Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Laxatives
Plant Name
Aloe
Rhubarb
Ispaghula
Senna
A.A.RAUT
Other names
Curacao Aloe,
Barbados Aloe,
Indian Aloe,
Jaffarabad Aloe,
Kummari
Rhubarb
Blond Psyllium,
Indian Plantago,
Ispagol,
Pale Psyllium,
Spogel
Alexandrian Senna,
Cassia acutifolia
Delite,
Khartoum Senna
Indian Senna,
Tinnevelly Senna
Part(s) Used
Constituents
Juice
glyburide, anthraquinone
glycosides aloin,
acemannan.
Rhizome,
root
Seed,
husk
Fruit (pod),
leaves
chrysophan, chrysophanic
acid, emodin, aporetin,
phoretin, erythroretin,
rheumic acid, and
rheotannic acid
essential oils with alphapinene, dipentene, linalool,
cineol, methyl salicylate,
decyl aldehyde, eugenol,
anisaldehyde, bergapten,
indole, salicylic and
benzoic acids as major
constituents.
contains rhein, aloeemodin, kaempferol,
isormamnetin, both free
and as glucosides,
together with mycricyl
alcohol the purgative
principles are largely
attributed to anthraquinone
derivatives and their
glucosides.
Indications / Use
purgative (causes
griping),
geltopically
emollient, antiinflammatory,
antimicrobial - used
for wound healing,
sunburn.
purgative, astringent,
aperient. used for
constipation and
atonic dyspepsia
seed -astringent.
seed coat -demulcent.
B.S.P.M. INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY AMBAJOGAI. Dist Beed. (M.S.) INDIA. I'st DCP CLASSROOM NOTES PHARMACOGNOSY # 1.
Cardiotonics
Plant Name
Other names
Digitalis
Grecian Foxglove
Part(s) Used
Leaves
Indications / Use
cardiac stimulant
diuretic
emetic
Malabarnut,
Adulsa
Plant Name
Other names
Part(s) Used
Coriander
Dhaanyaka,
Kustumburu,
Dhaanyeyaka,
Dhanika
Fruits
Fennel
Mishreyaa,
Mishi,
Madhurikaa,
Madhuraa,
Shatapushpaa
Fruits
Ajowan
Ammi,
Lovage,
Carum,
Fruits
Leaf juice
Root
Vasaka
Adulsa
Constituents
Leaves along
with tender stem anisotine . vasicinol,
vasicinone,
deoxyvasicinone,
deoxyvasicine
cold. cough,
whooping-cough and
chronic bronchitis and
asthma as sedativeexpectorant
A.A.RAUT
Constituents
contains volatile oil,
consisting mainly of deltalinalool, alpha-pinene and
terpinine. it also contains
flavonoids, coumarins,
phthalides and phenolic
acids (including caffeic and
chlorogenic)
fennel seed contain volatile
oils anethole, among
others fenchone and
methylchavicol),
flavonoids, coumarins
(including bergapten) and
sterols
the seeds contain a
phenolic glucoside,
principal constituents of the
Indications / Use
stimulant, stomachic,
carminative,
antispasmodic,
diuretic; also
hypoglycaemic and
anti-inflammatory.
oilbactericidal
and larvicidal.
carminative,
stomachic,
antispasmodic,
emmenagogue,
galactagogue, antiinflammatory,
diuretic.
fruitscarminative,
antispasmodic,
anticholerin,
B.S.P.M. INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY AMBAJOGAI. Dist Beed. (M.S.) INDIA. I'st DCP CLASSROOM NOTES PHARMACOGNOSY # 1.
Ajowan,
Yavaani
Cardamom
Ginger
Black pepper
A.A.RAUT
Elettaria cardamomum,
Maton
(Zingiberaceae)
Lesser Cardamom ,
Elaa,
Sukshmailaa.
Fresh rhizome
Aardraka,
Aadrikaa,
Shrngibera.
Dried rhizome
Shunthi,
Naagara.
Seed
Rhizome
Black Pepper ,
Maricha,
Vellaja
Fruits
antidiarrhoeal,
bechic, stimulant.
leaf juice
anthelmintic.
root carminative,
diuretic, febrifuge.
seed - carminative
antiemetic, stomachic,
orexigenic, anti-gripe,
antiasthmatic, bechic,
oil - antispasmodic,
antiseptic.
antiemetic,
antiflatulent,
hypocholesterolaemic,
anti-inflammatory,
antispasmodic,
expectorant,
circulatory stimulant,
diaphoretic, increases
bioavailability of
prescription drugs.
stimulant, carminative,
diuretic, anticholerin,
sialagogue, bechic,
antiasthmatic. used in
fevers, dyspepsia,
flatulence, indigestion,
and as mucous
B.S.P.M. INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY AMBAJOGAI. Dist Beed. (M.S.) INDIA. I'st DCP CLASSROOM NOTES PHARMACOGNOSY # 1.
membrane and
gastro-intestinal
stimulant.
Asafoetida
Nutmeg
Cinnamon
A.A.RAUT
Asafetida, Asant,
Devils Dung, Gum
Asafetida
Nutmeg, Mace,
Jaatiphala,
Jaatishasya.
Ceylon Cinnamon,
Cinnamomum verum
J.S. Presl., True
Cinnamon
Cinnamomum
obtusifolium Nees
var.loureirii Perr. & Eb.,
Saigon Cassia, Saigon
Cinnamon
Inner bark
olea-gum-resin
stimulates the
intestinal and
respiratory tracts and
the nervous system.
contains anti-inflammatory
principle,
and licarin-b and dehydro
diisoeugenol,
eugenol and isoeugenol,
myristicin.
nutmeg is used in
flatulency, diarrhoea,
nausea and vomiting.
mace is used in
rheumatism, chronic
bowel complaints and
asthma.
leafcarminative,
antidiarrhoeal,
spasmolytic,
antirheumatic,
hypoglycaemic.
essential
oilfungicidal.
B.S.P.M. INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY AMBAJOGAI. Dist Beed. (M.S.) INDIA. I'st DCP CLASSROOM NOTES PHARMACOGNOSY # 1.
Batavia Cassia,
Batavia Cinnamon,
Padang-Cassia,
Panang Cinnamon
carminative,
antiinflammatory,
antibacterial.
Syzygium aromaticum (Linn.)
Merr. & Perry.
Caryophyllus aromaticus
Linn.,
Eugenia aromatica (Linn.)
Baill.,
Eugenia caryophyllata
Thunb.,
(Myrtaceae)
Clove
Lavanga,
Devakusum,
Devapushpa,
Shrisangya,
Shriprasuunaka
Clove (dried
flowerbud)
eugenin,
triterpene acids,
crategolic acid,
steroid glucosides.
Eugenol a major
component of the oil, is
antibacterial.
Flower buds
antiemetic, stimulant,
carminative, used in
dyspepsia, gastric
irritation.
oil
employed as a local
analgesic for
hypersensitive
dentlines and carious
cavaties; internally
as a carminative and
antispasmodic
Astringent
Plant Name
Other names
Part(s) Used
Catechu
Pale Catechu,
Gambier,
Khadira
extract of the
leaves and
shoots
A.A.RAUT
Constituents
contains
tannins F mainly catechins
and catechu tannic acid,
indole alkaloids Fincluding
gambirine, gambiridine;
flavonoids F quercetin;
pigments and
gambirfluorescin.
Indications / Use
demulcent,
emollient,
expectorant,
diuretic,
intestinal astringent.
B.S.P.M. INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY AMBAJOGAI. Dist Beed. (M.S.) INDIA. I'st DCP CLASSROOM NOTES PHARMACOGNOSY # 1.
Hyoscymus
Belladonna
Other names
Indian Henbane,
Black Henbane,
Paarsika-yavaani,
Ajwaayin.
Belladonna,
Deadly Nightshade,
Suuchi
Part(s) Used
Constituents
Leaves and
flowering tops
tropane alkaloids F
hyoscyamine,
and hyoscine.
fruits,
leaves
atropine, (dl-hyoscyamine),
l- scopalomine (tropane
alkaloid)
(atropine is converted to lhyoscyamine by an
enzyme when the plant is
dry, therefore the plant is
more active when dry)
starch, sugar, mucilage
Aconite
Aconitum,
Indian aconite,
Monkshood
tuber
aconitia,
aconitine or nepalline
Ashwagandha
Winter Cherry,
Ashwagandhaa,
Hayagandhaa,
root
alkaloids withanine,
withananine,
withananinine,
A.A.RAUT
Indications / Use
Sedative. Narcotic
drug. Used for
convulsions. Action
similar to Belladonna
antispasmodic,
parasympathetic,
depressant,
vasoconstrictor,
smooth muscle
inhibitor,
bronchodilator.
narcotic, sedative,
antileprotic,
anti-inflammatory.
extremely poisonous.
(roots possess
depressant
activity, but after
mitigation in
cows milk for 23
days, they exhibit
stimulant activity.)
rootused as an
antiinflammatory
drug for swellings,
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(Solanaceae)
Ephedra
Opium
Cannabis
pseudo-withanine,
somnine,
somniferine,
somniferinine.
steroidal lactones
withanolide,
Cao Ma Huang, E.
Mahuang Liu,
Ephedra (and some
other herbs) has also
been referred to as
herbal ecstasy
arial:
alkaloids ephedrine,
phytosterols.
root: ephedrine, tannin,
saponin, flavone, oil
Opium Poppy,
Ahiphena,
Aaphuuka,
Afyum.
Hemp,
Indian Hemp,
Vijayaa,
Bhangaa,
Maadani,
Maatulaani,
Indraasana.
dried leaves or
juice
Semina Strychni
seeds
Nux vomica
Ashwakanda,
Gandharvagandhaa.
dried poppy
juice
(thc) is important.
Antihypertensive
A.A.RAUT
isoquinoline alkaloids F
morphine, narcotine,
codeine, papaverine and
thebaine.
strychnine, brucine,
caffeotannic acid, igasuric
acid, loganin
B.S.P.M. INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY AMBAJOGAI. Dist Beed. (M.S.) INDIA. I'st DCP CLASSROOM NOTES PHARMACOGNOSY # 1.
Plant Name
Other names
Part(s) Used
Constituents
indole alkaloids (more than
50 alkaloids identified,
reserpine - best known)
Indications / Use
Rauvolfia
Snake root,
Sarpgandha
root
anti-hypertensive alkaloids
(alseroxylone, corganthine,
voxinil, rescinamine)
anti-arrhythmic alkaloids
F ajmaline
anti-arrhythmic
anti-hypertensive
Constituents
quinazoline alkaloids vasicoline, adhatodine,
vasicolinone and
Indications / use
Antitussive
Plant Name
Other names
Malabarnut,
Vasaka
Balsamum Tolutanum
Tolu Balsam
Tulsi
A.A.RAUT
Vasaka
Adulsa
Holy Basil,
Sacred Basil,
Tulsi,
Surasa
Part(s) used
leaves along
with tender stem anisotine . vasicinol,
vasicinone,
deoxyvasicinone,
deoxyvasicine
toluene, benzylic benzoate,
balsam of the
benzylic cinnamate,
plant
benzoic acid, cinnamic
acid, resins
Major components of the
essential oil are eugenol,
carvacrol, nerol and
eugenolmethylether.
Leaves have been
seed, leaves
reported to contain ursolic
acid, apigenin,
luteolin, apigenin-7-Oglucuronide,
luteolin-7-O-glucuronide,
orientin and molludistin.
cold. cough,
whooping-cough and
chronic bronchitis and
asthma as sedativeexpectorant
expectorant
leaf expectorant,
carminative,
stomachic,
antispasmodic,
antiasthmatic,
antirheumatic,
stimulant,
hepatoprotective,
antipyretic and
diaphoretic.
seed used in
B.S.P.M. INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY AMBAJOGAI. Dist Beed. (M.S.) INDIA. I'st DCP CLASSROOM NOTES PHARMACOGNOSY # 1.
genitourinary
diseases.
Antirhumatics
Plant Name
Biological name
Commiphora mukul, Hooker.
(Burseraceae)
Guggul
Synonym(s)
Indian Bdellium,
Guggulu
part(s) used
gum F resin
exudes
seed and the
corn of
colchicum
Colchicum
constituents
guggolestrones E, Z.
colchicine
indications / use
anti-cholesterol,
antirhumatic
antirhumatic,
as emetic in
poisioning
Antitumour
Plant Name
Other names
Part(s) Used
Constituents
Vinca
Periwinkle, amaranth
whole plant
extract
indole alkaloids
(vincamine, cinblastine)
tannins
Indications / Use
anticancer, circulatory
stimulant
(increases blood flow
to the brain)
hypotensive
Antileprotics
Plant Name
Other names
Part(s) Used
Chaulmoogra
oil / Oleum
Chaulmoogra
e
Taraktogenos.
Chaulmoogra.
Chaulmoogra.
Seed oil
Plant Name
Other names
Pterocarpous
Pterocarpus Marsupium,
Rozburgh.
(Papilionaceae; Fabaceae)
Constituents
Indications / Use
fixed oil, 25-50 % contains
palmitin, linolein, but chiefly
glycerides of two fatty
acidschaulmoogric, cho, leprosy
and hydnocarpic, cho,
starch, proteins, tannin,
coloring matter
Antidiabetics
A.A.RAUT
Part(s) Used
bark juice
Constituents
kino-tannic acid,
kino-red, kinoin,
pyrocatechin
(pyrocatechuic acid,
catechol),
Indications / Use
diabetes, diarrhea,
pyrosis, menorrhagia,
dysentery, leucorrhea,
ulcers,
B.S.P.M. INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY AMBAJOGAI. Dist Beed. (M.S.) INDIA. I'st DCP CLASSROOM NOTES PHARMACOGNOSY # 1.
Gymnema
sylvestre
leaves or whole
plant
gymnemagenin,
gymnemic acids
leafantidiabetic.
stimulates
the heart and
circulatory
system, activates the
uterus. used
in parageusia and
furunculosis.
whole plantdiuretic,
antibilious.
root
emetic, expectorant,
astringent,
stomachic.
Diuretics
Plant Name
Gokhru
A.A.RAUT
10
Other names
Gokshura,
Gokshuraka,
Kshudra (Laghu)
Gokharu,
Shvadamshtraa,
Swaadu-kantaka
Part(s) Used
fruit,
leaves,
root.
Constituents
plant contains saponins,
which on hydrolysis yield
sapogeninsdiosgenin,
gitogenin, chlorogenin,
ruscogenin,
25d-spirosta-3, 5-diene,
among others. flavonoids
rutin, quercetin,
kaempferol, kaempferol-3glucoside and-rutinoside,
and tribuloside have
been isolated fromthe
leaves and fruits.
theseeds contain carboline
alkaloids
harmane and harmine.
Indications / Use
fruitsdiuretic,
demulcent,
anti-inflammatory,
anabolic,
spasmolytic, muscle
relaxant,
hypotensive,
hypoglycaemic.
leafdiuretic,
haemostatic.
rootstomachic,
diuretic.
B.S.P.M. INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY AMBAJOGAI. Dist Beed. (M.S.) INDIA. I'st DCP CLASSROOM NOTES PHARMACOGNOSY # 1.
harmol is also reported
from the herb.
Punarnava
Horse-purslane,
Hogweed,
Rakta-punarnavaa,
Punarnavaa,
Katthilla,
Shophaghni.
Plant Name
Other names
Ipecacuanha
Cephaelis ipecacuanha,
A. Richard
(Rubiacae)
Ipecacuanha. Ipecac
whole plant
Antidysenterics
Part(s) Used
dried root
xanthone,
beta-ecdysone.
flavonoid,
arbinofuranoside
diuretic,
anti-inflammatory,
antiarthritic,
spasmolytic,
antibacterial
(used for inflammatory
renal diseases,
nephrotic syndrome,
in cases of ascites
resulting from
early cirrhosis of liver
and chronic
peritonitis, dropsy
associated with
chronic brights
diseases
Constituents
emetine, cephaeline,
cephaelic acid,
epecacuanhic acid, tannic
acid, volatile oil, starch,
gum
Indications / Use
Constituents
benzaldehyde, vanillin
(1 %), phenylpropyl
cinnamate, styrol, and
Indications / Use
antidysenterics,
emetic
Benzoin
Myrrh
A.A.RAUT
11
Other names
Part(s) Used
Sumatra benzoin
resinous
exudates
obtained by
injury to the tree
African Myrrh,
oleo-gum-resin
antiseptic and
disinfectant
benzoic acid
antiseptic and
B.S.P.M. INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY AMBAJOGAI. Dist Beed. (M.S.) INDIA. I'st DCP CLASSROOM NOTES PHARMACOGNOSY # 1.
(Burseraceae)
Neem
Arabian Myrrh,
Balsamodendron
Myrrha,
Bitter Myrrh,
Commiphora,
Neem,
Limb,
Nila
leaves,
bark,
seed oil.
the dried
rhizome
disinfectant
Constituents
quinine, quinidine,
Indications / Use
Curcuma
Turmeric, haridra,
haldi, halad.
Plant Name
Other names
Part(s) Used
Cinchona
Cinchona bark,
Jesuit bark.
Quills or in
curved pieces of cinchonine, cinchonidine,
quinamine, quinic acid,
bark
quinovic acid
Plant Name
Other names
Ergot
Claviceps purpurea,
(Clavicititaceae)
Antimalarial
malaria
Oxytocics
Rye ergot
Part(s) Used
Constituents
Indications / Use
dried sclerotium
alkaloids (ergotamine)
ergotic/ergotinic acid,
sclerotic
oxytocic,
hemostatic,
motor excitant
antianaemic, anabolic,
antiemetic, bechic,
Vitamins
Emblica officinalis, Gaertn.
(Euphorbiaceae)
Amla
A.A.RAUT
12
Phyllanthus emblica,
Aaamalaki, Aaamalaka
Fruit pericarp
B.S.P.M. INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY AMBAJOGAI. Dist Beed. (M.S.) INDIA. I'st DCP CLASSROOM NOTES PHARMACOGNOSY # 1.
minerals and amino acids
astringent,
antihaemorrhagic.
Enzymes
Papaya
Papain or Papayotin
Plant Name
Other names
papain enzyme
plant enzyme
digestive in dyspepsia
stomachic,
carminative, diuretic,
galactagogue. useful
in bleeding piles,
haemoptysis,
dysentery and chronic
diarrhoea.
Peppermint
oil
Lemon oil
A.A.RAUT
13
Pudinaa,
Peppermint, Brandy
Mint
Jambira, Jambh,
Jambhir,
Jaamphal, Nimbu,
Nimbuka, neebu
Part(s) Used
steam distilled
volatile oil of the
plant
peel oil
Constituents
menthol, menthone,
pulegone, enthofuran,1,8cineole, menthyl acetate,
isomenthone, the leaves
contain flavonoid
glycosides, eriocitrin,
luteolin 7-0-rutinoside,
hesperidin, isorhoifolin,
diosmin, eriodictyol 7-Oglucoside and narirutin,
besides rosmarinic acid,
azulenes, cholene,
carotenes.
volatile oil (about 2.5% of
the peel) consists of about
75% limonene,
alpha-and beta-pinenes,
alpha-terpinene, citral,
hesperidin, rutin.
Indications / Use
digestive, carminative,
chloretic,
antispasmodic,
diuretic,
antiemetic, mild
sedative, diaphoretic,
antiseptic, antiviral,
used in
many mixtures of
indigestion and
colic and cough and
cold remedies.
antiscorbutic,
carminative,
stomachic,
antihistaminic,
antibacterial. used
during coughs,
colds, influenza and
B.S.P.M. INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY AMBAJOGAI. Dist Beed. (M.S.) INDIA. I'st DCP CLASSROOM NOTES PHARMACOGNOSY #
1.
onset of fever
Sandalwood
Chandan, Sandal,
Sandalwood
Heartwood of
the plant
aromatic therapy,
perfumary
Part(s) Used
Constituents
Indications / Use
demulcent,
root,
glycyrrhizin 2-8%,
triterpene saponin,
glycyrrhetinic acid,
isoflavonoids, chalcones,
stolon
coumarins, triterpenoids
spasmolytic, mild
laxative, antistress,
Miscellaneous
Plant Name
Other names
Gan Cao
Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linn.
Liquorice
(Papilionaceae, Fabaceae)
(root/rhizome),
Glycyrrhiza glabra L.
Var. Glabra, G.glabra
L. Subsp. Glandulifera
Licorice
volatile oils
bulb
(clove)
disulphide compounds
allicin
(via allinase)
alliin, diallyl disulphide,
lipids, mucilage, albumin
vitamins A, B, C, E.
root
glycosidal bitter
principle, kutkin found to be
a mixture of two iridoid
glycosides, picroside
i and kutkoside also
obtained were D-mannitol,
kutkiol, kutkisterol
and a ketone (identical with
apocynin).
Ajo, Allium,
Allium sativum, Linn.
(Liliaceae, Alliaceae)
Garlic
Picrorhiza kurroa,
Royle ex Benth
(Scrophulariaceae)
Picrorhiza
A.A.RAUT
14
Lashuna, Rasona,
Yavaneshta,
Ugragandha
Katukaa, Katurohini,
Kutki.
dioscorine , furanoid
tubers
norditerpenes, contain
nearly 83% starch
expectorant,
antiallergic, antiinflammatory,
antidepressive
anti-microbial
hypotensive
hypolipidemic
in jaundice,
intermittent fever,
dyspnoea and
skin diseases
tubersused for
ulcer, to
kill worms in wounds.
plant parts
used in whitlow, sores,
boils.
B.S.P.M. INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY AMBAJOGAI. Dist Beed. (M.S.) INDIA. I'st DCP CLASSROOM NOTES PHARMACOGNOSY # 1.
Linseed
ripe seed
dried root
saponins
shatavarins IIV.
shatavarin IV is a glycoside
of sarsasapogenin,
sitosterol etc.
Indian asparagus ,
Asparagus racemosus Willd.
(Asparagaceae)
Shataavari, Shatmuuli,
Atirasaa, Bahusutaa,
Shatpadi, Shatviryaa
Shankhpushpi
E. Angustifolius Roxb.
Convolvulus alsinoides
L. Shankhphuli,
Shivakrandi
Pyrethrum
Pellitory,
Officinarum Hayne,
Aakallaka, Aakulakrit,
Agragraahi
Shatavari
Tobacco
A.A.RAUT
15
Indian tobacco,
Taamraparna,
Dhuumrapatraa
inflammation of
mucous membranes
of respiratory,
digestive, and urinary
organs, renal and
vesical irritation,
catarrh, dysentery,
as galactagogue, for
disorders of female
genitourinary tract,
ulcer-healing agent,
intestinal disinfectant
and astringent in
diarrhea, nervine tonic
and in sexual debility
for spermatogenesis
evolvine,
aqueous extract
of whole plant
root
herb
beta-sitosterol, stearic,
oleic, linoleic
acids, pentatriacontane
and triacontane
an acrid, brown resin,
inulin, anacycline,
isobutylamide,
inulin and a trace of
essential
oil.
nicotine