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Propionic
acid added
(mL)
Aqueous Layer Organic Layer
K=
Titre of
M/10
NaOH
(mL)
Concentration
(M)
Titre of
M/10
NaOH
(mL)
Concentration
(M)
5
74.1
0.741
80.3
0.803
0.92
3
23.2
0.232
48.4
0.484
0.48
1
7.6
0.076
18.3
0.183
0.42
Experiment C:
Flow Rate of Aqueous
Phase (L/min)
0.23
Flow rate of Organic
Phase L
(L/Min)
0.23
Sodium Hydroxide
Concentration (M)
0.1 0.025 Concentration of
Propionic Acid (kg/L)
Feed (mL) 21.2 65.0 0.212
Raffinate (mL) 6.0 234.5 0.01
Extract (mL) 5 20 0.050
Propionic Acid
Extracted From the
Organic Phase
(mol/Min)
0.0115
Propionic Acid
Extracted From the
Aqueous Phase
(mol/Min)
0.0115
Mass Transfer
Coefficient (kg/Min)
Sample of calculation
Finding the distribution coefficient
Where Y: concentration of solute in extract phase.
X: concentration of solute in raffinate phase.
For 0.1 M NaOH
Volume of
propionic acid
(mL)
Upper bottom
5.0
(0.1)(0.0741)=
(0.005)
=1.482 M
(0.1)(0.0803)=
(0.005)
=1.606 M
0.92
3.0
(0.1)(0.0232)=
(0.003)
=0.773 M
(0.1)(0.0484)=
(0.003)
=1.613 M
0.48
1.0
(0.1)(0.0076)=
(0.001)
=0.760 M
(0.1)(0.0183)=
(0.001)
=1.83 M
0.42
Finding the mass transfer coefficient
For 0.1 M of NaOH
Raffinate
(0.1)(0.006)=
(0.01)
=0.06 M
Feed
(0.1)(0.0212)=
(0.01)
=0.212 M
Extract
(0.1)(0.0050)=
(0.01)
=0.050 M
Rate of acid transfer = V
w
(Y
1
- 0)
= 0.23 L/min (0.050 mol/L)
= 0.0115 mol/min
V
o
(X
1
-X
2
) = V
w
(Y
1
-0)
0.23 L/min (0.06 mol/min X
2
) = 0.0115 mol /min
X
2
= 0.01M
Log mean driving force= (X
1
-X
2
) / ln (X
1
/X
2
)
X
1
= (X
2
-0)
= 0.01 M
K = Y
1
/X* at equilibrium, assume R = 0.57
X* = Y
1
/K
= 0.050/0.57
=0.08771 M
X
2
= (X
1
-X*1)
= (0.06 M -0.08771 M)
= - 0.02771M
Log mean driving force= 0.01 - 0.02771 / ln (0.01 /0.02771)
= 0.0174
Mass transfer coefficient =
=
= 0.280mol/L.min
= 0.280 M/min
= 0.280 kg/min
For 0.025 M of NaOH
Raffinate
(0.025)(0.013)=
(0.01)
=0.58625 M
Feed
(0.025)(0.051)=
(0.01)
=0.1625 M
Extract
(0.025)(0.02)=
(0.01)
=0.05 M
Rate of acid transfer = V
w
(Y
1
- 0)
= 0.23 L/min (0.05mol/L)
= 0.0115 mol/min
V
o
(X
1
-X
2
) = V
w
(Y
1
-0)
0.23 L/min (0.58625 mol/min X
2
) = 0.0115 mol /min
X
2
= 0.53625 M
Log mean driving force= (X
1
-X
2
) / ln (X
1
/X
2
)
X
1
= (X
2
-0)
= 0.53625 M
K = Y
1
/X* at equilibrium, assume R = 4.97 (from experiment B)
X* = Y
1
/K
= 0.05/4.97
=0.01006 M
X
2
= (X
1
-X*1)
= (0.05 M -0.01006 M)
= 0.03994M
Log mean driving force= (0.53625 0.03994) / ln (0.53625 /0.03994)
= 0.2049
Mass transfer coefficient =
=
= 0.024 mol/L.min
= 0.024 M/min
= 0.024 kg/min
Discussions
Based on this experiment, the identification the distribution of coefficient and the mass
transfer coefficient are needed. This experiment is to determine the solubility which is the
solvent that is soluble with a specific solute contained in the solution and also about the
separation of a substance from a mixture by preferentially dissolving the substance in a
suitable solvent.
For the first experiment, which is to determine the distribution coefficient, we used the
titration method from the upper (Y) and bottom (X) layer sample. By titration with 0.1 M, the
values are 0.92 in 5.0 ml of propionic acid, 0.48 in 3.0 ml of propionic acid and 0.42 in 1.0
ml of propionic acid. From the result in this experiment, if titrated with 0.1 M NaOH, it
shows that the value of distribution coefficient decrease as the volume of propionic acid
increase. This experiment is failed because there were increases in distribution coefficient at
1mL to 5ml of propanoic acid. This is because of the errors that maybe occur during the
experiment and this will discussed later.
For the second experiment, which is to determine the mass transfer coefficient, we
used the liquid-liquid extraction column to get the feed, raffinate and extract solution to be
the samples. The samples then are titrated with 0.1 M NaOH and 0.025 M NaOH. The value
of mass transfer coefficient when titrated with 0.1 M NaOH is 0.280 kg/min while titrated
with 0.025 M, the value of mass transfer coefficient is 0.024 kg/min. For the actual result,
this experiment can shows the increasing of mass transfer rate when the concentration of
NaOH is decreasing. But from our result, the mass transfer coefficient is decrease as the
concentration of NaOH decreasing. These parts of experiment are concluding to be failed
because does not follow the actual result.
Several errors occurred during these experiment progresses that totally affect the result
of first experiment which is for finding the mass transfer coefficient. The most common error
is the position of the eye during taking the volume value at the burette. As the solution, the
eye position should be straight to the scale and must be perpendicular to the meniscus.
Besides that, the error also occurred while using the apparatus that is not properly clean. We
should use the clean apparatus to avoid the oil emission and impurities at the beaker, conical
flask or burette. If the apparatus not clean, we should use the distilled water to clean up those
apparatus.
Conclusions
In conclusion, both the experiments failed after comparing the results obtained with the
theoretical results. From the first experiment, the distribution coefficient supposed to
decrease when the flowrate is increase. The mass transfer coefficient in the second
experiment decrease as the concentration of NaOH decreases. The value should be increase
with the decreasing concentration. Alteration in results for both experiments may come from
the errors while conducting the experiment.