Water Refilling Informations

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International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
People People- -Centered Approaches in Sustaining Centered Approaches in Sustaining
Water, Food and Environmental Sanitation Water, Food and Environmental Sanitation
in the Philippines: in the Philippines: A Review A Review
C. M. C. M. Pascual Pascual, C. P. , C. P. Abadilla Abadilla, and F. A. P. , and F. A. P. Acedebo Acedebo
Mariano Marcos State University Mariano Marcos State University
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Outline Outline
Objective, Introduction/Rationale Objective, Introduction/Rationale
Environmental issues/concerns on water, food and Environmental issues/concerns on water, food and
sanitation sanitation
Water Governance in the Philippines Water Governance in the Philippines
People People- -Centered Systems Approaches Centered Systems Approaches
Case Studies Case Studies
Water Supply and Sanitation Water Supply and Sanitation
Water Refilling Stations Water Refilling Stations
Food and Water Supply with Food and Water Supply with cGMP cGMP and HACCP and HACCP
Concluding Remarks Concluding Remarks
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Objective Objective
To conduct a critical To conduct a critical state state- -of of- -the the- -art art review review
of complex issues, challenges on water, of complex issues, challenges on water,
foods and sanitation foods and sanitation in the Philippines. in the Philippines.
Case studies reviews on: Case studies reviews on:
Water Supply and Sanitation; Water Supply and Sanitation;
Water Refilling Stations; and Water Refilling Stations; and
Food Product Food Product Dev Dev t t and Water Supply with and Water Supply with
cGMP cGMP and HACCP (On and HACCP (On- -going) going)
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Introduction/Rationale Introduction/Rationale
3 serious issues/concerns 3 serious issues/concerns
(1) widespread water scarcity and (1) widespread water scarcity and
multiplicity in water governance; multiplicity in water governance;
(2) the existing water systems are not (2) the existing water systems are not
much geared for the urban as well as rural much geared for the urban as well as rural
poor; and poor; and
(3) the food safety, sanitation and (3) the food safety, sanitation and
sewerage requirements have been sewerage requirements have been
neglected (FDC, 2004) neglected (FDC, 2004)
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Hidden
ground
water
Adapted from: GWP (M. Falkenmark), 2003, Water Management and Ecosystems: Living with Change
Hidden
ground water
Precipitation the basic water resource
With drainage/river basin perspective - the precipitation over the area represents
the proper water resource, part of which is consumed in plant production and
evaporation from moist surfaces (green water flow)
Surplus goes to recharge aquifers and rivers (blue water flow), available for
societal use and aquatic ecosystems.
E
N
V
I
R
O
N
M
E
N
T
WATER
People-Centered Systems
Approach a systematic
management and integrative
tool to support decision
making on sustainable
water environment
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Water Governance Water Governance
Systems Approaches on Water Environment Systems Approaches on Water Environment
Some promising signs of a new approach to
governance for sustainability are emerging
through the Phil. Water Governance
stakeholders (e.g. involves devolution of
responsibility into the community at a regional
level);
Moving towards sustainability will require a
paradigm shift not just within government and
other policy circles but also within the community
as a holistic view;
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Phils Phils. Water Environment . Water Environment
Situation and Issues Situation and Issues
Has water storage potential sites for 438 Has water storage potential sites for 438
major dams and 423 smaller dams. major dams and 423 smaller dams.
The total water withdrawal was estimated The total water withdrawal was estimated
on the basis of the water rights issued by on the basis of the water rights issued by
the National Water Resources Board the National Water Resources Board
(NWRB) to 55,422 million m (NWRB) to 55,422 million m
3 3
, of which , of which
88% is for agricultural purposes; 88% is for agricultural purposes;
The water situation in the Philippines may The water situation in the Philippines may
be best described as an abundant scarcity be best described as an abundant scarcity
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Legal framework for Legal framework for
water governance water governance
1. 1. 1987 Constitution which mandates that all 1987 Constitution which mandates that all
water resources belong to the State; water resources belong to the State;
2. 2. Presidential Decree (PD) 1067 in 1976 or The Presidential Decree (PD) 1067 in 1976 or The
Water Code of the Philippines; Water Code of the Philippines;
3. 3. Republic Act (RA) 8041 in 1995 or The Water Republic Act (RA) 8041 in 1995 or The Water
Crisis Act; and Crisis Act; and
4. 4. Executive Order No. 364 in 1996, which Executive Order No. 364 in 1996, which
created the Presidential Task Force on Water created the Presidential Task Force on Water
Resources Development and Management. Resources Development and Management.
5. 5. Clean Water Act in 2004 Clean Water Act in 2004
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Introduction/Rationale Introduction/Rationale
People People- -Centered Systems Approaches on Centered Systems Approaches on
Water Environment Water Environment
Sustainability is a new challenge for humanity
that attracts a new paradigm for governance;
The sustainability challenge is to adapt
governance so that the human enterprise
operates within an ecological and water
resource constraint that lies within the
carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems.
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Water, Environment & Poverty
Water scarcity and pollution have complex impacts on
income poverty & environmental degradation on income
poverty & environmental degradation through:
- lowering industrial & agricultural productivities;
- preventing productive activities and income, especially
of the poor;
- increasing burden to get water and diverting womens
productive time to fetch water;
- depleting forests, biodiversities, aquatic ecosystems,
etc;
Reducing poverty & recovering environmental
degradation will improve water availability and
accessibility.
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Water, Environment & Poverty
More than 3 million children die every year caused by
waterborne diseases. This is worsen by disasters by
waterborne diseases. This is worsen by disasters with
even less access to clean water & sanitation, and more
contaminated water;
The burden of finding and carrying water is more
damaging to womens health and increasing the risks
health during pregnancy and child birth;
An integrated approach to clean up water resources &
surrounding environment for better public health will
significantly increase access in water services for food,
water supply and sanitation.
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Fig. 1. Household access to: (a) safe water; and (b) sanitary facilities by
province in the Philippines
((a)
((b)
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Coverage on Safe Water Coverage on Safe Water
80% of population 80% of population (2002) (2002)
MDG Target (2015) MDG Target (2015) 87% 87%
MTPDP Target (2010) MTPDP Target (2010) 92% 92%
Coverage on Sanitation
86.1% of population (2002)
MDG Target (2015) 84%
MTPDP Target (2010) 86%
Coverage on Sanitation Coverage on Sanitation
86.1% of population 86.1% of population (2002) (2002)
MDG Target (2015) MDG Target (2015) 84% 84%
MTPDP Target (2010) MTPDP Target (2010) 86% 86%
Water Supply and Sanitation Water Supply and Sanitation
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Water Refilling Station Water Refilling Station
A water refilling station can be
operated with a minimum area of at
least 20-25 square metres.
It comprises the following sections:
refilling and selling room,
enclosed water purification room,
container washing and sanitizing
room,
storage room for empty and refilled
containers,
source water storage facility,
toilet and
an office.
(Source: Magtibay, 2004)
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Source: Magtibay, 2004
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The main processes in a water refilling station is dictated
by raw water quality.
The typical steps are
filtration (several stages),
softening, and
disinfection.
Presidential Decree No. 856 or the Sanitation Code of the
Philippines is the main law requiring all establishments to
comply with existing sanitary standards to protect public
health. Guidelines for operating a water refilling station are
indicated in the Supplemental Implementing Rules and
Regulations on Water Supply of PD 856 issued in 1999.
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The machines that could be installed for such processes are the following:
Multi-media sediment filter - removes sediments such as rust, sand and
particles that are invisible to the naked eye; employs a total of 5 filters.
Ion exchanger - replaces hard minerals with soft minerals.
Activated carbon filter - removes all organic chemicals, herbicide, pesticide,
offensive odor and bad taste.
Reverse osmosis membrane - the heart of the system and the most
expensive unit; removes inorganic minerals, bacteria and viruses while
retaining its oxygen content. Since the filter size is very small at less than 0.05
micrometre, the product water could have a total dissolved solids (TDS) of less
than 10 ppm. The filtration process rejects about 50 percent of raw water
volume.
Post-carbon filter - improves the taste of water.
Ultraviolet lamp - ensures that the water is free from disease-causing micro-
organisms.
Ozone generator inhibits the growth of bacteria in the product tank and
prolongs the shelf life of water.
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Water quality monitoring (To avoid proliferation of WRS)
Source water and product water are subject to regular monitoring by
the local health office.
The national standards for drinking water contains 54 parameters that
must be complied with.
Only DOH-accredited laboratories are allowed to conduct water testing
and analysis.
The frequency of monitoring is as follows:
Bacteriological quality - at least monthly
Physical quality - at least every six (6) months
Chemical quality - at least every six (6) months
Biological quality - at least once a year
Monitoring of radioactive contaminants shall be done only if there is
significant input of radiation from the surrounding environment.
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Food Product Devt and Water
Supply
R&D Initiatives of MMSU in
Partnerships with Food Processors and
Local Govenments (2006-2009)
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GPS-Survey of Food Processors
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Table 1. Comparison between local, national and international st Table 1. Comparison between local, national and international standards on some andards on some
physical and chemical property values of some food products take physical and chemical property values of some food products taken from food processors n from food processors
and water sources at MMSU, and water sources at MMSU, Ilocos Ilocos Norte, Philippines from July Norte, Philippines from July- -August 2007. August 2007.
PROPERTY
FOOD
PRODUCT
/VALUE
NATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE
1
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE
%Vol of Ethyl Alcohol at 20
0
C
Sugarcane Wine
10.36 7-16 n/a
n/a
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PROPERTY
FOOD PRODUCT
/VALUE
NATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE
1
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE
Mold and Yeast Count, cfu/g
Salmonella, cfu/g
S. aureus, cfu/g
Empanada
2
<10
zero
zero
10
zero
zero
n/a
n/a
n/a
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PROPERTY
FOOD
PRODUCT
/VALUE
NATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE
1
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE
Salmonella, cfu/g
Staphylococcus, cfu/g
Coliform Count, MPN/g
Local Sausage
absent
0
<1.8
absent
0
<1.8
n/a
n/a
n/a
Salmonella, cfu/g
Staphylococcus, cfu/g
Coliform Count, MPN/g
Crispy Pork
absent
0
<1.8
absent
0
<1.8
n/a
n/a
n/a
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PROPERTY
FOOD
PRODUCT
/VALUE
NATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE
1
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE
Total Coliform Count,mpn/100 mL
E. coli Count, mpn/100 mL
Heterotrophic Plate Count, cfu/ml
pH, mg/L
Acidity, mg/l as CaCO
3
Chloride, mg/L
Sulfate, mg/L
Total Dissolved Solids, mg/L
Total Hardness, mg/L
Raw Water
<1.1 (negative)
<1.1 (negative)
<1.0
7.33
<1
38.77
43.77
473.33
350.00
<2.2
<2.2
300
6.5-8.5
n/a
250.00
250.00
500.00
300.00
Water
3
zero
zero
n/a
6.5-8.5
n/a
250.00
250.00
500.00
n/a
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Food Product Devt
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Food Product Devt
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Food Product Devt
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Food Product Devt
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Food Product Devt
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Food Product Devt
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Food Product Devt
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Food Product Devt
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Food Product Devt
Mobile toll packaging facility
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HACCP
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Aim of HACCP
To address food safety hazards to
protect consumer health.
To prevent, eliminate or reduce food
safety hazards to an acceptable level.
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HACCP
BIOLOGICAL
Pathogenic bacteria
Molds & mycotoxins
Viruses
Protozoae
CHEMICAL
Pollutants (heavy metals)
Toxic products (pesticides, acids, cleaning chemicals)
Residues of veterinary drugs & pesticides
PHYSICAL
Glass, metal shards from machinery & equipment
Foreign bodies: sand, rocks, metal, wood
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STANDARD SANITATION OPERATING
PROCEDURE (SSOP)
SAFETY OF WATER
Every 6 months for water samples.
Twice year for the presence of coliforms.
from at least four locations.
Daily inspection of hoses for the presence
of anti siphoning device.
Floors in the processing area are
inspected for adequate drainage.
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PROCEDURE (SSOP)
1. SAFETY OF WATER THAT:
A. COMES INTO CONTACT WITH FOOD
B. FOOD CONTACT SURFACES
C. USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ICE
Control Measures:
All water is from company-owned deep well.
The water system was designed and
installed by a licensed plumbing contractor.
All hoses have anti-siphoning devices.
Floors are sloped to facilitate drainage.
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PROCEDURE (SSOP)
Safety of Water:
Corrective Actions:
Stop production in case of;
water treatment failure.
sampling indicates fecal coliforms
Contact sanitary engineer if:
Coliform count is more than 5% of the
plant water samples.
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PROCEDURE (SSOP)
Safety of Water:
Records :
Municipal water quality.
In-plant water quality test results.
Daily Sanitation Report:
- floor drainage inspection report.
- hose inspection report.
- corrective actions.
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Needs and Opportunities Needs and Opportunities
Water (i.e. water and sanitation) is
key factor in poverty reduction and
attainment of MDGs
Asia-Pacific likely to achieve water
supply MDG; sanitation a greater
challenge
Water investments generate good
rates of return; many target needs of
the poor
Time is very important
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Water, food and sanitation are crucial to Water, food and sanitation are crucial to
life and all forms of socioeconomic and life and all forms of socioeconomic and
environmental development that needs environmental development that needs
sustainability. sustainability.
Safe water, food and sanitation are Safe water, food and sanitation are
prerequisite for achieving the prerequisite for achieving the MDGs MDGs and and
for sustaining good health, quality of life for sustaining good health, quality of life
and to ensure wealth creation in and to ensure wealth creation in
developing countries. developing countries.
The capacity of the national, regional and The capacity of the national, regional and
local levels to address water, food and local levels to address water, food and
sanitation for environmental health sanitation for environmental health
problems needs to be strengthened. problems needs to be strengthened.
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Water refilling stations can be a good Water refilling stations can be a good
source of safe/clean drinking water in the source of safe/clean drinking water in the
Philippines. Philippines.
The efficient water purification processes The efficient water purification processes
can make the quality of water superior to can make the quality of water superior to
the traditional water systems. the traditional water systems.
However, the risk of contamination is However, the risk of contamination is
possible if the handling practices are not possible if the handling practices are not
closely monitored. closely monitored.
To ensure water safety and prevent water To ensure water safety and prevent water- -
borne and food borne and food- -borne diseases, the borne diseases, the
government should regulate the operation government should regulate the operation
of water refilling stations. of water refilling stations.
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Ultimately, there is a need to improve the Ultimately, there is a need to improve the
microbiological safety of drinking water to microbiological safety of drinking water to
provide a harmonized framework and provide a harmonized framework and
scientific basis for quantitative scientific basis for quantitative
microbiological risk assessment of drinking microbiological risk assessment of drinking
water; water;
The adoption of The adoption of cGMP cGMP and HACCP on and HACCP on
water supply systems and food industry water supply systems and food industry
has to be explored and considered. has to be explored and considered.
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HACCP, as a process control oriented HACCP, as a process control oriented
management system, can therefore help management system, can therefore help
water and food authorities to coordinate water and food authorities to coordinate
the functions of their various water and the functions of their various water and
food quality management systems to food quality management systems to
provide assurance of safe products; provide assurance of safe products;
There is an urgent need to promote and There is an urgent need to promote and
enforce the more environmental laws and enforce the more environmental laws and
technologies to address access to clean technologies to address access to clean
water, safe foods and sanitation for water, safe foods and sanitation for
people people s preferences. s preferences.
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The centering of people as the decision
maker using the Demand Responsive
Approaches (DRA),
The use of integrated approaches to water
resource management, the potential health
benefits of reduced pathogenic and toxic
chemical contamination of water and the
importance of community participation to
ensure sustainability of environmental
sanitation.
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