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Time after weaning (d)
0 5 10 15
While supplementary feed has hardly any effect on
the development of the villous length, unweaned
piglets clearly show more pronounced villi.
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19
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This leads to a rapid advance of the intestinal
bacteria population and subsequently an
increase of potential pathogenic germs.
During this phase of piglet production, the
number of bacteria-induced diarrhea cases
is especially high. An increasing colonization
of the digestive system by clostrida, E.Coli
and other pathogenic germs causes
diarrhea, diminished absorption of nutrients,
bad growth and increases piglet mortality.
Antibotic alternatives
After, Stokstad et al. (1949) rst observed
that the supplementation of animal feed
with Tetracyclin leads to an increased
performance of broilers,
the application of
pharmaceutical growth
promoters became a
standard in modern
agriculture. The
subtherapeutic dosages
of antibiotics effectively
suppressed the growth
of undesirable pathogens
in the intestine, leading to
a signicant reduction of
illness in the young stock.
However, there is a
decisive disadvantage
of these antibiotic performance enhancers.
They are believed to promote the origin of
resistant strains of bacteria and stand in
immediate conict with practical human
medicine and can, for example, lead to
complications with the medication of patients.
As of January 1, 2006, antibiotics
as animal feed additives have been
forbidden in the European Union and
the application is limited exclusively to
therapeutic purposes (Biagi et al., in 2006).
A number of alternatives to antibiotic
performance enhancers are available
in piglet rearing and the application of
prebiotic substances to prevent diarrhea
is gaining in importance in young stock
rearing. A prebiotic is a non-digestible
food component that positively inuences
the host by stimulating the growth of
one or several positive bacterial types
in the large intestine and improves the
hosts health (Roberfroid 1993).
Prebiotics are additives
for which the animals have
no own reduction enzymes
and which hence survive
the digestive processes in
the gastro intestinal tract and
moreover are not absorbed
the small intestine. Instead
of supplying living micro-
organisms (probiotics),
the supply with prebiotics
specically supports the
benecial bacteria already
present in the digestive tract.
As a rule, prebiotics
are carbohydrates (e.g., fructo- and
galacto-oligosaccharides) which are used
as an energy source by bidobacteria and
lactobacilli (Monsan and Paul, 1995). The
colonization of the digestive tract by these
micro-organisms is vital for the positive
development of the micro ora and for
an undisturbed growth of the animals.
Prebiotics also play an important
role in nature. Breast milk, for example,
contains about 130 different, indigestible
oligosaccharides which serve as an
energy source for the growth of lactic acid
To read more about piglet
digestive health, see Piglet gut
health linked to high feed intake at
www.WATTAgNet.com/149996.html
A number of
alternatives
to antibiotic
performance
enhancers are
available in
piglet rearing
C2201_R19986_1301PIGpigletnutrition_1.BK.indd 19 1/3/2013 1:22:55 PM
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20
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bacteria. These lactic acid bacteria prevent
the attaching of pathogenic bacteria to the
mucous membranes and can therefore play
a crucial role in disease prevention (Rivero-
Urgell and Santamaria-Orleans, 2001).
Organic acids
Fructo-oligosaccharides are fermentable
bers which are available as direct energy
sources to specic colon bacteria (lactic acid
and bidobacteria) only in the large intestine.
Some of the metabolic products, for
example, have qualities similar to those of
antibiotics and produce organic acids. These
lower the pH value in the intestine and make
the environment more difcult for pathogens
(Wolter, in 1994). Fructo-oligosaccharides are
an interesting possibility to build up a protective
barrier in the intestinal tract of weaned piglets.
A new approach in this eld is the
application of specic acidiers that not only
have a preserving effect on feed, but also have
a prebiotic effect in the piglets. The strategy is
to make substrates available to specic micro-
organisms to generate conversion products
essential for the growth of the digestive system.
Gluconic acid, for example, is not or is
hardly absorbed in the small intestine of mono-
gastric animals and therefore available for
lactobacilli and bidobacteria as a food source
(Asano et al., 1994). Due to the microbial
fermentation of gluconic acid, lactates and
acetates originate as byproducts. These are
then converted to butyric acid by acid-utilising
bacteria such as M. Elsdenii. Butyric acid is
absorbed very quickly by the mucosa of the
large intestine and acts as directly available
energy source for epithelium cells and
promotes their growth (Tsukahara et al., 2002).
In 2006 Biagi et al. were able to prove
that the application of gluconic acid has
INTESTINAL HEALTH
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21
advantageous effects on the growth
performance of weaned piglets.
In a trial with two piglet sets of 20 animals
each, one group received a specic
prebiotic acid and salt mixture on the basis
of gluconic acid (product: PreAcid FL, Dr.
Eckel GmbH) as a supplement to their feed.
Figure 2 shows the results of the trial. In
comparison with the negative group, the
supplementation with the prebiotic product
led to a higher daily growth (DWG) of 4.2
percent. Additionally, the energy involved
per kg of weight increase was reduced
by 5.4 percent and the feed conversion
(FC) was improved by 2.9 percent.
The results show that gluconic acid as
prebiotic feed acid is an effective instrument
to prepare young animals for the big
challenges of weaning in piglet rearing. PIGI
This article is based on a new research project by nutritionists Edi
Vianell and Prof. Giacomo Biagi, from Dr. Eckel.
FIGURE 2: Effects of a prebiotic
feed acid on piglet performance
94
D
a
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t
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a
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(
g
/
d
)
E
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96
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104
Control = 100%
PreAcid FL
D
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o
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c
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n
t
r
o
l
(
%
)
Figure 2: Effects of a
prebiotic feed acid
on piglet performance
The results show that gluconic acid as prebiotic feed acid
is an effective instrument to prepare young animals for
the big challenges of weaning in piglet rearing.
C2201_R19986_1301PIGpigletnutrition_1.BK.indd 21 1/3/2013 1:23:13 PM
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January/February 2013
Macroalgae and pig nutrition and health
are not well-known animal feed ingredients.
Yet, algae can be valuable in piglet rearing
on three different aspects: nutritional
value, the functional value of its active
principles and technological value.
Macroalgaes nutritional benets
Its use as a source of nutrients came
from farmers living close to the sea who
found that adding seaweeds to a pigs diet
could improve performance. Currently, it is
recognized by a number of feed experts
that the supply of minerals in algaes organic
form ensures a better assimilation. Algae
such as Ulva sp (also known as green
lettuce) are rich in key minerals such as
iron, manganese, copper, iodin and zinc.
Algae also contain many trace elements
that no feed formulation takes into
consideration, because science has not yet
determined their properties and necessary
levels in the pig diet. Often referred as
unknown growth factors, these trace
elements balance the pig diet from gaps
feed experts cannot currently identify.
When algae was introduced to animal
husbandry on a large scale 10 years
ago, it was not for its nutritional value,
but for its technological properties.
Ulva lactuca polysaccharides were
used to intercalate layers of a smectite
clay, montmorillonite, giving birth to
a new hybrid material Amadite.
Beside its potential uses in various
industries such as plastics, ceramics or
cosmetics, this material has a high capacity
to bind deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins
(FUM) in pigs. It has been found to be more
efcient than active charcoal without impairing
the bioavailability of nutrients in the small
intestine (Avantagiatto et al., 2003, 2004,
2007; Dll et al., 2004; Havenaar et al., 2006).
Macroalgae in pig feed may
improve performance
Pig feed research is showing that macroalgae
promotes piglet nutrition, health and growth.
22 Nutrition
|
By Dr. Virgil Meallet Dr. Virgil Meallet,
Olimix Supporting
a piglets digestive tract
from the beginning
of life will ensure
good development
and prevent digestive
troubles during
critical periods, such
as weaning.
To read more about raising
healthy piglets, see Getting
piglets to eat more feed, at
www.WATTAgNet.com/151288.html.
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23
Piglet performance
Algaes efciency in preventing adverse
effects of mycotoxins on reproductive,
health and growth performances of pigs is
recognized by MMi/MT.X+ users worldwide.
Soon after the Amadite, different users from
the ve continents reported an improvement
of pig performances with MTX+ even
when no mycotoxins were detected in
the feed. The algae are presumed to play
an important role in this phenomenon.
Over the six months of the life of a farmed
pig, its digestive tract will encounter a lot of
different challenges the development and
growth of a piglets villi, for example, which
are very fragile because the equilibrium
of the microora is easily subjected to
dysbacteriosis. Supporting a piglets
digestive tract from the very rst days of
life will ensure its good development, and
The interlayer space of Montmorillonite is multiplied by 10 due to the intercalation of green algae
polysaccharides, the ulvans. The Interlayer Space is enlarged from 0,3-0,4 nm to 3-4 nm, allowing it to
capture 2 nm molecules such as trichothecenes or fumonisins.
Drinking-Systems
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Durable nipple drinkers for pigs and piglets
The LUBING nipples for piglets and
pigs guarantee always fresh drinking
water. The robust design provides high
working reliability with smallest main-
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provide for all nipples made complete
of stainless steel a high acid resistance.
This construction provides a long ser-
vice life of the nipples and sprayers.
Visit us at VIV Asia 2013
C2201_R19991_1301PIGalgaefeed_1.BK.indd 23 1/3/2013 1:26:15 PM
24
|
prevent digestive troubles
during critical periods,
such as weaning.
In this, algae
polysaccharides appear
to be good candidates.
Stemming from a specic
genetic evolution that
made them resist through
huge environmental
changes over millennia,
they are molecules
with unique properties.
The marine polysaccharides such
as ulvans contain rare sugars such as
rhamnose and high sulfate content. These
poly-anionic structures are associated with
various biological activities, said Dr. Henri
Salmon, director of research at the National
Institute of Agronomic Research, during
the rst Algae Symposium held in Pontivy,
Brittany in September 2012. Marine Sulphated
Polysaccharides (MSP) show three main points
of interest: they are very reactive; because of
their sulfate radicals they offer a wide range
of functionalities; and they are unique, as
none of them are found in superior plants.
Different studies have highlighted the
capacity of ulvans to stimulate mucin
secretion in the intestinal tract (Barcelo et
al., 2000). Mucins are determinant for piglet
gut health, as they are known to bind some
viruses and to inhibit the adhesion of different
MICROALGAE IN PIG FEED
TABLE 1: Cumulative incidence of piglet diarrhea
Table 1: Cumulative incidence of piglet diarrhea
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
C
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)
Study day
Control - T1
Ecopiglet
- T2
In the study, 833 piglets part of 72 litters (from July
2011 to August 2011) in a 1,192 sow farrowing unit
were given Ecopiglet and were 50 percent less affected
by E. coil and Cl. Perfringens.
Please visit us at
VIV Asia
Booth H104.C069
C2201_R19991_1301PIGalgaefeed_1.BK.indd 24 1/3/2013 1:26:39 PM
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25
pathogenic bacteria
on the intestinal wall.
This is consistent with
recent results obtained
on 800 piglets in Spain
(Tests and Trials, 2011)
and on 5,000 piglets
in Germany (integrated farm, 2012), with
Ecopiglet. All results are coming together:
decreased sow digestive troubles in maternity,
improved growth and lower use of antibiotics,
for a better nancial performance (see
Table 1 and Table 2). Stimulating mucin
secretion or pillarising Montmorillonite is not
all of it: marine sulfated polysaccharides
have more than one string to their bow.
Biological activities
MSP have been shown to have antiviral,
anti-inammatory, antioxidant, anticoagulant
and antithrombotic activities, says Salmon.
Algal sulfated polysaccharides are a new
source of numerous biological activities that
may nd in human and animal health many
prophylactic and therapeutic benets.
Literature widely describes the antibacterial
activities and immune modulation properties
of macroalgae, raising the interest of animal
husbandry stakeholders to understand their
mode of action and use them as natural
additives in pig feed.The next challenge
for companies promoting the use of algae
is to isolate the different active principles
of macroalgae (green, brown and red)
by enzymatic extraction, to provide more
natural and specic products for animal
and plant nutrition and health. PIGI
Dr. Virgil Meallet graduated from Bruxelles veterinary college
and is a specialist advisor for OLMIX.
Control T1 Ecopiglet T2 P-value
Number of piglets 400 393
Number of treated piglets 199 87
49.8% 22.1% <0.0001
TABLE 2: Piglet concomitant treatments.
Some piglets needed concomitant injectable treatments
during lactation mainly due to diarrhea, such as
amoxicillin trihydrate (O.15g per 10kg BW) plus
colistine sulphate (0.25 MUI per 10kg BW) for three
consecutive days or enrooxacin (50mg per 10kg).
C2201_R19991_1301PIGalgaefeed_1.BK.indd 25 1/3/2013 1:27:04 PM
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January/February 2013
Fish meal is considered an indispensable
ingredient for piglet diets in some
nutritional circles. However, as sh
meal prices continue to rise, many
nutritionists are looking for alternative feed
ingredients to supplement piglet diets.
As a feed ingredient, sh meal is a
highly digestible and palatable ingredient.
Simple formulas based on crude cereals,
unrened soy products and dairy ingredients
always benet from the inclusion of
2-8 percent sh meal. The response
in terms of improved feed intake and
growth depend on sh meal quality (sh
meal dried under low temperatures are
superior in quality, but very expensive).
In addition, there is ongoing research
regarding possible unidentied compounds
in sh meal that enhance piglet growth.
Under experimental conditions an
enzymatically hydrolyzed sardine product
wasshown to enhance the immune system.
In addition, there is a great deal of data on
the merits of sh oil in regard to immunity.
Piglets need protein
To replace sh meal in any piglet diet,
the issue of protein must be addressed.
Although proteins of similar quality do exist
(for example, wheat gluten and potato
protein), these ingredients are usually as
expensive as soybean meal. In contrast,
soy protein concentrate is less expensive
and has been shown to replace sh meal
without problems. This substitution in a
piglets diet works assuming its level of
trypsin inhibitor activity is very low and it is
the only source of soy protein in the diet.
Most piglet diets already contain palatable
ingredients, especially diets based on cooked
cereals. Other piglet formulas use high-
intensity articial sweeteners or naturally sweet
ingredients, such as lactose, sucrose, dextrose
and molasses. These piglet nutritional formulas
rarely suffer from a reduction or complete
removal of sh meal, especially of low-quality
sh meal if protein quality has been addressed.
Piglet health concerns
Any concerns about unidentied
Substituting fsh meal
in piglet diets
Soy protein concentrate may replace expensive
sh meal in young piglet nutritional formulas.
26 Nutrition
|
By Ioannis Mavromichalis, Ph.D.
To read more about
pig nutritional needs see:
Feeding pigs high levels of
DDGS at www.WATTAgNet.
com/155585.html
Replacing soybean meal
in animal feed at www.
WATTAgNet.com/155583.html
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27
factors, especially such as those related
to piglet immunity, can be put to rest as
most modern formulas contain a source
of immunoglobulins (in the form of animal
plasma or egg-derived specic antibodies).
With these ingredients, feed intake, growth
and health are already boosted to levels
beyond those enjoyed when sh meal was
the choice ingredient in piglet formulas.
Modern advances in piglet nutrition have
made sh meal a dispensable ingredient
that can be effectively replaced, but only
after taking into account all of the aspects
that made it so unique in the past. Good
quality sh meal is an excellent ingredient
and given a possible reduction in price, it will
return to most piglet formulas. However, with
diminishing global production and strong
competition from the aqua feed industry,
sh meal is a luxury for piglet diets. PIGI
Advances in piglet nutrition have made sh meal
a dispensable ingredient that can be replaced, but
only after taking into account all of the aspects that
make it so unique.
P
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C2201_R20019_1301PIGfishmeal_1.BK.indd 27 1/3/2013 1:27:42 PM
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January/February 2013
VIV Asia 2013 will focus on animal feed
and animal health as being vital for meat
quality and safety. The show will be held
March 13-15 in Bangkok, Thailand.
Animal health will be one of the main topics
covered at the event, as consumer attitude
and behavior about food trending toward
healthier food is rapidly changing on a
worldwide scale. In a related topic, the event
will also focus on meat safety. After mad cow,
classical swine and avian inuenza, consumers
are skeptical and want guarantees about the
meats they eat. Consequently, the importance
of delivering fresh and safe meat products
with an extended shelf life is increasing.
Educational programs
To address these focus topics, the event
will feature conferences and seminars,
including the following three programs:
MeatTech
MeatTech aims to educate about the
slaughter and processing of pig and poultry
meat. The audience for this program are
those involved in integrated poultry and pig
production companies and processors.
Animal Health Summit
The VIV Animal Health Summit will focus
on the use of antibiotics in
animal feed and developments
in animal health and
the impact in Asia.
CropTech-FeedTech
On March 13, a pig nutrition
conference co-sponsored by WATT on the use
of immunoglobulins in piglet feed is scheduled.
The conference speaker, Thomas Heile,
product manager and trial manager, EW
Nutrition (3:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m.) will cover
various nutrition topics. The conference
will be moderated by Ken Jennison,
editor, Feed International, and will include
a question and answer period. PIGI
Asia 2013 focuses on
entire animal production,
processing supply chain
VIV sees todays meat business as having multiple goals.
28 Show Preview
|
Visit the VIV website for the most up-to-date
conference program and educational schedule.
www.vivasia.nl/en/Bezoeker/Conference-Program.aspx
Fast Facts:
What: VIV Asia 2013
Where: Bangkok International Trade &
Exhibition Centre, Thailand
When: Wednesday, March 13: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.
Thursday, March 14: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.
Friday, March 15: 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
For more info: www.vivasia.nl/en
R E G I S T E R N O W
f o r F R E E e n t r a n c e a t
w w w . v i v . n e t
V I V A s i a 2 0 1 3
S p e c i a l t h e m e s
M a r c h 1 3 - 1 5 , 2 0 1 3 | B I T E C B a n g k o k , T h a i l a n d
T h e w o r l d s m o s t p r o m i s i n g m e e t i n g p o i n t
t o b o o s t y o u r b u s i n e s s f r o m F e e d t o M e a t .
C2201_R20007_1301PIGvivasia_1.BK.indd 28 1/3/2013 1:28:11 PM
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PRODUCTS
Merck Animal Health
Panacur AquaSol
Merck Animal Healths Panacur
AquaSol is a swine dewormer,
approved for use in the European
Union. The product is a suspension
for use in drinking water, designed
for the treatment and control of
gastro-intestinal nematodes. The
company says the products active
ingredient is fenbendazole, an an-
thelminthic medicinal product.
www.merck-animal-health.com
Slap-Shot Co. Inc. Slap
Shot Flexible Oral Doser
The Slap Shot Flexible Oral
Doser was developed by Slap-
Shot Co. Inc. for oral dosing of
medicine and vitamins to small
livestock animals.The oral doser
attachesto disposable or pistol
grip syringes, and is reusable.
The company says it is made of
medical grade,FDA-and USDA-
approved materials.
www.slapshot-ex-vac.com
Big Dutchman Inc.
HelixX system
Big Dutchman Inc.s HelixX sys-
tem is a decentrally-installed ex-
haust air washer and has separa-
tion rates for total dust and ammo-
nia. The decentrally-installed units
are connected to each other and
to a central water treatment station
by a pipeline system.It consists
of a nozzle holder installed on top
of a water collection spiral. Water
is sprayed on the exhaust air
through the nozzles thus binding
dust and ammonia.
www.bigdutchmanusa.com
|
29
www.olmix.com
Digestive tract ready?
Give algae to your piglets!
N
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W
Less medication
Better weight at weaning
Scan the code
to see the study
Deactivation
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Excellent effcacy with with
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