. J. E. Shigley and C. R. Mischke, Mechanical Engineering
Design, McGraw-Hill, 2000 (6
th
ed.).
3. J. E. Shigley and C. R. Mischke, Standard Handbook of
Machine Design, McGraw-Hill, 1986.
4. B. J. Hamrock, B. Jacobson and S. R. Schmid,
Fundamentals of Machine Elements, McGraw-Hill,
1999.
5. R. C. Juvinall and K. M. Marshek Fundamentals of Machine
Component Design, John Wiley & Sons, 2000 (3rd ed.).
6. H. P. Bloch and F. K. Geitner, Machinery Failure Analysis
and Troubleshooting, Vol.2, 2
nd
Ed., Gulf Publishing
Co., USA, 1994.

74