Preventions and Solutions

for the Scale Problem at the Geothermal Power Plant

and CDM Study in Indonesia


Study Report



February 2006


Engineering and Consulting Firms Association, Japan
Tohoku Electric Power Co., Inc
List of Contents

Executive Summary s1

Chapter 1 The purpose of survey and overview
1.1 The background of survey 1
1.2 The purpose of survey 2
1.3 Survey summary 3

Chapter 2 The present situation of the Dieng geothermal power plant
2.1 Overview of the surveyed site 4
2.2 Actual state of the power plant 6

Chapter 3 The present situation of scale and assumed causes
3.1 The present situation of scale 9
3.2 Assumed cause of scale
3.2.1 Assumed cause of turbine scale 10
3.2.2 Assumed causes of scale in wells 11

Chapter 4 Study for Optimum O&M
4.1 A measure for scale in steam turbines
4.1.1 Our specific approaches to the problem 14
4.1.2 Application to the Dieng geothermal power plant 17
4.2 Measures for scale in wells
4.2.1 A way to prevent scale from clinging 21
4.2.2 A way to remove scale 24
4.2.3 Application to the Dieng geothermal power plant 26
4.3 High efficiency operation of Cooling tower 26

Chapter 5 CDM feasibility study
5.1 Information related to CDM in Indonesia 28
5.2 Related agencies and a trend of capacity building 32
5.3 The CDM projects applied to the DNA 32
5.4 Possibilities of geothermal power generation projects for CDM 33


Chapter 6 Study for the possibility of participation in geothermal power generation
6.1 Energy conditions in Indonesia
6.1.1 Overall conditions 34
6.1.2 Energy situation and policies 34
6.2 Extension plan for the Dieng geothermal power plant
6.2.1 A development schedule 37
6.2.2 Project Participants 38
6.2.3 Project Contractual Relationship 39
6.2.4 Evaluation profitability of the project 40
6.2.5 Possibility of participation in the project 45
6.3 Geothermal development plan in the Sarulla region
6.3.1 Overview 46
6.3.2 Development plan 47
6.3.3 Development structure 47
6.3.4 Possibility of participation in the project 48

Chapter 7 Conclusion
7.1 Measures for scale and the optimum O&M 49
7.2 Possibility of CDM projects 49
7.3 Possibility of participation in geothermal power generation 50
7.4 Suggestions 51



APPENDIX
Calculation sheet

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Fig.2-1-1 A location map
Fig.2-1-2 Whole view of the Dieng Plateau
Fig.2-1-3 A fumarole
Fig.2-1-4 Buddhism remains (1)
Fig.2-1-5 Buddhism remains (2)
Fig.2-2-1 Panorama of the Dieng geothermal power plant
Fig.2-2-2 The office of geothermal power plant
Fig.3-1-1 Silica scale of injection pipe in the initial phase of the commercial operation (1)
Fig.3-1-2 Silica scale of injection pipe in the initial phase of the commercial operation(2)
Fig.3-2-1-1 Scaling at the turbine nozzle
Fig.3-2-2-1 The solubility curb of amorphous silica
Fig.3-2-2-2 The image of scaling (1)
Fig.3-2-2-3 The image of scaling (2)
Fig.4-1-1 The turbine-washing equipment
Fig.4-1-2 Steam temperature at the surface of nozzle
Metal temperature at the surface of nozzle
Fig.4-1-3 Scaling point on the nozzle
Table 4-1-1 The opening angle of governing valves during water injection
Fig.4-1-4 Turbine inlet pressure
Fig.4-1-5 The opening angle of governing valves
Fig.4-1-6 Condenser Vacuum
Fig.4-2-1-1 The image of the way of well water injection
Fig.4-2-1-2 The water injection equipment
Table 4-2-2-1A table of comparison with 2,000m class production well
Fig.4-2-2-1 Work scenery by Coiled Tubing
Fig.4-2-2-2 Coiled Tubing
Fig.4-3-1 Relations between the number of operating cooling fan and condenser vacuum
Fig.4-3-2 Relations between condenser vacuum and output correction coefficient
Fig.5-2-1 Approval process flowchart
Fig.6-2-1-1 A location map of Dieng and Patuha area
Table 6-2-1-1A development schedule
Fig.6-2-2-1 Project Participants
Fig.6-2-3-1 Project Contractual Relationship
Fig.6-2-4-1 Sensitivity analysis with the number of Makeup wells
Fig.6-2-4-2 Sensitivity analysis with Decline rate
Fig.6-2-4-3 Sensitivity analysis with Makeup well steam flow rate
Fig.6-3-1-1 A location map of Sarulla area
Table 6-3-2-1A development schedule
Fig.6-3-3-1 Project Participants
Fig.7-4-1 Project Flow
Abbreviation

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations

BOT Build, Operate, Transfer

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CER Certified Emission Reduction

CRT Cathode Ray Tube

GDP Gross Domestic Product

IEA International Energy Agency

IPP Independent Power Producer

IRR Internal Rate of Return

JI Joint Implementation

JV Joint Venture

LNG Liquefied Natural Gas

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NPV Net Present Value

O&M Operation & Maintenance

PPA Power Purchase Agreement

wt% Weight %

This work was subsidized by the Japan Keirin Association through its
Promotion funds from KEIRIN RACE.
S-1
Executive Summary
Overview of the Dieng geothermal power plant
Surveys of geothermal resources on the Dieng Plateau started from 1970s. From 1985 to
1991, a geothermal power plant program(55MW2) was established using the ADB fund.
In 1994, California Energy International CEIin the US led JV signed a contract for the
construction of the Dieng geothermal power plant( 4 ,150MW by 2001 ), and
No.1(60MW)was completed in 1998. Although 45 wells confirmed the potential for 350MW,
the construction of No.2, 3, 4 was postponed following the Asian financial crisis. Then,
Mid-American purchased CEI. After the intervention of an American investment
insurance company (OPIC), GEODIPA, a joint venture between the PLN and Pertamina
obtained the ownership of the Dieng geothermal power plant in August 2001.




















Summary of survey results
(1) The present situation of scale
Research and analyses were carries out to understand
the extent, the components, and the mechanism of the
silica and where it actually located at the Dieng
geothermal power plant. The results confirmed that the
silica scale precipitates in the wells because of flush. Due
to this scale problem, the plant operates at around
42MW although the rated output is 60MW. At present,
injection of chemicals is being examined to address the
problem and the plant is developing effective chemicals.

The Dieng geothermal power plant
Yogyakarta

calcium carbonate

components
flush in the well
mixture of fluids
varying in pH
mechanism
well
extent
pipe turbine
silica
Fig.3The possibility and actual situation of each item
calcium carbonate

components
flush in the well
mixture of fluids
varying in pH
mechanism
well
extent
pipe turbine
silica
Fig.3The possibility and actual situation of each item
Fig.1Location Map
Fig.2Participants and Panorama
of the Dieng geothermal power plant

Scaling
Flush point
Fluid Fluid
Ground
Well
Fig.4The image of scaling
Pertamina
National oil
company

National electric
company
Dieng geothermal power plant
Joint-Venture
67% 33%
PT GEO DIPA
Pertamina
National oil
company

National electric
company
Dieng geothermal power plant
Joint-Venture
67% 33%
PT GEO DIPA
S-2
Sensitivity analysis with the number of Makeup wells Output
Decline rate:5%Makeup well steam flow rate:45t/h
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
5.00% 7.00% 9.00% 11.00% 13.00% 15.00% 17.00%
Discount rate

m
i
l
l
i
o
n

$

7 New Wells Maintain steam

3 New Wells
No New Wells
(2) Study for Optimum O&M
As an optimum O&M measure for the scale, the Dieng geothermal power plant is
considering injecting chemicals, however even if effective chemicals are developed, the cost
matters. With this in mind, Tohoku Electric Power Co. is planning to inject clean water to
prevent scale from occurring in its jurisdiction. If this proves effective, we can offer epoch-
making technical cooperation to the plant.
In addition, though it is yet posing a serious consequence, considering components of the
silica at the Ding geothermal power plant, silica scale in turbines might become a serious
problem. In this case, our proven turbine washing equipment could be of great help.













(3) Extension plan for the Dieng geothermal power plant
At present, the extension plan is under way
at the Dieng geothermal power plant. Under
the plan, No.2 will start commercial
operations in 2008 and No.2 will be put into
operations in 2009. This is a large-scale
extension plan to construct 5 geothermal
power stations with the rated output of
300MW in the Dieng geothermal power
plant as well as Patuha region close to
Bundung, far from the Dieng plant.
Both Dieng and Patuha regions have
sufficient geothermal resources. There seems to be no problem in terms of technology, but
the plan is delayed because it is difficult to finance huge project cost (500 million $).
Taking into account additional plants at the Dieng geothermal power plant, we calculated
the IRR setting the constriction cost per unit at about 100 million $. In this case, the IRR is
almost the same as the risk free rate (6.85%). Furthermore, generated CO2 credits will not
be relatively low considering the amount of non- condensed gas, so our participation in this
plan is considered to be difficult.

(4) Geothermal development plan in the Sarrula region
Since this plan is expected to generate about
700,000 CO2 t/year, we also conducted the
survey. In the Sarrua region, 3 geothermal
sites are confirmed and 300MW of electricity
can be generated over a period of 30 years.In
addition, No.1 of Silangkitang, which will be
developed first in this region, has already
confirmed sufficient steam(50MW) and the
construction can be carried out with low risk
and at low price.It is desirable to carry out a
detailed survey for the CDM, including the
CO2 Emission Potential in the Sumatra Island
and the resource evaluation. If attractiveness
of the plan is quantified through the survey,
our more active participation can be expected.
LG Tank
Condensate water
Control
panel
Injection pump
Injection pump
Injection unit
Rewind drum
Coil tube
INCOLOY 825
Lubricator
Tip nozzle
LG Tank
Condensate water
Control
panel
Injection pump
Injection pump
Injection unit
Rewind drum
Coil tube
INCOLOY 825
Lubricator
Tip nozzle

FX-
233
Main
Steam
System
Turbine Exhaust
System
Circulating
Water System
Water Injection Equipment System
Nozzle
Water Injection Pump
Circulating
Water Pump
Jet
Condenser
Generator Turbine
Calorimeter
To Flash Steam Cooler
Governing Valve
Main Stop Valve
To Turbine Ground
Electromagnetic
Flowmeter
Scale
Separator
from
Production
Wells
Strainer
To Cooling
Tower
Fig.6The turbine-washing equipment
Fig.5The water injection equipment
Sarulla area
Medan
Namora-I-Langit
(65MW3)
Silangkitang
(50MW2)
Eastern Sibualbuali
Sarulla area
Medan
Namora-I-Langit
(65MW3)
Silangkitang
(50MW2)
Eastern Sibualbuali
Fig.7Sensitivity analysis with the number of Makeup wells
Fig.8A location map of Sarulla area
1
Chapter 1 The purpose of survey and overview

1.1 The background of survey

Although electricity demand in Indonesia was stagnant following the Asian financial
crisis in 1997 and the following plunge of the rupiah, it grew by 9.3% from 1999 to 2001.
Demand is expected to grow by an estimated 7% and according to an estimate by the
IEA, it will reach 300,000GWh by 2020. However, the massive debt(about 45trrion
Rp.).precludes the PLNAn electricity public corporationfrom raising sufficient funds
to develop the necessary new power sources to meet such demand In 2003, as the power
supply reserves declined to 5-10%, there are concerns of a serious power shortage
around Jakarta. In addition, in order to promote investment in power production, the
government has imposed considerably higher electricity charges. With several hikes,
the electricity rates in Rp. have approximately tripled compared to what they were at
the times of the financial crisis. Repeated rate hikes have triggered demonstrations,
riots and oppression in industry, which have had a serious effect on the national
economy and the lives of the Indonesian citizen.

To deal with the drastic increase in electricity demand, the Indonesian government
drew up policy of securing supplies by opening up the electricity sector to private
enterprise. As a result, many foreign companies started to participate in the IPP project,
however the 1997 financial crisis resulted in the suspension of a lot of projects. Since
2001, negotiations aiming to reduce costs of power purchases of the PLN have been
resumed in an effort to rekindle interest in the many projects, which remain incomplete.
If the PLN depends solely on its own funds, it will be impossible for the PLN to improve
the installed capacity corresponding to the growing power demand, so active private
investment is necessary.

Indonesia is rich in geothermal resources and at present, it accounts for about 2.5% of
the total installed capacity. However, while geothermal resources offer the potential for
20, 000MW of electricity, only 4% (787MW) has been developed in the past 20 years.
Furthermore, in the 1990s, together with other IPP projects, contracts for geothermal
development projects that amount to 3,417MW were signed, but 7 of them were
suspended because of the financial crisis. Although negotiations for re-starting these
projects are under way, little progress has been made.

2
The project plant, the Dieng geothermal power plant, is located on the Dieng Plateau
in central Java The Dieng Plateau is a volcanic region where eruptions, steam
explosions and eruptions of volcanic gas have caused a great deal of damage over the
course of history. Volcanic activity remains active as can be seen by the recent eruption
of hot mud in1993 and a steam explosion and a volcanic earthquake in 1998.

When it comes to the exploitation of geothermal resources on the Dieng Plateau,
various surveys have been conducted since the 1970s. From 1985 to 1991, a survey
regarding the construction of the Dieng geothermal power plant was carried out
primarily by the PNL with the ADB, and a power generation program constructing
55MW2 was established. In December 1994, California Energy International in the
US (CEI)-led JV signed a contract for the construction of the Dieng geothermal power
plant, which is committed to build 150MW by 2001 at a cost of US $192 million. Under
the plan, 4 plants were supposed to be constructed, but after the completion of No1
(60MW) in 1998, the construction and the exploration activity for No.2 was postponed.
At that time, 48 wells had been drilled, and the project organizer confirmed that the
potential was 350MW. After that, a US firm, Mid-American, purchased CEI, but an
American investment insurance company (OPIC) intervened and mediated when the
project came to a deadlock. Consequently, the ownership was shifted to the Indonesian
government(PT GEO DIPA , a joint venture between the PLN and Pertamina).

During those years, No.1 also temporary stopped operation, but resumed operations
again. The geothermal resources of the plant contain a lot of Si in steam, making scales
cling to steam production wells, steam tubes and steam turbines. As a consequence, at
present, it only generates 40MW of electricity compared to the expected 60MW output.
Despite there have been several measures taken, such as the injection of acid (which is
also done in Japan) none have been effective in solving the problem. Agency for the
assessment and application of technology (BPPT) asked Tohoku Electric Power Co. Inc
to examine the scale problem in the plant through its overseas projects.

1.2 The purpose of survey

The purpose of this survey is to understand the extent of the scale problem n the Dieng
geothermal power plant and its causes and to provide a basis for a detailed examination,
which will lead to setting up appropriate countermeasures.

3
I also interviewed local people concerning PT GEO DIPA, the project entity, and
collected information about the possibility of our participation in the O&M project, the
matter of participation, and the possibility of capital contribution for the extension plan
and the necessary procedures which will accompany it.

1.3 Survey summary

This survey covers the following items.
(1) Collection of information regarding the project
(2) Brief survey of the extent of the scale problem and its causes
(3) Current scale prevention and its effects
(4) Survey of actual O&M activities
(5) The actual state of the CDM in Indonesia
(6) The geothermal power plant development plan and research on the possibility of
capital contribution
4
Chapter 2 The present situation of the Dieng geothermal power plant

2.1 Overview of the surveyed site

The Dieng geothermal power plant is located on the Dieng Plateau, about 80km north
west of Yogyakarta, an ancient city of Indonesia. Dieng came from Di Hyang in
Sanskrit, which means the place where gods live. As the name suggests, there are a lot
of Buddhist ruins in the area.

The Dieng Plateau is situated 2,000m above sea level. It is dotted with lakes created
by volcanic activity and geysers emitting steam, which smells of sulfur. It is well known
as a tourist destination together with Buddhist ruins.
























The Dieng geothermal power plant
Yogyakarta
Fig.2-1-1Location Map
5
































Fig.2-1-2Whole view of the Dieng Plateau
Fig.2-1-3A fumarole
Fig.2-1-4
Buddhism remains (1)
Fig.2-1-5
Buddhism remains (2)
6

2.2 Actual state of the power plant

The office of the Dieng geothermal power plant is located in Dieng town, about 15
minutes drive from the power plant. The plant general manager works at the office with
a number of employees. Five employees are always stationed at the plant and are
engaged in operation control and patrolling of the steam production facilities and the
generating facilities.

The central control room, which consists of a Electric panel and 2 CRT, is very simple.
A steam turbine, which is a secondhand outdoor type manufactured by Ansaldo in Italy,
was used in Africa before. This reducing the financial costs was a consideration at the
time of the construction.

Indonesian law requires a pre-service inspection before using the power plant, but
once commercial operation starts, the law doesnt oblige any inspections. For example,
there arent the periodical inspections which are conducted in Japan, and all inspections
are carried out on a voluntary basis. They decide the frequencies of inspection
depending on the conditions of facilities, and they are being carried out annually.

Since the steam turbine is an outdoor type, there is an overhead traveling crane, so for
open inspection, a moving crane is rented. Furthermore, because it is an outdoor type,
open inspections cannot be carried out during the rainy season. Considering that, even
if there are troubles which require an open inspection, it is difficult to take prompt
measures. Therefore, this poses a risk of prolonged power failures.

The facilities in the Dieng power plant include a huge after cooler. An after cooler cools
the air extracted from the condenser and separates drain from the gas. The large after
cooler means they deal with a large volume of extracted gas. The rated output of the
Dieng geothermal power plant is 60MW, which is close to the Yanaizunishyama
geothermal power plant (56MW). Comparing both figures, it is assumed that the steam
from both plants contains the same proportion of non- condensed gas. (about 5wt% at
Yanaizunishyama)
(The production fluid in the Dieng geothermal power plant includes rare materials. As
they are planning to sell refined material, they didnt clarify the chemical components
in the fluids.)
7
Generally, most of non-condensed gas included in production fluid is CO2. For this
reason, the concentration of non-condensed is a matter of great importance, when
considering CO2 emission credits.

Although the rated output of the Dieng geothermal power plant is 60MW, at present, it
operates at around 42MW. The prime cause of this low output is the stoppage of
production wells due to silica scale.





























8

































Fig.2-2-1Panorama of the Dieng geothermal power plant
Fig.2-2-2The office of geothermal power plant
9
Chapter 3 The present situation of scale and assumed causes

3.1 The present situation of scale

In the Dieng geothermal power plant, scale, which clings to the injection pipe, was a
large problem in the initial phase of the commercial operation, but it was solved by
measures taken afterward. Now, scale clings to geothermal fluid production wells and
the steam turbines. The main component of the scale is silica.

























Fig.3-1-1Silica scale of injection pipe in the initial phase of the
commercial operation (1)
Fig.3-1-2Silica scale of injection pipe in the initial phase of the
commercial operation (2)
10
3.2 Assumed cause of scale

3.2.1 Assumed cause of turbine scale

The source of the silica, component in the scale, is considered to be silica dissolved in
mist and in steam. I will explain more later using an example of Tohoku Electric Power
Co., Inc Uenotai geothermal power plant. The prime cause is considered to be that the
turbine nozzles boil the components of the steam mist and then the silica in the steam
mist precipitates and dries.












Fig.3-2-1-1Scaling at the turbine nozzle
11
3.2.2 Assumed causes of scale in wells

Though its route varies, scale precipitates because material that dissolves in the
solvent becomes super saturated.
Silica in geothermal fluids is balanced with quartz in a fluid reservoir at high
temperature and at high pressure, but in the process of eruption which bring it to
ground level, it changes to amorphous silica.
The solubility of silica depends on its crystal form. The solubility curb of amorphous
silica can be expressed as follows.


The solubility changes according to temperature, pH and the concentration of Na, Al
and Fe ions and the presence or absence of ions of Fe and Poly silicic acid.

The precipitation of the scale depends on the mechanism for over saturation, which
varies, but is generally caused by a flush in wells which increases the concentration of
dissolved components in the cooling process. On rare occasions, the cause is a change in
pH, which is caused by the mixture of production fluid in multi feed increases the scale
precipitate.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

p
p
m

The solubility of amorphous silica
Temperature ( deg. C)
S
i
l
i
c
a

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
p
p
m
)

Fig.3-2-2-1The solubility curb of amorphous silica
12
In the case of water-dominated fluid reservoirs, production fluid is produced with hot
water, in the state of so-called two phase flow. The more production fluid which goes
up to the ground, the less the pressure on the fluid becomes. Fluid tends to vaporize at
certain points known as the flush point.

Inside the wells, there are certain points where the internal diameter is considerably
larger, making them the flush points. Most of the time, the scale precipitates there, but
the flush points are not stationary due to other factors such as pressure in fluid
reservoirs.
The scale precipitates occur wherever the flush point may be.

























Scaling
Flush point
Fluid Fluid
Ground
Well
Fig.3-2-2-2The image of scaling (1)
13
Multi feed points to the situation in which production fluid is taken at several points
varying in depth. In this case, if one of production fluid is acid while the other is
alkaline, it becomes neutral when the fluids mix. As mentioned before, the solubility of
silica is also affected by pH, and the solubility is the lowest in neutral area if
temperatures and pressures remain constant. When production fluid, super saturated
in acid and alkaline is mixed with it, it becomes super saturated, creating a huge
amount of scale. For this reason, scale precipitates. When there is a lot of precipitate,
one side of the feed point is closed off even though it results in the decline in the amount
of steam production.























There is no significant difference in the PH of production fluid in the Dieng
geothermal power plant, so it can be concluded that the cause of the scale in the wells is
super saturation caused by flush, but not much information is available regarding
where the scale actually are located.

Scaling
Fluid (Acid) Fluid (Acid)
FluidAlkaline FluidAlkaline
Ground
Well
Fig.3-2-2-3The image of scaling (2)
14
Chapter4 Study for Optimum O&M

4.1 A measure for scale in steam turbines

4.1.1 Our specific approaches to the problem

Although silica scale clings to steam turbines in the Dieng geothermal power plant, it
is not yet posing a serious problem. However, since the reservoirs contain a lot of silica,
there is no denying that it will become a serious problem when supplemental
geothermal fluid production wells are drilled and put into operation.

In term of scale clinging to the steam turbines, similar problems have occurred in
Tohoku Electric Power Companys Uenotai geothermal power plant just after the start
of commercial operations. In this case, setting up turbine washing equipment worked
well. For this reason, I include the outline of the measures taken by Tohoku Electric
Power Company bearing in mind that it may be applied to the Dieng geothermal power
plant in future.

(1) Background
The Uenotai geothermal power plant [output 28.8MW(up from 27.5MW in February
in 1997)] is located in Yuzawa city in Akita prefecture. Commercial operations
started in March 4
th
in 1994 based on a joint development with Akita Geothermal
Energy in charge of steam facilities and Tohoku Electric Power Co. in charge of
generating facilities.

Just after the start of operations, an opening angle of governing values rapidly
increased during the rated output operation and then the output of the generators
declined. After an inspection of the dismantled steam turbines, the cause was
ascertained to be scale, which was clinging to the first-stage nozzles at the mouth of
the steam turbines and the strainer before main stop valve. Left untouched, the steam
turbines would have needed to be dismantled for inspections and cleaning every three
months, so equipment for scale prevention was developed.

(2) The formation of scale
Silica, a component of scale, is considered to originate from silica dissolving in mist
and in steam and each precipitates as follows.
15
Precipitation of silica dissolved in mist
a. Precipitation by flush
In the main stop valvesub-stop valvestrainer, the pressure is slightly decreased,
resulting in the flush of a hot water mist. Most of the silica scale clinging to the
main stop valvesub-stop valvestrainer is caused by such a flushing mechanism.
It is assumed that silica precipitates and clings when the mist is super saturated
with the silica over a period of time.

b. Precipitation by boiling
The numerical simulation and an experiment using geothermal steam confirms
that at the steam outlet near the first-stage nozzle, the temperature of nozzle is
higher than that of steam.(Amagasa 1995) Thus, at the outlet, mist coming into
contact with and clinging to the surface of the nozzle boils and evaporates, leading
to precipitation of the dissolved components, including silica, which then dry.
Most of the silica scale found in the first-stage nozzle at the mouth of the turbine
in Uenotai was considered to have occurred by boiling.

Precipitation of silica dissolved in steam
a. Precipitation caused by a decline in pressure
Silica scale in Uenotai may have precipitated because of a decline in pressure, but
it is difficult to make such quantitive evaluations.
b. Precipitation caused by a change in the state of steam
In Uenotai, the steam is not super heated; therefore, there is no silica
precipitation caused by a change in the state of steam.

(3) Study for countermeasures
Scale is caused by flush and boiling and injecting water into the turbine can contain
the problem stemming from both causes. For this reason, we concluded that the
installment of turbine washing equipment, injecting clean water into main steam
pipes, could prevent scale from clinging. Then the following tests and analyses were
carried out.

Outline of water flushing equipment
The water flushing equipment directly sprays circulating water into the main
steam pipes. The water flushing point was set at just before the main stop valve so
that there is sufficient distance to mix the injected water and steam at the mouth of
16
the steam turbines. Furthermore, in order to prevent erosion of the steam turbine,
the moisture meter was installed at the mouth the team turbine.

Results of the water injection test
The water injection test was conducted over 7months on site by changing time
(1hour to 14days) and volume of injecting water (1.11to4.2t/h) with the following
results.
During water injections, scale keeps growing when there is less than 2.0t/h of water,
but it is contained when there is more than 2.0t/h of water.
Results of the water injection test over periods as long as 2 weeks show that an
opening angle of the governing valve continues to decline, and in some cases, the
refractory scale, including silica, is cleaned.
According to the open inspection of the steam turbine after the water injection test,
when the moisture level is below 2%( designed allowable value), there is little
erosive effect on the turbine even though water is injected for long periods of time.
Soon after the start of water injection, the opening angle of governing valves always
sharply decline. This is considered to be because soluble scale, such as NaCl, is
removed.

The use of the water injection equipment
Following various analyses based on the test results, stable operation is maintained
in the power plant today by injecting water for approximately 2hours about every 2
weeks.

(4) Conclusion
To remove scale in the Uenotai geothermal power plant, turbine-washing equipment
was installed and a water injection test was conducted. The results confirmed that
water was effective for the prevention of and cleaning of scale at 2.0t/h.








17




















4.1.2 Application to the Dieng geothermal power plant

Although silica scale is clinging to the turbine in the Dieng geothermal power plant,
the situation is not yet serious and problems such as a decline in output have yet occur.
However, once becomes a serious problem, the Uenotai geothermal power plant's
example could be of great help.

In such cases, the problem is how much water should be injected and at what
frequency.
This depends on the allowed moisture level which will differ according to what is made
from. Since the allowed moisture level is 2% in the Uenotai geothermal power plant, the
verification test was conducted while monitoring figures. Then, the optimum volume of
water and frequencies were confirmed. Therefore, if this equipment is installed in the
Dieng geothermal power plant, the optimum volume of water injection and frequencies
should be confirmed through similar steps taken by the Uenotai geothermal power
plant although the equipment itself is simple and doesnt require specific know-how.
Fig.4-1-1The turbine-washing equipment
FX-
233
Main
Steam
System
Turbine Exhaust
System
Circulating
Water System
Water Injection Equipment System
Nozzle
Water Injection Pump
Circulating
Water Pump
Jet
Condenser
Generator Turbine
Calorimeter
To Flash Steam Cooler
Governing Valve
Main Stop Valve
To Turbine Ground
Electromagnetic
Flowmeter
Scale
Separator
from
Production
Wells
Strainer
To Cooling
Tower
18



































-10
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5
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

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back
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Fig.4-1-2Steam temperature at the surface of nozzle
Metal temperature at the surface of nozzle
Fig.4-1-3Scaling point on the nozzle
1
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1996
June July ( day )
The opening angle of governing valves
1996
June July ( day )
Condenser Vacuum 1996
June July ( day )
Injection
Injection
Injection
Fig.4-1-4Turbine inlet pressure
Fig.4-1-5The opening angle of governing valves
Fig.4-1-6Condenser Vacuum
21
4.2 Measures for scale in wells

4.2.1 A way to prevent scale from clinging

As previously mentioned, the largest problem in the Dieng geothermal power plant
today is scale in geothermal fluid production wells, and chemical injection is being
considered as a countermeasure.
Here I include some alternative considerations to chemical injections.

At present, several geothermal power plants within the jurisdiction of Tohoku Electric
Power Co. have scale in wells, just like the Dieng geothermal power plant. The
component of scale differs depending on the region with calcium carbonate scale as well
as silica scale being the most common. If the main component is calcium carbonate,
injecting clean water dissolves the scale relatively easily and the volume of steam soon
recovers. On the other hand, once silica scale precipitates, it is not able to be dissolved
unless quite strong acid is used and clean water alone will be insufficient.
Therefore, in the case of silica scale, it is important to prevent precipitate from
occurring. From this point of view, innovative measures are being considered at this
point in time.

To prevent scale in turbines, precipitation can be prevented by injecting clean water into
the steam, which increases the moisture level. The basic principal is that this prevents
super saturation from occurring, which can prevent scales in wells.

Since the reaction rate of silica is fast and the stratum contains a lot of silica,
production fluid maintains balance (a saturated state) with silica included in the
stratum that is near the feed point. (A silica thermometer, which estimates
temperatures from the concentration of silica in fluid, is famous and is widely used as a
geochemical thermometer.)

In the case of sales in wells, unless precipitates occur due to the mixture of fluids
varying in pH, the cause is super saturation by flush. First and foremost, the
fundamental problem is that the production fluid is saturated with silica.

Therefore, if the production fluid in a saturated state is diluted with water, it wont
become super saturated even though flush occurs to some extent. In other words,
22
precipitation of silica is contained.
In addition, when silica scale is generated, the main components of hot water, such as
NaCl might precipitate first and become the core of the silica scale, so by simply
injecting water, the NaCl based precipitate can easily be dissolved, which prevents a
core from emerging. As a result, the precipitation of silica scale could be contained

For above reasons, if a certain amounts of clean water is injected into wells, just like
turbine washing, it wont be super saturated in wells, which means that scale will not
precipitate and the component of silica will remain the same until it reaches the
separator. If the component of silica remains the same until the separator, it could be
removed in the injection pipe where scale prevention is already carried out.
Meanwhile, even if the silica scale slightly precipitates in the injection pipe, it can be
dealt with much more easily than by removing scales from the wells.

The concern associated with injecting clean water is the decrease in output caused by
the fall in enthalpy or the solubility decline because of the temperature fall. However,
the simulation in wells confirms that as long as injecting water is limited to a fixed
amount, production fluid is not saturated with silica until it reaches the ground and the
fall in enthalpy doesnt pose a problem.



Water
injection
T
w
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p
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Flush point
Scaling
Measures
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p
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Fig.4-2-1-1The image of the way of well water injection
23
Since calcium carbonate easily dissolves in water, the method of injecting water into
wells proves effective in each geothermal power plant in Japan as a measure against
calcium carbonate scale. Facilities for silica scale are exactly the same as facilities for
calcium carbonate.

Facilities consist of an injection unit, a rewind drum, a lubricator, a coil tube, a tip
nozzle and among others.

An injection unit, which injects condensed power plant water into wells through a coil
tube, comprises of pump, pipe, various measuring instruments, and electric system.

A lubricator is a facility that fixes a coil tube and stores steam seal and a tip nozzle.
Using this, it is possible to install and collect a tube without stopping production.

Based on experience in each geothermal power plant, the best material for tubes is
INCOLOY 825, which is especially corrosion resistant..

In addition, a tip nozzle also works as an anchor.



LG
Tank
Condensate water
Control
panel
Injection pump
Injection pump
Injection unit
Rewind drum
Coil tube
INCOLOY 825
Lubricator
Tip nozzle
LG
Tank
Condensate water
Control
panel
Injection pump
Injection pump
Injection unit
Rewind drum
Coil tube
INCOLOY 825
Lubricator
Tip nozzle
Fig.4-2-1-2The water injection equipment
24
4.2.2 A way to remove scale

Prevention of scale, which works for other sites, is not always applicable because of the
regional feature. However, even if scale precipitates, it wont be a fatal obstacle for
operations of a power plant as long as scale can be removed relatively easily at low cost.
For this reason, I include how to remove scale as follows.

Generally, work over is used when scale precipitated in wells is removed. work over
removes scale by drilling with bit after the installation of rig, just like usual drilling. It
is effective when scale precipitation occurs only inside wells, but a problem is its cost.
Because rig is installed just like drilling , it requires relatively long construction periods
with a large scale facility. The construction cost is quite high. To solve this problem,
Coiled Tubing method is used in recent years. In Coiled Tubing method, a thin tube
without seams is used as if it is a wire, so drilling pipes dont need to connect and the
construction is completed for a shot period of time. With the short construction period
and simple facility, the cost is low. Furthermore, the construction is carried out while
letting steam emit, therefore the work efficiency can be judged immediately. It also
doesnt have to interfere other wells or induce emission.
Meanwhile, a drawback of the Coiled Tubing method is that the maximum tensile
load is low. If scale is solid or it has a casing trouble, a full examination is necessary
before adopting this method.
A table of comparison based on experiences in the jurisdiction of Tohoku Electric
Power Co. can be expressed as follows.
Table 4-2-2-1A table of comparison with 2,000m class production well
Rotary drilling Coiled tubing
Drilling fluid WaterMud AirProduction fluid
Possibility of interference High Nothing
Separator/Silencer Need not Need
A range of ground facilities
removal
Wide Narrow
Induce emission Need Need not
Maximum working depth 2,700m 2,600m
Pipe up-down time 6 hours 3 hours
Maximum tensile load 100 t 45 t
Term of works 60 days 10 days
CostIn case of 1 as Rotary 0.6
25




































Fig.4-2-2-1Work scenery by Coiled Tubing
Fig.4-2-2-2Coiled Tubing
26
4.2.3 Application to the Dieng geothermal power plant

The cause of the scale problem at the Dieng geothermal power plant is not the special
mechanism but oversaturation. Tohoku Electric Power Co. now prevents scale from
occurring in its jurisdiction by injecting clean water. If this method proves effective, it
can be applied to the Dieng geothermal power plant.

With its efficiency, work over by coild tubing seems appropriate to the Dieng
geothermal power plant, which cant stop operations for a long period of time. However,
scale in wells at the Dieng geothermal power plant is considered to be hard because its
main component is silica; therefore, whether this method is applicable or not should be
decided after the experimental use.

4.3 High efficiency operation of Cooling tower

As described before, the Dieng geothermal power plant has a huge after cooler, but a
huge cooling tower also catches our eyes. Since the total number of cooling fans amounts
to 18, cooling capability is quite high. The cooling tower was capable of cooling
circulating water from 36.1 to 18. Consequently, the vacuum level is 93.3 kPa and
the operation was carried out in a high vacuum. (almost the design value). If the
vacuum level is high, it is possible to get the large output even though the amount of
steam is the same because the adiabatic heat drop becomes large. However, the balance
with the power spent for that purpose is important. In other words, the optimum point
needs to be decided comparing the increased output because of being high vacuum and
the power that is spent for cooling fans.

Although it depends on equipment, including the deterioration level of the equipment,
the number of cooling fans is not always proportionate to the vacuum level. In addition,
the vacuum level in the condenser is not completely proportionate to the output. The
vacuum level also varies depending on whether the load is rated or partial.

Therefore, it is impossible to judge from generalization, but considering all cooling
fans in the cooling tower are operated at the partial load in the Dieng geothermal power
plant, it should be clarified how vacuum level in the condenser and net output changes
when stopping fans one by one.

27












The number of operating cooling fan vs.
Condenser Vacuum (An example)
70
75
80
85
90
95
18 17 16 15 14
The number of operating cooling fan
C
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and condenser vacuum
Fig.4-3-2Relations between condenser vacuum
and output correction coefficient
28
Chapter 5 CDM feasibility study

5.1 Information related to CDM in Indonesia

Geothermal power generation uses natural energy. It is effective for prevention of the
global warming because basically, CO2 emissions are small. For this reason, it is
positioned as a power source for CDM/JI based on the Kyoto Mechanism. As long as
conditions are met, geothermal power generation will generate CO2 credits, creating
added values.

The most fundamental condition is whether a country ratifies the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol.
Furthermore, whether the Designated National Authority(DNA) is set up within the
country is also a basic condition.

The Indonesian government ratified the Kyoto Protocol on December 4
th
in 2004.
Although it took some times to make deliberations within the country, the DNA was
officially established in Indonesia. Indonesia is now listed on the DNA list of UNFCCC.
The following describes detail information related to CDM.

(1) Ratification and participation in the UNFCCC
Indonesia signed the UNFCCC in 1992 and ratified it in accordance with the
ordinance No6.

(2) Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol
The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol had been delayed in Indonesia not by the
national resolution but by procedures related problems. Indonesia ratified the Kyoto
Protocol on December 3
rd
and was taken effect on March 3
rd
in 2005.

(3) The establishment of the DNA
The DNA was established in Indonesia in July 2005, which means Indonesia meets
conditions to participate in CDM project activities as Non AnnexParties depicted in
the Marrakesh Agreement, which includes detailed regulations of the Kyoto Protocol.
Now, Indonesia is eligible to approve CDM projects.
The DNA is a national CDM committee (NCCDM) consisting of the following 9
ministries and agencies.
29
Ministry of Environment
Ministry of Energy and Mineral resources
Ministry of Forestry
Ministry of Industry
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
National Development Planning Board)
Ministry of Home Affaires
Ministry of Transportation
Ministry of Agriculture

The deputy minister of MOE (Environmental Conservation) is appointed to the
chairman of the NCCDM.
The NCCDM comprises of standing organizations, secretariat and engineering
team. If necessary, it can seek assistance to expert advisors and stockholders
forum.

(4) Procedure for the approval of the project
Documents, which should be submitted to the DNA
The following documents should be submitted
a. Application form(description to meet criterion)
b. Project Design Document(PDD)
c. Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA)
d. The record of public consultations
e. Recommendation from the Ministry of Forestry (only for forestation CDM)
f. Others

Procedure for the approval of the CDM
It takes 11weeks to reach a conclusion regarding the governments approval letter
after application form is submitted to DNA. (Except for revisions)

(5) Criteria for sustainable development of the CDM projects. Applicants need to prove
that the proposed project meets the following criterion.
Environmental sustainability
Environmental sustainability that can preserve natural recourses and natural
diversity
Preservation of eco system
30
Complying with existing national and regional environmental standards and
regulations
Preserving genetically biological species(genetic contamination is not allowed)
Complying with the land exploration plan

Health and safety of regional society
There should be no health risks
Complying with vocational health standards and regulations
There should be a procedure regarding the adequate control and actions based on
documents against possible accidents.

Economic Sustainability
Prosperity of regional society
There should be no negative effects on regional income
There should be adequate measures to deal with a decline in incomes of local
residents.
There should be an agreement with stakeholders to deal with lay off issues in
accordance with existing laws.
Regional public services shouldnt be declined

Social Sustainability
Participation in the project by regional society
Making consultations to regional society.
Comments and complains from regional society are taken into account.
Trust from regional society
The project doesnt cause confrontations in regional society.

Engineering Sustainability
Technology transfer
Knowledge and the operation of equipment is fully transferred without depending on
foreign countries.
Technology is neither experimental nor obsolete.
Technological ability and its application is promoted in the region.


3
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32
5.2 Related agencies and a trend of capacity building

A trend of capacity building in Indonesia as follows.

With the cooperation of the World Bank and GTZ, a national strategy for CDM in
the energy sector was drawn up mainly by the Ministry of Environment and NGO
(Pelangi) in 2001.
The Dutch government seems to actively work on Indonesia to sign a bilateral
CER sales agreement with the Netherlands.
The NEDO and the IGES in Japan supported Indonesias approaches by co-hosting
workshops in 2003 and 2004.

While the agencies of DNA and a part of officials in related to the government
agencies are well aware of CDM, there is a lack of awareness among other
government agencies and people concerned. In addition, generally, industry doesnt
have much interest in the CDM, so capacity building needs to be expanded.

5.3 The CDM projects applied to the DNA

Although Indonesia officially established the DNA in July in 2005, staff members
were officially positioned in December. However, due to swift actions taken by the
DNA, the following 5 projects were officially approved as of January in 2006.

The project utilizing solar heat
, The project concerning cements
The project utilizing palm oil
The project utilizing methane from excrement of domestic animals Feces and
urine

In terms of above 5 projects, Indonesia got approval from the environmental minister
and applied for the registration to the UNFCCC before the establishment of the DNA.
For this reason, the government immediately approved these projects since it was
considered that projects had been already approved (examined).



33
5.4 Possibilities of geothermal power generation projects for CDM

(1) Methodology
At present, when it comes to geothermal power generation development,ACM-0002
and AM-0019 are registered as new methodology of the UNFCC.
ACM-0002,which is based on Darajat unit III in Indonesia, evaluates generated
power as replacement to the average grid electricity by connecting to grid. Under this
methodology, geothermal power generation is not simply approved as a shift from
fossil fuel power generation.
In addition, AM-0019 is based on Lihir Project in Papua New Guinea. In this
methodology, geothermal power generation could be a replace from fossil fuel power
generation.

The registration for the DNA
When it comes to geothermal power generations, Darajat unit III project of Amoseas
Indonesia Inc.Chevrons capitalhad been applied for registration to the UNFCCC
together with the above mentioned projects. However, its PDD is being modified at
present because there was a complaint regarding how to calculate the CO2 emission
factor in the methodology. Therefore, no projects concerning geothermal power
generation have been applied to the DNA.
Chevron is in charge of calculating CO2 emission factors, which will be made
public through the DNA as official values in Indonesia. Thus the same emission
factors can be used if it connects to the same grid this year








34
Chapter 6 Study for the possibility of participation in
geothermal power generation

6.1 Energy conditions in Indonesia

6.1.1 Overall conditions

Indonesia consists of 33 provinces under republic system. President is the head of
state as well as the head of the administrative body. Susilo Bambang Yodhoyono
was officially sworn in the 6
th
president in October, 2004.
The parliament in Indonesia is People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), MPR makes up
Peoples Representative Council (DPR The fixed number 550) and Regional
Representative Council (DPDThe fixed number128).
Indonesias economy suffered most in ASEAN courtiers and Korea by Asian financial
crisis in July 1997and the GDP growth rate in 1998 dramatically declined to 13.13%.
After that, the GDP growth rate was shifted as follows: 0.79% in 1999, 4.29% in 2000,
3.45% in 2001, 3.69% in 2002, and 4.5% in 2003. Based on such growth, major macro
economic indexes are improved including reduction of inflation, stock price rise and
stabilization of the rupia.
Indonesia, which is rich in resources, sets up the policy, generating the best possible
benefit by fossil fuel and delaying the depletion of resources in the second long term
national development plan.

6.1.2 Energy situation and policies

The Indonesias comprehensive energy policy (February in 1998) raises the following
five items as basic policies.

Diversification of energy
Intensifying exploration of energy resources
Energy saving
Energy price (price adjustment)
Concern for the environment

(1) Water resources
Water reserves in Indonesia are assumed 8,200kW. Hydraulic power generation
35
facilities are 301.5million kW at the end of 2000 and much remains to be undeveloped,
but in Java island where demand is high, most places are already developed. Water
reserves are concentrated in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Irian Jaya, but large scale
development cannot be hoped because areas that need electricity are small and spotted.
However, small-scale water development is expected to play a large role as social
development projects.

(2) Oil
Indonesia has 5 billion barrels of oil reserves as of the end of 2001, The central part of
Sumatra has the largest oil production, followed by the north west coast of Java island,
East Kalimantan and the sea near the Natuna .
Indonesia is the only OPEC member in Asia and one of the largest oil producing
countries, but there are concerns that oil reserves will run out, so the government
encourages citizens to shift form oil to coal and gas.

(3) Natural gas
It is confirmed that natural gas reserves in Indonesia are 2triion 590billion as of the
end of 2001, which is the largest oil reserves in South East Asia. Gas fields are situated
in North Sumatra, East Karimantan, off shore of East Java and the sea near the
Natuna.
60% of Natural gas is exported as LNG and becomes a crucial means to gain foreign
currency.

(4) Coal
Coal reserves in Indonesia are 5.1billion tons as of the end of 2001.The major
production sites are South Sumatra, KalimantanJambiRiau among others. Coal
production has become 12 times for these 10 years.
The Indonesian government places coal as important resources replacing oil.

(5) Renewable energy resources
Indonesia is one of countries that have many volcanoes with more than 130 active
volcanoes across the country. It is assumed that potential geothermal capacities are
about 20million kW (1995).
Several geothermal power plants have already started operations, generating 360,
000kW in the total output (2000). A lot of geothermal development projects including
IPP were planned, but they were suspended because of the financial crisis. However
36
they have been reviewed again due to the shortage of power supply in recent years.
New energy such as wind and sunlight is expected to contribute to local power supply.
The metrological agency investigates and sorts out basic data concerning new energy
and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR)gets involved in research
and development.































37

6.2 Extension plan for the Dieng geothermal power plant

6.2.1 A development schedule

At present, an extension plan is under way in the Dieng geothermal power plant.
According to the schedule, No2 will start commercial operations in 2008 and No3 will be
put into operations in 2009.
This extension project includes not only the Dieng geothermal power plant but also
Patuha region that is close to Bandung. It is a large scale project including the
construction of geothermal power plants ( the total output 300MW).





Table 6-2-1-1A development schedule
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Dieng No.2 60MW
Dieng No.3 60MW
Patuha No.1 60MW
Patuha No.2 60MW
Patuha No.3 60MW
A construction period Commercial operations start
Bandung

Bandung
Fig.6-2-1-1A location map of Dieng and Patuha area
38

6.2.2 Project Participants

Project entity is PT Bumigas energi (hereafter Bumigas), which gains development
rights from PT GEO DIPA, based on BOT for 15 years per unit.

Under this plan, the total of 300MW electricity will be generated (Dieng is 120MW and
Patuha is 180MW), but Bumigas got power sales rights up to 800MW , and has a plan to
extend each to 400MW.












Pertamina
National oil
company

National electric
company
PT GEO DIPA
PT Bumigas PT Citra
Drilling company
PT Rekayasa
EPC company
Joint-Venture to develop
geothermal plants
67%
33%
BOT Contract for 15 years per unit
Consortium
Financier
Planning
company
Joint-
Venture
30%
70%
Pertamina
National oil
company

National electric
company
PT GEO DIPA
PT Bumigas PT Citra
Drilling company
PT Rekayasa
EPC company
Joint-Venture to develop
geothermal plants
67%
33%
BOT Contract for 15 years per unit
Consortium
Financier
Planning
company
Joint-
Venture
30%
70%
Fig.6-2-2-1Project Participants
39

6.2.3 Project Contractual Relationship

Power sales revenues from PLN is first deposited in the escrow account, then 60% goes
to Bumigas, 30% goes to the O&M company and 10% goes to PT GEO DIPA.

Bumigas, which receives 60%, puts this money towards covering the capital cost of the
project including interest payment.

Meanwhile, 30% of revenues is given to the O&M company, but this rate is rather high
considering the level of personnel costs. On the other hand, despite interest is set at 6%,
the capital cost is relatively low. In other words, the initial capital cost is low.

Indonesia adopts so- called External form standard taxation, imposing 6% tax on
revenue from power sales and it is coved by PT GEO DIPA, which receives 10% of
revenues. Remaining 4% is supposed to be accumulated in PT GEO DIPA as debt
reserves.

National electric
company
PT GEO DIPA
PT Bumigas
Planning
company
Escrow
account
USD
Payment
30%
10%
60%
Electricity sales

National electric
company
PT GEO DIPA
PT Bumigas
Planning
company
Escrow
account
USD
Payment
30%
10%
60%
Electricity sales
Fig.6-2-3-1Project Contractual Relationship
40

6.2.4 Evaluation profitability of the project

(1) Overview

The total project cost is about 500 million $. Although the cost changes depending on
the number of wells, it is calculated one unit will cost around 100 million $.

In terms of revenues stems from power sales to PLN, 60% is planning to go to Bumigas,
30% will go to O&M and remaining 10% will be earmarked to taxes and others.

There are a lot of hot springs, geysers and sulfur geysers in the Dieng geothermal
region, which suggests geothermal resources are plenty. It is estimated that geothermal
resources are at least 300MW. During the development of No1, it was turned out that
the temperature of reservoirs is 270 to 340 and the depth is 2,000 to 2600m. The
potential is high.

It is obvious that the most important thing to evaluate profitability of the project is the
accuracy of assumed income and expenses. Income is calculated by multiplying
generated electricity by electric price. Geothermal development is said to be risky
because an accurate projection is difficult. In other words, since steam production
depends on nature in geothermal power generation, production risk is high compared to
fossil fuel power generation. However, in the extension project, confirmed geothermal
resources will be used, so production risk is considered to be low.

Meanwhile, even if power is generated as expected, income will decrease unless
generated power is sold as planned, so a long term contract with the PLN, so-called the
credibility of PPA, is extremely important. In addition, interest on finances is inverse
proportion to the reliability of the project. When the reliability is high, interest is low
and income from the project becomes high. On the other hand, if the credibility is low,
interest goes up, resulting in low profitability of the project.

At a time of the financial crisis, which occurred from 1997 to 1998, PLN couldnt fulfill
its duty to buy electricity at promised prices. Consequently, it lost credibility in
international society. However, after that, the PLN re-negotiated various kinds of
long-term power sales contracts focusing on practicality. As a result, the PLN seems to
41
have no default risk at present.

Generally, steam production declines naturally in geothermal power generation, so it
needs to maintain the output by drilling supplemental wells periodically. In this sense,
projection regarding decline is significant because drilling wells costs a lot. However,
projection is not always accurate since the steam production also depends on nature. If
production capacity of reservoirs is overestimated, more than expected number of
supplemental wells will have to be drilled, resulted in the sharp fall in project income.

The total production scale in the region is confirmed 300MW, which is sufficient to add
at least two of 60MW. Thus, risk of over exploitation is low. Drilling unexpected number
of supplemental wells is unlikely to occur in future.

However, although above evaluation is applied to overall capacity of reservoirs, there
is no denying that steam production will decline because of local decay of wells.
Specifically, scale clinging to the inside wells could cause obstacles in production.
Usually in this case, work over is used to recover production, but work over, which
needs large-scale facilities just like drilling, is relatively expensive and becomes a factor
to deteriorate the project balance.

In this region, existing No1, which has scale in its wells, has already deteriorated.
Therefore, pessimistic expense projection will be necessary for the additional
equipment reflecting frequencies of work over and the cost based on experience of No1.

(2) Calculation of profitability
Based on conditions confirmed in this survey, we calculated the profitability according
to various variable factors. The results are expressed as follows.
Generally, the discount rate can be calculated by risk free rate and risk premium,
but here we use 6.8%, which is the yield of 10-year government bond in US dollars
issued by the Indonesian government. Since its evaluation varies depending on project
participants, we use risk premium as the parameter and made calculations setting the
discount rate at 6.85%, 10% and 15%.

For detailed calculations, please refer to attached material.


42

a. Impact of additional wells
Geothermal power generation needs supplemental wells to maintain the rated
output since production steam generally declines. Regardless of the constant rated
output, it is possible to operate power generation depending on natural course of event.
However, the economic assumption shows that maintaining the rated output by
drilling supplemental wells is much more cost efficient than letting it run its course.











$
6.85% 109,182,789 102,969,672 91,811,116
10.00% 84,932,799 81,014,645 73,509,870
15.00% 59,508,206 57,596,125 53,480,513
Discount
rate
7 New Wells 3 New Wells No New Wells
Sensitivity analysis with the number of Makeup wells Output
Decline rate:5%Makeup well steam flow rate:45t/h
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
5.00% 7.00% 9.00% 11.00% 13.00% 15.00% 17.00%
Discount rate

m
i
l
l
i
o
n

$

7 New Wells Maintain steam

3 New Wells
No New Wells
Fig.6-2-4-1Sensitivity analysis with the number of Makeup wells
43
b. Impacts of the rate of decrease
In this region, the rate of decline is about 5%, but this rate is not always applicable
because supplemental wells are drilled in different places. Supposing the rated output
is maintained, a small change in the rate of decline seems to have little effect on the
economic aspect.













$
5% 6% 7% 8%
6.85% 109,182,789 106,294,469 104,482,108 102,027,463
10.00% 84,932,799 82,774,984 81,353,901 79,645,600
15.00% 59,508,206 58,075,470 57,102,958 56,104,568
Decline rate Discount
rate
Sensitivity analysis with Decline rate
Maintain steamMakeup well steam flow rate: 45t/h
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
5.00% 7.00% 9.00% 11.00% 13.00% 15.00% 17.00%
Discount rate

m
i
l
l
i
o
n

$

Decline rate:5%
Decline rate:6%
Decline rate:7%
Decline rate:8%
Fig.6-2-4-2Sensitivity analysis with Decline rate
44
c. Impact of steam produced in additional wells
Furthermore, with supplemental wells being drilled, steam production in this region
is expected to reach about 45t/h/, however, it is not always the case. It has turned out
that there is not much difference in economic efficiency when the production steam is
45t/h per well and when it is 5t/h per well.













$
45t/h 25t/h
6.85% 109,182,789 103,928,283
10.00% 84,932,799 81,252,194
15.00% 59,508,206 57,345,119
Makeup well steam flow rate Discount
rate
Sensitivity analysis with Makeup well steam flow rate
Decline rate:5%Maintain steam
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
5.00% 7.00% 9.00% 11.00% 13.00% 15.00% 17.00%
Discount rate

m
i
l
l
i
o
n

$

Makeup well steam flow rate:45t/h

Makeup well steam flow rate:25t/h
Fig.6-2-4-3Sensitivity analysis with Makeup well steam flow rate
45
d. Conclusion
I made a sensitivity analysis using parameters such as the number of wells, which
are drilled, the rate of decline and steam production when supplemental wells are
drilled. Comparing these parameters, the IRR has larger impact on the economic
efficiency of the project
When the rated output is maintained with the rate of decline at 5 % and the volume
of the production steam at 45t/h, it is worth 117million dollars if the assumed discount
rate is 6%. On the other hand, it is worth only 60million dollars if it is assumed that
the discount rate is 15%.
For this reason, projects organizers, who intend to invest into this project, need to
judge how much risk is involved in this project and how much return they hope.
When they hope around 15 % of the IRR, the value of this project has become
significantly low and it is difficult to promote it.
Judging from the construction cost of the plant, the expected IRR is considered to be
around 10%.

6.2.5 Possibility of participation in the project

As describes above, the extension plan in this region can be judged good as a whole,
however, the necessary project cost amounts to over 60 billion yen. It is considered that
raising this amount of money depending solely on private loans involves a great deal of
risk, so financers that offered financial contributions to Bumigas have not implemented
it.

Thus, the initial plan of completing finance close in November 2005 and starting the
construction of Dieng No2 is likely to be delayed.










46
6.3 Geothermal development plan in the Sarulla region

6.3.1 Overview

This region offers high potential for geothermal development and is being promoted
followed by the Dieng & Patuha extension plan. CO2 credits are expected to be about
700,000CO2-t/year. Since our participation in this project seems highly significant, we
also conducted the survey.

The Sarulla region is located about 200km southwest of Medan on the Sumatra Island.
Form early 1993 to the middle of 1998, Pertamina and Unocal carried out research in
this region. Research included geological survey, geochemical survey and geophysical
exploration. Based on the results, 3 wells were drilled.
Research confirmed 3 geothermal sites, such as Eastern Sibualbuali, Silangkitang,
Namora-I-Langit, which will make it possible to generate 330MW of electricity over a
period of 30 years.


Sarulla area
Medan
Namora-I-Langit
Silangkitang
Eastern Sibualbuali
Fig.6-3-1-1A location map
of Sarulla area
47
6.3.2 Development plan

In Sarulla region, 3 geothermal sites mentioned above have been confirmed, but the
current development plan only covers Silangkitang and Namora-I-Langit.
Under the plan, No.1 and No.2 of Silangkitang (50MW) will start commercial
operations in 2009, followed by No.1,2,3 of Namora-I-Langit (65MW), which will be put
into commercial operations in 2010.

Meanwhile, the Indonesian government has a strong desire to start power generation in
this region at the earliest possible time due to growing power demand in the country.
Therefore, there is another plan to start commercial operations of No.1 of Silangkitang
in FY 2007 with 25MW2.

Table 6-3-2-1A development schedule (Commercial operation start)
2009 2010
Silangkitang No.150MW
Silangkitang No.250MW
Namora-I-Langit No.1 (65MW)
Namora-I-Langit No.2 (65MW)
Namora-I-Langit No.3 (65MW)

6.3.3 Development structure

Development entity of this region is PT Geo Sarulla, co-financed by PT GEO DIPA(45%)
and Mega Power Mandiri (55%). Basically, PT GEO DIPA is in charge of steam
production and Mega Power Mandiri is in charge of power generation. PT Geo
SARULLA opened its office in Jakarta in December 2005, but was not officially
registered as of January 2006. However, both PT GEO DIPA and Mega Power
Mandirisend staff to the office and around 6 people are always work there to promote
the project.

PLN, which is also planning to invest capital in PT Geo Sarulla, will acquire 20% of
shares from PT GEO DIPA. Mega Power Mandiri is a subsidiary of PT Bukaka,which
had constructed hydropower plants and transmission grids. However, it has no
experience of building a geothermal power plant, so it is improving development
structure by hiring ex employees of Pertamina.
48














6.3.4 Possibility of participation in the project

In the Silangkitang region, which is to be developed first in the Sarulla region, 3
wells have already confirmed steam that will generate 50MW of electricity. Production
steam per well is the world largest class and the reservoir there is really attractive.
In addition, steam that is necessary for power generation has already been confirmed.
Since there is no need to drill new wells, it is possible to construct a power generation at
low price.
For this reason, our participation in the plan to develop No.1 of Silangkitang has a lot
of advantages, but PT Geo Sarulla doesnt have to increase partners unless our
participation will bring some benefits to it.
There seems to be a number of merits for PT Geo Sarulla. One of them is the CDM.
Generally, the development of geothermal power plants will generate CO2 credits, which
will create economic added value. Particularly, the CDM under the Kyoto Mechanism is
forming a global market, so being well aware of its system and obtaining approval as a
CDM project would be highly beneficial to the company. As described before, the CDM is
not well recognized in Indonesia. PT GEO DIPA has just appointed persons in charge of
the CDM and they are now studying its system and procedure.
Since they have not yet understood the CDM to get CO2 credits, our participation in
the plan and supporting the CDM would be favorable to PT Geo Sarulla (PT GEO DIPA
and Mega Power Mandiri).

Mega Power Mandiri
PT Geo Sarulla
45%25% 20%
55%
( ) : A future plan
PT Bukaka Teknik
Utama Tbk.
Pertamina
National oil

National electric
PT GEO DIPA
Joint-Venture
67% 33%
Fig.6-3-3-1Project Participants
49
Chapter 7 Conclusion

7.1 Measures for scale and the optimum O&M

This survey was carried out to understand the extent of the scale problem at the
Dieng geothermal power plants and its causes and to provide a basis for a detailed
examination which will lead to setting up effective countermeasures.

The survey has confirmed that the silica scale that precipitates in wells is posing a
problem at the Dieng geothermal power plant and injecting chemicals is being
examined as a countermeasure.

Once silica precipitates, it is not able to be dissolved unless quite strong acid is used,
so its countermeasures need to focus on preventing precipitate from occurring. In this
sense, the development of effective chemicals is expected.

However, even if effective chemicals to prevent scale are developed, the problem is
their cost. There are various kinds of chemicals, known as inhibitors, which work for
calcium carbonate scale, but they are not actively used because of the price.

Taking these points into account, Tohoku Electric Power Co. is trying to contain silica
scale in wells within its jurisdiction by injecting clean water. If effectiveness of this
method proves, it can be applied to geothermal power plants around the world that
have similar problems and we could do international technology transfer.

In addition, although it is not yet posing a serious problem, considering the
components of steam, silica scale clings to steam turbines might become a serious
problem at the Dieng geothermal power plant. However, there is no particular problem
in the Dieng plant, so the scale in turbines can easily removed by installing turbine
washing equipment.

7.2 Possibility of CDM projects

When it comes to the CDM, the Designated National Authority (DNA) started to
function in December 2005 in Indonesia. We confirmed that so far the government has
approved 5 projects, but no geothermal power generation projects have obtained the
50
government approval. (One is modifying the PDD to recalculate the Emission Factor)

Once its approved as a CDM project, economic added value will be created. In this
sense, the development of the relevant project is worth watching, but the CDM is not
fully understood in Indonesia. For this reason, there is a need for us to support the
CDM in the case of new geothermal development and our active involvement is
expected.

7.3 Possibility of participation in geothermal power generation

Together with this survey, we interviewed local people concerning PT GEO DIPA, the
project entity, about the possibility of our participation in the O&M project, the matter
of participation, the possibility of capital contribution in the extension plan and
necessary procedures which will accompany it. We collected detailed information on
the Dieng & Patuha extension plan as well as the geothermal development plan in
Sarulla region.

In terms of the extension plan of the Dieng geothermal power plant, undisclosed
material on geothermal reservoir evaluation has confirmed that stem is sufficient to
build a new power plant. We realized its high potential.

Furthermore, in the Sarulla region, 50MW-worth of steam, sufficient for the
development of No.1 of Silangkitang, has already been confirmed. We made sure that
the construction could be carried out with low risk and at low price.

As mentioned, though geothermal recourses are rich at the surveyed site, the
development has not been made progress since the Indonesian government cannot
raise sufficient funds.

For this reason, if we make proposals to convince the Indonesian counterpart that
our participation will be beneficial to raise necessary funds, the project would be
taking a great step forward.




51
7.4 Suggestions

This survey has made us understand the high potential of geothermal resources in
Indonesia. At the same time, we realized that the construction of geothermal power
plants has not made progress since the Indonesian government cannot raise sufficient
funds.

The most effective way to break this situation is considered to be that advanced
countries provide development funds. Therefore, Japans active involvement, including
the support of the CDM, will promote the construction of geothermal power plants in
Indonesia.

Here, I include promising project plans.












First Stage
This survey.

Second Stage
With the cooperation of Indonesian parties concerned, Japanese company will
conduct F/S by using public fund in FY2006. Specifically, Japanese company will draw
up PDD in CDM F/S and carry out validation. In addition, Japanese company will sort
out information that is necessary on requesting for financing to government-affiliated
financial institutions while examining Japanese companys investment possibilities of
SPC in F/S.

Start of
Construction
drawing up PDD
validation
evaluation of
geothermal recourses
economic evaluation
Third Stage
Implementing
F/S
Second Stage
Start of
Commercial
Operation
Forth Stage
construction consultant
plant export
Final Stage
Closing of
Finance
investment in SPC
request to JBIC for
financing
acquisition of CO2 credit
consultant
Preliminary
Research
First Stage(now
Involvement of
Japanese company
Discussion with
parties concerned
implementation
completion evaluation
Fig.7-4-1Project Flow
52
Third Stage
As a result of F/Sif Japanese company concludes that the project is promising, we
will invest in SPC in order to reap the benefit of the project. Japanese company will
also make a request to government-affiliated financial institutions for financing on
better conditions so that profitability of the project can be enhanced. We assume that
finance of government-affiliated financial institutions will be foreign direct financing
based on Project Finance.

Forth Stage
For the purpose of streamlining and increasing profitability of the construction of a
geothermal power plant in a responsible manner, Japanese company will undertake
consulting. And we assume that Japanese company will export the plant.

Final Stage
After the start of commercial operation, Japanese company will be in charge of O&M
consulting so that we can be responsible for streamlining and increasing profitability
of the project. In addition, we hope all CO
2
credits will be given to Japanese
company.







Appendix
Calculation Sheet




















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1
1
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1
8
9
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7
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5
1
9
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8
8
6
2
7
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9
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2
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6
8
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&
M

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o
s
t
$
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,
8
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0
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0
0
0
6
,
9
0
2
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0
0
0
7
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0
0
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3
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6
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5
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6
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7
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3
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8
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5
7
8
,
3
7
5
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9
3
9
T
a
x
,
o
t
h
e
r
s
$
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,
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7
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7
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7
2
9
2
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3
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7
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8
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5
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6
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9
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8
8
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6
6
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6
7
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9
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t

w
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C
a
p
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t
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l
$
4
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8
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9
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7
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0
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2
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6
C
a
p
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l

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x
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d
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a
s
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w
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5
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8
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8
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5
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6
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1
6
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7
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5
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2
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1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

6
.
8
5
1
.
0
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0
.
9
4
0
.
8
8
0
.
8
2
0
.
7
7
0
.
7
2
0
.
6
7
0
.
6
3
0
.
5
9
0
.
5
5
0
.
5
2
0
.
4
8
0
.
4
5
0
.
4
2
0
.
4
0
0
.
3
7
0
.
3
5
0
.
3
2
P
V
$
1
0
,
7
8
4
,
4
0
4
1
0
,
5
9
2
,
3
7
9
1
0
,
0
6
2
,
0
1
7
9
,
5
5
8
,
2
0
9
7
,
1
9
2
,
9
4
2
6
,
8
5
9
,
2
7
6
8
,
1
9
3
,
1
5
4
6
,
2
3
6
,
3
2
8
5
,
9
4
5
,
7
8
5
7
,
0
2
3
,
0
4
8
5
,
4
0
3
,
5
9
8
6
,
3
1
0
,
9
7
1
4
,
9
0
9
,
0
2
9
4
,
6
7
9
,
3
5
5
5
,
4
3
2
,
2
9
3
N
P
V
$
1
0
9
,
1
8
2
,
7
8
9
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

4
5
t
/
h

5
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e







a
t

f
i
r
s
t

y
e
a
r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

T
h
e

c
o
s
t

o
f

m
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
m
i
l
l
i
o
n

$
O
u
t
p
u
t
T
o
t
a
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s
:
7
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

4
5
t
/
h
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

5
%
(
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

d
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

2
0
%
)
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

.
8
5

C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
h
e
e
t

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

4
.
4
5

/
k
W
h
(
a
t

2
0
0
3
,

I
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
1
.
5
%
)

Y
e
a
r
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

V
o
l
u
m
e
M
W
h
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
1
,
6
4
3
4
6
9
,
8
4
1
4
7
3
,
0
4
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7
3
,
0
4
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4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

/
k
W
h
4
.
4
5
4
.
7
9
4
.
8
7
4
.
9
4
5
.
0
1
5
.
0
9
5
.
1
6
5
.
2
4
5
.
3
2
5
.
4
0
5
.
4
8
5
.
5
6
5
.
6
5
5
.
7
3
5
.
8
2
5
.
9
0
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e
$
2
2
,
6
7
7
,
1
3
0
2
3
,
0
1
7
,
2
8
7
2
3
,
3
6
2
,
5
4
6
2
3
,
7
1
2
,
9
8
4
2
4
,
0
6
8
,
6
7
9
2
4
,
4
2
9
,
7
0
9
2
4
,
7
2
2
,
9
4
8
2
4
,
9
9
7
,
8
8
4
2
5
,
5
4
5
,
6
1
9
2
5
,
9
2
8
,
8
0
3
2
6
,
3
1
7
,
7
3
5
2
6
,
7
1
2
,
5
0
1
2
7
,
1
1
3
,
1
8
9
2
7
,
5
1
9
,
8
8
6
2
7
,
9
3
2
,
6
8
5
O
&
M

c
o
s
t
$
6
,
8
0
0
,
0
0
0
6
,
9
0
2
,
0
0
0
7
,
0
0
5
,
5
3
0
7
,
1
1
0
,
6
1
3
7
,
2
1
7
,
2
7
2
7
,
3
2
5
,
5
3
1
7
,
4
3
5
,
4
1
4
7
,
5
4
6
,
9
4
5
7
,
6
6
0
,
1
5
0
7
,
7
7
5
,
0
5
2
7
,
8
9
1
,
6
7
8
8
,
0
1
0
,
0
5
3
8
,
1
3
0
,
2
0
4
8
,
2
5
2
,
1
5
7
8
,
3
7
5
,
9
3
9
T
a
x
,
o
t
h
e
r
s
$
2
,
2
6
7
,
7
1
3
2
,
3
0
1
,
7
2
9
2
,
3
3
6
,
2
5
5
2
,
3
7
1
,
2
9
8
2
,
4
0
6
,
8
6
8
2
,
4
4
2
,
9
7
1
2
,
4
7
2
,
2
9
5
2
,
4
9
9
,
7
8
8
2
,
5
5
4
,
5
6
2
2
,
5
9
2
,
8
8
0
2
,
6
3
1
,
7
7
4
2
,
6
7
1
,
2
5
0
2
,
7
1
1
,
3
1
9
2
,
7
5
1
,
9
8
9
2
,
7
9
3
,
2
6
8
N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l
$
4
5
3
,
5
4
3
6
,
8
0
3
6
,
9
0
5
7
,
0
0
9
7
,
1
1
4
7
,
2
2
1
5
,
8
6
5
5
,
4
9
9
1
0
,
9
5
5
7
,
6
6
4
7
,
7
7
9
7
,
8
9
5
8
,
0
1
4
8
,
1
3
4
8
,
2
5
6
C
a
p
i
t
a
l

e
x
p
e
n
d
i
t
u
r
e
$
0
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
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0
0
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3
,
0
0
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0
0
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3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
C
a
s
h
f
l
o
w
$
1
3
,
1
5
5
,
8
7
4
1
3
,
8
0
6
,
7
5
5
1
4
,
0
1
3
,
8
5
6
1
4
,
2
2
4
,
0
6
4
1
1
,
4
3
7
,
4
2
5
1
1
,
6
5
3
,
9
8
7
1
1
,
8
0
9
,
3
7
4
1
1
,
9
4
5
,
6
5
1
1
2
,
3
1
9
,
9
5
3
1
2
,
5
5
3
,
2
0
7
1
2
,
7
8
6
,
5
0
5
1
3
,
0
2
3
,
3
0
3
1
3
,
2
6
3
,
6
5
2
1
3
,
5
0
7
,
6
0
7
1
3
,
7
5
5
,
2
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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5
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S t e a m f l o w r a t e
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5
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/
h
D
e
c
l
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n
e

r
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t
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5
%
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output

O
&
M

c
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m
e
d

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t

3
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f

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u
e

N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

T
h
e

c
o
s
t

o
f

m
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
m
i
l
l
i
o
n

$
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

.
8
5

C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
h
e
e
t

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

4
.
4
5

/
k
W
h
(
a
t

2
0
0
3
,

I
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
1
.
5
%
)

Y
e
a
r
2
0
0
5
2
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0
6
2
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0
7
2
0
0
8
2
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1
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3
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4
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5
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6
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7
2
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1
8
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9
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2
E
l
e
c
t
r
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c
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t
y

V
o
l
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m
e
M
W
h
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
4
9
,
9
1
5
4
2
7
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4
2
0
4
0
6
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0
4
9
3
8
5
,
7
4
6
3
6
6
,
4
5
9
3
4
8
,
1
3
6
3
3
0
,
7
2
9
3
1
4
,
1
9
3
2
9
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,
4
8
3
2
8
3
,
5
5
9
2
6
9
,
3
8
1
E
l
e
c
t
r
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c
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t
y

P
r
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c
e

/
k
W
h
4
.
4
5
4
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7
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8
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5
.
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5
.
0
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l
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R
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v
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e
$
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2
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7
7
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1
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3
,
0
1
7
,
2
8
7
2
3
,
3
6
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5
4
6
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3
,
7
1
2
,
9
8
4
2
2
,
8
9
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,
0
7
4
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6
8
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1
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4
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0
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,
6
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1
9
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7
8
9
,
9
0
6
1
9
,
0
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2
,
4
1
7
1
8
,
4
0
0
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2
2
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1
7
,
7
4
2
,
4
1
2
1
7
,
1
0
8
,
1
2
1
1
6
,
4
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6
,
5
0
6
1
5
,
9
0
6
,
7
5
6
O
&
M

c
o
s
t
$
6
,
8
0
0
,
0
0
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,
9
0
2
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0
0
0
7
,
0
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1
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1
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1
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2
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2
5
,
5
3
1
7
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3
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4
1
4
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4
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9
4
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6
6
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1
5
0
7
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7
7
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,
0
5
2
7
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8
9
1
,
6
7
8
8
,
0
1
0
,
0
5
3
8
,
1
3
0
,
2
0
4
8
,
2
5
2
,
1
5
7
8
,
3
7
5
,
9
3
9
T
a
x
,
o
t
h
e
r
s
$
2
,
2
6
7
,
7
1
3
2
,
3
0
1
,
7
2
9
2
,
3
3
6
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2
5
5
2
,
3
7
1
,
2
9
8
2
,
2
8
9
,
2
0
7
2
,
2
0
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,
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6
8
2
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1
2
8
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5
5
2
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0
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2
,
3
6
3
1
,
9
7
8
,
9
9
1
1
,
9
0
8
,
2
4
2
1
,
8
4
0
,
0
2
2
1
,
7
7
4
,
2
4
1
1
,
7
1
0
,
8
1
2
1
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4
9
,
6
5
1
1
,
5
9
0
,
6
7
6
N
e
t

w
o
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k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l
$
4
5
3
,
5
4
3
6
,
8
0
3
6
,
9
0
5
7
,
0
0
9
-
1
6
,
4
1
8
-
1
6
,
3
6
8
-
1
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,
7
8
3
-
1
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,
2
1
8
-
1
4
,
6
7
4
-
1
4
,
1
5
0
-
1
3
,
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4
4
-
1
3
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1
5
6
-
1
2
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6
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1
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2
3
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7
9
5
C
a
p
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t
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l

e
x
p
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n
d
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r
e
$
0
0
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0
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C
a
s
h
f
l
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w
$
1
3
,
1
5
5
,
8
7
4
1
3
,
8
0
6
,
7
5
5
1
4
,
0
1
3
,
8
5
6
1
4
,
2
2
4
,
0
6
4
1
3
,
4
0
2
,
0
1
2
1
2
,
5
5
7
,
1
5
0
1
1
,
7
3
6
,
4
6
2
1
0
,
9
3
9
,
5
3
6
1
0
,
1
6
5
,
4
4
0
9
,
4
1
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,
2
7
3
8
,
6
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2
,
1
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,
9
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1
,
2
7
5
7
,
2
7
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,
7
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1
6
,
6
0
6
,
9
3
1
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,
9
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1
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9
3
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
D
i
s
c
o
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n
t

r
a
t
e

6
.
8
5
1
.
0
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.
9
4
0
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8
8
0
.
8
2
0
.
7
7
0
.
7
2
0
.
6
7
0
.
6
3
0
.
5
9
0
.
5
5
0
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5
2
0
.
4
8
0
.
4
5
0
.
4
2
0
.
4
0
0
.
3
7
0
.
3
5
0
.
3
2
P
V
$
1
0
,
7
8
4
,
4
0
4
1
0
,
5
9
2
,
3
7
9
1
0
,
0
6
2
,
0
1
7
9
,
5
5
8
,
2
0
9
8
,
4
2
8
,
4
6
2
7
,
3
9
0
,
8
5
8
6
,
4
6
4
,
9
6
9
5
,
6
3
9
,
6
6
9
4
,
9
0
4
,
6
3
2
4
,
2
5
0
,
5
6
2
3
,
6
6
9
,
0
9
7
3
,
1
5
2
,
7
1
3
2
,
6
9
4
,
6
4
2
2
,
2
8
8
,
7
9
7
1
,
9
2
9
,
7
0
7
N
P
V
$
9
1
,
8
1
1
,
1
1
6
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

5
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

O
u
t
p
u
t
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s
:
0
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

5
%
(
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

d
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

2
0
%
)
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e







a
t

f
i
r
s
t

y
e
a
r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

.
8
5

C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
h
e
e
t

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

4
.
4
5

/
k
W
h
(
a
t

2
0
0
3
,

I
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
1
.
5
%
)

Y
e
a
r
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

V
o
l
u
m
e
M
W
h
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
4
4
,
1
5
6
4
0
8
,
6
2
4
3
7
5
,
9
3
4
3
4
5
,
8
5
9
3
1
8
,
1
9
0
2
9
2
,
7
3
5
2
6
9
,
3
1
6
2
4
7
,
7
7
1
2
2
7
,
9
4
9
2
0
9
,
7
1
3
1
9
2
,
9
3
6
1
7
7
,
5
0
1
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

/
k
W
h
4
.
4
5
4
.
7
9
4
.
8
7
4
.
9
4
5
.
0
1
5
.
0
9
5
.
1
6
5
.
2
4
5
.
3
2
5
.
4
0
5
.
4
8
5
.
5
6
5
.
6
5
5
.
7
3
5
.
8
2
5
.
9
0
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e
$
2
2
,
6
7
7
,
1
3
0
2
3
,
0
1
7
,
2
8
7
2
3
,
3
6
2
,
5
4
6
2
2
,
2
6
5
,
0
6
3
2
0
,
7
9
1
,
1
1
6
1
9
,
4
1
4
,
7
4
4
1
8
,
1
2
9
,
4
8
8
1
6
,
9
2
9
,
3
1
6
1
5
,
8
0
8
,
5
9
5
1
4
,
7
6
2
,
0
6
6
1
3
,
7
8
4
,
8
1
7
1
2
,
8
7
2
,
2
6
3
1
2
,
0
2
0
,
1
1
9
1
1
,
2
2
4
,
3
8
7
1
0
,
4
8
1
,
3
3
2
O
&
M

c
o
s
t
$
6
,
8
0
0
,
0
0
0
6
,
9
0
2
,
0
0
0
7
,
0
0
5
,
5
3
0
7
,
1
1
0
,
6
1
3
7
,
2
1
7
,
2
7
2
7
,
3
2
5
,
5
3
1
7
,
4
3
5
,
4
1
4
7
,
5
4
6
,
9
4
5
7
,
6
6
0
,
1
5
0
7
,
7
7
5
,
0
5
2
7
,
8
9
1
,
6
7
8
8
,
0
1
0
,
0
5
3
8
,
1
3
0
,
2
0
4
8
,
2
5
2
,
1
5
7
8
,
3
7
5
,
9
3
9
T
a
x
,
o
t
h
e
r
s
$
2
,
2
6
7
,
7
1
3
2
,
3
0
1
,
7
2
9
2
,
3
3
6
,
2
5
5
2
,
2
2
6
,
5
0
6
2
,
0
7
9
,
1
1
2
1
,
9
4
1
,
4
7
4
1
,
8
1
2
,
9
4
9
1
,
6
9
2
,
9
3
2
1
,
5
8
0
,
8
6
0
1
,
4
7
6
,
2
0
7
1
,
3
7
8
,
4
8
2
1
,
2
8
7
,
2
2
6
1
,
2
0
2
,
0
1
2
1
,
1
2
2
,
4
3
9
1
,
0
4
8
,
1
3
3
N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l
$
4
5
3
,
5
4
3
6
,
8
0
3
6
,
9
0
5
-
2
1
,
9
5
0
-
2
9
,
4
7
9
-
2
7
,
5
2
7
-
2
5
,
7
0
5
-
2
4
,
0
0
3
-
2
2
,
4
1
4
-
2
0
,
9
3
1
-
1
9
,
5
4
5
-
1
8
,
2
5
1
-
1
7
,
0
4
3
-
1
5
,
9
1
5
-
1
4
,
8
6
1
C
a
p
i
t
a
l

e
x
p
e
n
d
i
t
u
r
e
$
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
a
s
h
f
l
o
w
$
1
3
,
1
5
5
,
8
7
4
1
3
,
8
0
6
,
7
5
5
1
4
,
0
1
3
,
8
5
6
1
2
,
9
4
9
,
8
9
4
1
1
,
5
2
4
,
2
1
1
1
0
,
1
7
5
,
2
6
6
8
,
9
0
6
,
8
3
0
7
,
7
1
3
,
4
4
2
6
,
5
9
0
,
0
0
1
5
,
5
3
1
,
7
3
8
4
,
5
3
4
,
2
0
3
3
,
5
9
3
,
2
3
5
2
,
7
0
4
,
9
4
6
1
,
8
6
5
,
7
0
6
1
,
0
7
2
,
1
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

6
.
8
5
1
.
0
0
0
.
9
4
0
.
8
8
0
.
8
2
0
.
7
7
0
.
7
2
0
.
6
7
0
.
6
3
0
.
5
9
0
.
5
5
0
.
5
2
0
.
4
8
0
.
4
5
0
.
4
2
0
.
4
0
0
.
3
7
0
.
3
5
0
.
3
2
P
V
$
1
0
,
7
8
4
,
4
0
4
1
0
,
5
9
2
,
3
7
9
1
0
,
0
6
2
,
0
1
7
8
,
7
0
1
,
9
9
9
7
,
2
4
7
,
5
2
2
5
,
9
8
8
,
9
3
4
4
,
9
0
6
,
2
8
1
3
,
9
7
6
,
5
1
8
3
,
1
7
9
,
5
5
0
2
,
4
9
7
,
8
5
6
1
,
9
1
6
,
1
6
2
1
,
4
2
1
,
1
5
7
1
,
0
0
1
,
2
4
6
6
4
6
,
3
2
5
3
4
7
,
5
9
8
N
P
V
$
7
3
,
2
6
9
,
9
4
7
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

8
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

O
u
t
p
u
t
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s
:
0
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

8
%
(
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

d
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

2
0
%
)
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e







a
t

f
i
r
s
t

y
e
a
r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

.
8
5

C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
h
e
e
t

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

4
.
4
5

/
k
W
h
(
a
t

2
0
0
3
,

I
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
1
.
5
%
)

Y
e
a
r
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

V
o
l
u
m
e
M
W
h
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

/
k
W
h
4
.
4
5
4
.
7
9
4
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8
7
4
.
9
4
5
.
0
1
5
.
0
9
5
.
1
6
5
.
2
4
5
.
3
2
5
.
4
0
5
.
4
8
5
.
5
6
5
.
6
5
5
.
7
3
5
.
8
2
5
.
9
0
E
l
e
c
t
r
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c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e
$
2
2
,
6
7
7
,
1
3
0
2
3
,
0
1
7
,
2
8
7
2
3
,
3
6
2
,
5
4
6
2
3
,
7
1
2
,
9
8
4
2
4
,
0
6
8
,
6
7
9
2
4
,
4
2
9
,
7
0
9
2
4
,
7
9
6
,
1
5
5
2
5
,
1
6
8
,
0
9
7
2
5
,
5
4
5
,
6
1
9
2
5
,
9
2
8
,
8
0
3
2
6
,
3
1
7
,
7
3
5
2
6
,
7
1
2
,
5
0
1
2
7
,
1
1
3
,
1
8
9
2
7
,
5
1
9
,
8
8
6
2
7
,
9
3
2
,
6
8
5
O
&
M

c
o
s
t
$
6
,
8
0
0
,
0
0
0
6
,
9
0
2
,
0
0
0
7
,
0
0
5
,
5
3
0
7
,
1
1
0
,
6
1
3
7
,
2
1
7
,
2
7
2
7
,
3
2
5
,
5
3
1
7
,
4
3
5
,
4
1
4
7
,
5
4
6
,
9
4
5
7
,
6
6
0
,
1
5
0
7
,
7
7
5
,
0
5
2
7
,
8
9
1
,
6
7
8
8
,
0
1
0
,
0
5
3
8
,
1
3
0
,
2
0
4
8
,
2
5
2
,
1
5
7
8
,
3
7
5
,
9
3
9
T
a
x
,
o
t
h
e
r
s
$
2
,
2
6
7
,
7
1
3
2
,
3
0
1
,
7
2
9
2
,
3
3
6
,
2
5
5
2
,
3
7
1
,
2
9
8
2
,
4
0
6
,
8
6
8
2
,
4
4
2
,
9
7
1
2
,
4
7
9
,
6
1
5
2
,
5
1
6
,
8
1
0
2
,
5
5
4
,
5
6
2
2
,
5
9
2
,
8
8
0
2
,
6
3
1
,
7
7
4
2
,
6
7
1
,
2
5
0
2
,
7
1
1
,
3
1
9
2
,
7
5
1
,
9
8
9
2
,
7
9
3
,
2
6
8
N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l
$
4
5
3
,
5
4
3
6
,
8
0
3
6
,
9
0
5
7
,
0
0
9
7
,
1
1
4
7
,
2
2
1
7
,
3
2
9
7
,
4
3
9
7
,
5
5
0
7
,
6
6
4
7
,
7
7
9
7
,
8
9
5
8
,
0
1
4
8
,
1
3
4
8
,
2
5
6
C
a
p
i
t
a
l

e
x
p
e
n
d
i
t
u
r
e
$
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
C
a
s
h
f
l
o
w
$
1
3
,
1
5
5
,
8
7
4
1
3
,
8
0
6
,
7
5
5
1
4
,
0
1
3
,
8
5
6
1
1
,
2
2
4
,
0
6
4
1
1
,
4
3
7
,
4
2
5
1
1
,
6
5
3
,
9
8
7
1
1
,
8
7
3
,
7
9
6
1
2
,
0
9
6
,
9
0
3
1
2
,
3
2
3
,
3
5
7
1
2
,
5
5
3
,
2
0
7
1
2
,
7
8
6
,
5
0
5
1
3
,
0
2
3
,
3
0
3
1
3
,
2
6
3
,
6
5
2
1
3
,
5
0
7
,
6
0
7
1
3
,
7
5
5
,
2
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

6
.
8
5
1
.
0
0
0
.
9
4
0
.
8
8
0
.
8
2
0
.
7
7
0
.
7
2
0
.
6
7
0
.
6
3
0
.
5
9
0
.
5
5
0
.
5
2
0
.
4
8
0
.
4
5
0
.
4
2
0
.
4
0
0
.
3
7
0
.
3
5
0
.
3
2
P
V
$
1
0
,
7
8
4
,
4
0
4
1
0
,
5
9
2
,
3
7
9
1
0
,
0
6
2
,
0
1
7
7
,
5
4
2
,
2
8
6
7
,
1
9
2
,
9
4
2
6
,
8
5
9
,
2
7
6
6
,
5
4
0
,
6
1
9
6
,
2
3
6
,
3
2
8
5
,
9
4
5
,
7
8
5
5
,
6
6
8
,
3
9
9
5
,
4
0
3
,
5
9
8
5
,
1
5
0
,
8
3
7
4
,
9
0
9
,
5
9
0
4
,
6
7
9
,
3
5
5
4
,
4
5
9
,
6
4
9
N
P
V
$
1
0
2
,
0
2
7
,
4
6
3
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

1
2

4
5
t
/
h

8
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

O
u
t
p
u
t
T
o
t
a
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
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n
i
t
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a
l

w
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l
l
s

s
t
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a
m

f
l
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r
a
t
e
M
a
k
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p

w
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s
t
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m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
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a
k
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p

w
e
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s
:
1
2
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

4
5
t
/
h
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

8
%
(
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

d
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

2
0
%
)
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
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c
i
t
y

R
e
v
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u
e







a
t

f
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t

y
e
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r

(
A
g
e
d

d
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t
e
r
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o
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a
t
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o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
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e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
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m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

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l
e
c
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t
y







R
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e
t

w
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C
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p
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a
s
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t

2
%

o
f

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l
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R
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h
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m
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n

$
D
i
s
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t

r
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l
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k
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t

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t
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%
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Y
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r
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5
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6
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7
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E
l
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t
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V
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t

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C
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$
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D
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6
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3
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4
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9
,
5
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6
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3
5
5
5
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3
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5
4
4
N
P
V
$
1
0
4
,
4
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2
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1
0
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3
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0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
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7
0
0
2
0
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8
2
0
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9
2
0
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1
1
2
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2
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4
2
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5
2
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1
6
2
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7
2
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1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

1
0

4
5
t
/
h

7
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

O
u
t
p
u
t
T
o
t
a
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s
:
1
0
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

4
5
t
/
h
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

7
%
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e







a
t

f
i
r
s
t

y
e
a
r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
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n
u
e

T
h
e

c
o
s
t

o
f

m
a
k
e
u
p

w
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l

a
s
s
u
m
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d

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t

3
m
i
l
l
i
o
n

$
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

.
8
5

C
a
l
c
u
l
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t
i
o
n

s
h
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t

E
l
e
c
t
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c
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t
y

P
r
i
c
e

4
.
4
5

/
k
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h
(
a
t

2
0
0
3
,

I
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
1
.
5
%
)

Y
e
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r
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
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0
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0
1
1
2
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2
2
0
1
3
2
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4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
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1
7
2
0
1
8
2
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9
2
0
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0
2
0
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1
2
0
2
2
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

V
o
l
u
m
e
M
W
h
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
1
,
3
2
8
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
2
,
1
7
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D
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N
P
V
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2
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1
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2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

4
5
t
/
h

6
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
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8
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1
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1
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2
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1
4
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1
5
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1
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1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

O
u
t
p
u
t
T
o
t
a
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s
:
9
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

4
5
t
/
h
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

6
%
(
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

d
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

2
0
%
)
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e







a
t

f
i
r
s
t

y
e
a
r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

T
h
e

c
o
s
t

o
f

m
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
m
i
l
l
i
o
n

$
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
h
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t

E
l
e
c
t
r
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c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

4
.
4
5

/
k
W
h
(
a
t

2
0
0
3
,

I
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
1
.
5
%
)

Y
e
a
r
2
0
0
5
2
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0
6
2
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0
7
2
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0
8
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3
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6
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7
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2
E
l
e
c
t
r
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c
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t
y

V
o
l
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h
4
7
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7
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7
3
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0
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7
3
,
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4
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7
3
,
0
4
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7
3
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0
4
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7
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7
3
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7
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7
1
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6
9
7
4
7
3
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0
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7
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0
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E
l
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P
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h
4
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8
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l
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t
y

R
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e
$
2
2
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7
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2
8
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2
3
,
3
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3
,
7
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2
,
9
8
4
2
4
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4
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9
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7
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O
&
M

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o
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t
$
6
,
8
0
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7
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1
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5
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1
7
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6
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9
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8
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8
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1
3
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8
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2
5
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5
7
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3
7
5
,
9
3
9
T
a
x
,
o
t
h
e
r
s
$
2
,
2
6
7
,
7
1
3
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,
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7
2
9
2
,
3
3
6
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7
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8
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6
8
2
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7
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7
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6
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5
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5
1
6
,
8
1
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5
5
4
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6
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9
2
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8
8
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6
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t

w
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C
a
p
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l
$
4
5
3
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4
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8
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9
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6
C
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d
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r
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$
0
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3
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0
0
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,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
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3
,
0
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0
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0
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C
a
s
h
f
l
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w
$
1
3
,
1
5
5
,
8
7
4
1
3
,
8
0
6
,
7
5
5
1
4
,
0
1
3
,
8
5
6
1
4
,
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3
7
,
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1
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6
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9
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4
,
8
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3
,
7
9
6
1
2
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0
9
6
,
9
0
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1
2
,
3
2
3
,
3
5
7
1
5
,
5
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,
2
0
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1
2
,
7
8
6
,
5
0
5
1
5
,
9
5
6
,
5
7
1
1
3
,
2
6
2
,
1
3
6
1
3
,
5
0
7
,
6
0
7
1
6
,
7
5
5
,
2
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

1
0
1
.
0
0
0
.
9
1
0
.
8
3
0
.
7
5
0
.
6
8
0
.
6
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0
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5
6
0
.
5
1
0
.
4
7
0
.
4
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0
.
3
9
0
.
3
5
0
.
3
2
0
.
2
9
0
.
2
6
0
.
2
4
0
.
2
2
0
.
2
0
P
V
$
9
,
8
8
4
,
2
0
3
9
,
4
3
0
,
1
9
9
8
,
7
0
1
,
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,
0
2
9
,
1
1
3
5
,
8
6
9
,
2
0
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5
,
4
3
6
,
6
7
1
6
,
3
0
7
,
9
4
2
4
,
6
6
3
,
8
8
0
4
,
3
1
9
,
2
6
1
4
,
9
5
5
,
7
3
1
3
,
7
0
3
,
7
9
5
4
,
2
0
1
,
8
6
4
3
,
1
7
4
,
8
5
0
2
,
9
3
9
,
6
4
9
3
,
3
1
4
,
9
3
1
N
P
V
$
8
4
,
9
3
2
,
7
9
9

4
5
t
/
h

5
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

4
5
t
/
h

5
%
(

2
0
%
)

O
u
t
p
u
t
T
o
t
a
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s
:
7
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

4
5
t
/
h
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

5
%
(
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

d
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

2
0
%
)
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e







a
t

f
i
r
s
t

y
e
a
r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

T
h
e

c
o
s
t

o
f

m
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
m
i
l
l
i
o
n

$
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
h
e
e
t

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

4
.
4
5

/
k
W
h
(
a
t

2
0
0
3
,

I
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
1
.
5
%
)

Y
e
a
r
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
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1
1
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1
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1
3
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1
4
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5
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1
6
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7
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0
1
8
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9
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0
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0
2
0
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1
2
0
2
2
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

V
o
l
u
m
e
M
W
h
4
7
3
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3
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1
,
6
4
3
4
6
9
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1
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0
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,
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3
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4
7
3
,
0
4
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4
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3
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4
7
3
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0
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0
E
l
e
c
t
r
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c
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t
y

P
r
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c
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/
k
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h
4
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4
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4
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5
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0
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l
e
c
t
r
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c
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t
y

R
e
v
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n
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e
$
2
2
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7
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1
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7
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2
8
7
2
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,
9
8
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0
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4
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7
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9
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9
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8
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6
,
7
1
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5
0
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7
,
1
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3
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1
8
9
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7
,
5
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9
,
8
8
6
2
7
,
9
3
2
,
6
8
5
O
&
M

c
o
s
t
$
6
,
8
0
0
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0
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,
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0
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7
,
0
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1
3
7
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2
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2
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,
5
3
1
7
,
4
3
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1
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7
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6
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9
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7
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6
6
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7
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8
9
1
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6
7
8
8
,
0
1
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3
8
,
1
3
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,
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0
4
8
,
2
5
2
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5
7
8
,
3
7
5
,
9
3
9
T
a
x
,
o
t
h
e
r
s
$
2
,
2
6
7
,
7
1
3
2
,
3
0
1
,
7
2
9
2
,
3
3
6
,
2
5
5
2
,
3
7
1
,
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9
8
2
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0
6
,
8
6
8
2
,
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4
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,
9
7
1
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7
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9
5
2
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4
9
9
,
7
8
8
2
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5
5
4
,
5
6
2
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,
5
9
2
,
8
8
0
2
,
6
3
1
,
7
7
4
2
,
6
7
1
,
2
5
0
2
,
7
1
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3
1
9
2
,
7
5
1
,
9
8
9
2
,
7
9
3
,
2
6
8
N
e
t

w
o
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k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l
$
4
5
3
,
5
4
3
6
,
8
0
3
6
,
9
0
5
7
,
0
0
9
7
,
1
1
4
7
,
2
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1
5
,
8
6
5
5
,
4
9
9
1
0
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9
5
5
7
,
6
6
4
7
,
7
7
9
7
,
8
9
5
8
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0
1
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1
3
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8
,
2
5
6
C
a
p
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t
a
l

e
x
p
e
n
d
i
t
u
r
e
$
0
0
0
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3
,
0
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0
0
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3
,
0
0
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0
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0
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,
0
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,
0
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0
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C
a
s
h
f
l
o
w
$
1
3
,
1
5
5
,
8
7
4
1
3
,
8
0
6
,
7
5
5
1
4
,
0
1
3
,
8
5
6
1
4
,
2
2
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0
6
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1
1
,
4
3
7
,
4
2
5
1
1
,
6
5
3
,
9
8
7
1
1
,
8
0
9
,
3
7
4
1
1
,
9
4
5
,
6
5
1
1
2
,
3
1
9
,
9
5
3
1
2
,
5
5
3
,
2
0
7
1
2
,
7
8
6
,
5
0
5
1
3
,
0
2
3
,
3
0
3
1
3
,
2
6
3
,
6
5
2
1
3
,
5
0
7
,
6
0
7
1
3
,
7
5
5
,
2
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

1
0
1
.
0
0
0
.
9
1
0
.
8
3
0
.
7
5
0
.
6
8
0
.
6
2
0
.
5
6
0
.
5
1
0
.
4
7
0
.
4
2
0
.
3
9
0
.
3
5
0
.
3
2
0
.
2
9
0
.
2
6
0
.
2
4
0
.
2
2
0
.
2
0
P
V
$
9
,
8
8
4
,
2
0
3
9
,
4
3
0
,
1
9
9
8
,
7
0
1
,
5
0
2
8
,
0
2
9
,
1
1
3
5
,
8
6
9
,
2
0
8
5
,
4
3
6
,
6
7
1
5
,
0
0
8
,
3
2
8
4
,
6
0
5
,
5
6
6
4
,
3
1
8
,
0
6
8
3
,
9
9
9
,
8
3
9
3
,
7
0
3
,
7
9
5
3
,
4
2
9
,
4
4
3
3
,
1
7
5
,
2
1
3
2
,
9
3
9
,
6
4
9
2
,
7
2
1
,
3
9
7
N
P
V
$
8
1
,
2
5
2
,
1
9
4
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

1
2

2
5
t
/
h

5
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

1
2

2
5
t
/
h

5
%
(

2
0
%
)

O
u
t
p
u
t
T
o
t
a
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
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n
i
t
i
a
l

w
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l
l
s

s
t
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a
m

f
l
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w
M
a
k
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p

w
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s
t
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a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
M
a
k
e
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p

w
e
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s
:
1
2
M
a
k
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u
p

w
e
l
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

2
5
t
/
h
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

5
%
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Outpu
t

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
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t
y

R
e
v
e
n
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e







a
t

f
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s
t

y
e
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r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
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c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
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e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
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r
s

a
s
s
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m
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d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

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l
e
c
t
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c
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y







R
e
v
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n
u
e

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e
t

w
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k
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g

C
a
p
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l

a
s
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d

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t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
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c
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t
y







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v
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n
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e

T
h
e

c
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f

m
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3
m
i
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$
D
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s
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h
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t

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%
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Y
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r
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0
7
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6
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l
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h
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/
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t
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s
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e
t

w
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l
$
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8
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w
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7
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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3
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4
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D
i
s
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a
t
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1
0
1
.
0
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3
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0
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2
0
P
V
$
9
,
8
8
4
,
2
0
3
9
,
4
3
0
,
1
9
9
8
,
7
0
1
,
5
0
2
8
,
0
2
9
,
1
1
3
5
,
8
6
9
,
2
0
8
6
,
6
5
1
,
2
4
7
5
,
6
7
9
,
2
9
5
4
,
5
0
8
,
8
5
5
4
,
7
3
4
,
0
4
0
4
,
0
2
3
,
5
6
7
3
,
4
1
2
,
7
2
5
2
,
6
9
9
,
6
4
3
2
,
8
9
0
,
6
0
3
2
,
4
4
2
,
3
5
5
2
,
0
5
8
,
0
8
9
N
P
V
$
8
1
,
0
1
4
,
6
4
5
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

4
5
t
/
h

5
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

4
5
t
/
h

5
%
(

2
0
%
)

O
u
t
p
u
tT
o
t
a
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s
:
3
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

4
5
t
/
h
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

5
%
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e







a
t

f
i
r
s
t

y
e
a
r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

T
h
e

c
o
s
t

o
f

m
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
m
i
l
l
i
o
n

$
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

C
a
l
c
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a
t
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n

s
h
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t

E
l
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c
t
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c
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t
y

P
r
i
c
e

4
.
4
5

/
k
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h
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a
t

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0
0
3
,

I
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
1
.
5
%
)

Y
e
a
r
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
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0
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0
1
1
2
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2
0
1
3
2
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1
4
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1
5
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1
6
2
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1
7
2
0
1
8
2
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9
2
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1
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0
2
2
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

V
o
l
u
m
e
M
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h
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
4
9
,
9
1
5
4
2
7
,
4
2
0
4
0
6
,
0
4
9
3
8
5
,
7
4
6
3
6
6
,
4
5
9
3
4
8
,
1
3
6
3
3
0
,
7
2
9
3
1
4
,
1
9
3
2
9
8
,
4
8
3
2
8
3
,
5
5
9
2
6
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3
8
1
E
l
e
c
t
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y

P
r
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/
k
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h
4
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6
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2
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.
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0
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l
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R
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2
,
6
7
7
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1
3
0
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0
1
7
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2
8
7
2
3
,
3
6
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6
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3
,
7
1
2
,
9
8
4
2
2
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9
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8
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1
9
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7
8
9
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9
0
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1
9
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4
1
7
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8
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4
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,
7
4
2
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4
1
2
1
7
,
1
0
8
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1
2
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1
6
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4
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5
0
6
1
5
,
9
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6
O
&
M

c
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t
$
6
,
8
0
0
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0
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2
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5
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1
7
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4
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4
1
4
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5
4
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9
4
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6
6
0
,
1
5
0
7
,
7
7
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,
0
5
2
7
,
8
9
1
,
6
7
8
8
,
0
1
0
,
0
5
3
8
,
1
3
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,
2
0
4
8
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2
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1
5
7
8
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3
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,
9
3
9
T
a
x
,
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s
$
2
,
2
6
7
,
7
1
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,
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0
1
,
7
2
9
2
,
3
3
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2
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5
2
,
3
7
1
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8
2
,
2
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9
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2
0
7
2
,
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0
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2
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1
2
8
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5
5
2
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0
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2
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3
6
3
1
,
9
7
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9
1
1
,
9
0
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2
4
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1
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8
4
0
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2
1
,
7
7
4
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1
1
,
7
1
0
,
8
1
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6
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6
N
e
t

w
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C
a
p
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t
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l
$
4
5
3
,
5
4
3
6
,
8
0
3
6
,
9
0
5
7
,
0
0
9
-
1
6
,
4
1
8
-
1
6
,
3
6
8
-
1
5
,
7
8
3
-
1
5
,
2
1
8
-
1
4
,
6
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4
-
1
4
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1
5
0
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,
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4
-
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5
C
a
p
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e
x
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$
0
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C
a
s
h
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w
$
1
3
,
1
5
5
,
8
7
4
1
3
,
8
0
6
,
7
5
5
1
4
,
0
1
3
,
8
5
6
1
4
,
2
2
4
,
0
6
4
1
3
,
4
0
2
,
0
1
2
1
2
,
5
5
7
,
1
5
0
1
1
,
7
3
6
,
4
6
2
1
0
,
9
3
9
,
5
3
6
1
0
,
1
6
5
,
4
4
0
9
,
4
1
3
,
2
7
3
8
,
6
8
2
,
1
6
5
7
,
9
7
1
,
2
7
5
7
,
2
7
9
,
7
9
1
6
,
6
0
6
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9
3
1
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,
9
5
1
,
9
3
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
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6
1
7
1
8
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

1
0
1
.
0
0
0
.
9
1
0
.
8
3
0
.
7
5
0
.
6
8
0
.
6
2
0
.
5
6
0
.
5
1
0
.
4
7
0
.
4
2
0
.
3
9
0
.
3
5
0
.
3
2
0
.
2
9
0
.
2
6
0
.
2
4
0
.
2
2
0
.
2
0
P
V
$
9
,
8
8
4
,
2
0
3
9
,
4
3
0
,
1
9
9
8
,
7
0
1
,
5
0
2
8
,
0
2
9
,
1
1
3
6
,
8
7
7
,
3
5
1
5
,
8
5
8
,
0
0
3
4
,
9
7
7
,
4
0
5
4
,
2
1
7
,
6
6
5
3
,
5
6
2
,
9
2
5
2
,
9
9
9
,
3
5
9
2
,
5
1
4
,
9
1
4
2
,
0
9
9
,
0
8
6
1
,
7
4
2
,
7
2
4
1
,
4
3
7
,
8
6
1
1
,
1
7
7
,
5
5
9
N
P
V
$
7
3
,
5
0
9
,
8
7
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

5
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

5
%
(

2
0
%
)

O
u
t
p
u
t
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s
:
0
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

5
%
(
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

d
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

2
0
%
)
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e







a
t

f
i
r
s
t

y
e
a
r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
h
e
e
t

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

4
.
4
5

/
k
W
h
(
a
t

2
0
0
3
,

I
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
1
.
5
%
)

Y
e
a
r
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

V
o
l
u
m
e
M
W
h
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
4
4
,
1
5
6
4
0
8
,
6
2
4
3
7
5
,
9
3
4
3
4
5
,
8
5
9
3
1
8
,
1
9
0
2
9
2
,
7
3
5
2
6
9
,
3
1
6
2
4
7
,
7
7
1
2
2
7
,
9
4
9
2
0
9
,
7
1
3
1
9
2
,
9
3
6
1
7
7
,
5
0
1
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

/
k
W
h
4
.
4
5
4
.
7
9
4
.
8
7
4
.
9
4
5
.
0
1
5
.
0
9
5
.
1
6
5
.
2
4
5
.
3
2
5
.
4
0
5
.
4
8
5
.
5
6
5
.
6
5
5
.
7
3
5
.
8
2
5
.
9
0
E
l
e
c
t
r
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c
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t
y

R
e
v
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n
u
e
$
2
2
,
6
7
7
,
1
3
0
2
3
,
0
1
7
,
2
8
7
2
3
,
3
6
2
,
5
4
6
2
2
,
2
6
5
,
0
6
3
2
0
,
7
9
1
,
1
1
6
1
9
,
4
1
4
,
7
4
4
1
8
,
1
2
9
,
4
8
8
1
6
,
9
2
9
,
3
1
6
1
5
,
8
0
8
,
5
9
5
1
4
,
7
6
2
,
0
6
6
1
3
,
7
8
4
,
8
1
7
1
2
,
8
7
2
,
2
6
3
1
2
,
0
2
0
,
1
1
9
1
1
,
2
2
4
,
3
8
7
1
0
,
4
8
1
,
3
3
2
O
&
M

c
o
s
t
$
6
,
8
0
0
,
0
0
0
6
,
9
0
2
,
0
0
0
7
,
0
0
5
,
5
3
0
7
,
1
1
0
,
6
1
3
7
,
2
1
7
,
2
7
2
7
,
3
2
5
,
5
3
1
7
,
4
3
5
,
4
1
4
7
,
5
4
6
,
9
4
5
7
,
6
6
0
,
1
5
0
7
,
7
7
5
,
0
5
2
7
,
8
9
1
,
6
7
8
8
,
0
1
0
,
0
5
3
8
,
1
3
0
,
2
0
4
8
,
2
5
2
,
1
5
7
8
,
3
7
5
,
9
3
9
T
a
x
,
o
t
h
e
r
s
$
2
,
2
6
7
,
7
1
3
2
,
3
0
1
,
7
2
9
2
,
3
3
6
,
2
5
5
2
,
2
2
6
,
5
0
6
2
,
0
7
9
,
1
1
2
1
,
9
4
1
,
4
7
4
1
,
8
1
2
,
9
4
9
1
,
6
9
2
,
9
3
2
1
,
5
8
0
,
8
6
0
1
,
4
7
6
,
2
0
7
1
,
3
7
8
,
4
8
2
1
,
2
8
7
,
2
2
6
1
,
2
0
2
,
0
1
2
1
,
1
2
2
,
4
3
9
1
,
0
4
8
,
1
3
3
N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l
$
4
5
3
,
5
4
3
6
,
8
0
3
6
,
9
0
5
-
2
1
,
9
5
0
-
2
9
,
4
7
9
-
2
7
,
5
2
7
-
2
5
,
7
0
5
-
2
4
,
0
0
3
-
2
2
,
4
1
4
-
2
0
,
9
3
1
-
1
9
,
5
4
5
-
1
8
,
2
5
1
-
1
7
,
0
4
3
-
1
5
,
9
1
5
-
1
4
,
8
6
1
C
a
p
i
t
a
l

e
x
p
e
n
d
i
t
u
r
e
$
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
a
s
h
f
l
o
w
$
1
3
,
1
5
5
,
8
7
4
1
3
,
8
0
6
,
7
5
5
1
4
,
0
1
3
,
8
5
6
1
2
,
9
4
9
,
8
9
4
1
1
,
5
2
4
,
2
1
1
1
0
,
1
7
5
,
2
6
6
8
,
9
0
6
,
8
3
0
7
,
7
1
3
,
4
4
2
6
,
5
9
0
,
0
0
1
5
,
5
3
1
,
7
3
8
4
,
5
3
4
,
2
0
3
3
,
5
9
3
,
2
3
5
2
,
7
0
4
,
9
4
6
1
,
8
6
5
,
7
0
6
1
,
0
7
2
,
1
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

1
0
1
.
0
0
0
.
9
1
0
.
8
3
0
.
7
5
0
.
6
8
0
.
6
2
0
.
5
6
0
.
5
1
0
.
4
7
0
.
4
2
0
.
3
9
0
.
3
5
0
.
3
2
0
.
2
9
0
.
2
6
0
.
2
4
0
.
2
2
0
.
2
0
P
V
$
9
,
8
8
4
,
2
0
3
9
,
4
3
0
,
1
9
9
8
,
7
0
1
,
5
0
2
7
,
3
0
9
,
8
7
7
5
,
9
1
3
,
7
4
3
4
,
7
4
6
,
8
3
7
3
,
7
7
7
,
3
6
5
2
,
9
7
3
,
8
6
6
2
,
3
0
9
,
7
5
5
1
,
7
6
2
,
5
8
2
1
,
3
1
3
,
3
9
7
9
4
6
,
2
1
1
6
4
7
,
5
4
3
4
0
6
,
0
3
2
2
1
2
,
1
1
3
N
P
V
$
6
0
,
3
3
5
,
2
2
6
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

8
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

8
%
(

2
0
%
)

O
u
t
p
u
t
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s
:
0
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

5
%
(
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

d
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

2
0
%
)

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e







a
t

f
i
r
s
t

y
e
a
r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
h
e
e
t

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

4
.
4
5

/
k
W
h
(
a
t

2
0
0
3
,

I
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
1
.
5
%
)

Y
e
a
r
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

V
o
l
u
m
e
M
W
h
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

/
k
W
h
4
.
4
5
4
.
7
9
4
.
8
7
4
.
9
4
5
.
0
1
5
.
0
9
5
.
1
6
5
.
2
4
5
.
3
2
5
.
4
0
5
.
4
8
5
.
5
6
5
.
6
5
5
.
7
3
5
.
8
2
5
.
9
0
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e
$
2
2
,
6
7
7
,
1
3
0
2
3
,
0
1
7
,
2
8
7
2
3
,
3
6
2
,
5
4
6
2
3
,
7
1
2
,
9
8
4
2
4
,
0
6
8
,
6
7
9
2
4
,
4
2
9
,
7
0
9
2
4
,
7
9
6
,
1
5
5
2
5
,
1
6
8
,
0
9
7
2
5
,
5
4
5
,
6
1
9
2
5
,
9
2
8
,
8
0
3
2
6
,
3
1
7
,
7
3
5
2
6
,
7
1
2
,
5
0
1
2
7
,
1
1
3
,
1
8
9
2
7
,
5
1
9
,
8
8
6
2
7
,
9
3
2
,
6
8
5
O
&
M

c
o
s
t
$
6
,
8
0
0
,
0
0
0
6
,
9
0
2
,
0
0
0
7
,
0
0
5
,
5
3
0
7
,
1
1
0
,
6
1
3
7
,
2
1
7
,
2
7
2
7
,
3
2
5
,
5
3
1
7
,
4
3
5
,
4
1
4
7
,
5
4
6
,
9
4
5
7
,
6
6
0
,
1
5
0
7
,
7
7
5
,
0
5
2
7
,
8
9
1
,
6
7
8
8
,
0
1
0
,
0
5
3
8
,
1
3
0
,
2
0
4
8
,
2
5
2
,
1
5
7
8
,
3
7
5
,
9
3
9
T
a
x
,
o
t
h
e
r
s
$
2
,
2
6
7
,
7
1
3
2
,
3
0
1
,
7
2
9
2
,
3
3
6
,
2
5
5
2
,
3
7
1
,
2
9
8
2
,
4
0
6
,
8
6
8
2
,
4
4
2
,
9
7
1
2
,
4
7
9
,
6
1
5
2
,
5
1
6
,
8
1
0
2
,
5
5
4
,
5
6
2
2
,
5
9
2
,
8
8
0
2
,
6
3
1
,
7
7
4
2
,
6
7
1
,
2
5
0
2
,
7
1
1
,
3
1
9
2
,
7
5
1
,
9
8
9
2
,
7
9
3
,
2
6
8
N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l
$
4
5
3
,
5
4
3
6
,
8
0
3
6
,
9
0
5
7
,
0
0
9
7
,
1
1
4
7
,
2
2
1
7
,
3
2
9
7
,
4
3
9
7
,
5
5
0
7
,
6
6
4
7
,
7
7
9
7
,
8
9
5
8
,
0
1
4
8
,
1
3
4
8
,
2
5
6
C
a
p
i
t
a
l

e
x
p
e
n
d
i
t
u
r
e
$
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
C
a
s
h
f
l
o
w
$
1
3
,
1
5
5
,
8
7
4
1
3
,
8
0
6
,
7
5
5
1
4
,
0
1
3
,
8
5
6
1
1
,
2
2
4
,
0
6
4
1
1
,
4
3
7
,
4
2
5
1
1
,
6
5
3
,
9
8
7
1
1
,
8
7
3
,
7
9
6
1
2
,
0
9
6
,
9
0
3
1
2
,
3
2
3
,
3
5
7
1
2
,
5
5
3
,
2
0
7
1
2
,
7
8
6
,
5
0
5
1
3
,
0
2
3
,
3
0
3
1
3
,
2
6
3
,
6
5
2
1
3
,
5
0
7
,
6
0
7
1
3
,
7
5
5
,
2
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

1
0
1
.
0
0
0
.
9
1
0
.
8
3
0
.
7
5
0
.
6
8
0
.
6
2
0
.
5
6
0
.
5
1
0
.
4
7
0
.
4
2
0
.
3
9
0
.
3
5
0
.
3
2
0
.
2
9
0
.
2
6
0
.
2
4
0
.
2
2
0
.
2
0
P
V
$
9
,
8
8
4
,
2
0
3
9
,
4
3
0
,
1
9
9
8
,
7
0
1
,
5
0
2
6
,
3
3
5
,
6
9
2
5
,
8
6
9
,
2
0
8
5
,
4
3
6
,
6
7
1
5
,
0
3
5
,
6
4
9
4
,
6
6
3
,
8
8
0
4
,
3
1
9
,
2
6
1
3
,
9
9
9
,
8
3
9
3
,
7
0
3
,
7
9
5
3
,
4
2
9
,
4
4
3
3
,
1
7
5
,
2
1
3
2
,
9
3
9
,
6
4
9
2
,
7
2
1
,
3
9
7
N
P
V
$
7
9
,
6
4
5
,
6
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

1
2

4
5
t
/
h

8
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

1
2

4
5
t
/
h

8
%
(

2
0
%
)

O
u
t
p
u
t
T
o
t
a
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s
:
1
2
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

4
5
t
/
h
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

8
%

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e







a
t

f
i
r
s
t

y
e
a
r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

T
h
e

c
o
s
t

o
f

m
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
m
i
l
l
i
o
n

$
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
h
e
e
t

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

4
.
4
5

/
k
W
h
(
a
t

2
0
0
3
,

I
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
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.
5
%
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Y
e
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r
2
0
0
5
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2
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7
2
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8
2
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1
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3
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4
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5
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6
2
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7
2
0
1
8
2
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2
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E
l
e
c
t
r
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c
i
t
y

V
o
l
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m
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h
4
7
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0
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7
3
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0
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3
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0
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7
3
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0
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0
4
7
3
,
0
4
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4
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3
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0
4
0
4
7
0
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2
6
5
E
l
e
c
t
r
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c
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t
y

P
r
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c
e

/
k
W
h
4
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5
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R
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e
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2
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1
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7
,
2
8
7
2
3
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9
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4
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7
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1
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8
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c
o
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t
$
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,
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0
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0
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3
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1
3
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5
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3
7
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9
3
9
T
a
x
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r
s
$
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,
2
6
7
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7
1
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7
2
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2
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3
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9
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8
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7
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8
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3
N
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t

w
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C
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l
$
4
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8
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7
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0
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6
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7
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9
7
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C
a
p
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t
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l

e
x
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t
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r
e
$
0
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C
a
s
h
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w
$
1
3
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1
5
5
,
8
7
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3
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8
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6
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7
5
5
1
4
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3
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8
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6
1
1
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2
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D
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r
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1
0
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.
0
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8
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7
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6
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6
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4
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4
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3
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3
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3
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2
9
0
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2
6
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2
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2
2
0
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2
0
P
V
$
9
,
8
8
4
,
2
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3
9
,
4
3
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1
9
9
8
,
7
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3
3
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8
6
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2
0
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4
3
6
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6
7
1
5
,
0
3
5
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6
4
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8
0
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4
4
4
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3
1
8
,
9
9
1
3
,
9
9
9
,
8
3
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3
,
7
0
3
,
7
9
5
3
,
4
2
9
,
4
4
3
3
,
1
7
5
,
2
1
3
2
,
9
3
9
,
6
4
9
3
,
2
8
6
,
4
0
4
N
P
V
$
8
1
,
3
5
3
,
9
0
1
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
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1
4
2
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1
5
2
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6
2
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1
7
2
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1
8
2
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1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

1
0

4
5
t
/
h

7
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

O
u
t
p
u
tT
o
t
a
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s
:
1
0
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

4
5
t
/
h
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

7
%

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e







a
t

f
i
r
s
t

y
e
a
r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

T
h
e

c
o
s
t

o
f

m
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
m
i
l
l
i
o
n

$
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
h
e
e
t

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

4
.
4
5

/
k
W
h
(
a
t

2
0
0
3
,

I
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
1
.
5
%
)

Y
e
a
r
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

V
o
l
u
m
e
M
W
h
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
1
,
3
2
8
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
2
,
1
7
2
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
E
l
e
c
t
r
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c
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t
y

P
r
i
c
e

/
k
W
h
4
.
4
5
4
.
7
9
4
.
8
7
4
.
9
4
5
.
0
1
5
.
0
9
5
.
1
6
5
.
2
4
5
.
3
2
5
.
4
0
5
.
4
8
5
.
5
6
5
.
6
5
5
.
7
3
5
.
8
2
5
.
9
0
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e
$
2
2
,
6
7
7
,
1
3
0
2
3
,
0
1
7
,
2
8
7
2
3
,
3
6
2
,
5
4
6
2
3
,
7
1
2
,
9
8
4
2
4
,
0
6
8
,
6
7
9
2
4
,
4
2
9
,
7
0
9
2
4
,
7
9
6
,
1
5
5
2
5
,
1
6
8
,
0
9
7
2
5
,
4
5
3
,
1
8
9
2
5
,
9
2
8
,
8
0
3
2
6
,
3
1
7
,
7
3
5
2
6
,
7
1
2
,
5
0
1
2
7
,
0
6
3
,
4
3
2
2
7
,
5
1
9
,
8
8
6
2
7
,
9
3
2
,
6
8
5
O
&
M

c
o
s
t
$
6
,
8
0
0
,
0
0
0
6
,
9
0
2
,
0
0
0
7
,
0
0
5
,
5
3
0
7
,
1
1
0
,
6
1
3
7
,
2
1
7
,
2
7
2
7
,
3
2
5
,
5
3
1
7
,
4
3
5
,
4
1
4
7
,
5
4
6
,
9
4
5
7
,
6
6
0
,
1
5
0
7
,
7
7
5
,
0
5
2
7
,
8
9
1
,
6
7
8
8
,
0
1
0
,
0
5
3
8
,
1
3
0
,
2
0
4
8
,
2
5
2
,
1
5
7
8
,
3
7
5
,
9
3
9
T
a
x
,
o
t
h
e
r
s
$
2
,
2
6
7
,
7
1
3
2
,
3
0
1
,
7
2
9
2
,
3
3
6
,
2
5
5
2
,
3
7
1
,
2
9
8
2
,
4
0
6
,
8
6
8
2
,
4
4
2
,
9
7
1
2
,
4
7
9
,
6
1
5
2
,
5
1
6
,
8
1
0
2
,
5
4
5
,
3
1
9
2
,
5
9
2
,
8
8
0
2
,
6
3
1
,
7
7
4
2
,
6
7
1
,
2
5
0
2
,
7
0
6
,
3
4
3
2
,
7
5
1
,
9
8
9
2
,
7
9
3
,
2
6
8
N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l
$
4
5
3
,
5
4
3
6
,
8
0
3
6
,
9
0
5
7
,
0
0
9
7
,
1
1
4
7
,
2
2
1
7
,
3
2
9
7
,
4
3
9
5
,
7
0
2
9
,
5
1
2
7
,
7
7
9
7
,
8
9
5
7
,
0
1
9
9
,
1
2
9
8
,
2
5
6
C
a
p
i
t
a
l

e
x
p
e
n
d
i
t
u
r
e
$
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
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,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
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0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
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3
,
0
0
0
,
0
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3
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0
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,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
C
a
s
h
f
l
o
w
$
1
3
,
1
5
5
,
8
7
4
1
3
,
8
0
6
,
7
5
5
1
4
,
0
1
3
,
8
5
6
1
1
,
2
2
4
,
0
6
4
1
1
,
4
3
7
,
4
2
5
1
4
,
6
5
3
,
9
8
7
1
1
,
8
7
3
,
7
9
6
1
2
,
0
9
6
,
9
0
3
1
5
,
2
4
2
,
0
1
9
1
2
,
5
5
1
,
3
5
9
1
2
,
7
8
6
,
5
0
5
1
3
,
0
2
3
,
3
0
3
1
6
,
2
1
9
,
8
6
6
1
3
,
5
0
6
,
6
1
2
1
3
,
7
5
5
,
2
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

1
0
1
.
0
0
0
.
9
1
0
.
8
3
0
.
7
5
0
.
6
8
0
.
6
2
0
.
5
6
0
.
5
1
0
.
4
7
0
.
4
2
0
.
3
9
0
.
3
5
0
.
3
2
0
.
2
9
0
.
2
6
0
.
2
4
0
.
2
2
0
.
2
0
P
V
$
9
,
8
8
4
,
2
0
3
9
,
4
3
0
,
1
9
9
8
,
7
0
1
,
5
0
2
6
,
3
3
5
,
6
9
2
5
,
8
6
9
,
2
0
8
6
,
8
3
6
,
1
9
3
5
,
0
3
5
,
6
4
9
4
,
6
6
3
,
8
8
0
5
,
3
4
2
,
2
3
5
3
,
9
9
9
,
2
5
0
3
,
7
0
3
,
7
9
5
3
,
4
2
9
,
4
4
3
3
,
8
8
2
,
9
0
7
2
,
9
3
9
,
4
3
2
2
,
7
2
1
,
3
9
7
N
P
V
$
8
2
,
7
7
4
,
9
8
4
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

4
5
t
/
h

6
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

O
u
t
p
u
t
T
o
t
a
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s
:
9
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

4
5
t
/
h
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

6
%

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e







a
t

f
i
r
s
t

y
e
a
r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

T
h
e

c
o
s
t

o
f

m
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
m
i
l
l
i
o
n

$
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
h
e
e
t

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

4
.
4
5

/
k
W
h
(
a
t

2
0
0
3
,

I
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
1
.
5
%
)

Y
e
a
r
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

V
o
l
u
m
e
M
W
h
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
1
,
6
9
7
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
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t
y

P
r
i
c
e

/
k
W
h
4
.
4
5
4
.
7
9
4
.
8
7
4
.
9
4
5
.
0
1
5
.
0
9
5
.
1
6
5
.
2
4
5
.
3
2
5
.
4
0
5
.
4
8
5
.
5
6
5
.
6
5
5
.
7
3
5
.
8
2
5
.
9
0
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e
$
2
2
,
6
7
7
,
1
3
0
2
3
,
0
1
7
,
2
8
7
2
3
,
3
6
2
,
5
4
6
2
3
,
7
1
2
,
9
8
4
2
4
,
0
6
8
,
6
7
9
2
4
,
4
2
9
,
7
0
9
2
4
,
7
9
6
,
1
5
5
2
5
,
1
6
8
,
0
9
7
2
5
,
5
4
5
,
6
1
9
2
5
,
9
2
8
,
8
0
3
2
6
,
3
1
7
,
7
3
5
2
6
,
6
3
6
,
6
6
9
2
7
,
1
1
3
,
1
8
9
2
7
,
5
1
9
,
8
8
6
2
7
,
9
3
2
,
6
8
5
O
&
M

c
o
s
t
$
6
,
8
0
0
,
0
0
0
6
,
9
0
2
,
0
0
0
7
,
0
0
5
,
5
3
0
7
,
1
1
0
,
6
1
3
7
,
2
1
7
,
2
7
2
7
,
3
2
5
,
5
3
1
7
,
4
3
5
,
4
1
4
7
,
5
4
6
,
9
4
5
7
,
6
6
0
,
1
5
0
7
,
7
7
5
,
0
5
2
7
,
8
9
1
,
6
7
8
8
,
0
1
0
,
0
5
3
8
,
1
3
0
,
2
0
4
8
,
2
5
2
,
1
5
7
8
,
3
7
5
,
9
3
9
T
a
x
,
o
t
h
e
r
s
$
2
,
2
6
7
,
7
1
3
2
,
3
0
1
,
7
2
9
2
,
3
3
6
,
2
5
5
2
,
3
7
1
,
2
9
8
2
,
4
0
6
,
8
6
8
2
,
4
4
2
,
9
7
1
2
,
4
7
9
,
6
1
5
2
,
5
1
6
,
8
1
0
2
,
5
5
4
,
5
6
2
2
,
5
9
2
,
8
8
0
2
,
6
3
1
,
7
7
4
2
,
6
6
3
,
6
6
7
2
,
7
1
1
,
3
1
9
2
,
7
5
1
,
9
8
9
2
,
7
9
3
,
2
6
8
N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l
$
4
5
3
,
5
4
3
6
,
8
0
3
6
,
9
0
5
7
,
0
0
9
7
,
1
1
4
7
,
2
2
1
7
,
3
2
9
7
,
4
3
9
7
,
5
5
0
7
,
6
6
4
7
,
7
7
9
6
,
3
7
9
9
,
5
3
0
8
,
1
3
4
8
,
2
5
6
C
a
p
i
t
a
l

e
x
p
e
n
d
i
t
u
r
e
$
0
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
0
C
a
s
h
f
l
o
w
$
1
3
,
1
5
5
,
8
7
4
1
3
,
8
0
6
,
7
5
5
1
4
,
0
1
3
,
8
5
6
1
4
,
2
2
4
,
0
6
4
1
1
,
4
3
7
,
4
2
5
1
1
,
6
5
3
,
9
8
7
1
4
,
8
7
3
,
7
9
6
1
2
,
0
9
6
,
9
0
3
1
2
,
3
2
3
,
3
5
7
1
5
,
5
5
3
,
2
0
7
1
2
,
7
8
6
,
5
0
5
1
5
,
9
5
6
,
5
7
1
1
3
,
2
6
2
,
1
3
6
1
3
,
5
0
7
,
6
0
7
1
6
,
7
5
5
,
2
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

1
5
1
.
0
0
0
.
8
7
0
.
7
6
0
.
6
6
0
.
5
7
0
.
5
0
0
.
4
3
0
.
3
8
0
.
3
3
0
.
2
8
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
1
0
.
1
9
0
.
1
6
0
.
1
4
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
1
0
.
0
9
P
V
$
8
,
6
5
0
,
2
0
1
7
,
8
9
4
,
0
5
7
6
,
9
6
7
,
3
6
3
6
,
1
4
9
,
4
5
5
4
,
2
9
9
,
7
5
2
3
,
8
0
9
,
7
0
9
4
,
2
2
8
,
0
6
1
2
,
9
9
0
,
1
6
9
2
,
6
4
8
,
8
2
2
2
,
9
0
7
,
0
0
6
2
,
0
7
8
,
1
6
5
2
,
2
5
5
,
1
2
1
1
,
6
2
9
,
8
4
3
1
,
4
4
3
,
4
8
7
1
,
5
5
6
,
9
9
4
N
P
V
$
5
9
,
5
0
8
,
2
0
6
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

4
5
t
/
h

5
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

4
5
t
/
h

5
%
(

2
0
%
)

O
u
t
p
u
t
T
o
t
a
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s
:
7
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

4
5
t
/
h
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

5
%
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e







a
t

f
i
r
s
t

y
e
a
r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
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t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

N
e
t

w
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k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
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c
i
t
y







R
e
v
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n
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e

T
h
e

c
o
s
t

o
f

m
a
k
e
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p

w
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l

a
s
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t

3
m
i
l
l
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n

$
D
i
s
c
o
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n
t

r
a
t
e

C
a
l
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t
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o
n

s
h
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t

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l
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c
t
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t
y

P
r
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c
e

4
.
4
5

/
k
W
h
(
a
t

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0
0
3
,

I
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
1
.
5
%
)

Y
e
a
r
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
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9
2
0
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0
2
0
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1
2
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2
E
l
e
c
t
r
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c
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t
y

V
o
l
u
m
e
M
W
h
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
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4
7
3
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0
4
0
4
7
3
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0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
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4
7
3
,
0
4
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4
7
1
,
6
4
3
4
6
9
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4
7
3
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0
4
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7
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4
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0
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E
l
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t
r
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y

P
r
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/
k
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h
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l
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R
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e
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8
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,
9
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O
&
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o
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t
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,
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T
a
x
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s
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t

w
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4
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C
a
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x
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$
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C
a
s
h
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w
$
1
3
,
1
5
5
,
8
7
4
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3
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8
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,
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5
5
1
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7
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6
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1
0
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1
1
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3
1
4
1
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6
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8
D
i
s
c
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t

r
a
t
e

1
5
1
.
0
0
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8
7
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7
6
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6
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8
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9
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6
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4
0
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1
1
0
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9
P
V
$
8
,
6
5
0
,
2
0
1
7
,
8
9
4
,
0
5
7
6
,
9
6
7
,
3
6
3
6
,
1
4
9
,
4
5
5
4
,
2
9
9
,
7
5
2
3
,
8
0
9
,
7
0
9
3
,
3
5
6
,
9
6
1
2
,
9
5
2
,
7
8
2
2
,
6
4
8
,
0
9
0
2
,
3
4
6
,
2
8
4
2
,
0
7
8
,
1
6
5
1
,
8
4
0
,
5
6
6
1
,
6
3
0
,
0
3
0
1
,
4
4
3
,
4
8
7
1
,
2
7
8
,
2
1
6
N
P
V
$
5
7
,
3
4
5
,
1
1
9
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

1
2

2
5
t
/
h

5
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

1
2

2
5
t
/
h

5
%
(

2
0
%
)

O
u
t
p
u
t
T
o
t
a
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s
:
1
2
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

2
5
t
/
h
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

5
%
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e







a
t

f
i
r
s
t

y
e
a
r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

T
h
e

c
o
s
t

o
f

m
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
m
i
l
l
i
o
n

$
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
h
e
e
t

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

4
.
4
5

/
k
W
h
(
a
t

2
0
0
3
,

I
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
1
.
5
%
)

Y
e
a
r
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

V
o
l
u
m
e
M
W
h
4
7
3
,
0
4
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P
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T
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D
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N
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t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

4
5
t
/
h

5
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
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2
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0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
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6
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9
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1
2
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2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

4
5
t
/
h

5
%
(

2
0
%
)

O
u
t
p
u
t
T
o
t
a
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
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a
k
e
u
p

w
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l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s
:
3
M
a
k
e
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p

w
e
l
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

4
5
t
/
h
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

5
%
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e







a
t

f
i
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s
t

y
e
a
r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

N
e
t

w
o
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k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
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n
u
e

T
h
e

c
o
s
t

o
f

m
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
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l

a
s
s
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m
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d

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t

3
m
i
l
l
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n

$
D
i
s
c
o
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t

r
a
t
e

C
a
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c
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t
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n

s
h
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t

E
l
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c
t
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t
y

P
r
i
c
e

4
.
4
5

/
k
W
h
(
a
t

2
0
0
3
,

I
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
1
.
5
%
)

Y
e
a
r
2
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5
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6
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7
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8
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E
l
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c
t
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y

V
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W
h
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7
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3
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7
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3
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1
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1
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l
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P
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/
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l
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t
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R
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$
2
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2
8
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5
6
O
&
M

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o
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t
$
6
,
8
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5
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1
7
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3
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6
6
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7
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9
1
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8
8
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1
3
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5
7
8
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3
7
5
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9
3
9
T
a
x
,
o
t
h
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r
s
$
2
,
2
6
7
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1
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7
2
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2
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3
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7
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6
N
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t

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a
p
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$
4
5
3
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6
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8
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9
0
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7
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8
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4
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6
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2
,
6
8
6
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1
2
,
2
3
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7
9
5
C
a
p
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l

e
x
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d
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e
$
0
0
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0
0
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0
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C
a
s
h
f
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w
$
1
3
,
1
5
5
,
8
7
4
1
3
,
8
0
6
,
7
5
5
1
4
,
0
1
3
,
8
5
6
1
4
,
2
2
4
,
0
6
4
1
3
,
4
0
2
,
0
1
2
1
2
,
5
5
7
,
1
5
0
1
1
,
7
3
6
,
4
6
2
1
0
,
9
3
9
,
5
3
6
1
0
,
1
6
5
,
4
4
0
9
,
4
1
3
,
2
7
3
8
,
6
8
2
,
1
6
5
7
,
9
7
1
,
2
7
5
7
,
2
7
9
,
7
9
1
6
,
6
0
6
,
9
3
1
5
,
9
5
1
,
9
3
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

1
5
1
.
0
0
0
.
8
7
0
.
7
6
0
.
6
6
0
.
5
7
0
.
5
0
0
.
4
3
0
.
3
8
0
.
3
3
0
.
2
8
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
1
0
.
1
9
0
.
1
6
0
.
1
4
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
1
0
.
0
9
P
V
$
8
,
6
5
0
,
2
0
1
7
,
8
9
4
,
0
5
7
6
,
9
6
7
,
3
6
3
6
,
1
4
9
,
4
5
5
5
,
0
3
8
,
3
1
3
4
,
1
0
4
,
9
5
5
3
,
3
3
6
,
2
3
5
2
,
7
0
4
,
0
8
6
2
,
1
8
4
,
9
9
2
1
,
7
5
9
,
4
0
8
1
,
4
1
1
,
0
9
4
1
,
1
2
6
,
5
7
0
8
9
4
,
6
4
6
7
0
6
,
0
4
8
5
5
3
,
0
8
9
N
P
V
$
5
3
,
4
8
0
,
5
1
3
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

5
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

5
%
(

2
0
%
)

O
u
t
p
u
t
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s
:
0
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

5
%
(
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

d
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

2
0
%
)
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e







a
t

f
i
r
s
t

y
e
a
r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
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n
u
e
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
h
e
e
t

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
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t
y

P
r
i
c
e

4
.
4
5

/
k
W
h
(
a
t

2
0
0
3
,

I
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
1
.
5
%
)

Y
e
a
r
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

V
o
l
u
m
e
M
W
h
4
7
3
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0
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0
4
7
3
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0
4
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4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
4
4
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1
5
6
4
0
8
,
6
2
4
3
7
5
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9
3
4
3
4
5
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8
5
9
3
1
8
,
1
9
0
2
9
2
,
7
3
5
2
6
9
,
3
1
6
2
4
7
,
7
7
1
2
2
7
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9
4
9
2
0
9
,
7
1
3
1
9
2
,
9
3
6
1
7
7
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5
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1
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
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t
y

P
r
i
c
e

/
k
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h
4
.
4
5
4
.
7
9
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8
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9
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5
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E
l
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c
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y

R
e
v
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e
$
2
2
,
6
7
7
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1
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8
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3
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6
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6
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2
,
2
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5
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0
6
3
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0
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7
9
1
,
1
1
6
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9
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4
1
4
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4
4
1
8
,
1
2
9
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4
8
8
1
6
,
9
2
9
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3
1
6
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5
,
8
0
8
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5
9
5
1
4
,
7
6
2
,
0
6
6
1
3
,
7
8
4
,
8
1
7
1
2
,
8
7
2
,
2
6
3
1
2
,
0
2
0
,
1
1
9
1
1
,
2
2
4
,
3
8
7
1
0
,
4
8
1
,
3
3
2
O
&
M

c
o
s
t
$
6
,
8
0
0
,
0
0
0
6
,
9
0
2
,
0
0
0
7
,
0
0
5
,
5
3
0
7
,
1
1
0
,
6
1
3
7
,
2
1
7
,
2
7
2
7
,
3
2
5
,
5
3
1
7
,
4
3
5
,
4
1
4
7
,
5
4
6
,
9
4
5
7
,
6
6
0
,
1
5
0
7
,
7
7
5
,
0
5
2
7
,
8
9
1
,
6
7
8
8
,
0
1
0
,
0
5
3
8
,
1
3
0
,
2
0
4
8
,
2
5
2
,
1
5
7
8
,
3
7
5
,
9
3
9
T
a
x
,
o
t
h
e
r
s
$
2
,
2
6
7
,
7
1
3
2
,
3
0
1
,
7
2
9
2
,
3
3
6
,
2
5
5
2
,
2
2
6
,
5
0
6
2
,
0
7
9
,
1
1
2
1
,
9
4
1
,
4
7
4
1
,
8
1
2
,
9
4
9
1
,
6
9
2
,
9
3
2
1
,
5
8
0
,
8
6
0
1
,
4
7
6
,
2
0
7
1
,
3
7
8
,
4
8
2
1
,
2
8
7
,
2
2
6
1
,
2
0
2
,
0
1
2
1
,
1
2
2
,
4
3
9
1
,
0
4
8
,
1
3
3
N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l
$
4
5
3
,
5
4
3
6
,
8
0
3
6
,
9
0
5
-
2
1
,
9
5
0
-
2
9
,
4
7
9
-
2
7
,
5
2
7
-
2
5
,
7
0
5
-
2
4
,
0
0
3
-
2
2
,
4
1
4
-
2
0
,
9
3
1
-
1
9
,
5
4
5
-
1
8
,
2
5
1
-
1
7
,
0
4
3
-
1
5
,
9
1
5
-
1
4
,
8
6
1
C
a
p
i
t
a
l

e
x
p
e
n
d
i
t
u
r
e
$
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
a
s
h
f
l
o
w
$
1
3
,
1
5
5
,
8
7
4
1
3
,
8
0
6
,
7
5
5
1
4
,
0
1
3
,
8
5
6
1
2
,
9
4
9
,
8
9
4
1
1
,
5
2
4
,
2
1
1
1
0
,
1
7
5
,
2
6
6
8
,
9
0
6
,
8
3
0
7
,
7
1
3
,
4
4
2
6
,
5
9
0
,
0
0
1
5
,
5
3
1
,
7
3
8
4
,
5
3
4
,
2
0
3
3
,
5
9
3
,
2
3
5
2
,
7
0
4
,
9
4
6
1
,
8
6
5
,
7
0
6
1
,
0
7
2
,
1
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

1
5
1
.
0
0
0
.
8
7
0
.
7
6
0
.
6
6
0
.
5
7
0
.
5
0
0
.
4
3
0
.
3
8
0
.
3
3
0
.
2
8
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
1
0
.
1
9
0
.
1
6
0
.
1
4
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
1
0
.
0
9
P
V
$
8
,
6
5
0
,
2
0
1
7
,
8
9
4
,
0
5
7
6
,
9
6
7
,
3
6
3
5
,
5
9
8
,
5
9
6
4
,
3
3
2
,
3
7
8
3
,
3
2
6
,
3
1
2
2
,
5
3
1
,
8
7
7
1
,
9
0
6
,
6
4
5
1
,
4
1
6
,
4
7
6
1
,
0
3
3
,
9
2
1
7
3
6
,
9
3
5
5
0
7
,
8
2
7
3
3
2
,
4
2
3
1
9
9
,
3
7
8
9
9
,
6
2
8
N
P
V
$
4
5
,
5
3
4
,
0
1
8
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

8
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

8
%
(

2
0
%
)

O
u
t
p
u
t
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s
:
0
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

5
%
(
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

d
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

2
0
%
)

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e







a
t

f
i
r
s
t

y
e
a
r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
h
e
e
t

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

4
.
4
5

/
k
W
h
(
a
t

2
0
0
3
,

I
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
1
.
5
%
)

Y
e
a
r
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

V
o
l
u
m
e
M
W
h
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

/
k
W
h
4
.
4
5
4
.
7
9
4
.
8
7
4
.
9
4
5
.
0
1
5
.
0
9
5
.
1
6
5
.
2
4
5
.
3
2
5
.
4
0
5
.
4
8
5
.
5
6
5
.
6
5
5
.
7
3
5
.
8
2
5
.
9
0
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e
$
2
2
,
6
7
7
,
1
3
0
2
3
,
0
1
7
,
2
8
7
2
3
,
3
6
2
,
5
4
6
2
3
,
7
1
2
,
9
8
4
2
4
,
0
6
8
,
6
7
9
2
4
,
4
2
9
,
7
0
9
2
4
,
7
9
6
,
1
5
5
2
5
,
1
6
8
,
0
9
7
2
5
,
5
4
5
,
6
1
9
2
5
,
9
2
8
,
8
0
3
2
6
,
3
1
7
,
7
3
5
2
6
,
7
1
2
,
5
0
1
2
7
,
1
1
3
,
1
8
9
2
7
,
5
1
9
,
8
8
6
2
7
,
9
3
2
,
6
8
5
O
&
M

c
o
s
t
$
6
,
8
0
0
,
0
0
0
6
,
9
0
2
,
0
0
0
7
,
0
0
5
,
5
3
0
7
,
1
1
0
,
6
1
3
7
,
2
1
7
,
2
7
2
7
,
3
2
5
,
5
3
1
7
,
4
3
5
,
4
1
4
7
,
5
4
6
,
9
4
5
7
,
6
6
0
,
1
5
0
7
,
7
7
5
,
0
5
2
7
,
8
9
1
,
6
7
8
8
,
0
1
0
,
0
5
3
8
,
1
3
0
,
2
0
4
8
,
2
5
2
,
1
5
7
8
,
3
7
5
,
9
3
9
T
a
x
,
o
t
h
e
r
s
$
2
,
2
6
7
,
7
1
3
2
,
3
0
1
,
7
2
9
2
,
3
3
6
,
2
5
5
2
,
3
7
1
,
2
9
8
2
,
4
0
6
,
8
6
8
2
,
4
4
2
,
9
7
1
2
,
4
7
9
,
6
1
5
2
,
5
1
6
,
8
1
0
2
,
5
5
4
,
5
6
2
2
,
5
9
2
,
8
8
0
2
,
6
3
1
,
7
7
4
2
,
6
7
1
,
2
5
0
2
,
7
1
1
,
3
1
9
2
,
7
5
1
,
9
8
9
2
,
7
9
3
,
2
6
8
N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l
$
4
5
3
,
5
4
3
6
,
8
0
3
6
,
9
0
5
7
,
0
0
9
7
,
1
1
4
7
,
2
2
1
7
,
3
2
9
7
,
4
3
9
7
,
5
5
0
7
,
6
6
4
7
,
7
7
9
7
,
8
9
5
8
,
0
1
4
8
,
1
3
4
8
,
2
5
6
C
a
p
i
t
a
l

e
x
p
e
n
d
i
t
u
r
e
$
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
C
a
s
h
f
l
o
w
$
1
3
,
1
5
5
,
8
7
4
1
3
,
8
0
6
,
7
5
5
1
4
,
0
1
3
,
8
5
6
1
1
,
2
2
4
,
0
6
4
1
1
,
4
3
7
,
4
2
5
1
1
,
6
5
3
,
9
8
7
1
1
,
8
7
3
,
7
9
6
1
2
,
0
9
6
,
9
0
3
1
2
,
3
2
3
,
3
5
7
1
2
,
5
5
3
,
2
0
7
1
2
,
7
8
6
,
5
0
5
1
3
,
0
2
3
,
3
0
3
1
3
,
2
6
3
,
6
5
2
1
3
,
5
0
7
,
6
0
7
1
3
,
7
5
5
,
2
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

1
5
1
.
0
0
0
.
8
7
0
.
7
6
0
.
6
6
0
.
5
7
0
.
5
0
0
.
4
3
0
.
3
8
0
.
3
3
0
.
2
8
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
1
0
.
1
9
0
.
1
6
0
.
1
4
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
1
0
.
0
9
P
V
$
8
,
6
5
0
,
2
0
1
7
,
8
9
4
,
0
5
7
6
,
9
6
7
,
3
6
3
4
,
8
5
2
,
4
7
3
4
,
2
9
9
,
7
5
2
3
,
8
0
9
,
7
0
9
3
,
3
7
5
,
2
7
4
2
,
9
9
0
,
1
6
9
2
,
6
4
8
,
8
2
2
2
,
3
4
6
,
2
8
4
2
,
0
7
8
,
1
6
5
1
,
8
4
0
,
5
6
6
1
,
6
3
0
,
0
3
0
1
,
4
4
3
,
4
8
7
1
,
2
7
8
,
2
1
6
N
P
V
$
5
6
,
1
0
4
,
5
6
8
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

1
2

4
5
t
/
h

8
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

1
2

4
5
t
/
h

8
%
(

2
0
%
)

O
u
t
p
u
t
T
o
t
a
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s
:
1
2
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

4
5
t
/
h
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

8
%

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e







a
t

f
i
r
s
t

y
e
a
r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

T
h
e

c
o
s
t

o
f

m
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
m
i
l
l
i
o
n

$
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
h
e
e
t

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

4
.
4
5

/
k
W
h
(
a
t

2
0
0
3
,

I
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
1
.
5
%
)

Y
e
a
r
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

V
o
l
u
m
e
M
W
h
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
2
,
3
1
6
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
3
,
0
4
0
4
7
0
,
2
6
5
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

/
k
W
h
4
.
4
5
4
.
7
9
4
.
8
7
4
.
9
4
5
.
0
1
5
.
0
9
5
.
1
6
5
.
2
4
5
.
3
2
5
.
4
0
5
.
4
8
5
.
5
6
5
.
6
5
5
.
7
3
5
.
8
2
5
.
9
0
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e
$
2
2
,
6
7
7
,
1
3
0
2
3
,
0
1
7
,
2
8
7
2
3
,
3
6
2
,
5
4
6
2
3
,
7
1
2
,
9
8
4
2
4
,
0
6
8
,
6
7
9
2
4
,
4
2
9
,
7
0
9
2
4
,
7
9
6
,
1
5
5
2
5
,
1
2
9
,
5
8
6
2
5
,
5
4
5
,
6
1
9
2
5
,
9
2
8
,
8
0
3
2
6
,
3
1
7
,
7
3
5
2
6
,
7
1
2
,
5
0
1
2
7
,
1
1
3
,
1
8
9
2
7
,
5
1
9
,
8
8
6
2
7
,
7
6
8
,
8
3
0
O
&
M

c
o
s
t
$
6
,
8
0
0
,
0
0
0
6
,
9
0
2
,
0
0
0
7
,
0
0
5
,
5
3
0
7
,
1
1
0
,
6
1
3
7
,
2
1
7
,
2
7
2
7
,
3
2
5
,
5
3
1
7
,
4
3
5
,
4
1
4
7
,
5
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T
a
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s
$
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7
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t

w
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C
a
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$
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a
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r
e
$
0
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D
i
s
c
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t

r
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t
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1
5
1
.
0
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8
7
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7
6
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6
6
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5
7
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5
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3
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2
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2
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1
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1
9
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1
6
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1
4
0
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1
2
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.
1
1
0
.
0
9
P
V
$
8
,
6
5
0
,
2
0
1
7
,
8
9
4
,
0
5
7
6
,
9
6
7
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3
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3
4
,
8
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2
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8
0
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7
0
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3
,
3
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2
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,
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2
3
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4
6
2
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6
4
8
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6
5
6
2
,
3
4
6
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2
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4
2
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0
7
8
,
1
6
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1
,
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4
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5
6
6
1
,
6
3
0
,
0
3
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1
,
4
4
3
,
4
8
7
1
,
5
4
3
,
5
9
5
N
P
V
$
5
7
,
1
0
2
,
9
5
8
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
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1
4
2
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1
5
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6
2
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1
7
2
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8
2
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1
9
2
0
2
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2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

1
0

4
5
t
/
h

7
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

O
u
t
p
u
t
T
o
t
a
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s
:
1
0
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

4
5
t
/
h
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

7
%
(
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

d
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

2
0
%
)

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e







a
t

f
i
r
s
t

y
e
a
r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

T
h
e

c
o
s
t

o
f

m
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
m
i
l
l
i
o
n

$
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

s
h
e
e
t

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

P
r
i
c
e

4
.
4
5

/
k
W
h
(
a
t

2
0
0
3
,

I
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
:
1
.
5
%
)

Y
e
a
r
2
0
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5
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6
2
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0
7
2
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8
2
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9
2
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1
1
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1
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3
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4
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5
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6
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7
2
0
1
8
2
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9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

V
o
l
u
m
e
M
W
h
4
7
3
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0
4
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3
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4
7
3
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4
7
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1
7
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3
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0
4
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4
7
3
,
0
4
0
E
l
e
c
t
r
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c
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t
y

P
r
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c
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/
k
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h
4
.
4
5
4
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7
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8
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4
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9
4
5
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5
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0
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5
.
1
6
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2
4
5
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3
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5
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4
0
5
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4
8
5
.
5
6
5
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6
5
5
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7
3
5
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8
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5
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9
0
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l
e
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t
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c
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t
y

R
e
v
e
n
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e
$
2
2
,
6
7
7
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1
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7
,
2
8
7
2
3
,
3
6
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5
4
6
2
3
,
7
1
2
,
9
8
4
2
4
,
0
6
8
,
6
7
9
2
4
,
4
2
9
,
7
0
9
2
4
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6
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5
5
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5
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1
6
8
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7
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5
,
4
5
3
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1
8
9
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5
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9
2
8
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8
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3
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6
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3
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7
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7
3
5
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7
1
2
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5
0
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7
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3
,
4
3
2
2
7
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5
1
9
,
8
8
6
2
7
,
9
3
2
,
6
8
5
O
&
M

c
o
s
t
$
6
,
8
0
0
,
0
0
0
6
,
9
0
2
,
0
0
0
7
,
0
0
5
,
5
3
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7
,
1
1
0
,
6
1
3
7
,
2
1
7
,
2
7
2
7
,
3
2
5
,
5
3
1
7
,
4
3
5
,
4
1
4
7
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5
4
6
,
9
4
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7
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6
6
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1
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1
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8
8
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8
,
1
3
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2
0
4
8
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2
5
2
,
1
5
7
8
,
3
7
5
,
9
3
9
T
a
x
,
o
t
h
e
r
s
$
2
,
2
6
7
,
7
1
3
2
,
3
0
1
,
7
2
9
2
,
3
3
6
,
2
5
5
2
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3
7
1
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9
8
2
,
4
0
6
,
8
6
8
2
,
4
4
2
,
9
7
1
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4
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,
6
1
5
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6
,
8
1
0
2
,
5
4
5
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3
1
9
2
,
5
9
2
,
8
8
0
2
,
6
3
1
,
7
7
4
2
,
6
7
1
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2
5
0
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,
7
0
6
,
3
4
3
2
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7
5
1
,
9
8
9
2
,
7
9
3
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2
6
8
N
e
t

w
o
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k
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g

C
a
p
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t
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l
$
4
5
3
,
5
4
3
6
,
8
0
3
6
,
9
0
5
7
,
0
0
9
7
,
1
1
4
7
,
2
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1
7
,
3
2
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,
4
3
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5
,
7
0
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9
,
5
1
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7
,
7
7
9
7
,
8
9
5
7
,
0
1
9
9
,
1
2
9
8
,
2
5
6
C
a
p
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t
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l

e
x
p
e
n
d
i
t
u
r
e
$
0
0
0
3
,
0
0
0
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0
0
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3
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
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0
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0
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0
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0
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0
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C
a
s
h
f
l
o
w
$
1
3
,
1
5
5
,
8
7
4
1
3
,
8
0
6
,
7
5
5
1
4
,
0
1
3
,
8
5
6
1
1
,
2
2
4
,
0
6
4
1
1
,
4
3
7
,
4
2
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6
5
3
,
9
8
7
1
1
,
8
7
3
,
7
9
6
1
2
,
0
9
6
,
9
0
3
1
5
,
2
4
2
,
0
1
9
1
2
,
5
5
1
,
3
5
9
1
2
,
7
8
6
,
5
0
5
1
3
,
0
2
3
,
3
0
3
1
6
,
2
1
9
,
8
6
6
1
3
,
5
0
6
,
6
1
2
1
3
,
7
5
5
,
2
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
D
i
s
c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

1
5
1
.
0
0
0
.
8
7
0
.
7
6
0
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6
6
0
.
5
7
0
.
5
0
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4
3
0
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3
8
0
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3
3
0
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2
8
0
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2
5
0
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2
1
0
.
1
9
0
.
1
6
0
.
1
4
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
1
0
.
0
9
P
V
$
8
,
6
5
0
,
2
0
1
7
,
8
9
4
,
0
5
7
6
,
9
6
7
,
3
6
3
4
,
8
5
2
,
4
7
3
4
,
2
9
9
,
7
5
2
4
,
7
9
0
,
4
1
4
3
,
3
7
5
,
2
7
4
2
,
9
9
0
,
1
6
9
3
,
2
7
6
,
1
6
9
2
,
3
4
5
,
9
3
9
2
,
0
7
8
,
1
6
5
1
,
8
4
0
,
5
6
6
1
,
9
9
3
,
3
3
2
1
,
4
4
3
,
3
8
1
1
,
2
7
8
,
2
1
6
N
P
V
$
5
8
,
0
7
5
,
4
7
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

4
5
t
/
h

6
%
(

2
0
%
)

0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
t / h
0 1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0

O
u
t
p
u
t
T
o
t
a
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e
S t e a m f l o w r a t e
Output
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l
s
:
9
M
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

s
t
e
a
m

f
l
o
w

r
a
t
e

4
5
t
/
h
D
e
c
l
i
n
e

r
a
t
e

6
%

O
&
M

c
o
s
t

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y

R
e
v
e
n
u
e







a
t

f
i
r
s
t

y
e
a
r

(
A
g
e
d

d
e
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n







c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
:
1
.
5
%
)

T
a
x

a
n
d

O
t
h
e
r
s

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

1
0
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

N
e
t

w
o
r
k
i
n
g

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

2
%

o
f

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y







R
e
v
e
n
u
e

T
h
e

c
o
s
t

o
f

m
a
k
e
u
p

w
e
l
l

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

i
t

3
m
i
l
l
i
o
n

$














1970 19851991
ADB55MW2
1994 California Energy InternationalCEI JV
2001 4 150MW 1998 60MW 1
45 350MW
2 CEI Mid-American
OPIC2001 8 PLN

60MW 42MW

s-1

2


1

67% 33%










O&M

2 2008 3 2009

300MW5

600

120
IRR 6.85%
CO
2

70 CO
2

3
330MW 30
1
1 50MW

CDM

LG

FX-
233

s-2

50MW2
65MW3
45t/h/
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
12,000
13,000
14,000
5.00% 7.00% 9.00% 11.00% 13.00% 15.00% 17.00%