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CHAPTER 1 : INDIAN COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

India is the one of the world's largest producers of textiles and garments. Abundant
availability of raw materials such as cotton, wool, silk and jute as well as skilled workforce
have made the country a sourcing hub. It is the world's second largest producer of textiles and
garments. The Indian textiles industry accounts for about 24 per cent of the worlds spindle
capacity and 8 per cent of global rotor capacity. The potential size of the Indian textiles and
apparel industry is expected to reach US$ 223 billion by 2021, according to a report by
Technopak Advisors.
The textiles industry has made a major contribution to the national economy in terms of
direct and indirect employment generation and net foreign exchange earnings. The sector
contributes about 14 per cent to industrial production, 4 per cent to the gross domestic
product (GDP), and 27 per cent to the country's foreign exchange inflows. It provides direct
employment to over 45 million people. The textiles sector is the second largest provider of
employment after agriculture. Thus, the growth and all round development of this industry
has a direct bearing on the improvement of the Indias economy.

1.2 MARKET SIZE

The Indian Textile industry occupies an important place in the economy of the country
because of its contribution to the industrial output, employment generation and foreign
exchange earnings.
At present, the contribution of the textile industry to GDP is about 4 percent. The textile
industry provides direct employment to about more than 35 million people and is the
second largest employment provider in India after agriculture
Of this, textile industry alone accounts for 29 million and the apparel industry accounts
for balance 6 million people.



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Sector Units Volume (2004-05) Employment
(Million)
Organised Textile
Mills
1789 1.5 bn sq.mtr 1.0
Power loom 0.4 million 28.3 bn sq.mtr 4.8
Handloom 3.5 million 5.7 bn sq.mtr 6.5
Jute - 1.6 mn tonnes 4.4
Handicrafts - - 6.4
Sericulture - - 6.0
Source: Ministry of Textiles
Table No 1.1 Sectors of Textile Industry contributes in employment
With exports as well as domestic sector growing rapidly the Textile and Apparel Industry is
expected to provide direct employment to 40 million people by year 2010.Size of the Indian
Textile and Apparel Industry is estimated to be US $ 85 bn comprising US $ 45 bn in
domestic and balance in exports by 2010.
The contribution of this industry to gross export earnings is about 17% and it adds
less than 2 % to the gross import bill of the country in 2004-05.
The textile industry is a self -reliant industry from the production of raw materials to
the delivery of final products with considerable value addition at each stage of
processing.
The industry was delicensed in 1991 and under the current policy no prior
government approval is necessary to set up textile mills. The per capita cloth
availability in the country has increased from 22.87 square meters in 1991-92 to 33.51
square meters in 2004-05.
YEAR COTTON
BLENDED/MIXED
FABRICS
100% NON-
COTTON
FABRICS
TOTAL
1991-92 13.71 2.90 6.26 22.87
1992-93 15.57 2.57 6.36 24.50

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1993-94 15.92 3.58 6.72 26.22
1994-95 15.24 3.27 7.47 25.98
1995-96 16.32 3.48 8.19 27.99
1996-97 16.24 3.98 9.08 29.30
1997-98 15.94 4.57 10.41 30.92
1998-99 13.07 4.13 10.99 28.19
1999-00 14.16 4.48 11.91 30.55
2000-01 14.22 4.50 11.96 30.68
2001-02 14.82 4.69 12.46 31.97
2002-03 14.40 4.38 12.59 31.37
2003-04 13.41 4.51 13.09 31.01
2004-05 14.08 4.11 15.32 33.51
By O/o the Textile Commissioner
Source: The Cotton Textiles Export Promotion Council
Table 1.2 Per capita cloth availability in the country from 1991- 2005

1.3 SPINNING COMPANIES IN INDIA

The spinning industry is dominated by large units and it has been able to undergo significant
modernization since the 1990s. The main factors behind the modernization include lowering
of custom duties and other restrictions on imports of machinery and equipment and lowering
of restrictions on imports and exports of raw cotton and yarn.

This becomes clear as units belonging to cotton and synthetic spinning in
terms of value added accounts for 22.4 per cent in the total value added in textile and
clothing sector. The high share in value added compared to units is mainly because of
dominance of medium and large units in spinning sector. The share of large units in total
value addition in cotton and synthetic spinning sector accounts for 86.1 per cent.


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Company Capacity
Vardhaman Group 10,00,000 Spindles
Nahar Group 8,20,000 Spindles
Bannari Amman Spinning Mills Limited 2,20,000 Spindles
Sangam Group 1,93,920 Spindles
Malwa Cotton Spinning Mills 1,40,000 Spindles
Samba dam Spinning Mills Ltd 1,10,000 Spindles
Table 1.3 Large spinning mills in India with their spindles capacity
There are1834 cotton/man-made fibre textile mills (non-Small Scale) in the country with
37.07 million spindles, 4, 89,718 rotors and 56,524 looms.

1.4 DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
India is the second largest producer of fibre in the world and the major fibre produced is
cotton. Other fibres produced in India include silk, jute, wool, and man-made fibbers. 60% of
the Indian textile Industry is cotton based.
The strong domestic demand and the revival of the Economic markets by 2009 has led to
huge growth of the Indian textile industry. In December 2010, the domestic cotton price was
up by 50% as compared to the December 2009 prices. The causes behind high cotton price
are due to the floods in Pakistan and China. India projected a high production of textile (325
lakh bales for 2010 -11). There has been increase in India's share of global textile trading to
seven Percentage in five years. The rising prices are the major concern of the domestic
producers of the country.
1.5 FOREIGN EXPORTS

The textiles industry accounts for 14% of industrial production and accounts for nearly 12%
share of the country's total exports basket. The Government fixed the target for
20011-12 at US $ 26.55 billion an increase of 20% over the actual performance of US$
22.14 billion in 2010-12, for export of textiles. However, no targets were fixed for 2009-
2010.At present, Indian textile industry holds 3.5 to 4 Percentage share in the total textile
production across the globe and 3% share in the export production of clothing.USA is known
to be the largest purchaser of Indian textiles. Nearly half of Indian export was accounted by
eight countries namely Bangladesh, Egypt, China, Portugal, Italy, Turkey, Iran and South
Korea Russia (In order of export value). Last year, the proportion was accounted by only
seven countries namely Turkey, Bangladesh, Brazil, Egypt, Italy, South Korea.



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CHAPTER 2 : NAHAR GROUP OF COMPANIES



2.1 INTRODUCTION
NAHAR Group of Companies also known as OWM Group is a leading industrial house of
northern India, continuously growing and diversifying its activities for economic prosperity
of its shareholders and stakeholders, while engaging itself to the well being of Community
and environment.
Emanating in 1949 as an small woollen worsted spinner and Hosiery manufacturer, Group
has grown itself as leading textile giant of Northern India manufacturing
1. Woollen products like Pullovers, Cardigans, Shirts, Coats, Baby Suites, Mufflers,
Shawls, Blankets, Knitting Wool, etc .
2. Cotton/ Blended Knitted Hosiery Pullovers, T Shirts, Baby Suites, Ladies Tops,
Winter Thermals, Tracksuits, Jackets, Hoodies etc.
3. Yarn of all types, woollen, woollen blended, Cotton, Polyester Cotton, Other
Blended, Compact Yarn, Mercerized Gassed Yarn, Organic Cotton Yarn, etc.
4. Woven Fabric for shirts, trousers as well as Denims etc.

In addition to these major activities, Group is diversifying into new areas and as on date
Group is engaged into Sugar Manufacturing, BOPP film, Investments, Lending, Financial
Advisory, Solar Power Generation, Wind Mills and Non-Conventional Co- Generation Power
Plant.


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2.2 HOW NAHAR BORN






As they are 3 brothers divide their business and form new companies

OWM (1949)
Sh. Lala Vidya Sagar Sh. Lakshman Das Sh. Lala Ratan Chand
Sh. Lala Vidya Sagar Sh. Lakshman Das
Sh. Lala Chand
Oswal Group Vardhman
Sh. Jawaharlal Oswal Sh. Abhey Oswal Sh. Jangilal Oswal Neelam Oswal
Nahar group of
companies / OWM
Oswal petro. chem.
Ltd. Malwa / Oswal group
Sh. Kamal Oswal
(Vice Chairman &
Managing Director)
Sh. Dinesh Oswal
(Managing Director)

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Fig 2.1 Nahar Group of Companies and Brands





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2.3PRODUCTS
Textiles
Oswal Woollen Mills Limited
Nahar Industrial Enterprises Limited
Yarns
Nahar Spinning Mills Limited
Nahar Industrial Enterprises Limited
Oswal Woollen Mills Limited
Woven Fabrics & Garments
Nahar Industrial Enterprises Limited
Oswal Woollen Mills Limited
Knitwears & Garments
Nahar Spinning Mills Limited
Monte Carlo Fashion Limited
Cotton County Retail Limited
PolyFilms
Nahar Poly Films Limited
Sugar & Other Products
Nahar Industrial Enterprises Limited



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CHAPTER 3 : COMPANY PROFILE




3.1 ABOUT COMPANY

Nahar Spinning Mills Limited Started out as a tiny worsted Spinning & Hosiery unit in
Ludhiana. It was incorporated as a Private Limited company in December, 1980 and became
a Public Limited Company in 1983. The steady growth in manufacture and Export of
woollen/cotton hosiery knitwears and woollen textiles enabled the company to earn the
recognition as an "Export House" followed by a "Recognized Trading House" by the
Government of India in a short span. Its turbo-charged performance brought them a host of
fresh laurels. They include the "National Export Trophy" by the Apparel Export Promotion
Council. The latest is the Gold Trophy for highest Exports of Yarn 50s & below in Yarn
Category by TEXPROCIL for the year 2010-2011 and 'AEPC Export Awards for Highest
Exports in Cotton Garment in the year 2008-09 and 2009-10.
In 1992, as a measure of backward integration, the company diversified into the Spinning
Industry by putting up a Spinning Plant at Village Simrai, Mandideep, Distt. Bhopal. To
produce high quality value added Yarn for exports, company also put up Spinning Units at
Village Jalalpur, Distt. S.A.S. Nagar, Village Jodhan, Distt. Ludhiana and Village Jitwal
Kalan, Distt. Sangrur, Punjab. The present spindle capacity of the company is 4.42 laces
spindles and 1080 Rotors.
Simultaneously the company also established an ultra-modern facility to manufacture 12.5
million pieces of Hosiery Garments. Today, Company's products i.e. T-Shirts are being
exported to reputed international brands such as GAP, Arrow, Old Navy, Banana Republic,
Chaps etc.
The steady growth in manufacture & export of woollen/cotton hosiery, knitwears & woollen
textiles enabled the company to earn the recognition as an export house followed by a

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recognized trading house by the government of India in a short span of 8 years. Its turbo-
charged performance brought them a host of fresh laurels they include the national export
trophy and "gold trophy" by the apparel export promotion council and "gold trophy" by
'cotton textile export promotion council' in recognition of its excellent export performance.
Simultaneously the company also established an ultra modern facility to manufacture 12.5
million pieces of hosiery garments. Today nahar spinnings t-shirts are being exported to
reputed international brands such as gap, arrow, chaps, old navy, Pierre, Cardin, Philips
Vanheusen.
As a measure of further value addition nahar spinning has put up a plant for the manufacture
of fine count mercerized yarn & fabrics catering to both, the domestic hosiery garment
market as well as export markets.
To make use of the emerging opportunities on the global textile scenario and also to have a
focused business approach, the company went in for the scheme of demerger and
arrangement to restructure its businesses. The scheme was approved by the hobble punjab &
Haryana high court vide its order date. 21st December, 2006. As per the scheme, companys
investment activities stand demerged and transferred to nahar capital and financial services
limited. This has drawn a visible line between two segment i.e., one industrial (textile)
business and secondly investment and financial activities.
Further as per the scheme textiles business of nahar exports limited stand demerged and
transferred to the company (post demerger of investment business) in accordance with the
terms of the scheme. Thus upon implementation of the scheme the spindlage capacity of the
company stand increased to 3.46 spindles. The company's mantra "world is our markets" is
truly reflected in its operations. The company is one of the largest integrated textile player in
India.


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3.2 KEY EXECUTIVES
S.No Name Designation
1
Jawahar Lal Oswal Chairman


2
Dinesh Oswal Managing Director


3
Brij Sharma Company Secretary


4
Kamal Oswal Non Executive Director


5
Satish Kumar Sharma Non Executive Director


8
H K Bal Non Executive & Independent Director


9
Kanwar Sain Maini Non Executive & Independent Director


6
Amrik Singh Sohi Non Executive & Independent Director


7
Yash Paul Sachdeva Non Executive & Independent Director


3.3 AWARDS & ACHIEVEMENT
2013 - The Cotton Textiles Export Promotion Council (TEXPROCIL) awarded Gold
Trophy for Highest export of Cotton Yarn (Counts 50s and below).
Installed Capacity of 424000 spindles
ISO-9002 certified
Golden Trading House Installed Capacity of Mercerizing plant - 4.5 M.T. per day
Garment - 12.5 Million pieces
TexProcil Gala Trophy for the largest manufacturer & exporter of cotton yarn for the
last 5 years
Nahar has won Prestigious Export Award for Highest Export of Cotton garments by
Apparel Export Promotion Council (Sponsored by Govt. of India, Ministry of
Textiles) for consecutive period of 4 years from 2006-07 to 2009-2010.


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3.4 MILESTONES


1980
Incorporated as a Private Limited Company

1984
Recognized as an Export House by Govt. of India

1985
Raises funds through maiden Public Issue to finance modernization & expansion

1988
Recognized as a Trading House by Govt. of India

1992
Turnover crosses the Rs.100 crore mark

1992
Set up a Spinning Unit with 50400 spindles. Raises capital through a Rights Issue.

1994
Increased spindlage capacity by another 25000 spindles.

1996
Receives ISO-9002 certification


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1999
Accorded Golden Trading House Status by Government of India

2000
Mercerizing-cum-dyeing plant and a 100% EOU Spinning Unit with 28224 spindles.

2004
The Cotton Textile Export Promotion Council awarded TEXPROCIL SILVER TROPHY to
the company for its outstanding Export performance in yarns

2007
The Apparel export promotion council awarded AEPC achievement award to the company
for achieving highest exports in garment.
Highest export in cotton garment award by apparel export promotion Council.

2008
Apparel Export promotion council awarded Gold Trophy for achieving highest Export of
Cotton Garments.
Highest export in cotton garment award by apparel export promotion Council.

2009
The Cotton Textiles Export Promotion Council (TEXPROCIL) awarded Gold Trophy for
highest export of Cotton Yarn (Counts 50s and below)
Highest export in cotton garment award by apparel export promotion Council.

Turnover crosses Rs.1000 crore mark.
Highest export in cotton garment award by apparel export promotion Council.

2010
Decides to increase capacity by adding another 90000 spindles.
Highest export in cotton garment award by apparel export promotion Council.

2011
Gold Trophy for highest export of yarns having count 50 & below in yarn category.
Bronze Trophy for highest export of processed yarns in yarn category.
2013
The Cotton Textiles Export Promotion Council (TEXPROCIL) awarded Gold Trophy for
Highest export of Cotton Yarn (Counts 50s and below).



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3.5 MISSION/VISION
MISSION
We aim to meet the aspirations of our customers through our offerings of contemporary
fashion and international quality at affordable prices. We look at every Indian as our
customer and will operate on a Pan-India basis in Metro, Tier I, Tier II, and Tier III cities and
towns. We will create a leadership position in this field by growing faster than competition.
We will achieve our goals of customer satisfaction through product excellence and our
growth objective through employee motivation and prudent policies for investor satisfaction.
VISION
1. To be pro-active in assessing customer needs and to deliver quality product.
2. To grow as a leader ahead of the competition through internal performance
achievements.
3. To stand by our commitments to our Vendors, Franchisees and Employees.

3.6 CERTIFICATES & AWARDS
- Oeko Tex certificate

Fig 3.1 Oeko Tex certificate

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- Supima Cotton Certificate

Fig 3.2 Supima Cotton Certificate

The production facilities have been awarded :

ISO 9002 For Quality Systems Management from BIS and DNV (Netherlands)

IS 14002 Environment Certification form BIS and DNV (Netherlands)

Oeko-Tax Certification For Humano-Ecological form BTTG , U.K.




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3.7 PRODUCT RANGE OF THE COMPANY

YARN:
Yarn division manufactures both combed and carded yarn besides polyester cotton and PVA
yarn. Yarn division has developed a significant presence in the export market with its quality
products. They are produced in the count range of NE 10 to 40 for application in knitting and
weaving., which include:
COTTON YARNS:
100% cotton yarn both carded and combed
Blended yarn acrylic/cotton, polyester/cotton & cotton/viscose
Mlange yarn polyester/cotton, cotton/viscose & cotton/acrylic
100% acrylic yarns both from wet and dry spun acrylic fibres

WORSTED YARNS
Worsted woollen, woollen and acrylic brands.

DYED YARNS:
Company is also manufacturing dyed yarn fiber dyed and Dyed yarn cotton,
acrylic cotton and polyester cotton.



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FANCY YARNS:
They are mostly in premium products. It is costlier than basic yarn. I is use thin three
different yarns. One is for is for base, one is for effect and the other for binding.
MERCERIZED YARNS:
The company also manufactures mercerized yarns.
FABRIC:
1. Grey dyed: 100% cotton and polyster cotton
2. knitted rib, fleece, PK sheeting
3. weaving plain woven twills, drill satin poplin and mats.
GARMENTS:
a) Woollen: they are manufacturing renowned Monte Carlo and CANTEBURY
range of woollen knit wears i.e. pullovers, lady cardigans and all types of woollen
garments.
b) Cotton: shirts, t-shirts, pajamas, jogging suits, sweat shirts for internationally known
brands.









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3.8 EXPORT MARKETS
1. Argentina
2. Brazil
3. China
4. Columbia
5. Chile
6. Czech Republic
7. Israel
8. Lebanon
9. Lithuania
10. Poland
11. Portugal
12. Peru and Turkey
13. United States of America
14. United Kingdom
15. Germany
16. Australia
17. Singapore
18. Dubai
19. Canada
20. Bangladesh.





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3.9 CLIENTS / CUSTOMERS

GAP
Banana Republic
Target
Lee
Armani Exchange
A&F
American Eagle -
Decathlon
MEXX
Diesel
Timberland
Marks & Spencer
Aigle
Columbia Sportswear
Oshkosh
Tom Tailor
Tommy Hilfiger
Espirit
CWF
Next
Calvin Klein
Nautica
Ann Taylor


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3.10 MAJOR COMPETITORS
1. Madhura Garments
2. Arvind Mills
Arrow
Allen Solly
Peter England
Elements
3. Indigonation
4. Van hausen
5. Local companies
Duke
Octave
Vardhman (woolen)
6. Raymonds
Parx
John Player




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3.11 SWOT ANALYSIS OF NAHAR SPINNING MILL
STRENGTHS:-
Brand image of brands Monte Carlo and Cant bury is very strong the two brands
achieved all time high turnover and reached best exhibited product award from IWS
international wool secretariat successive year.
Strategic positioning of its product as its products range from rupees 40 to rupees 300.
Workforces are highly experienced maintained devoted, loyal and satisfied.
Financial position of company is strong.
Image of Nahar as a leading company in woollen industries.
Good record of operations and turnover making profit continuous.
WEAKNESS:-
It has vulnerable information system which depend on distributors and agents who
sometimes provide wrong market information.
OPPORTUNITIES:-
It may go for Kids product in HOSIERY, KNITWEAR etc. sector.
Share of India in garments export bias increased and this certainly a green signal for
hosiery.
As currently looms wool yarns is being in market, the company has right to exploit
the opportunities.
THREATS:-
It deals in seasonal business.
It has to depend upon imparted wool and the supply of raw material is affected by
the climate in supplier country.
Large financial base, production base and better technology of MNCs are threat
of domestic textile sector.
Company is facing threat from the fake competitors like OSWAL WOOLEN
MELA.


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CHAPTER 4 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT
DYED POLYESTER COTTON

4.1 POLYESTER COTTON:
Polyester cotton is a fabric made of both the artificial polyester and the natural cotton. The
blend is perfect for clothing as it brings both benefits of the two fabrics together. The fabric
thus remains lightness and coolness of the cotton while still adding the strength and durability
of the polyester
Polyester and cotton are crucial materials in the fabric and garment-making industries
because each has a number of useful characteristics. Poly-cotton blends are created by
employing industrial weavers and looms to combine the two fibers; blend ratios typically
range from 65 Percentage cotton and 35 Percentage polyester to a 50-50 mix. While these
blends may have some cons, the far more plentiful pros mean that poly-cottons are ideal for
artistically-minded craftspeople who enjoy making their own clothing, costumes.

4.2 CLASSIFICATION OF YARN

1. Blended Polyester Cotton Yarn: Such type of yarn in which different fibers are
mixed/blended together in a certain fixed ratio for instance. Example: 52 % C 48 % P ,
60% C 40 % P , 80% C 20 % P.

2. NonBlended Mlange Yarn:
Yarn in which there are no different fibers blended together, but different colored
Dyed of same type are used to make the yarn. Example : 100% cotton dyed yarn.



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4.3 ADVANTAGES OF DYED POLYESTER COTTON YARN:

Technology: Polyester Cotton yarn has unique dyeing process, and is highly technological in
terms of fibre dyes, colour matching and mixed textile of multiple fibres.

Environmental: Dyeing fibre before spinning, thus can keep its energy saving, emission
reduction and environmental protection.

Fashion: Polyester Cotton yarn can present multiple colours on one single yarn, which gives
it rich colours, slenderness and tenderness. Textile made of polyester cotton yarn has a
certain ambiguous cyclical effect.


Polyester Cotton Yarn is a much sought after yarn today. It is a blend of polyester and
cotton in varied proportions. This particular yarn is well received by customers the world
over, and it comes as little surprise, that this yarn represents true value for money. Nahar
supplies several varieties of polyester cotton yarn. The yarn provided by us, is of the highest
quality, and we make a sincere effort to deliver on all counts.
Nahar supply Poly Cotton Yarn, with Ring Spun Carded and Combed cotton yarn, the best of
which is prevalent in the market. The yarn is available in single and twisted form. This
particular poly cotton yarn is used for knitting and weaving. The count range of the yarn that
we supply is from NE 20/1 to NE 60/1. It is not at all surprising to see the end products from

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the yarn that we supply, exude a level of class. This is not a myth but a reality, since we
provide only the very best.
The poly cotton yarn commonly has a blend ratio of 50% polyester to 50% cotton. This yarn
is also available in open end spun counts starting with Ne 8/1 to Ne 22/1. One also gets to see
T/C and CVC colour polyester cotton yarn.
This particular polyester cotton yarn is used for weaving, and also for knitting. The yarn is
available in single and twisted form, and has a count range from NE 16/1 to NE 60/1. The \
Nahar can make available Poly Cotton Yarn in poly cotton blends such as: P/C 55/45, P/C
50/50, P/C 52/48, P/C 65/35, P/C 80/20. Two of the more frequently asked for blends in
polyester cotton yarn are 65:35 and 52:48, up to Ne 40s count.


















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CHAPTER 5 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

5.1 NEED OF THE STUDY
As Nahar the brand has a much diversified product portfolio. So it wants to indentify the
product having more benefits for Nahar, so product can be manufactured according to the
customers.
The often reason is that Nahar Spinning Mills Ltd wants to plan for the future. As we know
that future is uncertain so everyone has to plan for it.

5.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of study i.e., TO ASSESS THE MARKET POTENTIAL OF DYED POLYESTER
COTTON YARN , was limited to the Ludhiana city only.

5.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.To study the market potential of dyed polyester cotton Yarn in Ludhiana
2. To determine the needs, wants and demand of customers.
3.To determine the area where the company is lagging behind.
4. To identify the Nahars competitors in the market and to understand their strategies.
5. To estimate the future demand projection for Dyed Polyester Cotton.










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CHAPTER 6 - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND LITERATURE REVIEW

6.1 RESEARCH METHOLOGY
The research methodology enumerates the description of the sampling plan, research
instruments used for collection of data, presenting of questionnaire and use of statistical
tools and techniques for analysis of the collected data. The present study was conducted
to study the market potential of dyed polyester cotton in Ludhiana, in addition to this I
have also studied the customer satisfaction and projected demand of polyester cotton .
This chapter gives us:

Research design
Data collected methods
Research Approach
Sampling Techniques,
Field work carried out,
Limitations inherent in the project and finally coverage of the research work.

6.1.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
The research design is a pattern or an outline of a research project working. It is
statement of only the essentials of a study those provide the basic guidelines for the
details of the project. The present study being conducted follows a descriptive
research design, as the data would be responses from a sample containing a large no
of sources. It is a cross section of the situation design of the descriptive studies
including the nature and source of the data, the nature of the expected result and the
analytical method.
Keeping in view the objectives of the study, a structured and non-disguised
questionnaire was prepared for collecting information from dealers. The question
were of multiple choice types and there are also few open ended questions.




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6.1.2 RESEARCH TYPE AND GENERAL GOAL

The proposed research is the descriptive research which is conducted at the Nahar
Spinning Mills. All the relevant secondary and primary data was collected. The
project report is based on the To assess the market potential of dyed polyester cotton
in Ludhiana
The proposed research is developed from quantitative point of view.
6.1.3 DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE:
Questionnaire is used to collect data from respondents.

6.1.4 DATA COLLECTION METHOD
Both primary and secondary sources have been used to collect data.
Primary Data: Potential and present customers were personally visited and
interviewed on phone and data was collected with the help of questionnaire. The
questionnaire is so designed as to contain appropriate number of questions and to
satisfy all research objectives. The questionnaire contained both open ended and
closed ended questions. Special care was taken to ensure that question were simple
and did not lack clarity.
Secondary Data: The secondary data was collected from brochures records and
annual reports of the company.

6.1.5 RESEARCH APPROACH
Survey Research approach is used.

6.1.6 SAMPLING PLAN
Sampling is an effective step in collection of primary and secondary data and has a
great influence on the quality of results. The sampling plan includes the population,
sample size and sampling design.

6.1.6.1 POPULATION
Population is finite number of element that the researcher is targeting in his study.
Here the population for my study consists of all customers of Nahar Spinning Mills of
Dyed Polyester Cotton in Ludhiana.

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6.1.6.2 SAMPLE UNIT
The sample size consists of dealers of Polyester cotton yarn in Ludhiana.

6.1.6.3 SAMPLE SIZE
Area concerned under this project is Ludhiana market. Total sample size is 25
customers.


6.1.7 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA:
After the data was collected, it was compiled and classified and tabulated manually.
Then the task of drawing interfaces was accomplished. Finally the result and follow up
suggestions were given.


6.1.8 RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE COMPANY:
The major findings of the research project that might be useful in reformulating the
marketing strategies were reported to the Company. These are presented later in the
report.


6.1.9 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
1. The sample size of the market was not big. It is hard to say that it would represent
entire population.
2. Some respondents were very busy. So, I could not get much time for the discussion.
3. Respondents cant disclose their true information might be due to the competitors.
4. Some respondents have bad experience with Nahar so they give wrong information.
5. It was my first experience. Questionnaire was not good enough to get full information
about study.




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6.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
The present study reveals the comparison of physical properties of the polyester/cotton
blended yarn with similar 100 % cotton yarn. The polyester cotton blend ratios of each
category of yarn (30s, 40s and 50s) were 67:33, 50:50, and 33:67, respectively. For each
individual count of yarn, it was observed from the test result that the properties of
50:50/polyester: cotton blended yarn showed very nearer property to the 100% cotton yarn.
For Count(30s), 67:33/polyester: cotton showed very closer property to the 50:50/polyester:
cotton blended yarn. It was also observed that for each count of yarns, which showed
decreasing property with the increase of polyester in the blend. The quality characters depend
upon the ratio of polyester and cotton in the blend. C Prakash & G Ramakrishnan
(January 2012)
The absorbent nature of polyester fibre has lead to its various applications in textiles. The
focus is to optimize the quality of polyester/cotton blends. Therefore, study investigates the
influence of polyester/cotton fibre blends in rotating blend ratios on the quality of yarns. The
moisture regain capacity of polyester fibre was remarkably higher than that of cotton.
However, the tensile strength decreases with increase in polyester share in blended yarn
Ahmad. et al (June 2012)
Yarns which are used for manufacturing technical textile products are known as technical
yarns. These yarns are designed primarily to meet some technical requirements of a product.
Yarns used for apparel are excluded. Technical yarns have been classified according to their
structural form and the raw material used in their manufacture. Yarn geometry and response
to tensile deformation are discussed. Properties expected from this structure and form are
analysed. R. Chattopadhyay (2010)
As the Need for innovation is increasing by every passing day due to the global competition
and also todays consumer is seeking not just clothing but a clothing with a difference which
not only has good appearance but is also durable and is climate specific. These things can be
achieved by improving the spinning, weaving, and finishing efficiency. Rather than just
producing cotton which is less durable than a fabric which is a blend of nylon/ wool/ cotton
should be produced. Dr. Shilpa Charankar et al (Jan-Feb 2007)

30 | P a g e

To determine the impact of polyester/cotton ratio on the quality characteristics of yarn. The
quality characters depend upon the ratio of polyester and cotton in the blend and also on the
blending technique adopted during fibre production to yarn spinning. The quality characters
such as single yarn strength, yarn elongation and rupture per kilometre of yarn were directly
proportional to the ratio of polyester with cotton in the blend. Shahid Saleem Shad & Iqbal
Javed (November 2006 )
Polyester-cotton blended fabrics have the reputation of being difficult to flame retard.
Treatments developed for flame retarding 100% polyester or 100% cotton fabrics do not
seem to have the same effect when the two fibers are combined. Bernard Miller et al
(December 17, 2005)
As analyze, efficiency levels in the cotton textile industry before and after the reforms. The
cotton textile industry is one of the oldest and most highly regulated of Indias industries.
Liberalization increased overall welfare by increasing output in sectors with excess profits;
allowing firms in sectors with unexploited scale economies to increase output; and by
increasing technical efficiency, increasing competition and decrease market power. Second, it
is expected that the domestic sector will become more efficient as firms exit the industry in
the face of increased competition. Surviving firms, in their turn, may experience an increase
in technical efficiency because liberalization increases competition. Uma S. Kambhampati
(2003)
India's Cotton yarn industry, concentrated in Ludhiana, recently survived two crisesthe
collapse of its largest export market and the simultaneous opening up of the domestic market
to freer trade. After an unusually short downturn, the cluster not only recovered rapidly, but is
increasingly diversifying into more demanding and competitive external markets. Two
factors are key to explaining this surprisingly resilient recovery. First, the best performing
firms had a strong and simultaneous presence in dynamic segments of the domestic market
alongside exports. Second, an important feature of the learning relationship between first-
time exporters and their foreign buyers was the small-scale nature of contracts and a
customization of fit between the producer and the feedback-giving intermediary.Meenu
Tewari (September 1999)


31 | P a g e

Textile industry is one of the most important and rapidly developing industrial sectors in
Ludhiana city of Punjab, India. It has a great disadvantage in terms of its environmental
impact because it consumes considerably high amount of processed water and produces
highly polluted discharge water. To control the polluted discharge the Textile mills in India
have started to install treatment plants in the name of environmental protection. The
wastewater from 7 textile mills in the woven fabric and knit fabric finishing industry and one
highly polluted drain, locally known as Buddha Nala, which receives discharge from many
such industrial units, were collected for the study. Performances of the treatment plants were
evaluated by site inspections and analyses of influent and effluent samples. Davinder Singh
(1997).
India is one of the biggest producer and consumer of cotton in the world. Cotton farmers
grow more of long staple variety and hence there is shortage in availability of short staple
cotton. About 60%of cotton produced is consumed by the Indian spinning industry. The
spinning mills also import significant quantity of long staple and extra - long staple varieties.
New high speed spinning systems like vortex spinning demand fibres of highest quality for
trouble free processing. Co-ordinate and sustained efforts are required from breeders,
extension scientists and textile technologists to bring a positive change in Indian cotton and
spinning scenario. S.Sreenivasan & S.Venkatakrishnan (September 1991)
To measure quantitatively the effect of temperature on the oxygen index values of several
fabric samples of cotton, polyester, and their blends. The smoke density generated during the
burning of these fabric samples at their oxygen indices was also studied at various
temperature conditions. The results indicate a definite relationship of burning behaviour with
temperature, fabric weight, and composition of the blends. Two commercially available
flame-retardant finishes were employed in this comparative flammability study of treated and
untreated specimens. A novel instrument, which complies with standard laboratory
procedures, was employed throughout this study, and it was found to be versatile, convenient,
and highly reproducible in the generation of the data..J. Dipietro & R.C. Nametz (July
1971)
Samples of two cotton cultivars were spun with high- and normal-tenacity polyester staple
fibers in cotton/polyester blend ratios of 100:0, 67:33, 50:50, 33:67, and 0:100. Stress-strain
measurements provided tenacities, elongations, and breaking energies. Based on the stress-
strain response of the pure cotton and pure polyester yarns, breaking energies were calculated

32 | P a g e

for the yarn blends, with the assumption that the two different components did not interact.
Differences between calculated and experimental values, which were maximum when the
polyester content was about 60%, were attributed primarily to the interaction between the
constituent cotton and polyester fibers. Support for this attribution was provided through
measurements of energy lost when an oscillatory shearing motion was applied to 50-gram
blended specimens of carded lap. K.E. Duckett , B.C. Goswami & H.H. Ramey JR (May
1979)
The present study reveals a comparison of the physical properties of three sets of
polyester/cotton blended yarns of linear density 19.68, 14.76 and 11.81tex with those of
100% cotton yarn. Each set consisted of three yarns of fibre blend ratios 67:33, 50:50, and
33:67. The test results showed that for all the three sets of yarn, the properties of the 50:50
blended yarns were comparable with those of the 100% cotton yarn. In the case of the 19.68-
texyarn set, the 67:33 blended yarn showed properties similar to those of the 50:50 blended
yarn. It was also observed that increasing the polyester content led to a reduction in
properties. Thus the quality characteristics of the blended yarn depend upon the polyester
content in the blend. C. Prakash,G. Ramakrishnan & C. V. Koushik(Jan 1979)













33 | P a g e

CHAPTER 7 DATA ANALYSIS , INTERPRETATION AND FINDINS

7.1 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPREATTION
7.1.1 DURATION OF THE BUSINESS


Frequency Percentage
Valid 0-10 yrs 2 8
10-20 yrs 4 16
20-30 yrs 5 20
More than 30 yrs 14 56
Total 25 100.0
Table 7.1 Duration Of The Business


Fig 7.1 Duration Of The Business

Analysis and Interpretation

The above chart/table reveals that 56% of respondents had been in to this business from
duration of more than 30 yrs, 20% respondents from duration of 20-30 yrs, 16% respondents
from duration of 10-20 yrs and 8% had been from less than 0-10 years.

8
16
20
56
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0-10 yrs 10-20 yrs 20-30 yrs More than 30 yrs
DURATION OF THE BUSINESS
DURATION OF THE
BUSINESS

34 | P a g e


7.1.2 FREQUENTLY USED YARN


Frequency Percentage
Valid Grey PC Yarn 5 20.0
Dyed PC Yarn 13 52.0
Fancy Yarn 1 4
All of these 6 24
Total 25 100.0
Table 7.2 Frequently Used Yarn

Fig 7.2 Frequently Used Yarn

Analysis and Interpretation
From the above chart it is clear that most frequently used yarn is Dyed Polyester Cotton yarn
with 52 % at first, then Grey Polyester Cotton 20% preferred by customers and fancy yarn is
less frequently used by respondents



20
52
4
24
FREQUENTLY USED YARN
Grey PC Yarn
Dyed PC Yarn
Fancy Yarn
All of these

35 | P a g e



7.1.3 VARIOUS COUNTS OF COTTON YARN BEING USED BY DIFFERENT
RESPONDENTS


Frequency Percentage
Valid 20s 30s 5 20.0
30s 40s 17 68.0
40s 50s 3 12
50s 60s 0 0
Total 25 100.0
Table 7.3 Various Counts Of Cotton Yarn

Fig 7.3 Various Counts Of Cotton Yarn

Analysis and Interpretation
From above Table and Graph it can be analyzed that maximum respondents i.e., 68% are
using 30s 40s counts of Dyed Polyester cotton,20% are using 20s 30s counts of Dyed
Polyester Cotton and 12 % are using 40s 50s counts and 50s 60s is not being preferred by
Customers.

20
68
12
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
20s 30s 30s 40s 40s 50s 50s 60s
TYPE OF COUNTS PREFERED
TYPE OF COUNTS
PREFERED

36 | P a g e


7.1.4 TYPE OF DYED PC YARN PREFERED





Frequency Percentage
Valid 52% C 48%P
16 64.0
60% C 40%P
9 36.0
80%C 20%P 0 0.0
Total 25 100.0
Table 7.4 Type Of Dyed Pc Yarn Preferred


Fig 7.4 Type Of Dyed Pc Yarn Preferred

Analysis and Interpretation
From above graph , it show that 70% of respondents preferred 52%c 48%P Dyed PC and
60%C 40%P is frequently less preferred by respondents. No respondents preferred to buy
80%C 20%P.


70
30
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
52% C 48%P 60% C 40%P 80%C 20%P
TYPE OF DYED PC YARN PREFERED
TYPE OF DYED PC
YARN PREFERED

37 | P a g e


7.1.5 DAILY CONSUMPTION OF DYED PC YARN



Frequency
Percentag
e
Valid Less than 1Tons 6 24.0
1 - 5 Tons 13 52.0
5 - 10 Tons 4 16.0
More than 10 Tons 2 8.0
Total 25 100.0

Table 7.5 Daily Consumption Of Dyed Pc Yarn




Fig 7.5 Daily Consumption Of Dyed Pc Yarn

Analysis and Interpretation

From above chart it clear that 50% customers whose daily consumption is between 1-5 tons
and there are other 10% whose daily customers is more than 10 tons.And there another 25%
whose daily consumption is less than 1 tons. Thus it is clear that majority of the customers
daily consumption is lies between 1-5 tons.

64
36
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
52% C 48%P 60% C 40%P 80%C 20%P
DAILY CONSUMPTION OF DYED PC YARN
DAILY CONSUMPTION
OF DYED PC YARN

38 | P a g e



7.1.6 SEASON THE CONSUMPTION OF DYED PC SHOTS UP



Frequency Percentage
Valid Winter 9 36.0
Summer 5 20.0
Autumn 1 4.0
Spring 1 4.0
All 9 36.0
Total 20 100.0
Table 7.6 Season The Consumption Of Dyed Pc Shots Up


Fig 7.6 Season The Consumption Of Dyed Pc Shots Up
Analysis and Interpretation

From the above table and graph it can be analyzed according to 36% respondents
consumption of Dyed Polyester Cotton increase in Winter , 20% respondents consumption
increase in Summer season. About 35% respondents response as there consumption for Dyed
Polyester cotton remain same in whole year.


36
20
4 4
36
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Winter Summer Autumn Spring All
SEASON THE CONSUMPTION OF DYED PC SHOTS UP
SEASON THE
CONSUMPTION OF DYED
PC SHOTS UP

39 | P a g e

7.1.7 TYPE OF BLENDED YARN PREFERRED


Frequency Percentage
Valid Cotton Polyester 17 68.0
Cotton Nylon 0 0.0
Cotton Tensile 3 12.0
Cotton Viscose 5 20.0
Total 25 100.0
Table 7.7 Type Of Blended Yarn Preferred


Fig 7.7 Type Of Blended Yarn Preferred

Analysis and Interpretation
The above analysis shows that 68% respondents used blended yarn as Polyester Cotton yarn.
As 20% respondents used Cotton Viscose as blended yarn and as Cotton Tensile is frequently
less preferred as compare to Cotton Viscose. Cotton Nylon is not preferred by respondents .


0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Cotton
Polyester
Cotton Nylon Cotton
Tensile
Cotton
Viscose
68
0
12
20
TYPE OF BLENDED YARN PREFERRED
TYPE OF BLENDED
YARN PREFERED

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7.1.8 AVERAGE DEMAND STATUS OF DYED PC IN MARKET LAST 5 YEARS


Frequency Percentage
Valid Increase 14 56.0
Decrease 4 16.0
Constant 7 28.0
Total 25 100.0
Table 7.8 Average Demand Status Of Dyed Pc In Market Last 5 Years




Fig 7.8 Average Demand Status Of Dyed Pc In Market Last 5 Years


Analysis and Interpretation

As clear from above 56% of respondents said that trend of Dyed PC yarn is increased last 4-
5 years.28% said that it is stable and remaining said that trend in last 5 years has decreased.



0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Increase Decrease Constant
56
16
28
AVERAGE DEMAND STATUS OF DYED PC LAST 5 YEARS
AVERAGE DEMAND
STATUS OF DYED PC
LAST 5 YEARS

41 | P a g e



7.1.9 PROJECTION FOR DEMAND OF PC IN FUTURE



Frequency Percentage
Valid Increase
18 72.0
Decrease 2 8.0
Constant 5 20.0
Total 25 100.0
Table 7.9 Projection For Demand Of Pc In Future


Fig 7.9 Projection For Demand Of Pc In Future



Analysis and Interpretation

As it is clear from above that 72% respondents believe that consumption of Dyed PC yarn
will increase and just 8% believe demand will decrease and 20% said that demand will
remain constant.



72
8
20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Increase Decrease Constant
PROJECTION FOR DEMAND OF PC IN FUTURE
PROJECTION FOR
DEMAND OF PC IN
FUTURE

42 | P a g e


7.1.10 COMPANY PREFERED WHILE PURSHASING DYED POLYESTER
COTTON YARN



Frequency Percentage
Valid Nahar 8 32.0
Vardhman 13 52.0
Trident 1 4.0
Garg 3 12.0
Total 20 100.0
Table 7.10 Company Prefered While Purshasing Dyed Polyester
Cotton Yarn

Fig 7.10 Company Prefered While Purshasing Dyed Polyester
Cotton Yarn
Analysis and Interpretation
It is clear that there is neck to neck competition between NAHAR and VARDHMAN. As
32% respondents preferred NAHAR as while purchasing Dyed Polyester Cotton.
VARDHMAN occupies 52% preference by respondents. As GARG and TRIDENT both has
lowest preferences by respondents.

32
52
4
12
COMPANY PREFERED WHILE PURSHASING DYED
POLYESTER COTTON YARN
Nahar
Vardhman
Trident
Garg

43 | P a g e


7.1.11 FACTOR THAT CONVINCE TO PURCHASE DYED PC YARN FROM
NAHAR


Frequency Percentage
Valid Quality 15 60.0
Price 6 24.0
Delivery time 4 16.0
Brand Popularity 0 0.0
Total 25 100.0
Table 7.11 Factor That Convince To Purchase Dyed Pc Yarn From
Nahar


Fig7.11 Factor That Convince To Purchase Dyed Pc Yarn From
Nahar

Analysis and Interpretation
From graph we it analyzed that most respondents have given first preference to quality with
60%,second to price with 24%,third to timely delivery, but there is no preference of brand
popularity.


0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Quality
Price
Delivery time
Brand Popularity
60
24
16
0
FACTOR THAT CONVINCE TO PURCHASE DYED PC YARN FROM
NAHAR
FACTOR THAT CONVINCE
TO PURCHASE DYED PC
YARN FROM NAHAR

44 | P a g e

7.1.12 MARKET SHARE OF DYED PC YARN


Frequency Percentage
Valid 0-25 % 6 24.0
25-50 % 14 56.0
50-75 % 3 12.0
More than 75% 2 8.0
Total 25 100.0

Table 7.12 Market Share Of Dyed Pc Yarn




Fig 7.12 Market Share Of Dyed Pc Yarn



Analysis and Interpretation
The market shares based upon the respondents requirement is between 25-50 % as per
majority speak. Therefore there is huge scope for the Dyed PC yarns in business.





24
56
12
8
MARKET SHARE OF DYED PC YARN
0-25 %
25-50 %
50-75 %
More than 75%

45 | P a g e




7.1.13 SHARE OF PC YARN IN MARKET AS COMPARED TO OTHER YARN



Frequency Percentage
Valid 0-25 %
6 24.0
25-50 % 14 56.0
50-75 % 3 12.0
More than 75 % 2 8.0
Total 25 100.0
Table 7.13 Share Of Pc Yarn In Market As Compared To Other Yarn



Fig 7.13 Share Of Pc Yarn In Market As Compared To Other Yarn


Analysis and Interpretation
As share of PC yarn as compare to other yarn is more, as respondents requirement is between
is 25-50% as majority speck. As Dyed PC is well preferred by customers while purchasing as
per it demand from market

24
56
12
8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0-25 % 25-50 % 50-75 % More than 75
%
SHARE OF PC YARN IN MARKET AS COMPARED
TO OTHER YARN
SHARE OF PC YARN IN
MARKET AS COMPARED
TO OTHER YARN

46 | P a g e


7.1.14 QUALITY OF NAHARs PRODUCT AS COMPARE TO OTHERS



Frequency Percentage
Valid Excellent 14 56.0
Good 6 24.0
Average 5 20.0
Poor 0 0.0
Very Poor 0 0.0
Total 25 100.0

Table 7.14 Quality Of Nahars Product As Compare To Others




Fig 7.14 Quality Of Nahars Product As Compare To Others


Analysis and Interpretation
As NAHAR product value in market is excellent as review by 56% of respondents, 24% of
respondents review as value of their products is good and 20 % of respondents review as
NAHAR product value is average as per competition in market.

56
24
20
0 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Excellent Good Average Poor Very Poor
QUALITY OF NAHAR's PRODUCT

QUALITY OF
NAHAR's
PRODUCT


47 | P a g e


7.1.15 MAIN CHALLENGES FOR NAHAR LTD PC YARN IN THE MARKET



Frequency Percentage
Valid High Price 17 68.0
Bad Quality 0 0.0
Late Delivery 4 16.0
Availability 4 16.0
Total 25 100.0

Table 7.15 Main Challenges For Nahar Ltd Pc Yarn In The Market



Fig 7.15 Main Challenges For Nahar Ltd Pc Yarn In The Market

Analysis and Interpretation
As it cleared that main challenges for NAHAR to low down their prices quotation as 68 %
respondents specks that as due to high price NAHAR is sometime not preferred while placing
order.16% respondents view that NAHAR availability of product during order is major
challenge to be overcome and 16% respondents say that Late Delivery is major challenge.


68
0
16
16
MAIN CHALLENGES OF NAHAR LTD
High Price
Bad Quality
Late Delivery
Availability

48 | P a g e

7.1.16 SATISFACTION OF PRODUCT/SERVICE


Frequency Percentage
Valid Completely
satisfied
19 76.0
Satisfied 6 24.0
Neutral 0 0.0
Dissatisfied 0 0.0
Highly
Dissatisfied
0 0.0
Total 25 100.0
Table 7.16 Satisfaction Of Product/Service


Fig 7.16 Satisfaction Of Product/Service


Analysis and Interpretation
From the above Table and Graph it is analysed that as from NAHAR product and quality
76% of respondents are completely satisfied.24% of respondents are only satisfied with
NAHAR product. As no respondent satisfaction level is neutral , Dissatisfied reason as
NAHAR well known in market for quality of their products.

76
24
0 0 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Completely
satisfied
Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly
Dissatisfied
SATISFACTION OF PRODUCT/SERVICE
SATISFACTION OF
PRODUCT/SERVICE

49 | P a g e


7.1.17 SAMPLE QUANTITY USUALLY PREFERRED


Frequency Percentage
Valid Less than 10 Kg 16 64.0
10-20 Kg 9 36.0
20-30 Kg 0 0.0
More than 30Kg 0 0.0
Total 25 100.0
Table 7.17 Sample Quantity Usually Preferred


Fig 7.17 Sample Quantity Usually Preferred


Analysis and Interpretation
As it cleared from graph that 64% respondents demanded less than 10kg of Dyed PC Yarn as
sample quantity while purchasing a big order and 36% respondents demanded 10-20 Kg of
Dyed PC yarn as sample quantity.



64
36
0 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Less than 10 Kg 10-20 Kg 20-30 Kg More than 30Kg
SAMPLE QUANTITY USUALLY PREFERRED

SAMPLE QUANTITY
USUALLY PREFERED


50 | P a g e

7.1.18 OFFERS THAT ATTRACT CUSTOMER



Frequency Percentage
Valid Trade Discount
5 20.0
Cash Discount 14 56.0
Credit Discount 6 24.0
Total 25 100.0
Table 7.18 Offers That Attract Customer


Fig 7.18 Offers That Attract Customer


Analysis and Interpretation
The main offer that attract the customers is cash discount which occupies 56% share and
secondly prefer Credit discount with 24% of respondents respectively and left respondents
preferred Trade Discount.




20
56
24
OFFERS THAT ATTRACT CUSTOMER
Trade Discount
Cash Discount
Credit Discount

51 | P a g e


7.1.19 REFERENCE PC YARN SHADE REQUIREMENT QUOTED




Frequency
Percentag
e
Valid Pantone No 7 28.0
Shade Card 15 60.0
Reference Sample 3 12.0
Total 25 100.0

Table 7.19 Reference Pc Yarn Shade Requirement Quoted




Fig 7.19 Reference Pc Yarn Shade Requirement Quoted

Analysis and Interpretation
As from graph analyzed that 60% of respondents reference shade card while ordering the
yarn, 28/% of respondents used pantone No while ordering and rest respondents used
Reference sample while ordering.


28
60
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Pantone No Shade Card Reference Sample
REFERENCE PC YARN SHADE REQUIREMENT QUOTED
REFERENCE PC YARN
SHADE REQUIREMENT
QUOTED

52 | P a g e

7.1.20 COMPARISON OF NAHAR POLYESTER COTTON YARN IN TERMS OF
QUALITY,DELIVERY AND PRICE


QUALITY
EXCELLENT GOOD AVERAGE POOR VERY POOR
13 7 5

0 0
PRICE
VERY HIGH HIGH COMETITIVE LOW VERY LOW
12 7 6

0 0
DELIVERY
VERY GOOD GOOD AVERAGE POOR VERY POOR
6 10 8

1 0

Table 7.20 Comparison Of Nahar Polyester Cotton Yarn In Terms Of Quality, Delivery
And Price

















53 | P a g e


7.1.21 MAJOR PLAYER IN MANUFACURING COTTON YARN AND
AVAILABILITY IN LUDHIANA


Frequency Percentage
Valid Vardhman Textile 13 52.0
Nahar Spinning Mills 9 36.0
Alok Industries 1 4.0
Nahar Industrial
Enterprises
2 8.0
Total 20 100.0

Table 7.21 Major Player In Manufacuring Cotton Yarn And
Availability In Ludhiana


Fig 7.21 Major Player In Manufacuring Cotton Yarn And
Availability In Ludhiana

Analysis and Interpretation:
As it cleared from graph and chart major player for manufacturing Cotton Yarn and
availability is VARDHMAN TEXTILE as review by 52% of respondents,36% of respondents
rated NAHAR SPINNING MILL as major player in market. ALOK and NAHAR
INDUSTRIAL ENERPRISES rated as same by respondents.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Vardhman Textile Nahar Spinning
Mills
Alok Industries Nahar Industrial
Enterprises
MAJOR PLAYER IN MANUFACURING COTTON YARN
AND AVAILABILITY

MAJOR PLAYER IN
MANUFACURING
COTTON YARN AND
AVAILABILITY


54 | P a g e

7.1.22 DEMAND OF POLYESTER COTTON IN LAST 10 YEARS
MARKET STUDY

Past Supply and present demand
The supply of polyester cotton yarn to the local market at present is from imports. Polyester
cotton yarn is supplied to the local market in different forms which include; high tenacity
yarn of polyesters, textured yarn of polyesters, single yarn of polyesters, and multiple or
cabled yarn of polyesters. The total import of the different types of polyester yarn during the
period 2003--2013 is shown.

--------------------------------------------MONTH WISE DEMAND---------------------------------------------

Table 7.22 Month wise demand of Polyester cotton yarn 2003 - 2013



JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC TOTAL
2003 235 214 201 185 175 189 179 168 185 196 205 212 2344
2004 223 230 219 201 204 195 192 205 201 211 215 221 2519
2005 215 209 211 202 197 194 199 191 201 204 207 212 2411
2006 218 214 220 233 205 208 204 209 211 201 207 213 2552
2007 235 221 233 240 227 238 213 223 243 239 251 257 2948
2008 246 253 238 232 234 235 228 232 248 251 254 249 2898
2009 246 237 241 243 233 238 239 245 254 261 267 262 3079
2010 254 265 274 258 261 252 255 263 274 268 278 281 3377
2011 279 285 278 275 268 261 263 271 284 289 294 292 3525
2012 298 287 291 283 274 277 268 274 284 297 307 312 3774
2013 321 317 324 331 322 313 294 297 304 313 328 331 3981

55 | P a g e

Year Quantity(Tones)
2003 2344
2004 2519
2005 2411
2006 2552
2007 2948
2008 2898
2009 3079
2010 3377
2011 3525
2012 3774
2013 3981

Table 7.23 Year wise demand of Polyester Cotton

As can be seen from Fig, the import of polyester yarn during the period under consideration
has shown a noticeable increasing trend although there were fluctuations in some years. The
highest quantity of import (3981 tonnes) was in the year 2013 while the lowest (2344 tones)
was in the year 2003. The average quantity of import during the years (2003-2006) and
(2006-2009) was 2,622 tones and 2,766 tones respectively. This average quantity of import
has increased to 4,510 tons during the last recent three years (2009-2011) which indicates a
general supply growth during the period under consideration and a sharp increase during the
recent three years.

In order to estimate the current effective demand for polyester yarn the Time Trend
Extrapolation method is applied. Accordingly, the principle of least squares is employed to
fit a linear trend to the historical data of supply (y) and time (t) and the relation is expressed
by the following equation:
Y = + bt,
Where a is the intercept and
b is the slope.
Accordingly, the estimated linear equations become,
y = -331532+166.6182t
Slope : 166.6182
Intercept : -331532




56 | P a g e

7.1.23 PROJECTED DEMAND OF POLYESTER COTTON YARN (TONES)

The demand for polyester yarn mainly depends on the performance of its end-user industries
i.e. the textile fabrics manufacturing sub-sector. There are also other factors which can
influence the performance of the textile sub-sector and consequently the market for the
product. The variables that are essential in determining the magnitude and trend of the local
demand for polyester yarn include income rise of the population or performance of the
national economy; and rate of population growth and urbanization.

The GDP of the country has registered an average annual growth rate of about 11% during
the past seven years and is believed to continue at a minimum in the same rate. The textile
sub-sector is also given high priority from the manufacturing sector. During the GTP the
manufacturing sector is planned to grow by about 20% per annum. As a result, demand for
textile products and 6

Hence that of polyester yarn is reasonably expected to increase as economic expansion
continues. Considering the above factors the demand for of polyester yarn is conservatively
projected to grow by 10% per annum as given


Year Quantity(Tones)
2014 4037.05
2015 4203.67
2016 4370.29
2017 4536.91
2018 4709.53
2019 4870.15
2020 5036.76
2021 5203.38
2022 5370.00
2023 5536.62

Table 7.24 Projected Demand Of Polyester Cotton Yarn (Tones)







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7.2 FINDINGS
1. Dyed PC Yarn have much share in Ludhiana Market.
2. Most commonly used counts of Dyed PC Yarn are 30s 40s.
3. Major Dyed PC Yarn preferred count is 52%C 48%P.
4. The average daily consumption is different for different customers, for 75%
customers it is between 1 5 tons and other 25% customers it is less than 1 tons.
5. Consumption of Dyed PC Yarn shots up in winter season.
6. Average Demand status of Dyed PC in market last 5 year is increased.
7. As analyzed by customers review, projection for demand of Dyed PC is increasing.
8. Main factor that the customer consider while purchasing Dyed PC Yarn is Quality
9. Market share of Dyed PC yarn in Ludhiana region is about to be 25-50%. On the basis
of market shareVardhman is leading in comparison to its other competitors i.e. Nahar
Ltd.
10. Quality of Dyed PC Yarn in market as review by customer is excellent.
11. Main challenges of Nahar Ltd regarding PC yarn in market is controlling their price.
Nahar charges a bit high prices for its products which results into losing its customers
to the local suppliers.
12. The Delivery of the goods to the clients is not being made on the time which also
shows dissatisfaction level of the clients among the companies.
13. Nahar lags behind a lot where its deliveries is concerned. The time taken by Nahar is
higher than its main competitors i.e., Vardhman in market.





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CHAPTER 8 - RECOMMENDATIONS AND REFERENCE



8.1 RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Nahar should have a sharp look on their competitors. This will enable them to know
about the various activities and their pricing policies.
2. Safeguard against small competitors : Nahar needs to be alert from small competitors that
can harm Nahars growth.
3. Nahar should advertise its product so that customer can become aware of its products.
Some promotional scheme like providing samples of Cotton Yarn can be used to increase
the sales.
4. Nahar should improve its delivery time.
5. The company should try to interact more with its clients in order to sort of their problems
and also to know about the companies & competitors performance and position in the
market.

























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8.2 REFERENCES
C Prakash, G Ramakrishnan And C V Koushik (January 2012),Effect Of Blend Ratio On
Quality Characteristics Of Polyester/Cotton Blended Yarn, Journal Of Science And
Technology, Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2012
Ahmad, A. Farooq, S.A. Baig & M.F. Rashid(June2012), Quality Parameters Analysis Of
Yarns Made From Different Blends Of Cotton Polyester, Journal Of Quality and
Technology Management, Volume Viii, Issue I, June 2012, Page 0112
R. Chattopadhyay(2010),Types Of Technical Textile Yarn, Volume In Woodhead
Publishing Series In Textiles 2010, Pages 355
Dr. SHILPA P. CHARANKAR, Mrs. VEENA VERMA, Ms. MITTU GUPTA(2007),
Growing Importance Of Cotton Blends In Apparel Market, Journal of textile association,
Date: Vol 67, Jan-Feb 2007
Shahid Saleem Shad ,Asim Mumtaz & Iqbal Javed(November 2006), Effect Of Blending
Ratios And Techniques On The Quality Parameters Of 30's Polyester/Cotton Yarn,
Journal Of Quality And Technology Management ,Volume 24, Issue 2, November 2006,
Pages 16511671
Bernard Miller, J. Ronald Martin, Charles H. Meiser Jr, Margaret Gargiullo Jr (December
17, 2005), The Flammability of Polyester-Cotton Mixtures, Textile Research Journal
Dec 2005 vol. 46 no. 7 530-538
Uma S. Kambhampati (2003), Efficiency levels in the cotton textile industry, Journal of
Oxford Development , Date: Vol. 31, No. 2, 2003
Meenu Tewari (September 1999), Successful Adjustment In Indian Industry: The Case Of
Ludhiana's Cotton Yarn, Journal of world development, Volume 27, Issue 9, September
1999, Pages 1651167
Davinder Singh (1997), Study Of Textile Effluent In And Around Ludhiana District In
Punjab, India, Volume In International Journal Of Environmental Sciences ,Volume 3 ,
No 4, 1997
S.Sreenivasan And S.Venkatakrishnan (September 1991), Cotton Polyester Quality
Research, Journal of Quality and Technology Management ,Volume 19, Issue 9,
September 1991, Pages 11971213
J. Dipietro , R.C. Nametz (July 1971), : A Study of Flammability of Cotton, Polyester,
and their Blends, Textile Research Journal ,July 1971 vol. 41 no. 7 593-599

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K.E. Duckett , B.C. Goswami , H.H.Ramey JR (May 1979), Mechanical Properties Of
Cotton/Polyester Yarns, Textile Research Journal ,May 1979 Vol. 49 No. 5 262-267
C. Prakash,G. Ramakrishnan,C. V. Koushik(Jan 1979), Effect of Blend Ratio on the
Quality Characteristics of Polyester/Cotton Blended, Journal of Quality and Technology
Management ,Volume 3, Issue 2, Jan 1979, Pages 16511671
Brief Report on Indian Textile Industry (2014)
http://www.cci.in/pdfs/surveys-reports/Textile-Industry-in-India.pdf
The Textile and Apparel Industry in India(May 2012)
http://www.iimb.ernet.in/~chandra/The%20Textile%20and%20Apparel%20Industry.pdf
Polyester fiber market demand to drive global growth
http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2012/03/05/9537632/polyester-fiber-market-
demand-to-drive-global-growth
Profile On The Production Of Polyester Yarn
http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/trade_and_investment/Investment%20Profiles%20EIA/
Textile%20Industry%20Profiles/polyster%20yarn.pdf


























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CHAPTER 9 - QUESTIONNARIE

STUDY OF DYED PC YARN MARKETING IN LUDHIANA
I am Prabhjot Singh, student of Lovely Professional University conducting this survey under the support of M/S
NAHAR SPINNING MILLS Ltd. As training session, to examine the market potential of Dyed PC Yarn
market in Ludhiana. The data collected by this survey is used only to fulfil the requirement of report and it will
not used for any other purpose..

NAME OF CUSTOMER
ADDRESS
..
CONTACT PERSON..
CONTACT NUMBER


1. Do you think M/S Nahar Spinning Mill Ltd. Quality is matching with international standard?
a) Yes
b) No
2. How long have you been in this business?
a) 0 10 yrs
b) 10 20 yrs
c) 20 30 yrs
d) More than 30 yrs
3. From the following options what type of PC yarn you have been using ?
a) Grey PC Yarn
b) Dyed PC Yarn
c) Fancy Yarn
d) All of these.
4. From the following options what type of Dyed PC yarn you have been using?
a) 52 % C 48 % P
b) 60% C 40 % P
c) 80% C 20 % P
d) If other please specify
5. What type of counts you prefer while procurement of PC yarn ?
a) 20s 30s
b) 30s 40s
c) 40s 50s
d) 50s 60s

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6. What is your yearly consumption of Dyed PC yarn?
a) Less than Tons
b) 1-5 Tons
c) 5-10 Tons
d) More than 10 Tons
7. In which season the consumption of Dyed PC shots up?
a) Winter
b) Summer
c) Autumn
d) Spring
e) All
8. What type of Blended preferred?
a) Cotton Polyester
b) Cotton Nylon
c) Cotton Tensile
d) Cotton Viscose
9. What is average demand status of Dyed PC in the market for last 5 yrs?
a) Increase
b) Decrease
c) Constant
10. What is your projection for demand of PC in future?
a) Increase
b) Decrease
c) Constant
11. Company preferred while purchasing Dyed PC yarn ?

Nahar
Vardhman
Trident
Garg

12. Factor that convince to purchase Dyed Yarn from Nahar ?

Good quality
Affordable price
On time delivery
Brand Popularity



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13. What is your market share of Dyed PC in the market?
a) 0 25 %
b) 25 50 %
c) 50 75% e
d) More than 75%
14. Compared to other similar products on the market , Quality of Nahar products is
a) Excellent
b) Good
c) Average
d) Poor
e) Very Poor
15. What are your reasons for buying PC yarn from company other than Nahar?
a) Better Quality
b) Better Price
c) Time Delivery
d) Better after sales service
16. What acc to you is the share of PC yarn in the market as compared to other yarn?
a) 0 25 %
b) 25 50 %
c) 50 75%
d) More than 75%
17. Acc. to you what are main challenges of M/S Nahar Spinning Mill ltd PC yarn in the market?
a) High Price
b) Bad quality
c) Late Delivery
d) Availability
a) If any other source, please mention
18. What do you like the most about our products/services?
a)Quality
b)Price
c)Availability
d)All of the above
e)If any other please mention?
19. How satisfied are you with our products/services?
a)Completely satisfied
b)Somewhat satisfied
c) Neutral
d)Dissatisfied
e)Highly dissatisfied

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20. In comparison to product/services of other brands where do you think we lack?
a)In price segment
b)Quality
c)Looks and design
d)Availability
e)If any other, please mention
21 .How much sample quantity of mlange yarn do you usually prefer?
a) Less than 10 Kg
b) 10 20 Kg
c) 20 30 Kg
d) More than 30 Kg
22. How much lead time is usually offered to you?
a) <15 days
b) 15-30 days
c) 31-50 days
d) >50 days
23. What offer that attract customer?
a) Trade Discount
b) Cash Discount
c) Credit Discount
24. In which reference are the PC shade requirement quoted?
a) Pantone No.
b) Shade Card
c) Reference Sample



SIGNATURE
DATE












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CHAPTER 10 LIST OF CUSTOMERS

1. Vallabh Yarns Pvt Ltd.
1256, Indra Colony Rahoon road Ludhiana
2. Vallabh Knitcraft
Village Bajra, Rahon road Ludhiana
3. Amit Enterprises
Kali Sarak, Anandpuri colony near Jalandhar bypass, Ludhiana
4. Zeal Knitwears
4200/1 Kakopura road, Ludhiana
5. Hem Knitwear Pvt Ltd
4108, Beantpura 2, Chandigarh road Ludhiana
6. Lakhra Industries
E 200, phase 4 Focal Point Ludhiana
7. Aradhna Fabrics Pvt. Ltd.
144, Industrial Area-A, Ludhiana
8. Charley Knitwears Pvt Ltd
219, Shivaji Nagar, Ludhiana
9. Shriyansh Knitwear Pvt Ltd
H-7, Textile colony, Ludhiana
10. Jay kay Wears Pvt Ltd
848, Industrial Area - A. Near Jhoom Hotel, Ludhiana


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11. Kanodia Global Pvt Ltd
400, Industrial Area-A, Ludhiana
12. Goyal Knitwear Pvt Ltd
229, Sherpura chownk, G.T. road Ludhiana
13. R.B. Knit Export
Industrial Area-A, Ludhiana
14. Venus Garments (INDIA) Ltd
G.T. road(W) near Jalandhar bypass, Ludhiana
15. Eveline International
G.T. road Dhandhari Kalan, Ludhiana
16. Venus Garments (India) Ltd
GT Road (West), Near Jallandhar Bye Pass, Ludhiana
17. A. R. Knitwear
B-XXXIII/330, G.T. Road, Ludhiana
18. Naresh & Company
3833, Street No. 6, Gagan Deep Colony, Kakowal Road. Ludhiana
19. Raunaq Fabrics Pvt. Ltd.
C-30, Phase-2, Focal Point ,Ludhiana.
20. A.R. Kapoor & Sons
247, Industrial Area-A, R.K. Road, Cheema Chowk, Ludhiana
21. Aay Vee International
Street No.11, Opp. Amar Sweets, Master Coloni, New Shivpuri, Ludhiana
22. Adishwar Knitwears
Chowk Bhaga Lalari, PURANA BAZAR, Ludhiana, 141008, Punjab, India

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23. Amar Industries Ltd
C-258, Phase-VIII, Focal Point, Ludhiana
24. Anik Knitwears
Plot No 34, St No 5, New Aman Nagar, Jal Bye Pass Chowk, Ludhiana.
25. Camel Knitting & Textile Mills
2336/1, Joshi Nagar, Haibowal Kalan, Ludhiana