Strengthening of High Voltage Transmission Networks in

Nigeria with the Introduction of Multi-Circuit Towers.

A Technical Paper Presented

To
The Nigerian Institution of Electrical & Electronics Engineers
(A Division Of NSE)

By
Engr. Salami, Adesina Jimoh (MNSE)



Feb. 2014.

Introduction:
The theme of this paper is Strengthening of High Voltage (HV) Transmission
Networks in Nigeria with the introduction of HV multi-circuit Towers.
The new technology of multi-circuit in the network was one of the solutions
adopted to combat part of the numerous challenges in the Transmission sector.
The issue of acquisition of Right of Way(ROW) for the construction of new
transmission lines has being a serious problem, which most of the time resulted
to undue delay of project completion time or even a times marred completely the
accomplishment of the project. Though, this technology has been in existence in
some other well developed countries long time ago, what we had in our network
were HV single circuit & double circuits until recently when we were compelled to
adopt the technology in solving the ROW problem encountered in the
construction of a new 330KV double circuits lines that has to pass through a
developed town of Onitsha, in Anambra State. The estimate for compensation for
structures and property ran to about N3Billion for about 4.75Km length of the line
and beside this huge sum there were threat of litigations by not willing to let go
owners of property along the proposed line. The operator of the network,
Transmission Company of Nigeria, assented to the proposal brought forward to
introduce a 5-circuit HV towers into the system using an existing 132KV line route.
The solution was so timely because the project was completed at a reasonable
time and also solved the menace of frequent system collapsing which was
threatening the system as at the time.

Business of electricity supply involves:
*Generation
*Transmission
*Distribution
For a better understanding of the Power Industry in Nigeria, I carried out a
general over-view of the industry by giving its history from the inception to the
present day status. Challenges that had militated against realization of the type of
an industry that is our collective dream, various solutions that were proffered by
the Governments to correct some perceived anomalies in the operation of the
industry, success and failures that were recorded over time were enumerated.
And subsequently, the paper discussed the new development in the HV
transmission network which witnessed the introduction of HV multi-circuit
towers. Few design parameters and extent of compliance to international
standard were given.
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA:
The history of electricity supply development in Nigeria can be traced to the end
of the 19
th
century when the first generating power plant was installed in the city
of Lagos in 1898, fifteen years (15 years) after its introduction in England, United
kingdom. The total capacity of the generators used then was 60kw.
The Nigeria electricity supply company (NESCO) commenced operations in the city
of Jos and its environs as an electric utility company in 1929 with the
construction of a hydro electric power plant at kuru near Jos.
In 1946, Nigerian Government Electricity undertaking was established under the
jurisdiction of the public works department (PWD) the take-over the responsibility
of electricity supply in Lagos.
Electricity supply management in Nigeria remained under individual, municipal
authority etc till 1950 when Electricity Corporation of Nigeria (ECN) was
established to manage and co-ordinate electricity supply in Nigeria.
Niger Dam Authority (NDA) was established in 1962 with a mandate to develop
the hydropower potentials of the country. ECN and NDA were merged in 1972 to
form National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) by decree. The decree empowers
NEPA to enjoy the monopoly of all commercial electricity supply to the exclusion
of all other organizations. Within this power conferred, Federal Government of
Nigeria through Federal ministry of power (FMP) was responsible for policy
formulation and regulation; and through NEPA, was responsible for operation and
investment in the management of electricity supply in Nigeria. NEPA wholly
owned sole responsibility for power generation, transmission and distribution in
Nigeria. There were many reasons that necessitated the establishment of NEPA,
among them were:
*To vest the responsibility for the financial obligation on one organization
*Guarantee more effective utilization of human, finance and other resources
allocated to the electricity supply industry throughout the country.
NEPA strived to meet ever-increasing electricity demand of the nation but
unfortunately their performance was adjudged to be poor and the organization
was ladened with corrupt practices, ineptitude, insensitivity and all other
attributes of a failed system. Poor performance of NEPA was undoubtedly a
source of concern to the Government. NEPA was confronted with issues of poor
operational and financial performances. Attempt to address these issues of NEPA
problems made the Government of the day then to amend the prevailing laws
setting up NEPA (Electricity and NEPA acts) in 1998. The act was amended to
remove NEPA monopoly and encouraged private sector participation. With the
amendment in the act, NEPA ceased to have an exclusive monopoly over
electricity generation, transmission and distribution & sales of electricity supply in
Nigeria.
But, in no distant time, the government discovered that the desired results were
not being gotten. It then undone on the government of the day that a more
holistic approach is required thus, total overhauling and reformation of the policy,
legal and regulations setting up NEPA was carried out.
Consequently, in the year 2001 amendments was made in the act which then
provides legal basis for the unbundling of NEPA, the formation of successor
companies and the privatization of the latter. This gave birth to Power Holding
Company of Nigeria (PHCN) and its subsequent unbundling into 18 successors
companies.
The Federal Government owned Electricity company then comprises of the
following:
Generation: 3 No. Hydro plants
7 No. Thermal Generating plants.
Worth of note is that, the total installed capacity of the plants was 6,852MW and
total available capacity was 3542MW for a population of about 160 million (as at
31-07-2010)
Transmission: A radial transmission grid (330KV & 132KV) owned and
managed by Transmission company of Nigeria (TCN)
Distribution and sales: 11no. distribution companies (33KV&11KV)
which undertakes the wires, sales, billing & collection, customer care
services within each companys catchment area.
Strategically, the objectives of the reforms are:
To transfer management and financing of the unbundled companies to
organized private sector.
Establish an independent and effective regulatory commission to oversee
the industry.
Focusing the Federal Government attention on policy formulation and long
term developmental programme of the industry.
Results expected from this holistic transformation are;
Increased access to electricity services
Improved efficiency, affordability, reliability and quality services.
Greater investment into the sector to stimulate economic growth.
In 2007, Bureau of public enterprises commenced the privatization policy and by
30
th
September 2013, PHCN ceased to exist following a successful privatization
process by the federal Government.
The following listed tables are attached to this report for a better appreciation of
the status of the utility company before it ceased to exist.
Table 1 : Installed/Available Generating capacity of the Nation
Table 2 : Power supply module around the world.
DEVELOPMENT IN THE TRANSMISSION SECTOR:
Electric power transmission is the bulk transfer of electric energy from the
generating plants by high voltage links (wires) to transmission stations and
Substations and ensuring that, electricity generated anywhere within the network
can be used to satisfy demand at any part of the network. Whereas, electricity
distribution is mainly concerned with the conveyance of power to consumers by
means of lower voltage.
Network formed by the very high voltage lines in the network constitutes the
interconnectivity which is called super grid or simply, national grid. Advantages
of having system interconnectivity are as follows;
1. To achieve a more economical cost for a unit of power generated.
2. To stabilize the network, thus making it more reliable by providing
spinning reserve at low cost.
3. Guarantee a common frequency for the supply within the net work.
4. Ensure continuity of electricity supply to all over the system linked places
irrespective of behavior at a particular time of the localized generating
plant.






Typical power system module is attached herewith.

It could be seen from the module that, the grid {operate at 400KV (Britain),
500KV(USA), 330KV (Nigeria) feeds a sub Transmission stations (operate at
132KV ( Britain), 115KV (USA), 132KV(Nigeria)}. At this voltage level , sub-
transmission , some less efficient generating plants feed into the network and
also, major consumers of electricity supply are fed directly.
Electricity supply is transmitted at high voltages (120KV and above) to reduce
energy loss in long distance transmission. Thus , the voltage magnitude chosen
for transmission are greatly influenced by geography of the network. Very long
transmission lines require that the power should be transmitted at high
voltage. This is the situation found in the North and south America, Russia,
China, India Etc. Power is transmitted at voltage level of 765KV in North and
South America and efforts are on to increase the grid voltage to 1000KV
1500KV whereas in geographically small country like Europe the length of
network is smaller and the upper voltage level is 420KV. Power systems are
universally high voltage alternating current (HVac) and the use of high voltage
direct current (HVdc) technology which is of better efficiency is mainly
employed for specialized purposes such as extra long distance transmission
lines or in sub marine power cable because of high cost of the conversion
equipment.
OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES:
Overhead lines are mostly used for the power transmission on the ground of
economy because, major part of insulation is provided by air which cost
relatively zero naira. In a constrained environments such as urban areas,
underground cables are used for high voltage transmission, the cost is about
10 times that of high voltage overhead lines though, the ratio decreases with
lower voltages. The difference in the cost arose from the cost of providing
insulation. Overhead lines conductor(s) are suspended from insulators which
are themselves supported by towers.
DESIGN OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES
Primary considerations in the design of transmission lines are;
Determination of line length
Grid voltage
Line conductor size
Tower structure
Allowable sag on the line
Tower span length

1. Grid voltage: The voltage level of the grid is determined based on the length
of the network. The reason being that, power loss is recorded along the line.
Therefore to maintain allowable power loss which is based on the percentage
of the declared voltage ( 6%) the grid voltage magnitude is proportional to the
line length.
2. Conductor size:

Power
loss
= I
2
R .. (1)
R = L/a . (2)
- coeffient of expansion
- Line length
- Conductor cross sectional area.

In equation 2
R L/a

Bundled conductors ,thats a more than 1 conductor per phase line are
used to reduce line reactances, corona loss & radio interference and
conductor voltage gradient.
3. Line Insulation:
The insulators provide adequate leakage path from conductor to earth .
Pin type insulator are used for line voltage up to 33KV while suspension/
tensioning strings are used for line voltage above 33KV. This consist of
string of inter linking separate discs made of glass, or porcelain or silicon.
Number of discs in the string depend upon the line voltage (11No for
132KV, 18No. for 330KV)

3. Towers:
There are two main types of HV Towers.
a. Those for straight runs called suspension towers in which stress due to
weight of the line conductors and string insulators has to be withstood.
b. Those for changes in route called deviation towers (angle towers). This
withstands the resultant forces set up when the line changes direction in
addition to weight of the line conductor and string insulators.


TYPES OF TOWERS. 330kv 132kv
DC SC DC SC

Suspension towers (0 - 2
0
) AAH AH DD2 SS2

Strain/Tension/section Tower
(0 - 10
0
) BBH BH DD10 SS10

Strain/Tension/section Tower
(10 - 30
0
) CCH CH DD30 SS30

Strain/Tension/section Tower
(30- 60
0
) DDH DH DD60 SS60

Dead End Tower (60 - 90
0
) EEH EH DD90 SS90


Other general considerations in design of tower are
Extra forces resulting from a break in the lines on one side of the
tower ( Uplift force)
Nature of the conductor surface ( e.g. effect of ice, dust)
Wind loading

4. Allowable Sag on the Line.
This is subject to Standard Specification for electrical clearance and
characteristics of the conductor. The value of sag determines the tower
height, towers span.
Tower span length is the distance between 2 steel towers ( lattice) which
on high-voltage lines (330KV) are in the range of 370m-470m and the tower
height is about 45m for 2X330KV lines.


Design Criteria
Initial and final sag is calculated for each ruling span without exceeding the
tension limit specified below:

Loading Condition Tension limit
ACSR unloaded
Initial, 10 30%
Final, 10 overland 25%
Final, 10 18%
Open bodies of water

ACSR loaded
Final, 10 60%
Tension limits are given as a percentage of the conductor ultimate tensile
strength calculated in accordance with IEC 61089.
Vertical Clearances specified are based on maximum line conductor sag at 75
330KV 132KV
Vertical Distances
Normal ground 8.0 6.7
Road crossing 9.0 8.3
Buildings, poles, structures, walls,
And cradle guards. 5.2 5.0
Limited access motorways and
dual carriage ways. 10.0 10.0
Navigable waterways (at high water level) 15.0 15.0
Pipelines (oil, gas, water). 10.0 10.0
Communication and power line wires 4.6 3.6
Cradle guard to top of railway track 9. 8.3

Horizontal Distances
Nearest steel of transmission tower to
Edge of navigable waterways,pipesline,
Bridges, highways, pavement, railway
(nearest rail), buildings on right-of-way
And at crossing, to structure of line being
Crossed 50.0 50.0










Typical Data Sheet.

TABLE 1
List of power stations in Nigeria
Fossil fuel power stations
Natural Gas
Power
station
Commun
ity
Coordina
tes
Type Capacity Status
Year
complete
d
Additional
description
AES
Barge
Egbin
63333
N
33654E
Simple
cycle
gas
turbine
270 MW Operational 2001
Independent
Power Project.
[1] Light
inside: the
experience of
independent
power
projects in
Nigeria. Nine
gas turbines
are mounted
on barges.
Aba
Power
Station
Aba
Abia
State
50911
N
71838E
Simple
cycle
gas
turbine
140 MW
Taking off (I
quarter 2013)
2012
It is private
integrated
power project
being built by
Geometric
Power
Systems. [2]
allafrica
Afam IV-
V Power
Station
Afam
Rivers
State
45105
N
71517E
Simple
cycle
gas
turbine
726 MW
Partially
Operational
1982
(Afam IV)-
2002
(Afam V)
Afam IV -6 x
75MW (GT 13-
18), Afam V -2
x 138MW (GT
19-20),[3]

Power
station
Commun
ity
Coordina
tes
Type Capacity Status
Year
complete
d
Additional
description
Afam VI
Power
Station
Afam
Rivers
State
45058
N
71524E
Combin
ed cycle
gas
turbine
624 MW [4],
Shell.
Operational
2009 (Gas
turbines)
2010
(Steam
turbines)

Alaoji
Power
Station
(NIPP)
Abia
state
50400
N
71924E
Combin
ed cycle
gas
turbine
1074 MW [5]
NDPHC.
Partially
operational(225
MW) [6] The
Nation
2012-
2015 [7]
Abiastate.
4 x 112,5MW
turbines and
later 2 x
255MW steam
turbines. Plant
is delayed due
to evacuation
capacity and
securitization
for Shell. [8]
NDPHC
Presentation.
Calabar
Power
Station
(NIPP)
Calabar

Simple
cycle
gas
turbine
561 MW [9]
NDPHC.
Under
Construction
2014 [10]
NDPHC
Presentati
on.
5 x 112,5MW
turbines, Gas
supply will
available from
2014. [11]
NDPHC
Presentation.
Egbema
Power
Station
(NIPP)
Imo
State
53356
N
64418E
Simple
cycle
gas
turbine
338 MW [12]
NDPHC.
Under
Construction
2012-
2013
3 x 112,5MW
turbines. Plant
is waiting for
evacuation
infrastructure.
[13] NDPHC
Presentation.

Power
station
Commun
ity
Coordina
tes
Type Capacity Status
Year
complete
d
Additional
description
Egbin
Thermal
Power
Station
Egbin
63347
N
33655E
Gas-
fired
steam
turbine
1320 MW
Partially
Operational
(994MW) [14]
1985-
1986
Has six 220-
MW
independent
units.Egbin -
Thermal
Power Station
in Egbin,
Nigeria
Mbendi
Information
Services
Geregu I
Power
Station
Geregu
Kogi
State

Simple
cycle
gas
turbine
414 MW Unknown 2007
The plant is
during
privatisation
process [15]
Geregu II
Power
Station
(NIPP)
Geregu
Kogi
State

Simple
cycle
gas
turbine
434 MW [16]
Siemens
Taking off (I
quarter 2013)
2012
Has tree 146-
MW turbines
Ibom
Power
Station
(NIPP)
Ikot
Abasi
43353
N
73406E
Simple
cycle
gas
turbine
190 MW
Partially
Operational
(60MW) [17]
ThisDayLive
2009
The plants
overall
generating
capacity is
technically
constrained by
existing
transmission
and
distribution
facilities of
PHCN and the
Transmission
Company of
Nigeria (TCN),
Power
station
Commun
ity
Coordina
tes
Type Capacity Status
Year
complete
d
Additional
description
to only 60mw.
[18]
ThisDayLive
Ihovbor
Power
Station
(NIPP)
Benin
City
62420
N
54100E
Simple
cycle
gas
turbine
450 MW [19]
NDPHC.
Under
Construction
2012-
2013
4 x 112,5MW
turbines, Plant
can't be
launched due
to delayed
evacuation
capacity. [20]
NDPHC
Presentation.
Okpai
Power
Station
Okpai

Combin
ed cycle
gas
turbine
480 MW Operational 2005
Independent
Power Project.
[21] Light
inside: the
experience of
independent
power
projects in
Nigeria.
Olorunso
go
Power
Station
Olorunso
go
65255
N
31852E
Simple
cycle
gas
turbine
336 MW
Partially
Operational
2007
8 x 42 MW
[22] Sepco3,
Working
below capacity
due to gas
supply issues.
[23]
ThisDayLive.
Olorunso
go II
Power
Station
Olorunso
go
65308
N
Combin
ed cycle
gas
675 MW [24]
NDPHC
Partially
Operational
2012
4x112,5mw
and
2x112,5MW
steam
Power
station
Commun
ity
Coordina
tes
Type Capacity Status
Year
complete
d
Additional
description
(NIPP) 31856E turbine turbines. [25]
NDPHC
Presentation.
Working
below
capacity due
to gas supply
issues. [26]
Sweetcrude.

Omoku
Power
Station
Omoku

Simple
cycle
gas
turbine
150 MW [27]
Rocksonenginee
ring.
Operational 2005
6 x 25MW gas
turbines

Omoku II
Power
Station
(NIPP)
Omoku

Simple
cycle
gas
turbine
225 MW
Under
Construction
2013[28]
FMI
2 x 112,5 MW
gas turbines
emails and
other details
are not
available at
the moment.
Omotos
ho I
Power
Station
Omotosh
o
64409
N
44239E
Simple
cycle
gas
turbine
336 MW [29]; Operational 2005 8 x 42 MW
Omotos
ho II
Power
Station
(NIPP)
Omotosh
o

Simple
cycle
gas
turbine
450 MW
Operational
fully by NDPHC
[30] The Nation
Partially
operational
(375MW) By
China
2012
4x112,5MW,
The plant is
build and
operated by
China
Machinery
Engineering
Power
station
Commun
ity
Coordina
tes
Type Capacity Status
Year
complete
d
Additional
description
Machinery
Engineering
Corporation
[31]
BusinessDay.
Corporation.
Sapele
Power
Station
Sapele
55531
N
53844E
Gas-
fired
steam
turbine
and
Simple
cycle
gas
turbine
1020 MW
Partially
Operational
(135 MW) [32]
Information
Brochure
1978 -
1981
Most of units
requires major
overhaul.
Plant is build
in 2 phases.
Phase I:
1978-1980 6
x 120MW
Gas-fired
steam
turbines ,
phase II:
1981 4 x
75MW gas
turbines. The
plant is
during
privatisation
process.
Sapele
Power
Station
(NIPP)
Sapele
55540
N
53841E
Simple
cycle
gas
turbine
450 MW
Operational [33]
The Nation
2012
4x112,5 MW
[34] NDPHC.
Despite power
plant activity,
power outage
cripples local
business
activities in
Sapele. [35]
Vanguard.
Delta -
Ughelli
Ughelli
53228
N
Simple
cycle
900 MW
Partially
Operational
1966-
1990
Most of units
requires major
Power
station
Commun
ity
Coordina
tes
Type Capacity Status
Year
complete
d
Additional
description
Power
Station
55456E gas
turbine
(360 MW) [36]
Sweetcrude,[3
7] Uyo
Summit
presentation
overhaul.
Plant is build
in 4 phases.
Phase I: 1966
(decommissi
oned today),
phase II:
1975 6 x
25MW
turbines(GT
2-8), phase
III: 1978 6 x
25MW
turbines(GT
9-14), phase
IV: 1990 6 x
100MW
turbines(GT
15-20), The
plant is
during
privatisation
process.[38]
Coal
Power
station
Community Coordinates Type Capacity Status
Year
completed
Additional
description
Itobe
Power
Plant
Itobe Kogi
State

Circulating
Fluidized
Bed
technology
1200
MW
Planned
2015-2018
(first phase
600 MW)
The first phase
consist of four
150MW units. Actual
effort is focused on
development mining
to establish
additional coal
resources. [39] Zuma
Energy presentation.
Hydroelectric
Hydroelectric
station
Community Coordinates Type
Capacity
(MW)
Year
completed
Name of
reservoir
River
Kainji Power
Station

Reservoir 800 1968
[1]
Kainji Lake
Niger
River
Jebba Power
Station

Reservoir 540 1985 Lake Jebba
Niger
River
Shiroro Power
Station

Reservoir 600 1990
Lake
Shiroro
Kaduna
River
Kano Power
Station

Reservoir 100 2015
[2]


Hadejia
River
Zamfara Power
Station

Reservoir 100 2012
[3]

Gotowa
Lake
Bunsuru
River
Kiri Power
Station

Reservoir 35 2016

Benue
River
Mambilla
Power Station
Taraba
State
64146N
110916E
Reservoir 3050 2018 [40] Gembu, S


AS AT 27
TH
FEBUARY, 2013.
Power Supply module around the world.

United state 250,m 813,000 3.20
Cuba 10.54 4,000 0.38
United
Kingdom 57.50 76,000 1.33
Ukraine 49 54,000 1.33
Irag 23.6 10,000 0.42
South ilorea 49 52,000 1.09
South Africa 44.3 45,000 1.015
Libya 5.50 4,600 1.015
Egypt 67.90 18,000 0.265
Nigeria 140 4,000 0.03
Source: Contemporary political issues and updates.

















List of countries by electricity consumption
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia TABLE 2

This table may be more easily updated if the rank-order column (1,2,3)
is removed (or separated). Alphabetical order may also help. Sort buttons order
numbers. Help:Sorting.
This list of countries by [electric energy consumption] is mostly based on The World Factbook.
[1]
For informational
purposes several non-sovereign entities are also included in this list with their parent state noted. In addition, the per capita
data for many countries may be slightly inaccurate as population data may not be for the same year that the consumption
data are. Population data were obtained from the List of countries by population in 2005, except for years other than 2005,
in which case they were obtained from the Wikipedia pages for the corresponding countries/territories. Average power per
capita was calculated according to the formula:
[2]

Electric power per capita [ in watt ] = Total population electricity consumption
[ in MW h/yr ] 1,000,000/(365.25 x 24)/population.
Electric power per capita [ in watt ] = Total population electricity consumption
[ in MW h/yr ] 114.077116 /population.
1 MW h/yr = 1,000,000 Wh/(365.25 x 24)h = 114.077116 Watt
Ran
k
Country
Electricity
consumpti
on
(MW h/yr
)
Yea
r of
Dat
a
Source
Populatio
n
A
s
of
Average
power
per
capita
(watts p
er
person)
World
19,320,360,62
0
2002-
10
all sources
~7,035,000,0
00
2005
-12
313
001 China 4,693,000,000 2011 CIA
1,353,821,00
0
2012 395
002 United States 3,886,400,000 2010 US DoE 316,090,000 2013 1402

European
Union
3,037,000,000 2009 CIA 503,492,041 2012 688
Ran
k
Country
Electricity
consumpti
on
(MW h/yr
)
Yea
r of
Dat
a
Source
Populatio
n
A
s
of
Average
power
per
capita
(watts p
er
person)
003 India 1,051,375,000 2012 MOSPI
[3]

1,210,193,42
2
2011 90
004 Russia 1,016,500,000 2012
[Ministry of
Energy
(Russia)]
[4]

143,400,000 2013 808
005 Japan 859,700,000 2011 CIA 126,659,683 2012 774
006 Germany 607,000,000 2011 BDEW
[5]
80,333,700 2012 861
007 Canada 549,500,000 2008 CIA 33,476,688 2011 1871
008 France 460,900,000 2008 CIA 65,350,000 2012 804
009 Brazil 455,700,000 2010 CIA 193,946,886 2012 268
010 South Korea 455,100,000 2011 CIA 50,004,441 2012 1038
011
United
Kingdom
344,700,000 2008 CIA 63,181,775 2011 622
012 Italy 309,900,000 2010 CIA 59,530,464 2012 581
013 Spain 267,500,000 2008 CIA 47,265,321 2012 645
Ran
k
Country
Electricity
consumpti
on
(MW h/yr
)
Yea
r of
Dat
a
Source
Populatio
n
A
s
of
Average
power
per
capita
(watts p
er
person)
014 Turkey 242,000,000 2012
[6]
75,627,384 2013 365
015 Australia 225,400,000 2008 CIA 23,060,903 2013 1114
016 Taiwan 220,800,000 2009 CIA 23,315,822 2012 1080
017 South Africa 212,200,000 2008 CIA 52,982,000 2013 457
018 Iran 206,700,000 2009 CIA 77,356,669 2013 305
019 Ukraine 181,500,000 2009 CIA 44,854,065 2012 461
020 Saudi Arabia 174,500,000 2008 CIA 29,195,895 2012 681
021 Mexico 134,600,000 2009 CIA 117,409,830 2013 131
022 Poland 132,200,000 2008 CIA 38,501,000 2011 391
023 Sweden 132,100,000 2008 CIA 9,555,893 2012 1576
024 Thailand 131,600,000 2008 CIA 66,720,153 2011 225
025 Indonesia 126,100,000 2008 CIA 237,424,363 2011 61
Ran
k
Country
Electricity
consumpti
on
(MW h/yr
)
Yea
r of
Dat
a
Source
Populatio
n
A
s
of
Average
power
per
capita
(watts p
er
person)
026 Norway 115,600,000 2008 CIA 5,063,709 2013 2603
027 Netherlands 112,500,000 2008 CIA 16,788,973 2013 764
028 Egypt 109,100,000 2008 CIA 84,550,000 2013 147
029 Argentina 104,700,000 2008 CIA 41,737,066 2012 286
030 Vietnam 101,000,000 2011 CIA 90,388,000 2012 127
031 Malaysia 93,800,000 2009 CIA 28,334,135 2010 377
032 Kazakhstan 88,110,000 2011 CIA 16,967,000 2013 593
033 Venezuela 85,850,000 2011 CIA 28,946,101 2011 338
034 Belgium 84,780,000 2008 CIA 11,035,948 2012 876
035 Finland 83,090,000 2008 CIA 5,421,827 2012 1747
036 Pakistan 74,350,000 2010 CIA 180,440,005 2012 47
037
United Arab
Emirates
70,580,000 2008 CIA 8,264,070 2010 974
Ran
k
Country
Electricity
consumpti
on
(MW h/yr
)
Yea
r of
Dat
a
Source
Populatio
n
A
s
of
Average
power
per
capita
(watts p
er
person)
038 Austria 65,670,000 2009 CIA 8,414,638 2011 890
039 Greece 59,530,000 2008 CIA 10,815,197 2011 627
040
Czech
Republic
59,260,000 2010 CIA 10,513,209 2012 643
041
Switzerland
57,500,000 2009 CIA 8,014,000 2012 818
042 Chile 56,350,000 2008 CIA 17,402,630 2012 369
043 Iraq 55,660,000 2010 CIA 31,129,225 2012 204
044 Philippines 54,400,000 2009 CIA 103,775,517 2013 60
045 Romania 51,460,000 2010 CIA 20,121,600 2013 315
046 Portugal 48,270,000 2008 CIA 10,581,949 2012 520
047 Israel 47,160,000 2008 CIA 8,002,300 2013 672

Hong
Kong (China)
43,140,000 2011 CIA 7,061,200 2010 696
048 Kuwait 42,580,000 2008 CIA 2,818,042 2012 1723
Ran
k
Country
Electricity
consumpti
on
(MW h/yr
)
Yea
r of
Dat
a
Source
Populatio
n
A
s
of
Average
power
per
capita
(watts p
er
person)
049 Hungary 42,570,000 2010 CIA 9,942,000 2012 488
050 Singapore 41,200,000 2010 CIA 5,312,400 2012 884
051 Uzbekistan 40,100,000 2009 CIA 29,559,100 2012 155
052 Bangladesh 39,100,000 2012 BP
[7]
161,083,804 2012 28
053 Colombia 38,820,000 2008 CIA 47,072,915 2012 94
054 New Zealand 38,564,000 2012 MBIE
[8]
4,468,200 2013 985
055 Serbia 35,500,000 2011 CIA 7,186,862 2011 563
056 Peru 34,250,000 2011 CIA 30,475,144 2013 128
057 Denmark 32,070,000 2010 CIA 5,687,591 2012 643
058 Belarus 31,070,000 2008 CIA 9,457,500 2012 375
059 Algeria 30,500,000 2008 CIA 37,900,000 2012 92
060 Syria 28,990,000 2008 CIA 22,530,746 2012 147
Ran
k
Country
Electricity
consumpti
on
(MW h/yr
)
Yea
r of
Dat
a
Source
Populatio
n
A
s
of
Average
power
per
capita
(watts p
er
person)
061 Slovakia 28,760,000 2010 CIA 5,410,836 2012 606
062 Bulgaria 28,300,000 2009 CIA 7,364,570 2011 438
063
Republic of
Ireland
26,100,000 2011 CIA 4,588,252 2011 648
064 Libya 22,890,000 2008 CIA 5,670,688 2006 460
065 Morocco 21,470,000 2008 CIA 32,878,400 2012 74

Puerto
Rico (United
States)
19,460,000 2008 CIA 3,667,084 2012 605
066 Croatia 18,870,000 2010 CIA 4,284,889 2011 502
067 North Korea 18,850,000 2008 CIA 24,554,000 2011 88
068 Azerbaijan 18,800,000 2008 CIA 9,356,500 2013 229
069 Qatar 18,790,000 2008 CIA 1,903,447 2013 1125
070 Nigeria 18,140,000 2008 CIA 170,123,740 2012 12
071 Tajikistan 16,700,000 2009 CIA 7,616,000 2011 250
Ran
k
Country
Electricity
consumpti
on
(MW h/yr
)
Yea
r of
Dat
a
Source
Populatio
n
A
s
of
Average
power
per
capita
(watts p
er
person)
072 Iceland 16,480,000 2009 CIA 321,857 2012 5837
073 Ecuador 14,920,000 2008 CIA 15,223,680 2011 112
074 Slovenia 14,700,000 2009 CIA 2,055,496 2012 815
075 Cuba 14,200,000 2008 CIA 11,163,934 2012 145
076 Oman 13,250,000 2008 CIA 2,773,479 2010 545
077 Turkmenistan 13,000,000 2009 CIA 5,125,693 2012 289
078
Dominican
Republic
12,870,000 2008 CIA 9,445,281 2010 155
079 Tunisia 12,490,000 2008 CIA 10,732,900 2012 136
080 Zimbabwe 12,470,000 2008 CIA 12,619,600 2012 113
081 Jordan 11,300,000 2008 CIA 6,508,887 2012 198
082
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
10,800,000 2009 CIA 3,839,737 2011 321
083 Bahrain 10,480,000 2008 CIA 1,234,571 2010 968
Ran
k
Country
Electricity
consumpti
on
(MW h/yr
)
Yea
r of
Dat
a
Source
Populatio
n
A
s
of
Average
power
per
capita
(watts p
er
person)
084 Lithuania 10,300,000 2008 CIA 2,966,954 2012 396
085 Mozambique 10,180,000 2008 CIA 23,929,708 2011 48
086 Lebanon 9,793,000 2009 CIA 4,224,000 2008 264
087 Sri Lanka 9,268,000 2010 CIA 20,277,597 2012 52
088 Georgia 9,256,000 2011 CIA 4,469,200 2011 236
089
Republic of
Macedonia
9,024,000 2011 CIA 2,058,539 2011 500
090 Paraguay 8,500,000 2009 CIA 6,561,748 2011 148
091 Costa Rica 8,321,000 2009 CIA 4,586,353 2011 207
092 Guatemala 8,161,000 2011 CIA 15,438,384 2013 60
093 Uruguay 7,960,000 2011 CIA 3,318,535 2011 273
094 Zambia 7,614,000 2008 CIA 14,309,466 2012 61
095 Kyrgyzstan 7,474,000 2008 CIA 5,550,239 2010 154
Ran
k
Country
Electricity
consumpti
on
(MW h/yr
)
Yea
r of
Dat
a
Source
Populatio
n
A
s
of
Average
power
per
capita
(watts p
er
person)
096 Estonia 7,431,000 2010 CIA 1,286,540 2013 658
097
Trinidad and
Tobago
7,246,000 2008 CIA 1,346,350 2011 614
098 Albania 6,593,000 2009 CIA 2,821,977 2011 266
099 Honduras 6,540,000 2009 CIA 8,249,574 2010 90
100 Luxembourg 6,453,000 2008 CIA 537,853 2013 1368
101 Jamaica 6,400,000 2008 CIA 2,889,187 2012 253
102 Bolivia 6,301,000 2011 CIA 10,389,913 2012 69
103 Latvia 6,215,000 2010 CIA 2,027,000 2012 350
104 Ghana 6,060,000 2008 CIA 24,200,000 2010 29
105
Democratic
Republic of the
Congo
6,036,000 2008 CIA 75,507,308 2013 9
106 Panama 5,805,000 2010 CIA 3,661,868 2010 181
Ran
k
Country
Electricity
consumpti
on
(MW h/yr
)
Yea
r of
Dat
a
Source
Populatio
n
A
s
of
Average
power
per
capita
(watts p
er
person)
107 Armenia 5,800,000 2011 CIA 3,262,200 2010 203
108 El Salvador 5,756,000 2011 CIA 6,134,000 2009 107
109 Kenya 9,694,000 2012 CIA 43,500,000 2013 25
110
Republic of
Kosovo
5,674,000 2011 CIA 1,733,872 2011 373
111 Cameroon 4,883,000 2008 CIA 19,406,100 2012 29
112
Nepal
4,883,000 2010 CIA 26,494,504 2011 21
113 Yemen 4,646,000 2008 CIA 23,833,000 2011 22
114 Burma 4,630,000 2008 CIA 60,280,000 2010 9
115 Cyprus 4,556,000 2008 CIA 838,897 2011 619
116 Moldova 4,463,000 2008 CIA 3,559,500 2012 143
117 Montenegro 4,100,000 2010 CIA 625,266 2011 748
118
Namibia
3,928,000 2008 CIA 2,100,000 2011 213
Ran
k
Country
Electricity
consumpti
on
(MW h/yr
)
Yea
r of
Dat
a
Source
Populatio
n
A
s
of
Average
power
per
capita
(watts p
er
person)
119 Sudan 3,787,000 2008 CIA 30,894,000 2008 14

Macau (China)
3,660,000 2010 CIA 568,700 2012 734
120 Ivory Coast 3,584,000 2008 CIA 20,617,068 2009 20
121 Tanzania 3,431,000 2008 CIA 44,929,002 2012 9
122 Mongolia 3,375,000 2010 CIA 2,892,876 2013 133
123 Angola 3,365,000 2008 CIA 18,498,000 2009 21
124 Ethiopia 3,357,000 2008 CIA 91,195,675 2012 4
125 Brunei 3,054,000 2008 CIA 408,786 2011 852
126 Botswana 2,850,000 2008 CIA 2,029,307 2010 160
127
Papua New
Guinea
2,757,000 2008 CIA 6,310,129 2012 50
128 Nicaragua 2,646,000 2008 CIA 6,071,045 2012 50
129 Mauritius 2,234,000 2008 CIA 1,291,456 2012 197
Ran
k
Country
Electricity
consumpti
on
(MW h/yr
)
Yea
r of
Dat
a
Source
Populatio
n
A
s
of
Average
power
per
capita
(watts p
er
person)
130 Laos 2,230,000 2010 CIA 6,500,000 2012 39
131 Malta 1,991,000 2010 CIA 452,515 2011 502
132 Uganda 1,958,000 2008 CIA 35,873,253 2012 6
133 The Bahamas 1,907,000 2008 CIA 353,658 2010 615
134 Senegal 1,763,000 2008 CIA 12,855,153 2011 16

New
Caledonia (France)
1,674,000 2008 CIA 252,000 2011 757
135 Gabon 1,600,000 2008 CIA 1,475,000 2009 124
136 Cambodia 1,559,000 2008 CIA 14,952,665 2010 12
137 Malawi 1,559,000 2008 CIA 16,407,000 2013 11
138 Suriname 1,440,000 2008 CIA 560,157 2012 293
139 Swaziland 1,207,000 2008 CIA 1,185,000 2009 116
140 Madagascar 1,032,000 2008 CIA 22,005,222 2012 5
Ran
k
Country
Electricity
consumpti
on
(MW h/yr
)
Yea
r of
Dat
a
Source
Populatio
n
A
s
of
Average
power
per
capita
(watts p
er
person)
141 Barbados 945,000 2008 CIA 274,200 2010 393
142 Fiji 865,800 2008 CIA 858,038 2012 115
143 Guinea 855,600 2008 CIA 10,057,975 2009 10
Aruba (Netherland
s)
846,300 2008 CIA 101,484 2010 951

United States
Virgin Islands
784,500 2008 CIA 106,405 2010 840
144 Guyana 688,000 2008 CIA 752,940 2010 104
145 Burkina Faso 683,500 2008 CIA 15,730,977 2010 5
146 Togo 671,900 2008 CIA 7,154,237 2013 11
147 Benin 653,000 2008 CIA 9,598,787 2012 8

Bermuda (United
Kingdom)
636,400 2008 CIA 64,268 2010 1129

Jersey (United
630,100 2004 CIA 97,857 2011 734
Ran
k
Country
Electricity
consumpti
on
(MW h/yr
)
Yea
r of
Dat
a
Source
Populatio
n
A
s
of
Average
power
per
capita
(watts p
er
person)
Kingdom)
148 Niger 626,000 2008 CIA 17,129,076 2012 4

French
Polynesia
623,100 2008 CIA 267,000 2010 266
149 Andorra 598,700 2009 CIA 85,082 2011 802
150
Palestinian
National Authority
550,000 2011 CIA 2,124,515 2012 30
151 Maldives 542,000 2009 CIA 328,536 2012 188

Cayman
Islands (United
Kingdom)
537,500 2008 CIA 54,878 2010 1117
152
Republic of
the Congo
534,000 2008 CIA 4,366,266 2012 14
153 Mauritania 508,700 2008 CIA 3,359,185 2012 17
154 Mali 455,700 2008 CIA 14,517,176 2009 4
155 Liberia 311,600 2008 CIA 4,128,572 2011 9
Ran
k
Country
Electricity
consumpti
on
(MW h/yr
)
Yea
r of
Dat
a
Source
Populatio
n
A
s
of
Average
power
per
capita
(watts p
er
person)
156 Haiti 309,000 2010 CIA 9,719,932 2011 4
157 Saint Lucia 308,000 2008 CIA 173,765 2009 202
158 Somalia 293,000 2008 CIA 10,085,638 2012 3
159 Burundi 273,400 2008 CIA 8,749,000 2012 4

Faroe
Islands (Denmark)
268,800 2010 CIA 49,267 2011 622
160 Djibouti 260,400 2008 CIA 792,198 2012 37
161 Seychelles 241,800 2008 CIA 84,000 2009 328
Greenland (Denma
rk)
239,400 2010 CIA 56,370 2012 484
162 Cape Verde 238,600 2008 CIA 523,568 2013 52
163 Rwanda 236,800 2008 CIA 11,689,696 2012 2
164 Lesotho 236,000 2008 CIA 2,067,000 2009 13
Ran
k
Country
Electricity
consumpti
on
(MW h/yr
)
Yea
r of
Dat
a
Source
Populatio
n
A
s
of
Average
power
per
capita
(watts p
er
person)
165 Afghanistan 231,100 2009 CIA 30,419,928 2012 1
166 Eritrea 224,900 2008 CIA 6,086,495 2012 4
167 The Gambia 204,600 2008 CIA 1,782,893 2009 13
168 Belize 200,400 2008 CIA 312,698 2010 73
169 Bhutan 184,000 2009 CIA 742,737 2012 28
170
Federated
States of
Micronesia
178,600 2002 CIA 106,104 2013 192
171 Grenada 177,400 2009 CIA 110,000 2005 184

American
Samoa (United
States)
176,700 2008 CIA 55,519 2010 363

Turks and
Caicos
Islands(United
Kingdom)
162,800 2008 CIA 46,400 2012 400

Gibraltar (United
Kingdom)
156,000 2008 CIA 29,752 2011 598
Ran
k
Country
Electricity
consumpti
on
(MW h/yr
)
Yea
r of
Dat
a
Source
Populatio
n
A
s
of
Average
power
per
capita
(watts p
er
person)
172
Central
African Republic
148,800 2008 CIA 4,422,000 2009 4
173
Saint Vincent
and the Grenadines
122,700 2008 CIA 120,000 2008 117
174
Saint Kitts
and Nevis
120,900 2008 CIA 51,300 2005 269
175
Antigua and
Barbuda
107,000 2008 CIA 81,799 2011 149
176 Samoa 98,580 2008 CIA 194,320 2012 58
177 Chad 93,000 2008 CIA 10,329,208 2009 1
178
Equatorial
Guinea
85,560 2008 CIA 1,622,000 2010 6
179
Sahrawi Arab
Democratic
Republic
83,700 2008 CIA 301,293 2010 32
180 Dominica 80,910 2008 CIA 71,293 2011 129
181
Solomon
Islands
72,540 2008 CIA 523,000 2009 16
Ran
k
Country
Electricity
consumpti
on
(MW h/yr
)
Yea
r of
Dat
a
Source
Populatio
n
A
s
of
Average
power
per
capita
(watts p
er
person)
182 East Timor 67,590 2011 CIA 1,066,582 2010 7
183
Guinea-
Bissau
65,100 2008 CIA 1,647,000 2010 5
184 Sierra Leone 53,940 2008 CIA 6,000,000 2012 1
185 Tonga 52,288 2012
TongaPowerL
td
103,036 2011 58

Saint Pierre
and
Miquelon(France)
49,290 2008 CIA 5,774 2011 973
186 Comoros 48,360 2008 CIA 798,000 2010 7

British Virgin
Islands
41,850 2008 CIA 27,800 2012 172
187 Vanuatu 39,990 2008 CIA 224,564 2011 20
188
So Tom
and Prncipe
38,130 2008 CIA 183,176 2011 24
189 Nauru 29,760 2008 CIA 9,378 2011 362
Cook
Islands (New
29,760 2008 CIA 19,569 2006 173
Ran
k
Country
Electricity
consumpti
on
(MW h/yr
)
Yea
r of
Dat
a
Source
Populatio
n
A
s
of
Average
power
per
capita
(watts p
er
person)
Zealand)

Montserrat (Unite
d Kingdom)
20,460 2008 CIA 5,164 2012 452
190 Kiribati 20,460 2008 CIA 103,500 2010 23

Falkland
Islands (United
Kingdom)
15,810 2008 CIA 2,932 2012 615

Saint
Helena (United
Kingdom)
7,440 2008 CIA 4,255 2008 199

Niue (New
Zealand)
2,790 2008 CIA 1,398 2009 228