INTRODUCTION

Comparative research is simply the act of comparing two or more things with a view
to discovering something about one or all of the things being compared. This
techniue is often utili!es multiple disciplines in one study. "hen it comes to method#
the ma$ority agreement is that there is no methodology peculiar to comparative
research. The multi disciplinary approach is good for the fle%ibility it offers# yet
comparative programs do have a case to answer against the call that their research
lac&s a 'seamless whole. There are certainly methods far more common than others in
comparative studies# however. (uantitative analysis is much more freuently perused
than ualitative# and this is seen in the ma$ority of comparative studies can be use
uantitative data.The general method of comparing things is the same for comparative
research as it is in our everyday practice of comparisons. )i&e cases are treated ali&e#
and cases are treated differently* the e%tent of difference determines how differently
cases are treated. The point here is that if one is able to sufficiently distinguish two
cases# comparative research conclusions will not be very helpful.+econdary analysis
of uantitative data is relatively widespread in comparative research# undoubtedly in
part because of the cost of obtaining primary data for such large things as a country,s
policy environment. - typical method of comparing welfare state is to ta&e balance
their levels of spending on social welfare.we all &now in the changing environment
corporate ha also changing their strategy for staying in the mar&et and always with the
e%ternal environment li&e government and telecom regulatory authority of India. .ut
in this pro$ect I am totally focused on secondary data. It is $ust an e%ternal analysis of
life time plans of /odafone -irtel and some other telecom sector. as we all &now the
secondary data is totally based on internet information# news paper cutting#
#comments etc. Organi!ation always tries to maintain the comparative edge between
the competitors. -nd some e%ternal factor where also active for different region here
2

organi!ation has always cope0up with the situation.In line with how a lot of theori!ing
has gone in the last century# comparative research does not tend to investigate 1grand
theories, such as 2ar%ism. It instead occupies itself with middle0range theories 3
theories that do not purport to describe our social system in its entirely# but a subset of
it. - good e%ample of this is the common research programs that loo&s for differences
between two or more social systems# then loo& at these differences in relation to some
other variable coe%isting in those societies to see if it is related. The classic cases of
this is 4sping0-nderson,s research on social welfare systems# and compared them
based on there levels of deco modification of social welfare goods. 5e found that he
was able to class welfare states in four types# based on their deco modification. +he
further theori!ed from this that deco modification was based on a combination of
class collisions and mobili!ation# and regime legacy. 5ere 4sping0-nderson is using
comparative research6 he ta&es many western countries and compared their level of
deco modification# then develops a theory of the divergence based on his
findings.Comparative research is a methodology in the social sciences that aims to
ma&e comparisons across different countries and cultures. - ma$or problem in
comparative research is that the data sets in different countries may not use the same
categories# or define categories different.
- pro$ect is a scientific and systematic study of real issues on a problem with the
application of management concept and s&ills. The study can deal with small or big
issues in any division of an organi!ation. It can be case study where a problem has
been dealt with# through the process of management. The essential euipment of a
pro$ect this that# it should contain scientific collection of data# analysis and
interpretation of data ."inter pro$ects an essential part in 2-N-7424NT
curriculum. It enables the student to share the real e%perience in industry. 2y
3

management has assigned me to do a winter pro$ect based on secondary data. The
topic has assigned to me 'the comparative analysis of life time plans of telecom sector
8airtel and voda fone9. It is very difficult to analy!e the life time plans of each and
every telecom company. Or comparative analysis of each and every state life time
plan of telecom sector. so that,s why I have concentrated only on 2aharashtra sector.
we all &now in the changing environment corporate ha also changing their strategy for
staying in the mar&et and always try to maintain the comparative edge between the
competitor. and some e%ternal factor where also active for different different region
here organi!ation has always cope with the e%ternal environment li&e government and
telecom regulatory authority of india. but in this pro$ect I am totally focused on
secondary data. It is $ust an e%ternal analysis of life time plans of /odafone airtel and
some other telecom sector. as we all &now the secondary data is totally based on
internet information#news paper cutting# #comments etc.
Telecom Industry in India
The telecom industry is one of the fastest growing industries in India. India has nearly
:;; million telephone lines ma&ing it the third largest networ& in the world after
China and U+-. "ith a growth rate of <=># Indian telecom industry has the highest
growth rate in the world.
0 2uch of the growth in -sia ?acific "ireless Telecommunication 2ar&et is spurred
bythe growth in demand in countries li&e India and China.
0 India1s mobile phone subscriber base is growing at a rate of @:.:>.
0 China is the biggest mar&et in -sia ?acific with a subscriber base of <@> of the total
subscribers in -sia ?acific. Compared to that India ,s share in -sia ?acific 2obile
?hone.
4

02ar&et is A.<>. Considering the fact that India and China have almost comparable
populations# India,s low mobile penetration offers huge scope for growth.
Bear
C@=C Dirst operational land lines were laid by the government near Calcutta 8seat of
.ritish power9
C@@C Telephone service introduced in India.
C@@E 2erger with the postal system.
CF:E Dormation of Indian Radio Telegraph Company 8IRT9.
CFE: 2erger of 4TC and IRT into the Indian Radio and Cable Communication
Company 8IRCC9.
CF<G Nationali!ation of all foreign telecommunication companies to form the
?osts# Telephone and Telegraph 8?TT9# a monopoly run by the governmentHs
2inistry of Communications.
CF@= Department of Telecommunications 8DOT9 established an e%clusive provider
of domestic and long0distance service that would be its own regulator .
CF@A Conversion of DOT into two wholly government0owned companies6 the
/idesh +anchar Nigam )imited 8/+N)9 for international telecommunications
and 2ahanagar Telephone Nigam )imited 82TN)9 for service in
metropolitan areas.
CFFG Telecom Regulatory -uthority of India created.
CFFF Cellular +ervices are launched in India. New National Telecom ?olicy is
adopted.
5istory of Indian Telecommunications
+tarted in C@=C when the first operational land lines were laid by the government near
Calcutta8seat of .ritish power9. Telephone services were introduced in India in C@@C.
InC@@E telephone services were merged with the postal system. Indian Radio
5

Telegraph Company 8IRT9 was formed in CF:E. -fter independence in CF<G# all the
foreign telecommunication companies were nationali!ed to form the ?osts# Telephone
and Telegraph 8?TT9# a monopoly run by the governmentHs 2inistry of
Communications. Telecom sector was considered as a strategic service and the
government considered it best to bring under stateHs control.The first wind of reforms
in telecommunications sector began to flow in CF@;s when the private sector was
allowed in telecommunications euipment manufacturing. In CF@=# Department of
Telecommunications 8DOT9 was established. It was an e%clusive provider of domestic
and long distance service that would be its own regulator 8separate from the postal
system9. In CF@A# two wholly government0owned companies were created6 the /idesh
+anchar Nigam )imited 8/+N)9 for international telecommunications and 2ahanagar
Telephone Nigam )imited 82TN)9 for service in metropolitan areas.In CFF;s#
telecommunications sector benefited from the general opening up of the economy.
-lso# e%amples of telecom revolution in many other countries# which resulted in
better uality of service and lower tariffs# led Indian policy ma&ers to initiate a change
process finally resulting in opening up of telecom services sector for the private
sector.National Telecom ?olicy 8NT?9 CFF< was the first attempt to give a
comprehensive roadmap for the Indian telecommunications sector. In CFFG# Telecom
Regulatory-uthority of India 8TR-I9 was created. TR-I was formed to act as a
regulator to facilitate the growth of the telecom sector. New National Telecom ?olicy
was adopted in CFFF and cellular services were also launched in the same
year.Telecommunication sector in India can be divided into two segments6 Di%ed
+ervice ?rovider 8D+?s9# and Cellular +ervices. Di%ed line services consist of basic
services# national or domestic long distance and international long distance services.
The state operators 8.+N) and 2TN)9# account for almost F; per cent of
6

revenues from basic services. ?rivate sector services are presently available in
selective urban areas# and collectively account for less than = per cent of
subscriptions. 5owever# private services focus on the businessIcorporate sector# and
offer reliable# high0 end services# such as leased lines# I+DN# closed user group and
videoconferencing.
Cellular services can be further divided into two categories6 7lobal +ystem for 2obile
Communications 87+29 and Code Division 2ultiple -ccess 8CD2-9. The 7+2
sector is dominated by -irtel# /odfone05utch# and Idea Cellular# while the CD2-
sector is dominated by Reliance and Tata Indicom. Opening up of international and
domestic long distance telephony services are the ma$or growth drivers for cellular
industry. Cellular operators get substantial revenue from these services# and
compensate them for reduction in tariffs on airtime# which along with rental was the
main source of revenue. The reduction in tariffs for airtime# national long distance#
international long distance# and handset prices has driven demand.

7

OUR ?-RTN4R+
ID4- welcomes all businesses and individuals interested in partnering with us to
enhance and strengthen the ID4- products J services portfolio.
To e%plore such potential partnerships# &indly get in touch with us by submitting the
?artners Dorm.
+ome of our Technology and Content ?artners6
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Kodia& )td
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Net<nuts India )td
Bahoo
Rediff
8

Indiatimes

2obile:win
+ify
NDT/

RO-2IN7
Roamware.inc
+tarhome
.harti Telesoft


2-RK4TIN7
CO22UNIC-TION+

)owe India ?vt )td
Insight 2edia )td

?U.)IC R4)-TION+
-dDactors ?R

N4T"ORK
No&ia 0 +iemens
9

4ricsson


Our ?romoters
The -ditya .irla 7roup is IndiaHs first truly multinational corporation. 7lobal in
vision# rooted in Indian values# the 7roup is driven by a performance ethic pegged on
value creation for its multiple sta&eholders. Its AA state0of0the0art manufacturing units
and sectoral services span India# Thailand# Indonesia# 2alaysia# ?hilippines# 4gypt#
Canada# -ustralia and China.- U+L A.G billion conglomerate# with a mar&et
capitalisation of U+L G billion# it is anchored by an e%traordinary force of G:#;;;
employees belonging to over :; different nationalities. Over E; per cent of its
revenues flow from its operations across the world.- premium conglomerate# the
-ditya .irla 7roup is a dominant player in all of the sectors in which it operates.
+uch as viscose staple fiber# non0ferrous metals# cement# viscose filament yarn#
branded apparel# carbon blac&# chemicals# fertili!ers# sponge iron# insulators and
financial services.The 7roup has also made successful forays into the IT and .?O
sectors.Currently around =G percent of our 4uity +hares are held by our ?romoters
who are companies belonging to the -ditya .irla 7roup.
Our ?romoters are 0
C. -ditya .irla Nuvo )imited
:. 7rasim Industries )imited
E. 5indalco Industries )imited and
<. .irla T2T 5oldings ?rivate )imited.
10

11

+4R/IC4+ ?RO/ID4D .B ID4-C4))U)-R
o +2+
o -+TRO)O7B
o 2U+IC 24++-7IN7
o RIN7TON4+
o DI-)0a0RIN7TON4
o )O7O
D)-+5 +2+
o MOK4+
o )O/4 )O7O+
o C-))4R )IN4 ID4NTIDIC-TION
o /OIC4 2-I)
o IT42IN4D .I))IN7
o 4N(UIRB +4R/IC4
o ?ICTUR4 24++-7IN7
o B-5OO D-TIN7
o B-5OOO 2-I)
o B-5OO 24++4N74R
o 7ROU? 24++4N74R
o 2O.I)4 .-NKIN7
o N4"+ U?D-T4
+U??)424NT-RB +4R/IC4+
o -TT-C5ID4T-C5 8?)U+ TI24R9
12

o .-RRIN7 -)) C-))+
o .-RRIN7 INCO2IN7 C-))+
o .-RRIN7 INCO2IN7 C-))+ "54N -.RO-D
o .-RRIN7 INT4RN-TION--) C-))+
o C)I?
o CO)?
o C-)) DOR"-RD0ON .U+B
o C-)) DOR"-RD0ON NO R4?)B
o C-)) DOR"-RD0ON NOT R4-C5-.)4
o C-)) DOR"-RD0UNCONDITION-)
o C-)) 5O)D
o C-))"-ITIN7
o DT2D +I7N-)IN7
o 2U)TI ?-RTB C-))IN7
o O?4R-TOR CONTRO))4D .-RRIN7
o /OIC4 2-I) "IT5 +2+ NOTIDIC-TION +2+02T
o +2+ 02T
T4)4 +4R/IC4+
COR4 .4)I4D+
The company continuously harnesses the power of wireless revolution to provide
world0class products and services. It aims at responding to customer needs
proactively by anticipating reuirements and providing ready solutions.Idea Cellular
13

draws inspiration from the loyalty of its subscribers to &eep raising the bar# to shape
the future# and to change and enrich the life of each and every member of its ever0
growing family of subscribers.
ID4- C4))U)-R 2I++ION
Innovate. +timulate. )iberate...
Through continuous innovation# Idea Cellular see&s to liberate customers from the
shac&les of time and space.
/I+ION
To achieve ob$ectives of growth and profitability by cellular telephony a common
means of personal communication and a fact everyday life in our mar&ets we will do
so by providing high uality wide range cellular services# which is easy to use#
offered at a fair price and supported by e%ceptional customer service organi!ational
structure.
If not# the money for this deal could also be raised through the initial public offer
8I?O9 route or through additional debt# which would father iU?84-+T9ease the debt
burden. On Man C=th# Idea issued a press release saying they had completed 'the
largest acuisition in the wireless industryP. The transaction includes si% telecom
circlesQthe e%isting three circles of 4scotel and the three licenses obtained by
4scorts at the time of auctions of forth operator licenses. 4scorts has more than
14

C=#:=#;;; subscribers. D+? 2errill )ynch have been advisors to Idea cellular. The
newly acuired circles represent an addition to Idea,s e%isting footprints with all#
e%cept Kerala# being contiguous to Idea,s e%isting operation.Idea will have
incumbency advantage in as many as seven circles#which would entitle the company
to an additional :> reduction in license fees for four years from -pril C#:;;G which
has been granted only to the incumbent first and second operators in non metro
circle.The Nunda,s hold =C> of 4scotel# while the balance <F> is held by Dirst
?acific. Dirst ?acific had decided to e%it India two years ago and had been waiting for
the right buyer to come along with the right price. It is learnt that hi&ed its offer in the
last few days. The deal ma&es great sense for Idea because it is not an operator in any
of the circles in which 4scotel provides service. .harti# on the other hand# offers
service in all the circles where 4scotel operates# as the fourth operator. The deal is the
ma$or setbac& for .harti as +unil 2ittal# chairman of .harti 7roup# was also buying
4scotel..harti lost in a bid war with Idea cellular for 4scotel as they had bid
significantly lower as they were already present in all those circles of which 4scotel is
a part. In the absence of intra circle merger guidelines# it was difficult for .harti to
evaluate 4scotel fully. .harti operates on C@;; 25!. The cost of operation is higher
at this freuency. +o it made sense for .harti to acuire 4scotel and gain access to the
freuency in F;; 25! band that 4scotel operates on.
+?4CI-) +4R/IC4+ .B ID4-8after services provided by ID4-9
C. Call forwarding with the help of services you can divert your incoming calls
to any number to the cellular or ?JT.
15

:. Calls waitingI calls hold this facility let you handle two calls at the same time.
Bou can put one call on hold while you attend another incoming call. -lso put
your current call on hold while ma&e an outgoing call. Bou can switch
between calls as often as often as you want J terminate any when you want.
E. Calling )ine Identification ?resentation 8C)I?9 the C)I? facility
automatically display you caller,s number# letting you decide whether you
want to ta&e the call or not.
<. Call conference this facility converts your mobile UN to a conference room
by connecting you many people simultaneously whether they are on a cellular
or a ?JT line.
=. Call barring# it allows you to prevent certain type of calls being made from
your handsets.
A. /oice 2ail +ervice# this services let you receive J store messages even when
your handsets.
G. Roming facility Idea provides you roaming facility in any part of the country
i.e. you can use Idea cellular phone of India.
@. Turant0 T--R bid good by phones# letters# telegrams# fa%es J even e0mails
the new facility adding by the organi!ation is Turant0Tar the mobile to mobile
messaging service that can allow you to send te%t messages to the mobile
phones or your business associates instantly anywhere in the world without
incurring +TD or I+D charges.
T4)4CO2 5I+TORB
C@<:6 "ireless by conduction
16

C@<E6 4arly electromagnetic research# wireless by induction
C@A=6 Induction and Dr. )oomis
4arly radio discoveries
C@GF6 D.4. 5ughes and the first radio0telephone reception
C@@;6 The photophone and the first voice radio0telephone call
C@@; 0 CF;;6 Radio development begins in earnest
CFC;6 The first car0telephone
CF:<6 The first car0mounted radio0telephone
CFEG6 4arly conventional radio0telephone development
The modern era begins
CF<A6 The first commercial -merican radio0telephone service
CF<G6 Cellular systems first discussed
CF<@6 The first automatic radio telephone service
CFAF6 The first cellular radio system
CFGE6 The Dather of the cell phone
CFG@6 Dirst generation analog cellular systems begin
CF@;6 7rowth of Mapanese cellular development
CF@C6 N2T 00 the first multinational cellular system
CF@:6 The rise of 7+2
CFF;6 North -merica goes digital6 I+0=<
Classification of Telecommunication services
17

1. .asic services
2. Cellular services
3. Internet +ervice ?rovider 8I+?9
Cellular +ervice
Overview
C. There are five private service operators in each area# and an incumbent state
operator. -lmost @;> of the cellular subscriber base belongs to the pre0paid segment.
:. The Dot has allowed cellular companies to buy rivals within the same operating
circle provided their combined mar&et share did not e%ceed AG per cent. ?reviously#
they were only allowed to buy companies outside their circle
7rowth Drivers.
Opening up of international and domestic long distance telephony services are growth
drivers in the industry. Cellular operators now get substantial revenue from these
services# and compensate them for reduction in tariffs on air time# which along with
rental was the main source of revenue. The reduction in tariffs for airtime# national
long distance# international long distance# and handset prices has driven demand.
The Key players in the Telecom 2ar&et in India
Cellular +ervice provider6
C. .+N)
18

:. -irtel
E. Idea
<. Reliance
=. /odafone
A. Tata indicom
G. -ircel
@. +pice
F. 2TN)
Company ?rofile
INTRODUCTION
-IRT4)
'.harti -irtelP formerly &nown as .harti Tele0/entures )imited 8.T/)9 is among
IndiaHs largest mobile phone and Di%ed Networ& operators. "ith more than A; million
19

subscriptions as of CEth Debruary :;;@.R:S It offers its mobile services under the
-irtel brand and is headed by +unil 2ittal. The company also provides telephone
services and Internet access over D+) in C< circles. The company complements its
mobile# broadband J telephone services with national and international long distance
services.
The company also has a submarine cable landing station at Chennai# which connects
the submarine cable connecting Chennai and +ingapore. The company provides
reliable end0to0end data and enterprise services to the corporate customers by
leveraging its nationwide fiber optic bac&bone# last mile connectivity in fi%ed0line and
mobile circles# /+-Ts# I+? and international bandwidth access through the gateways
and landing station.
-irtel is the largest cellular service provider in India in terms of number of
subscribers. .harti -irtel owns the -irtel brand and provides the following services
under the brand name -irtel6 2obile +ervices 8using 7+2 Technology9# .roadband
J Telephone +ervices 8Di%ed line# Internet Connectivity8D+)9 and )eased )ine9#
)ong Distance +ervices and 4nterprise +ervices 8Telecommunications Consulting for
corporates9. )eading international telecommunication companies such as /odafone
and +ingTel held partial sta&es in .harti -irtel. In -pril :;;A .harti 7lobal )imited
was awarded a telecommunications license in Mersy in the Channel Islands by the
local telecommunications regulator the MCR-.
In +eptember :;;A the Office of Utility Regulation in 7uernsey awarded 7uernsey
-irtel with a mobile telecommunications license. In 2ay :;;G Mersey -irtel and
7uernsey -irtel announced the launch of a relationship with /odafone for island
mobile subscribers. In Muly :;;G# .harti -irtel signed an 2oU with No&ia0+iemens
for a F;; million dollar e%pansion of its mobile and fi%ed networ&.RES In -ugust :;;G#
20

the company announced it will be launching a customi!ed version of 7oogle search
engine that will provide an Harray of servicesH to its broadband customers
INTRODUCTION
ID4-
-s IndiaHs leading 7+2 2obile +ervices operator# ID4- Cellular has licenses to
operate in CC circles. "ith a customer base of over CG million# ID4- Cellular has
operations in Delhi#2aharashtra# 7oa# 7u$arat# -ndhra ?radesh# 2adhya ?radesh#
Chhattisgarh#Uttaranchal# 5aryana# U?0"est# 5imachal ?radesh and Kerala. ID4-
CellularHs footprint Currently covers appro%imately <=> of IndiaHs population and
over =;> of the potential Telecom0mar&et.
-s a leader in /alue -dded +ervices# Innovation is central to ID4-Hs /-+ Dactory. It
is the first cellular company to launch music messaging with HCellular Moc&eyH#
H.ac&ground TonesH# H7roup Tal&H# a voice portal with H+ay ID4-H and a complete suite
of 2obile 4mail +ervices. Idea Cellular is a wireless telephony company operating in
various states in India. It initially started in CFF= as a $oin venture between the Tatas#
-ditya .irla 7roup and -TJT by merging Tata Cellular and .irla -TJT
Communications.
Initially having a very limited footprint in the 7+2 arena# the acuisition of 4scotel
in :;;< gave Idea a truly pan0India presence covering 2aharashtra 8e%cluding
2umbai9# 7oa# 7u$arat# -ndhra ?radesh# 2adhya ?radesh# Chattisgarh# Uttar ?radesh
84ast and "est9# 5aryana# Kerala# Ra$asthan and Delhi 8inclusive of NCR9.
The company has its retail outlets under the TIdea nH UT banner. The company has also
been the first to offer fle%ible tariff plans for prepaid customers. It also offers 7?R+
services in urban areas.
21

5olding
Initially the .irla,s# the Tata,s and -TJT "ireless each held one0third euity in the
company. .ut following -TJT "irelessH merger with Cingular "ireless in :;;<#
Cingular decided to sell its E:.F> sta&e in Idea. This sta&e was bought by both the
Tatas and .irlas at CA.<=> each.TataHs foray into the cellular mar&et with its own
subsidiary# Tata Indicom# a CD2- basedmobile provider# cropped differences
between the Tata,s and the .irla,s. This dual holding by the Tatas also became a ma$or
reason for the delay in Idea being granted a license to operate in 2umbai. This was
because as per Department of Telecom 8DOT9 license norms# one promoter could not
have more than C;> sta&e in two companies operating in the same circle and Tata
Indicom was already operating in 2umbai when Idea filed for its license. The .irlas
thus approached the DOT and sought its intervention# and the Tatas replied by saying
that they would e%it Idea but only for a good price. On -pril C;# :;;A# the -ditya
.irla 7roup announced its acuisition of the <@.C@> sta&e held by the Tatas at Rs.
<;.=C a share amounting to Rs. <<.;A billion. "hile C=> of the <@.C<> sta&e was
acuired by -ditya .irla Nuvo# a company in0charge of the .irlasH new business
initiatives# the remaining sta&e was acuired by .irla T2T holdings ?rivate )td.# an
-/ .irla family owned company.Currently# .irla 7roup holds F@.E> of the total
shares of t
company. Idea has successfully launched E more new circles 8states9 in India vi!.
Ra$asthan# 5imachal ?radesh and U? 84ast9 to ma&e itself a pan0India player.
Recently# Idea got licenses to operate in 2umbai J .ihar.
INTRODUCTION
R4)I-NC4
22

'- DR4-2 CO24 TRU4P
The )ate Dhirubhai -mbani dreamt of a digital India Q an India where the common
man would have access to affordable means of information and communication.
Dhirubhai# who single0handedly built India,s largest private sector company virtually
from scratch# had stated as early as CFFF6 '2a&e the tools of information and
communication available to people at an affordable cost. They will overcome the
handicaps of illiteracy and lac& of mobility.P It was with this belief in mind that
Reliance Communications 8formerly Reliance Infocomm9 started laying A;#;;; route
&ilometres of a pan0India fibre optic bac&bone.
This bac&bone was commissioned on :@ December :;;:# the auspicious occasion of
Dhirubhai,s G;th birthday# though sadly after his une%pected demise on A Muly :;;:.
Reliance Communications has a reliable# high0capacity# integrated 8both wireless and
wireline9 and convergent 8voice# data and video9 digital networ&. It is capable of
delivering a range of services spanning the entire infocomm 8information and
communication9 value chain# including infrastructure and services Q for enterprises
as well as individuals# applications# and consulting.
Today# Reliance Communications is revolutionising the way India communicates and
networ&s# truly bringing about a new way of life.Reliance Communications 8formerly
Reliance Infocomm9# along with Reliance Telecom and Dlag Telecom# is part of
Reliance Communications /entures 8RCo/)9. -ccording to National +toc& 4%change
data# -nil -mbani controls AA.G= per cent of the company# which accounts for more
than C.EA billion shares of the company.RCSReliance Infocomm is an Indian
telecommunications company. It is the flagship company of the Reliance0 -nil
Dhirubhai -mbani 7roup# comprising of power 8Reliance 4nergy9# financial services
8Reliance Capital9 and telecom initiatives of the Reliance -D- 7roup. Reliance
23

Infocomm is currently managed by -nil Dhirubhai -mbani.It uses CD2-:;;; C%
technology
5I+TORB
Reliance Infocomm was founded by Dhirubhai -mbani. .etween CFFF to :;;:
Reliance Infocomm built A;#;;; &m of fibre optic bac&bone in India. This networ&
was commissioned on December :@# :;;:.
DOOT?RINT
-t present# Reliance TelecomHs 7+2 cellular services are available in E<; towns
within its eight0circle footprint. RelianceHs CD2- services are available in CF states
and cover about A=> of the country# state wise. Reliance Infocomm also offered for
the first time in India# mobile data services through its R0"orld mobile portal. This
portal leverages the data capability of the CD2- CU networ&.
.U+IN4++ R4/I4"
During the twelve months ended 2arch EC# :;;G# revenues of the "ireless business
increased by <A> to Rs. C;#G:@ crore 8U+L :#<@F million9 from Rs. G#EA< crore 8U+L
C#G;F million9.
"ireless 4.ITD- increased to Rs. E#F@< crore 8U+L F:< million9 from Rs. :#:=;
crore 8U+L =:: million9. 2argins e%panded to EG> from EC>. 4.ITD- of the 7lobal
business increased by F@> during the twelve months ended 2arch EC# :;;G to Rs.
C#:GC crore 8U+L :F= million9. 4.ITD- margins increased to :<> from C:> last
year. In the same period# the .roadband business achieved revenue growth of C:E> to
Rs. C#C<< crore 8U+L :A= million9# and 4.ITD- increased by more than A times# to
Rs. =CF crore 8U+L C:; million9. The 4.ITD- margin crossed <=> in the twelve
24

months ended 2arch EC# :;;G# from C=> in the corresponding period in the previous
year.
25

T-T- T4)4+4R/IC4+
Tata Teleservices )imited 8TT+)9 is part of the Tata 7roup of Companies# an Indian
Conglomerate. It runs the brand name Tata Indicom in India in various telecom circles
of India. The company forms part of the Tata 7roupHs presence in the
Telecommunication Industry in India# along with Tata Teleservices 82aharashtra9
)imited 8TT2)9 and /+N). TT+) was incorporated in CFF= and was the first
company to offer CD2- 2obile services in India# specifically in the state of -ndhra
?radesh.
In December :;;:# the company acuired the erstwhile 5ughes Telecom 8India9
)td.which was renamed Tata Teleservices 82aharashtra9 )imited. In +eptember :;;G#
Tata Indicom launched the Tal& "orld plan# an International )ong Distance ?lan.Tata
is the direct competitor with Reliance# both CD2- operators in India. The company
provides unified telecommunication solutions including mobile# fi%ed wireless# fi%ed
line
and broadband. Other competitors are /odafone# -irtel# -ircel# Idea# 2TN)# .+N)
providing 7+2 based mobile telephony. The company was first in India to provide
free intra networ& calling within city limits. They launched a uniue scheme
providing lifetime rental free connectivity on its mobile and fi%ed wireless for a one
time charge. Tata Teleservices is part of the INR Rs. CCF;;; Crore 8U+L :F billion9
Tata 7roup# that has over @G companies# over :=;#;;; employees and more than :.@
million shareholders. "ith a committed investment of INR EA#;;; Crore 8U+L G.=
billion9 in Telecom 8DB :;;A9# the 7roup has a formidable presence across the
telecom value chain.
26

Tata Teleservices spearheads the 7roup,s presence in the telecom sector. Incorporated
in CFFA# Tata Teleservices was the first to launch CD2- mobile services in India with
the -ndhra ?radesh circle. +tarting with the ma$or acuisition of 5ughes Tele.com
8India9 )imited Rnow renamed Tata Teleservices 82aharashtra9 )imitedS in December
:;;: the company swung into an e%pansion mode. "ith the total Investment of Rs
CF#F:< Crore# Tata Teleservices has
created a ?an India presence spread across :; circles that includes -ndhra ?radesh#
Chennai# 7u$arat# Karnata&a# Delhi# 2aharashtra# 2umbai# Tamil Nadu# Orissa#
.ihar# Ra$asthan# ?un$ab# 5aryana# 5imachal ?radesh# Uttar ?radesh 849# Uttar
?radesh 8"9# Kerala# Kol&ata# 2adhya ?radesh and "est .engal. 5aving pioneered
the CD2- E7C% technology platform in India# Tata Teleservices has established a
robust and reliable E7 ready telecom infrastructure that ensures uality in its services.
It has partnered with 2otorola# 4ricsson# )ucent and 4CI Telecom for the deployment
of a reliable# technologically advanced networ&. The company# which heralded
convergence technologies in the Indian telecom sector# is today the mar&et leader in
the fi%ed wireless telephony mar&et with a total customer base of over E.@ million.
Tata Teleservices, bouuet of telephony services includes 2obile services# "ireless
Des&top ?hones# ?ublic .ooth Telephony and "ireline services. Other services
include value added services li&e voice portal# roaming# post0paid Internet services# E0
way conferencing# group calling# "i0Di Internet# U+. 2odem# data cards# calling
card services and enterprise services. +ome of the other products launched by the
company include prepaid wireless des&top phones# public phone booths# new mobile
handsets and new voice J data services such as .R4" games# /oice ?ortal# picture
messaging# polyphonic ring tones# interactive applications li&e news# cric&et#
astrology# etc. Tata Indicom redefined the e%isting prepaid mobile mar&et in India# by
27

unveiling their offering 3 Tata Indicom 1Non +top 2obile, which allows customers to
receive free incoming calls. Tata Teleservices today has India,s largest branded
telecom retail chain and is the first service provider in the country to offer an online
channel www.ichoose.in to offer postpaid mobile connections in the country.
Tata Teleservices has a strong wor&force of A;;;. In addition# TT+) has created more
than :;#;;; $obs# which will include C;#;;; indirect $obs through outsourcing of its
manpower needs.
Today# Tata Teleservices )imited along with Tata Teleservices 82aharashtra9 )imited
serves over :C million customers in over <;;; towns. "ith an ambitious rollout plan
both within e%isting circles and across new circles# Tata Teleservices offers world0
class technology and user0friendly services in :; circles.
28

INTRODUCTION
.+N)
.harat +anchar Nigam )imited 8&nown as .+N)# India Communications Corporation
)imited9 is a public sector communications company in India. It is the IndiaHs largest
telecommunication company with :=.C<> mar&et share as on December EC# :;;G. Its
headuarters are at .harat +anchar .hawan# 5arish Chandra 2athur )ane# Manpath#
New Delhi. It has the status of 2ini0ratna 0 a status assigned to reputed ?ublic +ector
companies in India. .+N) is IndiaHs oldest and largest Communication +ervice
?rovider 8C+?9. Currently .+N) has a customer base of A@.= million 8.asic J
2obile telephony9. It has footprints throughout India e%cept for the metropolitan
cities of 2umbai and New Delhi which are managed by 2TN). -s on December EC#
:;;G .+N) commanded a customer base of EC.G million "ireline# <.C million
CD2-0")) and E:.G million 7+2 2obile subscribers. .+N)Hs earnings for the
Dinancial Bear ending 2arch EC# :;;G stood at INR EFG.C=b 8U+L F.AG b9 with net
profit of INR G@.;Ab 8U+L C.F; billion9. Today# .+N) is IndiaHslargest Telco and one
of the largest ?ublic +ector Underta&ing with estimated mar&et value of L C;; .illion.
The company is planning an I?O with in A months to offload C; > to public..harat
+anchar Nigam )td. formed in October# :;;;# is "orldHs Gth largest
Telecommunications Company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in
India6 "ire line# CD2- mobile# 7+2 2obile# Internet# .roadband# Carrier service#
2?)+0/?N# /+-T# /oI? services# IN +ervices etc. "ithin a span of five years it has
become one of the largest public sector unit in India..+N) has installed (uality
Telecom Networ& in the country and now focusing on improving it# e%panding the
networ&# introducing new telecom services with ICT applications in villages and
29

wining customerHs confidence. Today# it has about <G.E million line basic telephone
capacity# < million ")) capacity# :;.C 2illion 7+2 Capacity# more than EGE@: fi%ed
e%changes# C@;;; .T+# :@G +atellite +tations# <@;CFA R&m of ODC Cable# AEGE;
R&m of 2icrowave Networ& connecting A;: Districts# GEE; citiesItowns and =.=
)a&hs villages. .+N) is the only service provider# ma&ing focused efforts and
planned initiatives to bridge the Rural0Urban Digital Divide ICT sector. In fact there
is no telecom operator in the country to beat its reach with its wide networ& giving
services in every noo& J corner of country and operates across India e%cept Delhi J
2umbai. "hether it is inaccessible areas of +iachen glacier and North eastern region
of the country. .+N) serves its customers with its wide bouuet of telecom services.
.+N) is numerous Uno operator of India in all services in its license area. The
company offers vide ranging J most transparent tariff schemes designed to suite
every customer. .+N) cellular service# Cell One# has more than CG.@ million cellular
customers# garnering :< percent of all mobile users as its subscribers. That means that
almost every fourth mobile user in the country has a .+N) connection. In basic
services# .+N) is miles ahead of its rivals# with E=.C million .asic ?hone subscribers
i.e. @= per cent share of the subscriber base and F: percent share in revenue
terms..+N) has more than :.= million ")) subscribers and :.= million Internet
Customers who access Internet through various modes vi!. Dial0up# )eased )ine#
DI-+# -ccount )ess Internet8C)I9. .+N) has been ad$udged as the NU2.4R ON4
I+? in the country. .+N) has set up a world class multi0gigabit# multi0protocol
convergent I? infrastructure that provides convergent services li&e voice# data and
video through the same .ac&bone and .roadband -ccess Networ&. -t present there
are ;.A million Data One broadband customers.The company has vast e%perience in
?lanning# Installation# networ& integration and 2aintenance of +witching J
30

Transmission Networ&s and also has a world class I+O F;;; certified Telecom
Training Institute.+caling new heights of success# the present turnover of .+N) is
more than Rs.E=C#@:; million 8U+ L @ billion9 with net profit to the tune of Rs.FF#EF;
million 8U+ L :.:A billion9 for last financial year. The infrastructure asset on
telephone alone is worth about Rs.AE;#;;; million 8U+ L C<.EG billion9.
.+N) plans to e%pand its customer base from present <G millions lines to C:= million
lines by December :;;G and infrastructure investment plan to the tune of Rs. GEE
crores 8U+L CA.AG million9 in the ne%t three years. The turnover# nationwide coverage#
reach# comprehensive range of telecom services and the desire to e%cel has made
.+N) the No. C Telecom Company of India.
"hat is prepaid mobile serviceV
?repaid cellular services are getting very popular these days. 2any people now prefer
prepaid services since they offer a variety of advantages related to lifestyle and cost
control that simply are not available through post0paid contract based services.
?repaid cell phones have a distinct advantage over regular subscriptions. They offer
cost control with a fi%ed price per minute# control over costs with cell phones
distributed by parents# no credit chec& and increased anonymity.7et you own cell
phone with no credit chec&O ItHs todayHs safe# convenient# andfle%ible way to manage
your spending on cellular phones. ?repaid cell phones are convenient and easy to get
because there are6
W no contracts
W no credit chec&s
W no deposits
W no monthly bills
31

W no activation or early termination fees
Bou will be safer and more secure when you own a prepaid cell phone without paying
hefty monthly fees.
7reat Cost Control with No surprisesO
Increasing consumer demand for prepaid cellular phones ?repaid cellular services are
currently the fastest0growing segment of the wireless phone mar&et# perhaps because
wireless service can be started up with no subscription fee for well under LC;;. 2ore
and more people are using this service to control spending than to get around credit
problems. In 4urope# already more than A; > of subscribers are on a prepaid wireless
plan# while in the United +tates# only @ to C; percent of users have chosen that system
.ut itHs growing fast6 in Canada# for e%ample# some providers see their prepaid
subscribers base increase =;> faster than those of an ordinary monthly billed service.
?repaid cellular phones are ideal in the following situations6
W If you want to budget your cell phone use# or
W If you want a phone for occasional use but donHt want to pay a monthly service fee
or enter a long0term agreement# or
W If you have no credit history or past credit problems# or
W If your usage varies from month to month# or
W If you want to buy your children a phone for emergency use but restrict the amount
of calls they can ma&e# or
W If you are loo&ing for a gift. Or
W If you donHt feeling comfortable providing information for a carrier credit chec&# or
W If you want to learn about your usage patterns before committing to a long0term
2onthly billing wireless contract.
32

"hat is lifetime validityV
)ifetime prepaid means that your cell0phone connection remains valid for life. Bou
also get a minimal tal& time# ranging from Rs C; to Rs C;; .The good part is that all
subseuent recharges give you full tal& time. There will be no processing charges#
something that is a big turn0off for prepaid customers. Dor instance# out of the Rs EE=
an -irtel prepaid customer in Delhi pays to recharge his connection for E; days# Rs
C=; go into processing fees. -nother Rs. EC goes to the government as ta% and he gets
airtime worth only Rs C=<. If he ta&es the lifetime validity offer# the same Rs EE=
recharge will give him tal& time worth Rs E;: Q and that,s for life. .y saving on the
Rs C=; processing fee# he will recover the one0time charge for lifetime validity in a
few months. )ifetime plans allow pre0paid subscribers to have lifetime validity for a
one0time payment. The user can then continue to receive calls without having to
recharge.
TR-I on )ifetime validity plans
TR-I as&s mobile operators to disclose &ey issues of lifetime plans. TR-I has as&ed
the mobile operators offering lifetime connectivity plans to disclose Hris& factorsH# li&e
change in tariff plans and their remaining license period duration# in their
announcement.
The Telecom Regulatory -uthority of India 8TR-I9 incorporated safeguards to
protect consumer interest in the lifetime validity tariff schemes being offered by
phone companies. These include a restriction on the companies from hi&ing the tariff
33

on any item specified in the plans and an obligation to inform the subscribers of the
monthand year of the e%piry of current license.
The amendment to the Telecommunication Tariff Order thus addresses a moral issue
that had arisen after phone companies began promoting lifetime schemes Q their
licenses are for a limited span ranging from seven to C= years while they were
offering a tariff that went well beyond the license period. It also answered a uestion
in the minds of the subscribers whether there would be subseuent demands from
phone companies after the initial upfront payment. TR-I made it clear that in the case
of tariff plans offered or mar&eted as having lifetime or unlimited validity# the
subscribers should get the service as long as the phone company is permitted to
provide such telecom service under the current license or renewed license. TR-I has
also reiterated the right of the subscribers to choose any tariff plan at any point of
time.
TR-I released a XRegulation on Code of ?ractice for 2etering and .illing -ccuracy.,
"ith no sta&eholder replying to the consultation paper on billing issues that also
Contained a code of practice for metering and billing accuracy# TR-I decided to issue
the regulation. It has directed companies before enrolling a customer to inform in
writing# within a wee& of activation of service# the complete details of the tariff plan.
Charges for a value added service 8download of film clip# ring tone and the li&e9 or
entry to an interactive service 8such as a game9 must be provided before the customer
commits to use the service.
-rticles No. C
34

E. 2-N-7424NT ?R-CTIC4+ IND)U4NCI N7 N4" ?RODUCT T5-T I+ )ID4
TI24 ?)-N OD +UCC4++ -ND D-I )UR4 IN T54 -+I- -ND
+C-NDIN-/I -6 - CRO++0CU)TUR-) CO2?-R-TI /4 +TUDB OD
T4)4CO2 ?RODUCT.
-bstract6
This comparative cross0cultural study of -sia and +candinavian
telecommunications products found both similarities and differences in the successful
new product development 8N?D9 management practices that is time plan within the
-sia and +candinavia. ?roficiencies in conducting development# mar&eting# and
customer service activities were identified as important to N?D success in both
+candinavia and the U.+. 5owever# differences between the -sia and +candinavia
were found with regard to the importance of research and developmentImar&eting
integration and pro$ect manager competency# with these aspects being more important
to N?D success in the -sia -dditional differences between +candinavia and the U.+.
were found in the successful N?D strategies for entering familiar versus unfamiliar
mar&ets# with the +candinavian systems being more oriented toward product design
strategies li&e life time plan of telecom industry. The overall results characteri!ed U.+.
N?D management systems as product0mar&et oriented# tas& focused# and pro$ect
management driven. .y comparison# the +candinavian N?D management systems
were characteri!ed as product0service oriented# driven by enduring interpersonal
relationships and socially oriented to helping others. These characteri!ations were
found to be consistent with dissimilarities in the national cultures of the -sia and
+candinavia# suggesting that some core N?D management principles may be
generally important to success# whereas others may be culturally dependent. The
35

importance of recogni!ing these differences is pointed out in a discussion of their
implications for N?D theory and practice in todayHs global economy.
-rticles No. :
DOR4C-+TIN7 2-RK4T D42-ND DOR )ID4 TI24 ?)-N OD N4"
T4)4CO22UNC-TION +4R/IC4+6 -N INTRODUCTION
-.+T-CT6
The mar&eting team of a new telecommunications company is usually tas&ed
with producing forecasts for diverse sta&eholders with different needs. Conseuently#
those outside mar&eting often reali!e both the many reasons for developing forecasts
nor the mar&eting theory used and the challenges involved in doing so. .ased on our
three decades of e%perience wor&ing with telecommunications operators around the
world we see& to redress this situation by presenting a discussion of the issues
involved in demand forecasting for new communications services.
-rticles No. E
7U4+T 4DITORI-). (U-)ITB OD T4)4CO22UNIC-TION +4R/IC4+#
N4T"ORK+ -ND ?RODUCT+.
36

-.+TR-CT6
The present issue of the I444 Mournal on +elected -reas in Communications provides
a forum in which suppliers of telecommunications services and suppliers of
telecommunications euipment can come together with the academic and research
communities to meet the uality needs of end users. ?apers cover the areas of
understanding and communicating customer needs# tools and techniues for managing
uality and evolving survivability# reliability# and security needs
-rticle No0<
T4)4CO22UNIC-TION+ ?O)ICB IN INDI-6 T54 ?O)ITIC-)
-.+T-CT6
In the mid0CF@;s India became one of the first developing countries to launch reforms
in its telecommunications services* yet C; years later little change had been
introduced in the sector. Then in CFF< the government launched a new national
telecommunications policy which has a considerable number of important features
that are rather pu!!ling and uniuely Indian. This paper argues that the slow pace and
uniueness of IndiaHs telecommunications reform are to be e%plained in terms of the
countryHs institutional arrangements. Radical telecommunications reforms move at a
slow pace# ta&e peculiar local twists or fall in implementation when 8C9 the state is
highly permeable and vulnerable to demands from powerful# domestic interest groups
that oppose changes in the sector* andIor 8:9 top government officials diverge and
clash over the reform agenda# generally due to the head of stateHs lac& of power.
37

-rticles No. =
C;. D42-ND DOR )ID4 TI24 ?)-N OD T4)4CO22UNIC-TION +4R/IC4+
IN D4/4)O?IN7 COUNTRI4+.
-.+TR-CT6
)iving standards and economic growth in developing countries are invariably lin&ed
to the availability and use of telecom services. 4ffective policy decisions reuire the
best estimates of the drivers of these services. In this paper# telecommunications
demand is estimated in models for residential mainline and mobile telephone service
for developing countries for the period CFFA3:;;E. The paper tests for cross0price
effects between mainline and mobile service and its findings have important policy
implications. It finds residential monthly price elasticity to be insignificant for
developing countries# but the connection elasticity is larger than generally found in the
literature. 2obile monthly price elasticities are very large. - new and important
empirical finding is that although wireline phones are substitutes in the mobile
mar&et# the contrary is not trueQmobile phones are not substitutes in the wireline
mar&et# and in fact may be considered complements. This lac& of symmetry has
important implications for properly defining telecom mar&ets. Universal service
subsidies and competitive mar&et initiatives should be reevaluated in light of the
paper,s elasticity estimates. Increased competition# income growth and enhanced
education may be the ultimate universal service promoters
-rticles No. A
T54 DIDDU+ION OD 2O.I)4 T4)4CO22UNIC-TION +4R/IC4+ IN T54
-+I-N UNION
38

-.+TR-CT6
"e study the technological and regulatory determinants of the diffusion of
mobile telecommunications services in the 4uropean Union# using a logistic model of
diffusion. "e find that the transition from the analogue to the digital technology
during the early CFF;s# and the corresponding increase in spectrum capacity# had a
ma$or impact on the diffusion of mobile telecommunications. Countries which
granted first licenses at later points in time show a significant but slow catching0up
effect# implying international convergence only by around :;;A. The impact of
introducing competition has also been significant# during both the analogue and the
digital period# though the effect was smaller than the technology effect.
-rticles No. G
CO2?4TITION -ND INNO/-TION 6 T54 DIDDU+ION 2O.I)4
T4)4CO22UNIC-TION IN C4NTR-) -ND 4-+T4RN -+I-N
-.+TR-CT6
The paper unravels the determinants of the diffusion of mobile telecommunications in
Central and 4astern 4urope. -bout :;> of the population will adopt mobile
telecommunications. The diffusion speed is faster in countries that have adopted
mobile telecommunications late# implying a pattern of convergence in the diffusion
levels. The speed of diffusion increases with the number of firms. +imultaneous entry
is more effective than seuential entry in accelerating the diffusion speed. Diffusion
speed increases with the si!e of the fi%ed telecommunications networ& and the length
of the waiting list. ?olicy recommendations derived from these results permit to
further ualify popular views on the sector.
39

-rticles No. @
THE IMPACT OF PRI VATI ZATI ON AND COMPETI TI ON I N THE
TELECOMMUNI CATI ONS SECTOR AROUND THE WORLD.
-.+TR-CT6
Using a comprehensive country level panel data set covering the period from CFF; to
:;;C# we investigate the impact of privati!ation and competition in the
telecommunications sector around the world. Dull privati!ation# which gave private
owners control rights# contributed substantially to improving the allocation of labor
and capital# e%panding service output and networ& penetration# and improving labor
and total factor productivities. .ut partial privati!ation# in which the state retained
control rights# showed no significant impact. The increase in competitive pressure
contributed substantially to growth in the sector by raising both factor inputs and total
factor productivity. "e also found evidence of complementarity between privati!ation
and competition in deepening networ& penetration and in restraining the rise of
service pricing among privati!ed operators. Our results are robust to plausible
alternative specifications.
-rticles No. F
DOR2-) +T-ND-RD+0+4TTIN7 DOR 7)O.-) T4)4CO22UNIC-TION
-ND INDOR2-TION +4R/IC4+. TO"-RD+ -N IN+TITUTION-) R47I24
TR-N+DOR2-TIONV
-.+TR-CT6
40

This paper reviews the nature and economic significance of the activities carried on
by standards development organi!ations 8+DOs9# focusing in particular upon the
telecommunications and information technology standards0setting wor& of the
government0created public and uasi0public institutions# and the international treaty
organi!ations that constitute the formal standards sector. It documents the current
sources of tension within this regime and appraises various proposals for
organi!ational reforms. There are especially pressing needs for adaptations of the
inherited institutional mechanisms for technical coordination to provide for inter0
operability in the development of new telecommunication networ&s and services.
-mong the manifold sources of strain on the old structure# those which seem at once
most fundamental and potentially most threatening are the recently heightened
industrial perceptions of the potential strategic value of standards as tools of business
competition and national policy# and the incentives for 1institutional by0pass, that have
been created by the rapid proliferation of technological possibilities. The paper
considers some alternative organi!ational models for negotiated standard0setting that
might be able to withstand# and better harness these forces for the continued
production of standards as public goods.
-rticles No. C;
INT4RN-TION-)I+-TION IN T54 T4)4CO22UNIC-TION +4R/IC4+
INDU+TRB6 )IT4R-TUR4 R4/I4" -ND R4+4-RC5 -74ND-.
-.+TR-CT6
- review of E=A publications addressing internationali!ation aspects of the
telecommunications services industry 8T+I9 shows a growing body of contributions#
mainly covering research themes li&e settlement and regulation policy# strategic
41

alliances and incumbents, reactions to deregulation as well as opening of mar&ets in0
depth until recently. "ire line telephony T+I has been the dominant segment in most
contributions# while the mobile or broadband Internet segments only featured in more
recent wor&. +egment characteristics li&e non0uniform barriers to entry# different
reasons for alliances and non0uniform levels of internationali!ation differentiate these
T+I segments pose a number of additional uestions concerning telecom firms,
internationali!ation strategy and success promising for future research.
-rticles No. CC
'CO2?-R-TI/4 +TUDB OD T4)4D4N+ITB IN ?-KI+T-N -ND INDI-P
Countries that succeeded in harnessing 8information and telecommunication
technology9 potential can loo& forward to leapfrogging conventional obstacles of
infrastructure development# Tand thatT 4veryone should be able to en$oy access to
information and communication networ&s
8+aid by 70@ members9
?a&istan and India are the most oldest# famous and strong rival. They are competing
each other in every field. Telecom is one of them which too& the shape of an industry#
as mar&et watchers put it# is one of the fastest growing and lucrative sector.
Teledensity a common term which comes in telecom means Tthe number of main
telephones lines for every C;; inhabitants# in broader term mobile subscriber includes
in it.P 'Teledensity is also used to refer the level of a country,s telecommunication
infrastructureP 8+aunders etal.# CFF<* 7ille CF@A9.
Despite stiff competition# economic slowdown and emerging saturation in the mar&et
of telecom industry# the total teledensity of the country has reached to ever highest of
42

A;.A> in 2-B# which means that number of connection through fi%ed line# wireless
local loop and cellular phone has increased by more than A;> of the country,s
population.
the teledensity has been driven by the wireless local loop and cellular phone
connections# which have been registering growth persistently despite watchdogs
regulation and price war.Teledensity of mobile subscriber also registered all time high
level of =A.A> with over FCmillion total customers base .wireless local loop sector
has retained its teledensity at C.= with overall :.<C million subscriber on the networ&
of various operators.
On the other hand India,s teledensity at the end of 2-RC5X;F was EG># with total
telephone subscriber accounting to more than <:F million with E@ million wire line
subscriber. The 7+2 subscribers of total wireless subscriber were :@@ million at
2arch end ;F. Teledensity increased from <> in CFFA to :;> in :;;G which was
primarily public sector driven and also by the new technology i.e. mobile technology.
?a&istan have higher mobile teledensity i0e F;> of population as compared to India
which has A;>#reason is that due to last start of mobile in India
The main factors affecting the teledensity are
+ocio economic conditions i0e the economic and social condition that might
tend to e%plain the observed phenomenon.
?er capita income i0e how much each individual receives# in monetary terms#
of the yearly income generated in the country. This is what each citi!en is to
receive if the yearly national income is divided eually among everyone. ?er
capita income is usually reported in units of currency per year.
)iteracy rate i0e the literacy rate is the percentage of people who can read in a
certain country.
43

Terrain conditions i0e the condition of ground or a tract of ground# esp. with
regard to its natural or topographical features or fitness for some use
-vailability of infrastructure i0e the basic physical and organi!ational
structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise# or the services
and facilities necessary for an economy to function.
Telecom sector of ?a&istan continued to grow positively during :;;G0;@# however# the
pace of growth was not fast. +ince the liberali!ation has been completed and most of
the segments of the sector have competition in some form# therefore it can be said that
mar&et is now moving towards maturity. +imilarly internal and e%ternal factors
including political and economic situation of the country also played a ma$or role in
current growth t
-rticle0C:
CO224NT+ ON T54 )ID4 TI24 ?)-N +T-RT4D .B T54 RO..4RT
?4RI446
TR-I is absolutely focussed on finding out the root cause behind the recent spate of
lifetime offers being introduced by various cellular service providers. The supervising
body has announced that it will surely e%amine the capability of the different lifetime
validity options# which have hit the mar&et recently.
-ccording to a TR-I official# they would be e%amining all the various facets of the
schemes and would ta&e necessary steps if reuired.5e added that TR-I would be
submitting its report on this sub$ect soon.
The pioneer in this race was .harti Televentures# which is owned by +unil 2ittat. The
company launched a lifetime offer with one0time payment of Rs FFF.-fter which
44

there were a number of cellular operators# which include -irtel# 5utch# Reliance
Infocomm# +pice# 2TN) and .+N) followed suite# the functioning of all was the
same 3 get lifetime validity on your pre0paid cards with $ust a one0time entry fee. Idea
Cellular too is one of the contestants in the race and infact went ahead and e%tended
the scheme to pre0paid as well as post0paid customers.
-RTIC)40CE
INT4RN-TION-) MOURN-) OD 2O.I)4 CO22UNIC-TION+
-bstract6
"ireless penetration and the Indian economy have grown significantly over the past
few years# but how robust and sustainable is the adoption of wireless services and
productsV +everal papers have discussed India as a wireless service and product
mar&et# and sometimes tried to assess uantitative attributes thereof. The present
paper aims# loo&ing from a managerial point of view# at the uniue underlying
evolution processes# bottlenec&s and ris&s. It analyses five traditional adoption
models# as well as five other oneHs# to determine their fit# or not# to the Indian wireless
evolution.
45

-rticles0 C<
IN+I75T+ ON T54 DRI/4R+ -ND IN5I.ITOR+ OD 2O.I)4 D-T- +4R/IC4+
U?T-K4
-E
Department of 2anagement +cience and Technology# -thens University of
4conomics and .usiness# 7RCCEA: -thens# 7reece
-.+TR-CT6
+tudying the adoption and acceptance of 2obile Data +ervices 82D+9 has been an
intriguing endeavour for uite some time. 2uch of the related literature is inspired by
the technology acceptance model and its heirs. The study presented in this paper
adopts an alternative perspective and proposes the study of 2D+ actual usage patterns
under the lens of the Triandis theory of e%plaining human behaviour. To this end# we
ad$ust the concepts included in the original Triandis model to the 2D+ conte%t and
construct a model predicting 2D+ use. The model is empirically validated through a
survey 8N Y EA=9 and tested for its predictive capacity against four different 2D+
categories 8m0commerce# communication# information and entertainment services9.
Results suggest that the upta&e of each of the four service categories is contingent
upon a limited set of factors. In addition# financial barriers emerge as a unive inhibitor
over and above specific service groupings.rsal
46

+ubscriber in million
s Dy0 :;;A0;G Dy0:;;G0;@
2arch -ug -dd
during
-pril0
-ug
:;;A
2arch Muly -ug -dds.
During
-ug
-dds
during
-pril -ug
"ire
less
F@.G@ C:E.<< :<.AA CA=.CC CF:.F@ :;C.:F @.EC EA.C@
"ire
line
<C.=< <;.@G ;.AG <;.G= EF.@F EF.GE 0;.CA 0C.;:
total C<;.E: CA<.EC :E.FF :;=.@A :E:.@G :;C.;: @.C= E=.CA
WThe present data is tentative and li&ely to be ad$usted on the basis of uarterly
reports received from telecom service provide
47

Comparison of lifetime plans of all cellular companies
C4))U)-R
CO.+
)ID4
TI24
?)-N
R+.
Charges 8call rates9
Own
networ&
Other
networ&
+TD I+D +2+
)INII
-IRT4) F= O.A; C :.A= A.F CI:I=
.+N) :F= ;.A; C.<; :.G= F.CA CI:I=
R,CO22 CFF ;.A; ;.FF :.FF CC CI:I=
T-T-
INDICO2
:@F ;.A; : :.G= CE CI:I=

48

R4/I4" OD )IT4R-TUR4
The growth in demand for telecom services in India is not limited to basic
telephone services. India has witnessed rapid growth in cellular# radio
paging* value added services# internet and global communication by satel item
872?C+9 services. The agents of change# as observed from
international perspective# have been broadly categori!ed into
economic
structure# competition policy and technology. 4conomic reforms and liberali!ation
have driven telecom sector through several transmission channels of which these
three categories are of ma$or significance.
49

The effective research cannot be accomplished without critically studying
what already e%ists in the form of general literature and specific studies.
Therefore# it is considered as an important pre0reuisite for
actual
planning and e%ecution of research pro$ect. This helps to
formulate
hypotheses and framewor& for further investigation. In this research# the
survey of literature has been classified into two parts 0 studies related to telecom
sector and studies related to mar&eting strategies.
Technological changes in the telecom and computers have radically changed the
business scenario. In turn# the new demands of business have spurred many telecom
based technological innovations. In order to e%ploit these innovations for competing
in global mar&ets# business community has been putting pressures on governments to
revise the policy# regulation and structure of the telecom sector. +everal countries
across the world have responded by restructuring the state controlled telecom
provider# increasing private participation and deregulating service provisions.
.usiness Today 8CFF:9
:G
pointed out that due to lac& of technical and
financial resources especially foreign e%change# the DOT generally lagged behind in
its level of technology. India s indigeni!ation program in the switching segment
carried out by C0DOT was successful in the introduction of rural e%changes designed
especially for Indian conditions characteri!ed by dust# heat and humidity
50

+TUDB R4)-T4D TO 2-RK4TIN7 +TR-T47B
+trategy is the fundamental pattern of present and planned ob$ectives#
resources# developments and interactions of an organi!ations with mar&ets#
competitors and other environmental factors.82ullins# "al&er# .eyd
J )arreche# :;;: 9
G:
for this reason # a good strategy should always
specify*
C. "hat is to be accomplished
:. "here 0 the product# mar&et# or industries that are to be
focused.
E. 5ow 0 resources and activities that will be allocated to each
mar&etI product to gain sustainable competitive advantage.
2ar&eting is a process for analy!ing# planning and managing the
organi!ation s resources while identifying and serving current and potential client group
and their needs profitability.
Reason for developing mar&eting strategy Dir&s J Danniel8CFFC9
GE
mention that company managers choose to introduced and I or reemphasi!e mar&eting
strategy for a number of reasons# which may range from personal interests to corporate
51

policies. 5owever the reason usually centers around an opportunities or an identified
problem that the company management
needs to e%plore. Dor e%ample 6
C. Introducing new products or services
:. 4%panding into new mar&ets.
E. Differentiating products or services.
<. Revitali!ing products# services or mar&ets.
=. Deleting or ZD4 mar&eting product or service
A. Responding to a drop in sales or profits.
G. 4valuating financial or legal ris&s of opportunities.
@. 4nhancing company image# brand or reputation
52

O.M4CTI/4 -ND R4+4-RC5 24T5ODO)O7B
Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem.
It is the study of the various steps that are generally adopted by the researcher in
studying his research problem along with the logic behind them. Research
methodology considers the research methods. The logic behind the methods used# and
reason for using a particular method or techniue to facilitate evaluation of the
research by the researcher himself or by others.
53

The study under ta&en by the researcher is#
'Comparative study of life time plan of telecom services.P
O.M4CTI/4+ OD T54 +TUDB
C. To find out the difference between the life time plan of different telecom industry.
:. To find out the hidden information in lifetime plans of cellular services.
E. To find out the consumer satisfaction towards the lifetime plans
<. To find out the actual growth in telecommunication industry.
R4+4-RC5 24T5OD+6
54

Research methods means the method adopted for the collection of the data and the
information. The different research methods used in social science are as follows6
[ 5istorical method6
It is the method in which present day events are studied with reference to the events
that too& place in the past. +ources of historical data are boo&s# maga!ines# accessible
documents# papers and literature# autobiographies# statistical material etc.
Case study method6
- case study is a deep and intensive study of particular social unit confined to a very
small number of cases. It is a complete analysis and report of the status of an
individual sub$ect. +ources of case study are personal documents# life history etc.
Data Collection6
To ma&e any decisions in any business you need data. Dacts e%pressed in uantitative
form can be termed as data. The collection of data is one of the most important steps
in research# as success of any statistical investigation depends on the availability of
accurate and reliable data. Depending upon the sources utili!ed# whether the data has
come from actual observations or from records that are &ept for normal purposes# data
can be classified into two categories .
C)-++IDIC-TION OD D-T-6
?rimary Data6
The primary data are those# which are# collected a fresh for the first time# and thus
happen to be original in character. The primary data is one# which is collected by the
investigator himself for the purpose of study or inuiry.
+econdary Data6
55

The secondary data are those which have already been collected by some one else and
which have already been pass through the statistical process.
+OURC4+ OD +4COND-RB D-T- CO))4CTION6
/arious publications of the central# state and local governments.
Technical and trade $ournals.
.oo&s# maga!ines and newspapers.
Reports and publications of various associations connected with business and
industry# ban&s universities# economists# etc.# in different fields.
?ublic records and statistics# historical documents and other sources of
published documents.
Unpublished data li&e unpublished biographies# data found in diaries and
letters etc.
.efore using the secondary data the researcher must ensure the reliability#
suitability and adeuacy of data.
Dor the present study the researcher has collected only secondary data.
?rocessing and -nalysis of Data6
The data after collection has to be processed and analy!ed in accordance with the
outline laid down for the purpose of study. ?rocessing implies editing# coding#
classification and tabulation of collected data so that they are amenable to analysis.
56

-nalysis of data refers to the computation of certain measures along with searching
for patterns of relationship that e%ist among data groups.
)I2IT-TION OD T54 +TUDB
The following are the limitations of the present study.
C. This study was carried out only on secondary data.
:. This study was carried out from @th Dec# :;;F to Gth Man# :;C; and
E. The generali!ation and conclusions are based on the data collected through the
internet -nd maga!ines.
<. The study may not be accurate because it is based on secondary source of
information.
=. The study may be biased because the secondary source may have altered the
data
Dor its own benefits.

57


D-T- -N-)B+I+
8C9 5ow many customers have any T4)4CO2 connectionV
58

The data shows that the total sample si!e of =; people ta&en for research out of which
@A> of persons &eep telecom service with them.
59

:9 "hat occupation do the customers haveV
8a9 .usiness
8b9 ?rofessional
8c9 7overnment 4mployee
8d9 +tudent
60

The data shows that :CA persons are from business# C:E persons are professionals# A@
persons are government employees and FE persons are found students to consume
mobiles.
E9 Do the customers &now how many telecommunication companies e%ist in 2eerut
regionV
8a9 <
8b9 :
8c9 C
8d9 Not &nowing.
The data shows that A;> of people are aware about all companies dealing in
telecommunication in# 2eerut E;> of people says about only : companies# => are of
61

both categories &nowing either one company or not &nowing any and => are having nil
information about mobile companies dealing in 2eerut .
<9 If the customers have to purchase Telecom service connection which company
customers will prefer and whyV
8a9 .+N)
8b9 -irtel
8c9 ID4-
8d9 Reliance
"hen the preferences for mobile phone connections were as&ed# results drawn that <=>
of persons prefer to ta&e .+N) because they believe in .+N),s better coverage J
cheaper rates after .+N)# :;> of people opt ID4-services because of its cheaper rate
and fle%ible schemes# :=> of people opt Reliance services because of its cheaper rate and
fle%ible schemes# then -irtel is only E=> but there is very high recommendation or its
better connectivity. -irtel is rich in attractive schemes and plans for business persons and
persons related to corporate world.
62


8=9 2-MOR 24DI- +4R/IC4+
The customers were as&ed to choose the advertising media who founds the ma$or source
of information for -dvertisements to be effective the media source is important.
MEDIA SOURCES PERCENTAGE
T./. Commercials =;>
5oarding :=>
News paper CG>
Radio ;=>
2aga!ines ;E>
63

C0=;> of respondents selected T/ Commercials as their ma$or media source :0
2aga!ines and Radio were treated as the least preferred media JT/ commercials
formed the ma$or media source as advertisements in between T/ programs are
unavoidable and also audio visual advertisement have a greater impact than only visual or
audio information
8A9 .7+2 +U.+CRI.4R+
7roup
Company
+ubscribers as of
NO/HC;
-dditions in
D4C,CC
+ubscribers as on
D4CHC:
8>9 7rowth
.harti
.+N)
/odafone
CC#E@F#EG;
F#A@E#A@G
G#F=G#:FG
<C=#=<;
CF<#E;:
:E;#GGA
CC#@;<#FC;
F#@GG#FAF
@#C@@#;GE
E.A=
:.;C
:.F;
64

ID4-
Reliance
=#C=E#<@E
C#CA=#EC@
:C;#=;=
A:#=@C
=#EAE#F@@
C#::G#AFF
<.;@
=.EG
Total <:#C:C#<FA C#::=#:C; <E#E<A#G;A :.FC
INT4R?R4T-TION
5ighest growth rate is in RI2 as far as gsm subscriber are concern

8G9 Company share in sales 8in month9

65

INT4R?R4T-TION
5ighest growth rate is in IN RI2 as compare to ohers
66

8@9 Commission Iadditional incentive schemes provided from
INT4R?R4T-TION
In postpaid plan most of the commission is provided and highest in RI2
8F90 7+2 -ND TOT-) 2O.I)4 2-RK4T
67

This graph indicates the growth in the 7+2 and e%pected growth in :;;G showing a
great potential of the customer to be e%ploited.
8C;90CON+U24R -"-R4N4++ OD D-T- +4R/IC4 IN INDI-
68

The graph indicates the awareness of data services in India that gives indication of very
less &nowledge about the 20ban&ing and other activities and usage of these services as
compared to +2+ which is very low shown below.
69

8CC9U?8"4+T94-+IN7 +2+ /O)U24
The graph indicates the +2+ volume growth and the e%pected growth.

70



Dindings and suggestions
DINDIN7+
\ In current situation GE> of population are using lifetime plans# where the rest
are using general plan of the cellular companies.
71

\ A<> of respondents are satisfied with the call rates of the lifetime plans# it is
because telecom companies have slashed their call rates few months ago. +till in
this situation EA> of respondents did not satisfy with the call rates which service
they are using.
\ 2ost of the people are using lifetime services because of money savings with the
percentage of <@. "here :F> of people li&e this service because of the facilities
provided by the operators. -nd :E> of people are using this service because of
incoming only.
\ G@> of customer satisfied with the lifetime plans of cellular companies# and which
are not satisfy with the service they are mostly .+N) and T-T- indicom users
\ AE> of the population use only mobile# and E;> of poulationuse both the
services J only => people use the telephone service. It shows the popularity of
cellular phone services.
\ E<> of population are using the -irtel services# which is the highest percentage
of users of cellular phone. Idea ta&es :nd place in with :@> of users. Then
comes reliance and .+N)# and tata indicom having leading competitor customers in
the
72

\ ?repaid service is most popular in the cellular services with F=> of customers.
The remained uses postpaid services.
\ In the lifetime plan of cellular companies most of the respondents are using this
service because of its validity eriod with @E> of answer. "here C=> of people
li&e this services because of its call rates.

+U774+TION+
\ In the lifetime plans# cellular companies should reduce the call rates.
\ They should provide other facilities li&e massage and minimum call rates in the
same networ&.
\ They should ma&e aware the customers that they have limited license period.
\ They should not ta&e other hidden charges.
73

\ There should not be any compulsion that customer have to recharge their card in
C@; days with certain amount. This is the main drawbac& of the lifetime validity
plan.
74

CONC)U+ION

CONC)U+ION
In India it is found that -irtel is the mar&et leader in the lifetime plan segment. ?eople
li&e the lifetime plans provided by the companies. -nd Idea having :nd highest
customers in Reliance and Idea.
75

T-T- indicom having least customers # where Reliance and .+N) having
almost eual percent of customer.
.ut population are not much aware about the bound of cellular companies with TR-I#
that cellularcompanies can deliver their services till their license have validity# they have
to renew itfor providing further service..
.I.I)IO7R-?5B
""".google scholar.com
+cribed.com
.logs space.com
7oogle search
Refrence of old management pro$ect
?ublication Date6 2arch CFFF
76

-uthors6 +ouder# "m.4.* Menssen# +venn -re
?ublication Date6 G -pril :;;:.
?eter 2c.urney# +imon ?arsons and Meremy 7reen
http6IIwww.sciencedirect.comIscienceV]obY-rticleUR)J]udiY.A/C50<=5/"?R0
:J]userYC;J]coverDateY;@>:DEC>:D:;;:J]rdocYCJ]fmtYhighJ]origYsearchJ]s
ortYdJ]docanchorYJviewYcJ]search+trIdYCCF<==CEC;J]rerunOriginYscholar.google
J]acctYC;;;;=;::CJ]versionYCJ]url/ersionY;J]useridYC;Jmd=YFcC<cGEfeE;GaCA
GG@aEbCacbFac=GfF
?ublication Date6 Deb CFF<
.owic&# M.". -satani# K. 5ob erg# ". 2alec# 5. +toc&man# +.
http6IIieee%plore.ieee.orgI%plIfreeabs]all.$spVarnumberY:G:@GF;
underpinnings of reform
.en - ?etra!!ini
# C
Department of Information and +ystems 2anagement# The 5ong Kong University o
f +cience and Technology# Clear "ater .ay# Kowloon# 5ong Kong 8Tel6 @=: :E=@ GA<C*
77

fa%6 @=: :E=@ :<:C9
-vailable online :A Debruary CFFF.
?ublication Date6 -pril :;;G.
Christopher 7arbac! and 5erbert 7. Thompson Mr.
http6IIwww.sciencedirect.comIscienceV]obY-rticleUR)J]udiY.A/CC0<N2=+7K0
:J]userYC;J]coverDateY;A>:DE;>:D:;;GJ]rdocYCJ]fmtYhighJ]origYsearchJ]s
ortYdJ]docanchorYJviewYcJ]search+trIdYCCF<=GEAA:J]rerunOriginYscholar.google
J]acctYC;;;;=;::CJ]versionYCJ]url/ersionY;J]useridYC;Jmd=Y;@<bc<A;fdb;fA<
cb<Caa@@eFfAfGfEe
?ublication Date6 C< Debruary :;;C.
5arald 7ruber and Dran& /erboven
?ublication Date6 Debruary :;;C.
5arald 7ruber
http6IIwww.sciencedirect.comIscienceV]obY-rticleUR)J]udiY.A/@M0<:D:.F@0
EJ]userYC;J]coverDateY;E>:DEC>:D:;;CJ]rdocYCJ]fmtYhighJ]origYbrowseJ]s
ortYdJviewYcJ]acctYC;;;;=;::CJ]versionYCJ]url/ersionY;J]useridYC;Jmd=Yc:
A@Afacb<Ff<;caAdcEE=AE:eF:fGCC
?ublication Date6 October :;;<
)i%in Colin Uu
http6IIwww.$ournals.uchicago.eduIdoiIabsIC;.C;@AI<::F@<
78

?ublication Date6 Debruary CFFF.
?aul - David and 2ar& +hurmer
http6IIwww.sciencedirect.comIscienceV]obY-rticleUR)J]udiY.A/CC0E/"C=520
AJ]userYC;J]coverDateYC:>:DEC>:DCFFAJ]rdocYCJ]fmtYhighJ]origYsearchJ]s
ortYdJ]docanchorYJviewYcJ]search+trIdYCCF<A;=E@EJ]rerunOriginYscholar.google
J]acctYC;;;;=;::CJ]versionYCJ]url/ersionY;J]useridYC;Jmd=Ycdbbfc@<CCadbAA
Af;:<cCAacbec:eeA
Ne$c 2. Ma&opin
?ublication Date6 -ugust :;;@.
http6IIwww.sciencedirect.comIscienceV]obY-rticleUR)J]udiY.A/CC0<T=E5R?0
CJ]userYC;J]coverDateY;F>:DE;>:D:;;@J]rdocYCJ]fmtYhighJ]origYsearchJ]s
ortYdJ]docanchorYJviewYcJ]search+trIdYCCF<A;A=@FJ]rerunOriginYscholar.google
J]acctYC;;;;=;::CJ]versionYCJ]url/ersionY;J]useridYC;Jmd=Y<@EGEeeb@FFFaGf
Fa@:;baC=Cddeae;C
+ana +hei&h
http6IIwww.scribd.comIdocIC=@@<CCEICO2?-R-TI/40+TUDB0OD0T4)4D4N+ITB0
IN0?-KI+T-N0-ND0INDI-

?ublication Date6 Deb :;;C
+alu$a# /2. .hosale# K. louiee ". Robbert c# 5. +iabchi# +.
http6IIieee%plore.ieee.orgI%plIfreeabs]all.$spVarnumberY:G:@GF;
79

Issue6 /olume A# Number E I :;;@
?ages6 EGA 3 E@F
UR)6 )in&ing Options
India6 a case of fragile wireless service and technology adoptionV
)0D. ?au
-C
and M. 2otiwalla
-:
-C
R+2 Rotterdam +chool of 2anagement# ?O .o% CGE@# N) E;;; DR Rotterdam# The
Netherlands.
-:
2obiapps# C= 5oe Chiang Road# ^:E0;C 4uro0-sia Centre#+ingapore ;@F ECA#
+ingapore
-NN4UUR4
80

-NN4UUR4
1 5ow many customers have any T4)4CO2 connectionV
o ID4-
o -IRC4)
o 2TN)
o +?IC4
o R4)I-NC4
o .?)
o .5-RTI -IRT4)
o .+N)
o /OD-DON4
:9 "hat occupation do the customers haveV
o .usiness
o ?rofessional
o 7overnment 4mployee
o +tudent
E9 Do the customers &now how many telecommunication companies e%ist in 2eerut
regionV
o DU))B -"-R4
81

o NOT -"-R4
o ?-RTI-) -"-R4
<9 If the customers have to purchase Telecom service connection which company
customers will prefer and whyV
8e9 .+N)
8f9 -irtel
8g9 ID4-
8h9 Reliance
82

8=9 2-MOR 24DI- +4R/IC4+
1 T./. Commercials
2 5oarding
3 News paper
4 Radio
5 2aga!ines
8A9 .7+2 +U.+CRI.4R+
1 .harti
2 .+N)
3 /odafone
4 ID4-
5 Reliance
8G9 Company share in sales 8in month9
1 ?R4?-ID
2 ?O+T?-ID
83

3 RC/
4
@9 Commission Iadditional incentive schemes provided from

1 .harti
2 .+N)
3 /odafone
4 ID4-
5 Reliance
8F90 7+2 -ND TOT-) 2O.I)4 2-RK4T
o 7+2
o 2O.I)4 2-RK4T
8C;90CON+U24R -"-R4N4++ OD D-T- +4R/IC4 IN INDI-
84

o RO-2IN7
o /OIC4 2-I)
o C-)) "-ITIN7
o 4 2-I)
o INT4RN4T -CC4++
o D-T- +4R/IC4
o 2 .-NKIN7
o 22+
8CC 9"5-T I+ U?8"4+T94-+IN7 +2+ /O)U24
85