ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Hormones
- Secretory products
- Differentiated into:
1. Autocrine hormones that stimulate
itself
2. Paracrine hormones that stimulate
adjacent cell
3. Endocrine hormones that stimulate
distant cell
- Classified into:
1. Endocrine comes from a glandular
cell, target is somatic cell
2. Neuroendocrine derived from neuron,
target is another endocrine gland
3. Neurocrine from neuron, target is
another neuron

Hypothalamus
- Located superior to pituitary gland (Master
gland)
- Stimulates Pituitary Gland
- Releases Releasing Hormone (RH)
- Nervous Tissue

Pituitary Gland
- Anterior Pituitary made up of epithelial
tissue (Ectoderm)
BASOPHILES
ACIDOPHILES (Somatotropes)
CHLOROPHOMES

Somatotropes Growth Hormones
Lactotropes Prolactin (Mammary
gland)
Thyrotropes TSH (Thyroid
Stimulating Hormone)
Corticotropes Adenocorticotrophin
hormone
Gonadotropes 1. Luteinizing
Hormone (LH)
2. Follicle Stimulating
Hormone (FSH)
a. Ovaries
- Theca Cells (TC)
- Granulosa Cells (GC)

b. Testis
- Interstitial Cells (IC)
- Sertoli Cells (SC) for
spermatogenesis

- Posterior Pituitary Gland made up of
nervous tissue (Neuroectoderm)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) /
Argininevasopressin
- Collecting Ducts (found in kidneys)
- Found in supraoptic nucleus
Oxytocin
- Produced by paraventricular nucleus
1. For normal parturition
- Contraction of Uterus
- Uterine Muscles
2. Milk Let Down
- target: Smooth
muscles around
mammary gland

Table 1. Target Pituitary Hormones of
Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones

Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland
GHRH and
Somatostatin
Somatotropes
Dopamine Lactotropes
TRH Thyrotropes
CRH Corticotropes
GRH Gonadotropes
*GHRH Growth Hormone Releasing
Hormone
*Dopamine (Inhibits prolactin)
*TRH Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
*CRH Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
*GRH Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

Thyroid Gland
- Arranged into follicles (Thyroid Follicular
Cells parafollicular cells)
produces calcitonin, deposited on
osteoblast
- Butterfly Shape
- For Metabolism and Development
Isthmus (Intermediate of thyroid)

Parathyroid Gland
- Found on the posterior wall of thyroid gland
- Secretes PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) for
calcium reabsorption

Adrenal Gland
- Found on top of kidneys (Suprarenal)

Adrenal Cortex
Made up of epithelial tissue
Medulla Cortex
Made up of nervous tissue
Derived from neural crest
Responds to sympathetic nervous
system
Produces catecholamines
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine (?)
Three Layers of Adrenal Gland:
1. Zona Glomerolosa (Most Superficial)
a. Mineralocorticoid Calcium
Reabsorption
2. Zona Fasciculata (Intermediate layer)
a. Glucocorticoid produces cortisol,
for glucose metabolism
3. Zona Reticularis (Deepest layer)
a. Androgen sex steroids

Pancreas Gland
- Has both Exocrine and Endocrine
- Exocrine Acinar Cells
- Endocrine consists pancreatic islets (islets
of Langerhans) which secretes insulin and
glucagon
a. Alpha Cells Secretes glucagon
b. Beta Cells Secretes Insulin
c. Delta (?) Somatostatin (growth
hormone inhibitor)