Chapter 11 - Substance Use / Impulse Control disorder, Chapter 13 - Schizophrenia and related
psychotic disorders Chapter 14 (online on Niihka) - Neurodevelopmental disorders
Exam 4 Review Sheet Definitions: Substance intoxication- Physiological reactions, such as impaired judgment and motor ability, as well as mood changes resulting from the ingestion of psychoactive substances Substance abuse- Pattern of psychoactive substance use leading to significant distress or impairment in social and occupational roles and in hazardous situations Substance dependence- Maladaptive pattern of substance use characterized by the need for increased amounts to achieve the desired effect, negative physical effects when the substance is withdrawn, unsuccessful efforts to control its use. And substantial effort expended to seek it or recover from its effects (also known as addiction) Depressants- psychoactive substances that result in behavioral sedation, including alcohol, and sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic drugs Stimulants- Psychoactive substances that elevate mood, activity, and alertness, including amphetamines, caffeine, cocaine, and nicotine Opiates- addictive psychoactive substances such as heroin, opium, and morphine that cause temporary euphoria and analgesia (pain reduction) Hallucinogens- any psychoactive substance such as LSD or marijuana that can produce delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, and altered sensory perception Fetal alcohol syndrome- pattern of problems including learning difficulties, behavior deficits, and characteristic physical flaws, resulting from heavy drinking by the victims mother when she was pregnant with the victim Withdrawal- severely negative physiological reaction to removal of a psychoactive substance, which can be alleviated by the same or a similar substance Schizophrenia- devastating psychotic disorder that may involve characteristic disturbances in thinking (delusions), perception (hallucinations), speech, emotions, and behavior Delusion-psychotic disorder featuring a persistent belief contrary to reality (delusion) but no other symptoms of schizophrenia Hallucination- s a perception in the absence of apparent stimulus that has qualities of real perception. Hallucinations are vivid, substantial, and located in external objective space.
Alogia- deficiency in the amount or content of speech, a disturbance often seen in people with Schizophrenia Anhedonia-Inability to experience pleasure, associated with some mood and schizophrenic disorders Catatonia- disorder of movement involving immobility or excited agitation Avolition- apathy or the inability to initiate or persist in important activites Psychotic behavior- severe psychological disorder category characterized by hallucinations and loss of contact with reality Dopamine hypothesis- argues that the unusual behavior and experiences associated with schizophrenia (sometimes extended to psychosis in general) can be fully or largely explained by changes in dopamine function in the brain. Age of 25, sharp decrease in accidents b/c ending of brain development
Synaptic pruning- Synaptic pruning refers to the process by which extra neurons and synaptic connections are eliminated in order to increase the efficiency of neuronal transmissions. It happens by reducing the number of weak neurons into more efficient synaptic configurations. The process is done to weed out neuronal structures in the brain that are deemed not necessary. Many children prune out neurons that have become damaged in order to improve the overall networking capacity in each particular area of the brain. It is a process that occurs naturally as the child develops.
Learning disorders- reading, mathematics, or written expression performance substantially below levels expected relative to the persons age, IQ score, and education Pervasive Developmental Disorder- Wide-ranging, significant, and long-lasting dysfunctions that appear before the age of 18 Autistism Spectrum disorder- Impairment in social communication: Relative to age, Few to no friends, Joint attention problems, Social awareness
Aspergers disorder (historical)- characterized by impairments in social relationships and restricted or unusual behaviors, but without the language delays seen in autism Fragile X syndrome- Pattern of abnormality caused by a defect in the X chromosome resulting in intellectual disability, learning problems, and unusual physical characteristics Rett disorder progressive neurological developmental disorder featuring constant hand-wringing, intellectual disability, and impaired motor skills Childhood Disintegrative Disorder- involving severe regression in language, adaptive behavior, and motor skills after a 2-4 yr period of normal development PKU- phenylketonuria: recessive disorder involving the inability to break down a food chemical whose buildup causes intellectual disability, seizures, and behavior problems. PKU can be detected by infant screening and prevented by a specialized diet Amniocentesis- Prenatal medical procedure that allows the detection of abnormalities (ex Down Syndrome) in the developing fetus. It involves Chorionic Villus Sampling-a genetic test conducted during early pregnancy that samples cells found in the placenta (chronic villi) and assesses possible genetic Intellectual disability- a diagnosis received when one achieves a significantly below-average score on a test of intelligence and by limitations in the ability to removal and analysis of amniotic fluid from the mother or chromosomal problems in the fetus function in areas of daily life Down Syndrome- type of intellectual disability caused by a chromosomal aberration (Chromosome 21) and involving characteristics physical appearance. Sometimes known as trisomy 21
Disorders Covered Substance Use Disorder: At least 2 of the following causing impairment or distress occurring in the last 12 months: Taken in greater amounts or over longer period than intended Unsuccessful attempts to cut back/control use Time spent to obtain, use, recover is excessive or problematic Craving Use continued despite knowledge of social or interpersonal problems caused/worsened by substance Important activities given up or stopped Recurrent use in physically hazardous situations Use continued despite knowledge of physical or psychological problems caused/worsened by substance Tolerance Withdrawal
Substance Intoxication Disorders: Acute, intervention is needed Reversible substance-specific syndrome Significant maladaptive behavior or psychological changes o Experienced as impaired judgment, mood change, or lowered motor ability
Gambling Disorder: Very similar to substance use disorders
Trichotillomania- hair pulling urge, may be trauma related: higher F:M ratio Intermittent Explosive Disorder: Aggressive outbursts; overlaps with Antisocial PD
Kleptomania- recurrent failure to resist urges to steal things not needed for personal use or their monetary value Pyromania- an impulse- control disorder that involves having an irresistible urge to set fires Schizophrenia- devastating psychotic disorder that may involve characteristic disturbances in thinking(delusions), perception(hallucinations), speech, emotions and behavior Schizophreniform Disorder- Psychotic disorder involving the symptoms of schizophrenia but lasting LESS THAN 6 months Schizoaffective Disorder- Psychotic disorder featuring symptoms of both schizophrenia AND Major Mood Disorder Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder- A disturbance in speech fluency that includes a number of problems with speech, such as repeating syllables or words, prolonging certain sounds, making obvious pauses, or substituting words to replace ones that are difficult to articulate Language Disorder: limited speech in all situations, expressive speech is significant below receptive language Social (pragmatic) Communication Disorder- difficulties with the social aspects of verbal and nonverbal communication including verbosity, prosody, excessive switching topics, and dominating conversations Tourrettes Disorder- developmental disorder featuring multiple dysfunctional motor and vocal tics ADHD: Either Inattentive or Hyperactive, onset before 12, impairments in multiple areas including behavioral, cognitive, social academic Specific Learning Disorder- academic performance that is substantially below what would be expected given the persons age, intelligence quotient (IQ score), and education. Performance, short of expectations Autism Spectrum Disorder: impairment in social communication & restricted repetitive patterns Intellectual Disability: below average intellectual functioning (IQ of 70 or below), deficits in adaptive functioning (communication, social participation), and disorder of childhood (before 18)
General Questions: Describe the differences between substance intoxication, abuse, and dependence.
How are people positively and negative reinforced to use substances?
How can substance use disorders be effectively treated?
How can substance use disorders be effectively prevented?
At what point does gambling become pathological?
What are the subtypes of schizophrenia?
What are the phases of schizophrenia?
Describe genetic influences on schizophrenia.
What is the difference between schizophreniform and schizoaffective disorder(see the book)?
When do symptoms of schizophrenia typically emerge?
Describe cultural factors involved in diagnosing schizophrenia.
Why might patients be noncompliant with medication for schizophrenia?
Are boys or girls more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD?
List several causes of ADHD.
Do all children with ADHD respond positive to medications? How can medications help manage symptoms of ADHD?
What are some common classification systems for severity of intellectual disability?
Do vaccines cause Autism?
What role do genes and environment play in Austism Spectrum Disorders?