Vibration Detection Using Optical Fiber Sensor

VIBRATION DETECTION USING
OPTICAL FIBER SENSOR

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A few decades ago, fiber optic sensors technology has experimented a
revolution by the hand of telecommunication product outgrowths with opto electronic
devices. These new areas of opportunities include the potential of replacing the
majority of environmental sensors in existence today, as well as opening up entire
markets where sensors with comparable capability do not exist. These new
technologies, combined with advances in optical transducers, have enabled remote
vibration monitoring using compact portable instrument packages in highly localized
parts of electrical machinery with inherent electrical isolation, superior dielectric
properties, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. In addition, optical fiber
sensors can offer noncontact, perturbationfree means of monitoring as they provide a
new approach to vibration monitoring in electromechanical e!uipment.
Fig 1 Optical Fiber Sensor Setup
1

"iber optic sensors can be generally classified in two groups# extrinsic$fiber
optic sensors distinguished by the characteristic that sensing takes place in a region
outside approach to vibration monitoring in electromechanical e!uipment. "iber optic
sensors can be generally classified in two groups# extrinsic $fiber optic sensors
distinguished by the characteristic that seen their working principles. In "igure % a
general classificationof vibration sensors is shown# intensity based sensors are those in
which intensity is modulated by an external parameter& "abry 'erot interferometers
$"'I( are passive optical structures that utilize multiplebeam interference in a cavity
between two semi reflective surfaces. "iber bragg gratings$")*(are fabricate during a
longitudinal periodic perturbation of the refractive index of the core of an optical fiber.
This paper deals with three measurement principles will be analyzed.
2
CHAPTER 2
CASSIFICATION OF OPTICA FI!ER SENSOR
+ptical fiber sensor are classified on the basis of their characteristics of their
working principle. *eneral classification of optical fiber vibration sensors is
1" Intensit# base$ sensor %I!S&

Are those in which intensity is modulated by an external parameter.
They are further classified as
a. ,on contact I)-
b. .icro bending I)-
2" Fabr# Perot Inter'ero(eter %FPI&
Are passive optical structures that utilize multiple beam interference in a
cavity between two semi reflective surfaces. They are further classified as
a. In "iber "abry 'erot Interferometer
b. /xtrinsic "iber "abry 'erot Interferometer.
)" Fiber !ragg *rating %F!*&
Are fabricated using a longitudinal periodic perturbation of the refractive
index of the core of an optical fiber.

3
Fig 2"1+ Classi'ication o' optical 'iber sensor
4
CHAPTER )
INTENSIT, !ASED SENSOR
)"1 INTRODUCTION
Intensity based sensor techni!ues have been studied and implemented in last
01 years. A wide range of configurations can be used, such as fiber microbending
,fibertofiber coupling, moving masks2gratings, and modified cladding .
)"2 -OR.IN* PRINCIPE
These sensors can be classified into two broad categories if physical contact
with the vibrating object exists or not. 3sually noncontact structures use a reflective
signal to displacement vibration while the other structures $i.e.,microbending( use the
transmissive configuration. As a general rule, in the intensitybased sensor structure the
light intensity from the source is modulated by the Transducing device& then it is
guided to the detector, translated to electronic signals, and ade!uately processed as
shown in "igure 4.%. In many cases, it is necessary to have referencing mechanism in
order to maintain the sensor calibrated. 5ithout this referencing mechanism, optical
power fluctuations due to the source, couplers, connectors, or any other components in
the system can introduce significant relative errors. In some cases, digital
communication techni!ues such as code division multiple access $67.A( or spread
spectrum techni!ues $--Ts( can reduce noise impact .
5
Fig
)"1
Con'iguration 'or intensit# (o$ulation s#ste(s
)") CASSIFICATION OF INTENSIT, !ASED SENSOR
a& /ICRO!END SENSOR STRUCTURE
The microbend sensor was one of the earliest Intensitybased sensors to be
developed. The detection principle is based on the change of transmitted power as a
function of pressure2stress. )asically, in this structure, the light intensity decreases by
the losses caused by the induced micro curvatures $see "igure4.0 (.The deformation
causes a coupling of the optical power from the coreguided modes to higher order
radiation modes& these modes are attenuated by the surrounding medium. )oth
multimode and singlemode fibers have been used for the constructions of these
sensors. 5hile multimode microbend sensors show the maximum sensitivity when the
bending fre!uency is e!ual to the difference in propagation constants for the
propagating and radiation modes , in -inglemode optical fiber microbend sensors, the
maximum sensitivity is achieved when the spatial bend fre!uency e!ual the difference
between the propagation constants of the fundamental mode and a discrete cladding .
b& NONCONTACT DISPACE/ENT SENSOR
6
They are commonly used for vibration detection. A reflective scheme is used to
detect vibrations where one fiber is used as an emitter source and one or more fibers
are used as collectors $"igure4.4(. The reflection from the surrounding surfaces near
the target can be minimized using data treatment techni!ues. The main advantage of
this configuration is the low cost of fabrication of the sensor and transducer .8owever,
although intensitybased fiber optic sensors are easy to build, a significant error can be
introduced due to changes in the light source power. 9osses due to physical
configuration and reflective surfaces outside of the measure system often impact the
final measurement accuracy. "ortunately, referencing for sourceintensity fluctuations
is relatively easy to implement configuration and reflective surfaces outside of the
measure system often impact the final measurement accuracy. "ortunately, referencing
for sourceintensity fluctuations is relatively easy to implement :ecently, 'errone and
;allan presented a high resolution and cheap optical sensor $using plastic optical fibers(
to measure vibrations of up to several tens of <8z by using an intensitydetection
scheme followed by a nondemanding data processing to compensate for the vibrating
surface reflectivity and measurement chain gains.
In this sensor, one fiber is used to transmit the light whereas the other fiber
collects the light rejected by the target whose vibrations s$t( have to be measured. The
received signal is processing after the photo detector conversion. The experimental
setup used by 'errone is shown in "igure 4.= .Those intensitybased sensors are usually
low cost and versatile structures. /ven the particular in reflective experimental setups
of those sensors allows them to be used.
7
Figure )"2 0 /icro ben$ sensor structure
Fig )") E(be$$e$ 'iber optic (icroben$ sensor 'or (easure(ent o' 1ig1
pressure"
8
Figure )"2 Con'iguration 'or $#na(ic $isplace(ent intensit# base$ sensor.
Figure )"3 0E4peri(ental setup o' 'iber optic $isplace(ent sensor 'or 're5uenc#
(easure(ent
9
Figure )"6 Plastic optical 'iber sensor
10
CHAPTER 2
FA!R, PEROT INTERFERO/ETER
2"1 INTRODUCTION
"abry'erot interferometers are optical structures that utilize multiplebeam
interference in a cavity between two semi reflective surfaces. In the last three decades,
a lot of applications of this structure have been developed, supported by an
extraordinary explosion of optical communication and the use of optical fiber as
transmission guide and measurement material. The evolution of this optical structure as
vibration sensor can be seen in "igure.
2"2 -OR.IN* PRINCIPE
The basic structure of the "abry'erot optical sensors is based in two plane
and parallel surfaces with partial reflectivity so that multiple rays of light are
responsible for creation of the observed interference patterns. In order to obtain an in
fiber "abry 'erot sensor $I""'I( partial mirrorsurfaces have to be created inside the
fiber, as shown "igure =.%.
Figure 2"1+ *eneral structure o' in 'iber+'abr# perot sensor
11
This sensor can be built by using chemical processes or by fusion currents.
The general theory behind the other interferometers still applies to the "abry'erot
model& there constructive and destructive effects occur making the resulting fringes
much more clearly defined.
.any of these interferometers suffer the common problem of directional
ambiguity in fringe motion when the measured target changes direction since the
output interference signals are co sinusoidal in nature. *eneral solutions include
additional or multiple interrogating cavities, multiple wavelength and !uadrature
phaseshifting techni!ues. The interference fringes are detected as an electrical signal
and feedback into a comparator circuit to generate the desired !uadrature condition.
2") CASSIFICATION OF FA!R, PEROT INTERFERO/ETER
a& E7TRINSIC FA!R, PEROT INTERFERO/ETER
In extrinsic version of the "abry'erot interferometer$/""'I(, the optical cavity
is external to the fiber. The alignment of the fiber end faces is maintained by a bonded
capillary tube or can be placed one in front of the other. In this case, a coherent source
is necessary to avoid excessive power losses. As the substrate and the attached tube are
strained, the reflected interference signal varies in response to the changes in cavity
spacing $see "igure =.0(
12
Fig 2"2 E4trinsic Fabr# Perot Inter'ero(eter base$ in capillar# tubes

.ore sophisticated configurations of extraordinary sensitivity have been
developed using fiber brag gratings working as mirrors. Although multiple sensor
applications have been reported using the "'I sensor signals directly, as it has been
previously described, some other applications can be significantly improved using
signal processing techni!ues in the electrical domain. .
13
Fig 2") Re'lecti8e EFPI sensor (easure(ent s#ste(
In this structure, a configuration of multiple fringe and non sinusoidal signals
obtained from a fiberoptic vibration sensor using an extrinsic "abry'erot
Interferometer is presented . In this configuration, a wavelength transform $5T(
based signal processing methodology was employed to count optical fringes. 5Tbased
tool was developed by the authors for unambiguous identification of fre!uency
components from a non sinusoidal vibration situation of multiple fringes and complex
fre!uency measurements.
-ome "abry'erot sensors need to be previously calibrated prior to use,. In this
work, it was showed a feasible method to calibrate the ';7" strain sensor using four
points from the )essel harmonics of a fiber optic /"'I sensor which does not re!uire
complex demodulation schemes other than standard spectrum analyzer.

'ullteap presented a modified fringecounting techni!ue applied to a dual
cavity fiber "abry'erot vibration meter. The scheme of the structure is shown in
"igure =.=, where continuous series of interference signals can be processed for fringe
counting. The main advantage of such a techni!ue is the increased resolution, which
can be obtained without further complicated signal processing schemes, because it
allows calculating the cross over points and integrate the interference peaks in the
algorithm due to the stable optically generated !uadrature condition employed.
14
Fig 2"2 Sc1e(atic $iagra( o' $ual ca8it# 'abr# perot inter'ero(eter 'or
8ibration anal#sis
b& INTRINSIC FA!R, PEROT INTERFERO/ETER
+ne of the first applications of I""'I was presented by >oshino ,this is
implementation, detection of impact vibration was done using a single mode ""'I
with?@A endreflectance. A schematic diagram of the developed system is shown in
"igure =.1.
15
Figure 2"3 Fiber 'abr# perot inter'ero(eter 'or 8ibration $etection
+ther I""'I application was reported in %BC4 by <erseyet al. The experimental
setup shown in "igure =.D is formed by a singlemode I""'I with uncoated fiber ends.
The system had a resonance peak as low as %1@ 8z with a limiting sensitivity of 0 %@
? g .
16
Fig 2"6 Setup IFPPI 9it1 un coate$ 'iber en$s as an accelero(eter
Another implementation of highresolution vibrometers using wavelength de
multiplexed fiber "abry'erot sensors. The monitoring system is based on low
coherence interferometry "igure =.?.It consists of a .achEehnder interrogating
interferometer $.EI( and fiber "abry'erot $""'( sensors .The fiber "abry'erot cavity
is formed by a pair of fiber bragg gratings $")*s( working as mirrors with a different
reflectivity as a function of the wavelength.
To enable constant sensitivity detection and the use of conventional :" signal
recovery techni!ues, heterodyning signal processing was adopted

17
Fig 2": Sc1e(atic o' 1ig1 resolution 8ibration (easure(ents using $e
(ultiple4e$ 'iber
Another I""' sensor is formed by two portions of single mode fibers $-."(
fused to be a holecore fiber $86"( forming a "abry'erot cavity being the end of each
-." the mirrors of the interferometer& this structure is known as Inline "iber /talon or
I9"/, "igure =.C
Fig 2";+ Fabr# Perot Inter'ero(eter 'or(e$ b# t9o S/F an$ HCF
18
-everal applications have been developed using the principle of "abryperot
applied to I9"/. The e!uation that governs this optical reflected power and cavity
deformation
3sing this scheme, it was demonstrated that it can be applied for the detection
of steady state performance structure shows the relationship between three phase
motors under unbalanced conditions, "igure =.B. This implementation showed the I9"/
working as a spring and its deformation was registered using interferometryof the light
reflected by the mirrors of a "abry'erot etalon. The photodetector output was
connected to an oscilloscope with a ""T module to show the vibration spectrum "abry
'erot interferometer provides high precision when measuring realtime surface
vibrations. -ome techni!ues such as wavelength division and transmitted and received
optical signal can be used to obtain excellent relation with displacement, strain and
vibration measurement "abry'erot interferometer can be classified as one of the most
sensitive structures in the area of optical fiber sensors. In this section, we have tried to
show the wide range of experimental setups and applications that can be achieve during
this optical structure. The main issues that can affect this structure are related to the
fabrication of the mirrors whose imperfections and alignment errors can reduce the
sensor accuracy.
19
Fig 2"< Sc1e(atic $iagra( o' t1e trans$ucer calibration s#ste("
CHAPTER 3
FI!ER !RA** *RATIN* SENSOR
3"1 INTRODUCTION
"iber bragg gratings $"*)s( are optical fiber devices that consist in a
longitudinal periodic perturbation of the refractive index of the core of an optical fiber.
-uch periodic variation of the optical properties of the fiber confers to it uni!ue optical
properties that make these devices ideal for optical sensing applications. In fact, since
the first permanent inline grating was reported in %B?C, more and more scientific
groups have devoted their research in such devices. In fact, the number of reported
works related with vibrations using ")*s have grown significantly since %BB=,
20
+ne of the most valuable properties of ")*s is their strong dependence of the
resonance peak on very small variations of the )ragg period which makes them ideal
for strain sensing. They also have additional advantages, for example, their small size
that makes them suitable to embed into composite materials or concrete, or their dense
wavelength multiplexing capability that makes possible multipoint sensing in
complicated civil structures such as bridges or highways. Also, this structure can be
used to simultaneous measurement of several parameters such as temperature or
humidity and vibrations using wavelength multiplexing techni!ues.
3"2 -OR.IN* PRINCIPE
The optical properties of an ")* device arise from a series of partial reflectors
arranged with a determined spatial period. In the optical fiber ")*, such reflectors are
fabricated by altering the refractive index of the core of the optical fiber in a periodic
manner, creating dielectric partial mirrors, and conse!uently a series of interferences
occurs as the light travels through the device. In conse!uence, certain wavelengths
which have a constant relation with the period of the refractive index perturbation
experiment a strong transmission blockage. -uch wavelengths are reflected by the ")*
structure, while the device keeps unaltered the rest of the wavelengths, therefore the
")* acts as a wavelength selective reflector. This can be schematically seen in
"igure 1.%.
21
Fig 3"1 Sc1e(atic structure o' 'iber bragg grating sensor
"iber bragg gratings are created by FinscribingG or FwritingG the periodic
variation of refractive index into the core of a special type of optical fiber using an
intense ultraviolet $3;( source such as a 3; laser. A special germaniumdoped silica
fiber is used in the manufacture of ")* because it is photosensitive, and it is possible
to induce refractive index shifts in areas exposed to strong 3; radiation. 6onse!uently,
the ")*s are fabricated by exposing them to a very regular 3; pattern. -uch patterns
are obtained mainly by two different processes# interference and masking. The amount
of the change in refractive index in the fiber core is a function of the intensity and
duration of the 3; light exposure .5hile interference and masking are the most used
techni!ues for fabricating ")*s, it is possible to write them pointbypoint. 8ere, the
laser has a narrow beam that is e!ual to the grating period. This method is specifically
applicable to the fabrication of longperiod fiber gratings and tilted gratings.
22
The fundamental principle behind the operation of a ")* is "resnel reflection.
5here light traveling between media of different refractive indices may both reflect
and refract at the interface. The grating will typically have a sinusoidal refractive index
variation over a defined length.
The typical reflectance response of an ")* is shown in "igure 1.0.
Fig 3"2 F!* re'lecte$ po9er as a 'unction o' 9a8elengt1"
"iber bragg gratings can be used as direct sensing elements for strain, but also
have uses in instrumentation applications such as seismology, pressure sensors for
extremely harsh environment, and as down hole sensors in oil and gas wells for
measurement of the effects of external pressure, temperature, seismic vibrations, and
inline flow measurement.
+ne of the main advantages of ")* devices is their suitability for sensor
network arrangements. It is not trivial to arrange multisensor setups, and other optical
devices have strong limitations regarding the maximum number of sensors which can
be integrated in an optical system $high intensity losses, etc.( In this sense, ")*s can
be easily integrated in a multisensor arrangement, and the system can be interrogated
using timedivision multiplexing $T7.(, fre!uencydivision multiplexing $"7.(, or
wavelengthdivision multiplexing techni!ues $57.(H, using only one light source and
a single detector system, which contribute to significantly lower the cost of the
measuring system, "ig 1.4
23
Fig 3")+ F!* (ulti sensor s#ste(
A similar approach was reported by 6usano . The reflected light from an ")*
sensor is selectively divided by an optical filter tuned with the bragg wavelength of the
")*, as it is shown in "igure 1.=. The reflected signal from the "*) sensor is then
divided in two components by the optical filter, and conse!uently when the )ragg peak
is displaced due to the strain the two measured components vary their relation with
respect to the other.
This passive arrangement of the demodulation system, allows a full electronic
interrogation& therefore, dynamic strain $vibrations( can be measured at high
fre!uencies $up to =@@ k8z(. In fact, the interrogation rate of these systems is only
limited by the electronic measuring stage. This specific approach has been successfully
applied to seismic measurement as it can be seen in "igure 1.1. In this work, three
different ")* sensors were simultaneously interrogated and compared with a
conventional accelerometer using the setup shown in "igure 1.D.
24
Fig 3"2 Experimental setup for dynamic strain with a single
FBG
25
CHAPTER 6
/ETHODOO*,
6ondition monitoring of heavy electromechanical e!uipment is commonly
accomplished in the industry using vibration analysis.-everal techni!ues mainly based
on capacitive and piezoelectric accelerometers were earlier used..ost fre!uently used
sensing techni!ues are Intensity .odulation,"iber "abry 'erot Interferometer and "iber
*rating -ensor.+ut of three methods "iber *rating -ensors are commonly and
efficiently used.
6"1 A$8antages
a( -uitability for sensor network arrangement
b( /asily arranged in multi sensor setup than other sensors.
c( Integrated accurately using time division multiplexing ,fre!uency division
multiplexing and wavelength division multiplexing.
d( 9ower the cost of measuring system.
e( Ideal for sensing magnitude such as strain and temperature.
f( Instrumentation application such as seismology, pressure sensor.
g( Immunity to electromagnetic interference.
6"2 Disa$8antages
a(Active reference mechanism should be adopted always while calibrating sensor.
b(:elative error are introduced in case reference mechanism arenot adopted.
c( 6omplicated digital networks such as code division multiple access adds to
reduce noise impact.
6") Application o' optical 'iber sensor
a(;ibration sensor
3sed for measuring vibrations such as strain,pressure,temperature.
b(6hemical sensor
3sed for calculating p8 in chemical industry.
c()iomedical sensor
3sed in medical field for diagonising diseases.
26
d(;ehicle sensor
3sed in automobile industry for weighing the automobiles.
CHAPTER :
E7PERI/ENTA RESUTS

Fig :"1 E8olution o' 8ibration intensit# base$ sensor
27
In "ig ?.%,the most modern advancement in the case of intensity based sensor
accomplishe in the year 0@@B as shown. Almost 01 years of advaced research have lead
to the conclusion of vibration measurement.

The evolution of optical structure as vibration sensor can be seen in fig.?.0.In
the last three decades ,a lot of application have been developed ,supported by the
explosion of optical communication and use of optical fiber as transmission guide.
Fig :"2 E8olution o' Fabr# Perot Inter'ero(eter
28
Fig :") E8olution o' F!* sensor
In fig ?.4,more and more scientific groups have devoted a number of research
paper in ")* since %BB=.The in line grating was reported in %B?C."irst strain and
temperature sensor was presented in %BCC.
29
Fig :"2 Response o' a seis(ic sensor
:esponse time response of a seismic sensor is shown in fig ?.=. The passive
arrangement of a demodulation system allows full interrogation and thus high
fre!uency measurement is possible. Interrogation provided by electronic e!uipment
and the response is plotted.
30
CHAPTER ;
CONCUSION
This paper has reviewed the main optical fiber sensor techni!ues for vibration
measurement. An overview of the different techni!ues used in vibration sensors was
presented. Intensitybased sensors were presented in first place, showing the setup used
for vibration measurement. This type of sensors can be used both in reflection and
transmission modes& however, the high dependence of the measurement accuracy to the
source power level is a weak point of I)- in front of the other techni!ues presented in
this paper. In contrast, "abry'Irotbased vibrometers are characterized by a better
resolution and accuracy. -everal setups can be achieved using this structure of sensor,
for all these characteristics and advantages, the "'- is considered the most spread
techni!ue used to detect vibration in the optical fiber area. "inally, fiber bragg gratings
vibrationsensing techni!ues have uni!ue accuracy and wavelength multiplexing
capacity. 8ighspeed interrogation techni!ues are needed in order to detect high
fre!uency oscillations. "inally, it is possible to say that optical fiber sensors can
provide accuracy, durability, and economic configurations for vibration measurement,
thus increasing the range of applications and opening new research fields.
31
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