Land Reforms in India - Peasant Revolts in British-Raj 4UPSC

7/4/2014 Land Reforms in India: Peasant revolts in British-Raj 4UPSC
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Mrunal
w $ polity | Q 15
9 months ago
[Land Reforms] Peasant
Revolts for Land reforms
during British Raj

1. Prol ogue
2. Peasant struggl es i n Bri ti sh Indi a
3. Peasant Revol ts before 1857
1. Sanyasi Revol t, 1772
2. Pagal Panthi , 1830s-40s
3. Santhal , 1855
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4. Revol ts after 1857s Muti ny
1. Indi go Movement (1859-60)
2. Deccan Ri ots (1874-75)
3. Ramosi , 1877-87
4. No-Revenue Movements (1893-1900)
5. Bi rsa Munda s Ul gul an (1899)
6. Raj asthan: 1913-17
7. Champaran Indi go Satyagraha
(1917)
8. Kheda Satyagraha (1918)
5. Peasant revol ts i n the 20s
1. Ki san Movement, UP (1920s)
2. Eka Movement (1920s)
3. Second Mopl ah Upri si ng (1921)
4. Bardol i Satyagraha (1928)
6. Peasant Revol ts i n the 40s
1. Tebhaga, Bengal , 1946
2. Tel angana, Hyderabad State (46-51)
3. Varl i , Bombay Provi nce
7. Mock Questi ons
Prol ogue
This [Land Reforms] Article series will (try to) cover
following issues for UPSC Mains GS/Optionals:
1. Three l and tenure system of the Bri ti sh:
Thei r features, i mpl i cati ons. We saw i n
previ ous arti cl e.
2. Peasant struggles in British Raj: causes and
consequences. Di scussed i n thi s arti cl e.
3. Land reforms, Before independence: by
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Congress governments in Provinces, their
benefits and limitations. Gandhi and Ranades
views on Land reforms, All India Kisan Sabha etc.
4. Land reforms, After independence: abolition of
Zamindari, Land Ceiling and Tenancy reforms.
Their benefits and limitations
5. Land reforms by non-governmental action:
Bhoodan, Gramdan, NGOs etc. their benefits and
limitations
6. Land reforms in recent times: Computerization
of land records, Forest rights Act, land reform
policy etc. their benefits and limitations.
Peasant struggl es i n Bri ti sh Indi a
Can be classified into following groups:
Before
1857s
Mutiny
East India: Sanyasi Revolt, Chuar and Ho
Rising, Kol Rising, Santhal Rising, Pagal
Panthis and Faraizis Revolt
West India: Bhil, Ramosis
South India: Poligars
After
1857s
Mutiny
Indigo Movement (1859-60)
Pabna Agrarian Unrest (1873-76),
Deccan riots (1874-75),
No-Revenue Movement Assam,
Maharashtra, and Punjab: (towards the
end of 19th century)
Champaran Indigo Satyagraha (1917)
In the
20s and
2
nd
Moplah, Awadh Kisan Sabha, Eka
movement, Bardoli etc.
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During
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After
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Congress Ministries in provinces such as
Bihar, UP and Bombay (will be discussed
separately in third article)
Faizpur Congress session (1936)
All India Kisan Congress
Tebhaga Movement in Bengal
Telangana Outbreak in Hyderabad
Varlis Revolt in Western India
Peasant Revol ts before 1857
click to enlarge
Note: Im also including some tribal revolts that had
connections with land settlement/tenancy systems.
Sanyasi Revolt, 1772
British government restricted people from
visiting holy places. Sansyasi got angry
Joined by farmers, evicted landlords, disbanded
soldiers
Focal point: Rangpur to Dhaka
Leader: Manju Shah Fakir
Sanyasis defeated a company of sepoys and
killed the commander. They overran some
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SANTOSH { Ruchi gupta
jee, Supreme court
'collegium' will be the
districts, virtually running a parallel government.
This rebellion continued till the end of the 18th
century.
Governor General Warren Hastings launched a
military campaign against Sansyasis.
From 1800, sanyasis probably joined the
Marathas to fight British.
Pagal Panthi, 1830s-40s
Reason: Zamindari Oppression
Area: North Bengal, Hajong and Garo tribes.
Leader: Karam Shah and his son Tipu
Resul t: Initially British agreed to Pagal Panthi
demand, made arrangement to protect the
cultivators from Zamindar
But later, launched massive military operation to
suppress Pagal Panthis
Santhal, 1855
Reason: oppression of police, atrocities of
landlords and moneylenders, ill-treatment of
small farmers by land revenue officials.
Government banned shifting cultivation in forest
areas.
Area: Raj Mahal hills
Leaders: Sindhu + Kanhu
Result: The government could pacified these
Santhals by creating a separate district of
Santhal Parganas.
some other revol ts before 1857 s Muti ny:
penal authority in selection
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Bank i ng Sec t or
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SPORTS quot a)
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Comm/ HR/ CA/ MBA
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Ranchi
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I T/ Comput er
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25-Jul : programmer
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15-Jul : System Op.Raebareli
10-Jul : Karnataka PC
operators
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06-Jul : IT engg. in CRIS (need
GATE2014)
Bhil
1817 to 1819
Reason: agrarian hardship
Area: W.Ghats, Khandesh
Chuar and Ho
1820 to 1837.
Reason: famine, land Revenue
Area: Midnapur, Chhotanagpur,
Singhbhum
Tribes involved
Chuar=Midnapur
Ho and Munda= Chhota Nagpur
and Singhbhum
Faraizis
1838 to 1857
Reason: Zamindari Oppression
Area: East Bengal
Leader: Faraizis were followers of
a Muslim sect founded by Haji
Shariatullah of Faridpur
Kherwar/Sapha
Har
Against revenue settlements in
tribal areas.
Kol
Reason: British transferred of
land from Kol headmen (Mundas)
to outsiders like Sikh and Muslim
farmers.
Area: Chhota Nagpur, Ranchi,
Singhbhum, Hazaribag, Palamau
and western parts of Manbhum.
Mophah, First
uprising
1836-1854
Malabar.
by Muslim tenants against Hindu
Zamindars (Jemnis).
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account ant s(2)
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Medi c al / Al l i ed
18-Jul : Doct ors in HAL
14-Jul : BSF Para-
Medic,Pharma
07-Jul : Haryana Doctors
06-Jul : Doctors in BSF
03-Jul : Doctors in various
central org.
Poligars
Reason: land Revenue
Area: Dindigul, Malabar, Arcot,
Madras presidency
Tiru Mir
1782-1831
Bengal. Against Hindu land lords,
who imposed beard tax on
Farazis.
Revol ts after 1857s Muti ny
General f eatures:
1. After 1857s revolt, The British had crushed down
native princes and zamindars. Hence farmers
themselves became main force of agitations.
2. Target= sometimes government, sometimes
moneylender, sometimes landlord/ zamindar
3. Territorial reach. not organized on mass-scale
4. Often spontaneous. no coordination
30-Jun: Delhi Doctors
30-Jun: Medical Officer
Chandigarh(10)
30-Jun: AIIMS Jodhpur
L egal
07-Jul : Haryana Attorney
Sc i enc e/ Agr i . Gr ads .
30-Aug: Lab Attendent NIFFT
Ranchi
25-Jul : Himachal
Tech.Assistants
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10-Jul : Karnataka lab
assistant
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Asst.
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03-Jul : NIFTEM technician
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Scientist/Asst.
04-Jul : Assistants Tamilnadu
Spec . Ot her s
07-Jul : Haryana Town planner
Mi s c . Des k j obs
30-Aug: clerks NIFFT Ranchi
31-Jul : NGT
Secretary,Steno,Translators
21-Jul : NI T Warangal asst .
10-Jul : NI T Pat na Asst .
15-Jul : NI FT,Gandhinagar
15-Jul : Raebareli Deskjobs
07-Jul : Drivers AMU
03-Jul : I I T Gandhinagar
5. lacked continuity or long term struggle.
6. never threatened British supremacy
7. farmers didnt mind paying rent, revenue,
interest on debt but only agitated when they
were raised to an abnormal level.
8. lacked understanding of colonial economic
system or divide and rule policy of the British.
Farmers agitations were based within framework
of old social order, hence often failed because
government could woo a faction by granting
them concession and hence movement would
collapse.
I ndigo Movement (1859-60)
European planters forced desi farmers to grow
the indigo in Eastern India, without paying right
price.
If any farmer refused- and started growing rice,
he was kidnapped, women and children were
attacked, and crop was looted, burnt and
destroyed.
If farmer approached court, the European judge
would rule in favour of the European planter.
The privileges and immunities enjoyed by the
British planters placed them above the law and
beyond all judicial control.
Finally Indigo peasants launched revolt in Nadia
district of Bengal presidency. Refused to grow
Indigo. If police tried to intervene, they were
attacked.
European Planters responded by increasing the
rent and evicting farmers. Led to more agitations
Deskjobs
L ec t ur e/ Pr of .
07-Jul : AMU
02-Jul : Baroda Univ.
War ni ng
DONOT wai t ti l l l ast
date. Onl i ne Form Part1
stops worki ng 2-3 days
b4 deadl i ne.
DONOT forget/mi spl ace
regi strati on/rol l
number/hal l ti cket after
exam i s over.
and confrontations.
Later got support from the intelligentsia, press,
missionaries and Muslims.
Resul t: Government issued a notification that
the Indian farmers cannot be compelled to grow
indigo and that it would ensure that all disputes
were settled by legal means. By the end of 1860,
Indigo planters should down their factories and
cultivation of indigo was virtually wiped out from
Bengal.
Harish
Chandra
Mukherji
editor of Hindu patriot. published reports
on indigo campaign, organized mass
meetings etc.
Din
Bandhu
Mitra
wrote a play Neel Darpan to portray the
oppression of indigo farmers.
Pabna Agrarian Unrest (1873-76)
Area: East Bengal. Pabna=a jute growing district
Reason: Zamindars enhanced rents beyond
legal limits through a variety of cesses (Abwab),
Farmers had to face costly legal affairs and
forced eviction. Nuisance of moneylenders.
Leaders: Ishwar Chandra Roy, Shambhu Pal,
Khoodi Mollah.
Notabl e features
Agrarian league formed to fight legal battle
against the zamindars and organized
nonpayment of rent campaign.
This league provided a sound platform to the
peasants at a time when there was no kisan
sabha or any political party to organize the
peasants.
by and large non-violent. No zamindar or agent
was killed / seriously injured. Very few houses
looted, very few police stations attacked.
Hindu Muslim unity, despite the fact that most
Zamindars were Hindu and farmers were
muslims.
farmers demanded to become ryots of British
queen and not of Zamindars.
Got support from Intellectuals: Bankim Chandra
Chettarji, RC Dutt, Surendranath Benerjee etc.
Resul t:
This unrest resulted into Bengal Tenancy Act of
1885.
But this act did not fully protect farmers from the
zamindari oppression
Even non-cultivators were given occupancy right.
It gave rise to a powerful jotedar groups.
Later some of the Jotedars became as
exploitative as the zamindars.
Deccan Riots (1874-75)
Area: In the ryotwari areas of Pune and
Ahmadnagar of Maharashtra
Reasons
the land revenue was very high
had to pay land Revenue even during bad
seasons
1860: American civil war=boom in demand of
cotton export.
But In 1864, war ends=>cotton export declines,
yet government raised land revenue.
Farmers had taken loans from moneylenders,
but now they cannot repay=>Moneylenders took
away their land, cattle, jewelry and property.
Notabl e features:
1. The object of this riot was to destroy the dead
bonds, decrees, etc. in possession of their
creditors.
2. Violence was used only when the moneylenders
refused to hand over the documents.
3. villagers led by traditional headmen (Patels)
4. Involved social boycott of moneylender. and
social boycott of any villager who didnt socially
boycott the moneylender.
5. Later got support from Poona Sarvajanik Sabha
led by Justice Ranade.
Result:
1. Initially government resorted to use of police
force and arrest. but later appointed a
commission, passed Agriculturists Relief Act in
1879 and on the operation of Civil Procedure
Code.
2. Now the peasants could not be arrested and
sent to jail if they failed to pay their debts.
Ramosi, 1877-87
Reason: Ramosis of Maharashtra were the
inferior ranks of police in Maratha
administration.
After the fall of the Maratha kingdom, they
became farmers =>heavy land Revenue demands
by British.
Area: Satara, Maharashtra, Deccan
Leader: Chittur Singh (1822), Vasudev Balwant
Phadke (1877-87)
Resul t: Government gave them land grants and
recruited them as hill police.
No-Revenue Movements (1893-1900)
In the Ryotwari areas. Main reason: hike in land
revenue.
Assam
British increase land Revenue by 50 to 70
per cent in Kamrup and Darrang districts.
Villager decided not to pay Revenue. And
socially boycotted any farmer who paid
land Revenue.
Rural elites, Brahmin led the revolt. Social
boycott of anyone who paid taxes to
British.
Bombay
farmers wanted revenue remission under
famine code during 1896-1900.
Tilak, Poona Sarvajanik Sabha sent
volunteers to spread awareness among
farmers about their legal rights under
Famine code.
These campaigns spread to Surat, Nasik,
Khera and Ahmedabad.
Punjab
Nuisance of moneylenders.
led to assault and murder of
moneylenders by the peasants.
Result: Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1902
which prohibited for 20 years transfer of
land from peasants to moneylenders and
mortgage.
Birsa Munda s Ulgulan (1899)
South of Ranchi
Reasons
Tribals practiced Khuntkatti system (joint holding
by tribal lineages)
But rich farmers, merchants, moneylenders,
dikus, thekedars from Northern India came and
tried to replace it with typical Zamindari-tenancy
system.
These new landlords caused indebtedness and
beth-begari (forced labour) among the tribal.
Birsa Munda organized the Munda tribals,
attacked churches and police stations.
Result:
Birsa died in jail, while others shot dead, hanged
or deported.
Government enacted Chotanagpur Tenancy Act
1908.
recognized Khuntkatti rights
banned eth Begari (forced labour)
Rajasthan: 1913-17
Bijolia Movement and No tax campaign against
Udipur Maharana
reason: The jagirdar levied 86 different cesses on
farmers.
leaders: Sitaram Das, Vijay Singh Pathik (Bhoop
Singh), Manik lal Verma
Farmers refused to pay taxes, migrated to
neighboring states
1922: Bhil movement against begari (forced
labour)
Champaran I ndigo Satyagraha (1917)
Area: Champaran district of Bihar. Ramnagar,
Bettiah, Madhuban.
European planters forced Indian farmers to
cultivate indigo on 3/20th of their land holding.
Popularly known as tinkathia system.
Under this system, European planters holding
thikadari leases from the big local zamindars
forced the peasants to cultivate indigo on part of
their land at un-remunerative prices and by
charging sharahbeshi (rent enhancement) or
tawan (lump sum compensation)
if the farmer did not want to grow indigo, he had
to pay heavy fines
1916
A farmer Raj Kumar Shukla contacted Gandhi
during Congress Session @Lucknow.
1917
Mahatma Gandhi launched an agitation.
Demanded a detailed enquiry and redressal of
farmers grievances.
Result:
1. Government appoints a committee, even
included Gandhi as one of the member.
2. Government abolishes tinkhatia system and pays
compensation to the farmers.
3. Gandhi gets new allies: Rajendra Prasad, JB
Kriplani, Mahadev Desai and Braj Kishore Prasad
Kheda Satyagraha (1918)
Severe drought in Khera District, Gujarat
Kanbi-Patidar farmers. Making decent living
through cotton, tobacco and dairy. But Plague
and famine during 1898-1906 reduced their
income. Yet government increased Revenue
demand.
Prices of essential commodities: kerosene, salt
etc increased because of WW1.
Farmers requested government to waive the land
Revenue. Government ignored.
Gandhi + Sardar Patel launched no-revenue
campaign
Result:
1. Government reduced revenue to 6.03%
2. Government ordered officials to recover Revenue
only from those farmers who were willing to pay.
3. Gandhi gets new ally: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Peasant revol ts i n the 20s
General f eatures
1. Often turned violent/ militant. Created a divide
between local leaders and Nationalist
Leaders/Congress/Gandhi
2. Sign of fear among middle-class leadership that
movement would turn militant.
3. Government used full police force and
suppression.
4. Farmers didnt demand abolition of rent,
zamindari. They only wanted a fair system of
land tenancy.
Kisan Movement, UP (1920s)
Awadh farmers were suffering because:
1. Lack of occupancy rights on land in many
regions.
2. Exaction by landlords of tributes, cesses, gifts,
forced labour and excessive rent.
3. Periodic revision of land revenue in ryotwari
areas.
4. Heavy indebtedness to the village land lords or
money lenders.
5. World war I = steep rise in the price of food
grains benefiting middlemen and merchants at
the cost of the poor.
6. Farmers had to pay Larai Chanda (War
contribution) during WW1.
7. To counter Gandhi/Congresss influence, the
Government wanted to win over Talukdars in
Avadh. Hence, they gave free hand to Taulkdars
regarding rent collection, eviction etc.
8. As a result, Begari (forced labour) and Bedakhli
(evicting tenant for land) became a common
sight.
9. +caste domination: Jajmani system under
which, lower caste were oblighted to supply
ghee, cloths etc free/@discounted prices to
upper caste.
1918
UP Kisan Sabha setup.
by Home Rule leaders Gauri Shanker Mishra and
Indra Narain Dwivedi with the support of Madan
Mohan Malviya.
1920
Baba Ramchandra organized peasants of Awadh
against the landlords, using Ramayana and caste
sloghans.
Methods of Awadh Kisan Sabha
1. asked farmers to stop working on bedakhli land
(i.e. from where earlier farmer was evicted)
2. asked farmers to stop giving Begari and Jajmani.
3. Social boycott of farmers who did not obey 1+2.
4. By 1921, this movement turned militant and
spread to districts of Eastern UP. involved
looting, ransacking, attacking zamindar
properties.
5. agitators raided the houses of landlords and
moneylenders, looted bazaars and granaries
Result: Government amended Awadh Rent Act in
1921 and AKS ceased violence.
Later All India Kisan Sabha emerged. Discussed
separately in third article along with Congress
Provincial government .
Eka Movement (1920s)
Eka=unity movement
Initially by Congress+Khilafat Leaders. Later
Madari Pasi and other low caste leaders.
Reason: oppression by Thekedar. High rents
Involved religious ritual, in which farmer would
take a tip in Ganges and vow not to do begari,
resist eviction etc.
Even included some small zamindars who were
unhapped with British demands for high
revenue.
By 1922 severe repression by government=Eka
Movement vanished.
Second Moplah Uprising (1921)
Reasons:
1. Hindu Zamindars (Jemnis) exploiting Muslim
Moplah/Mappila farmers in Malabar (Kerala)
2. rumors that British military strength had
declined post WW1.
3. Khilafat movement and general hatred towards
British.
Tipping point: Police raided a mosque to arrest a
Khilafat leader Ali Musaliar.
Farmers attacked police stations, public offices
and houses, land records of zamindars and
moneylenders under the leadership of
Kunhammed Haji.
For months, British government lost control over
Ernad and Walluvanad taluks for several months.
This movement was termed as Anti-British, Anti-
Zamindars and, to some extent, as anti-Hindu.
Podanur Blackhole: British put 66 Moplah
prisoners into a railway wagon and completely
shut it down. They all died of asphyxiation.
Result: Hundreds of Moplah lost lives- as a result
they were completely demoralized and didnt
join in any future freedom struggles or even
communist movements post independence.
Bardoli Satyagraha (1928)
Area: Bardoli, Gujarat
Reason: land Revenue increased by 22%.
Sardar Patel persuaded the farmers:
not to pay Revenue, required them to take
oath in the name of their respective
Hindu/Muslim gods.
social boycott of anyone who paid revenue.
Resist eviction and Jabti (Confiscation). Lock
houses and migrate to Baroda State
social upliftment of Kaliparaj caste- who
worked as landless laborers.
KM Munshi resigned from Bombay Legislative
council.
Bombay communists and railway workers also
threatened strikes and boycotts.
Resul t:
Government setup Maxwell-Broomfield
commission.
Reduced land Revenue to 6.03%
Returned confiscated land back to farmers.
Vallabhbhai got the title of Sardar.
Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) 1930-31
In UP, Congress asked Zamindars not to pay
revenue to Government. (no-revenue)
And asked Farmers not to pay rent to Zamindars.
(no rent)
But Zamindars remained loyal to British =>as a
result only farmers participated in no-rent
movement.
Misc. Peasant Movements in the 1920 and
30s
Great Depression started in USA, spread in
Europe=> agricultural prices crashed.
But Revenue, rents and taxes remained high,
impoverishing the peasants.
farmers emboldened by Success of Bardoli
Satyagraha of 1928
Many Zamindar leaders stood up in 1937s
provincial elections on Congress tickets but they
were defeated =farmers even more emboldened.
Bakasht
Movement
Bihar
Barhaiya Tal
Bihar. To restore Bakasht land. Leader:
Karyananda Sharma
Bengal, Bihar Refused to pay Chaukidari tax
Bihar
Kisan ran campaign to abolish Zamindari,
restore Bakshat lands. Matter Solved
when provincial congress government
passed act.
Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha, 1929
Bombay,
Central
Provinces
Against forest grazing regulations
Hajong
Tribals
in Garo hills. to reduce rent from 50% to
25%. Leader Moni Singh.
Maharashtra,
Karnataka,
Bundelkhand
No-Revenue movement
Malabar,
against feudal levies, advance rents and
Kerala eviction. Result: Malabar Tenancy act was
amended.
Punjab
Punjab Riyasati Praja Mandal (1928)
Against Maharaj of Patiala he had
increased land Revenue by 19%
farmers wanted him to abolish his
land reserved for shikar (hunting)
for reduction of canal taxes.
Surat, Kheda
Farmers refused to pay Revenue.
Migrated to Baroda State.
Peasant Revol ts i n the 40s
General f eatures:
During WW2, the peasant movements had
declined.
But after the end of WW2 (1945)- peasant leaders
anticipate freedom and new social order. Hence
new movements with renewed vigour.
Earlier kisan movements usually didnt demand
abolition of Zamindari. They merely wanted a
fair system of land revenue and land tenancy.
But these new movements strongly demanded
for abolition of Zamindari.
Even when they were unsuccessful, they created
a climate which necessitated the post-
independence land reforms and abolition of
Zamindari.
Earlier movements were by and large non-
violent. But now they turned militant e.g.
Telangana movement in Hyderabad state and
the Tebhaga movement in Bengal. Similarly All
India Kisan Sabha openly preached militancy,
violance against Zamindars.
Tebhaga, Bengal, 1946
1. in this region: Rich farmers (Jotedars) leased the
farms to sharecroppers (Bargadar)
2. Flout Commission had recommended that
Bargadar should get 2/3 of crop produce and
jotedar (the landlord) should get 1/3
rd
of crop
produce.
3. Tebhaga movement aimed to implement this
recommendation through mass struggle.
Bengal Provincial Kisan Sabha
who
communist groups
lower stratum of tenants such as
bargardars (share croppers), adhiars and
poor peasants, tea plantation workers etc.
against
whom
zamindars, rich farmers (Jotedars),
moneylenders, traders, local bureaucrats
Suharwardys Government introduced Bargardari
Bill. But overall, Limited success:
1. Brutal police suppression.
2. difference of opinion
tribal elements wanted more militant protest
poor and middle level farmer support
declined
urban professional did not support (Because
many of them had given their village land to
Bargadars)
3. Riots started in Calcutta, demand for partition.
Telangana, Hyderabad State (46-51)
Who? Farmers of Telengana and Madras, Praja
Mandal org., Communist party.
Against whom? Nizams officials, landlords,
moneylenders, traders
Biggest Peasant guerrilla war in Modern Indian
history.
Reasons?
1. Under Asafjahi Nizam- bureaucratic domination
by Muslim and Hindu elites
2. Vethi: forced labour and payments in kind by
Jagirdar. Tribals were turned into debt slaves.
3. high rents, forced eviction and other forms of
badass thuggary associated in a feudal area.
Why guerri l l a war?
1. Arms act was implemented in slack manner.
Easy to buy country made guns.
2. Congress, Arya Samaj etc. did not want
Nizam/Razakars to setup an independent
Hyderabad country after independence. So they
gave moral support, funding.
Result
1. revenue and rent records destroyed
2. bonded labour/vethi disappeared, decline in
untouchability
3. Agricultural wages were increased.
4. Destroyed aristocracy/feudalism from
Hyderabad. Paved way for formation of Andhra
State and Vinobas Bhudan movement.
Why decl i ne?
Operation Polo: In 1948, Indian government sent
army to overthrow Nizam.
even after liberation of Hyderabad, the
Communist had internal political difference. The
class war turned into petty murdering of forest
officials and moneylenders. As a result
movement lost support.
Varli, Bombay Province
Varli=tribals in W.India.
Kisan Sabha supported them. Later under the
influence of communists.
Against whom? forest-contractors, the
moneylenders, the rich farmers, landlords,
British bureaucracy.
Mock Questi ons
5 marks
1. Pabna movement.
2. Indigo Movement
(1859-60)
3. Deccan Riots
(1874-75)
4. Sanyasi Revolt
5. Bardoli Peasant
Movement (1921)
6. Indigo Movement
(1959-60)
7. Pagal Panthis and
Faraizis Revolt
8. Peasant
Movement in
Avadh
9. Baba Ramdev Chandra.
10. Eka Movement
11. Kheda Satyagraha
12. Ramosi Revolts
13. Birsa Mundas contribution
in Freedom struggle
14. Tebhaga Movement
15. Telengana movement (1946-
51)
12 marks
1. The most important contribution of the peasant
movements that covered large areas of the
subcontinent in the 30s and 40s was that they
created the climate which necessitated the post-
independence agrarian reforms. Comment
2. Write a note on Peasant movements under
Gandhis leadership
3. Write a note on Peasants movements under
Sardar Patels leadership.
4. Write a note on the characteristics of peasant
movements in India from 1857 to Second World
War.
5. Write a note on the growth of Peasant
movements after 1920s.
6. Underline the critical link between the long
history of the national and peasant movements
in India and the nature and intensity of the land
reform initiatives taken after independence.
7. What were the important peasant struggles that
took place on the eve of Indian independence?
In the next arti cl e, well see the land reforms
initiated by Provincial Congress governments before
independence, role of All India Kisan Sabha, views of
Gandhi and Ranade on Land reforms etc.
Pr evi ousl y i n t hi s cat egor y
[Land Reforms] Consol i dati on of Land
Hol di ngs, Cooperati ve Farmi ng,
Computeri zati on of Land records:
features, benefi ts, l i mi tati ons
Lucent's Samanya Gyan
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Objective General Eng...
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A MODERN APPROACH
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[Land Reforms] Bhoodan, Gramdan, Jan
Satyagraha 2012 & other Non
Governmental Movements:
Achi evements, obstacl es, l i mi tati ons
[Land Reforms] Tenancy Reform,
Tenancy protecti on Acts i n Indi a,
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Tags: Land Reforms
15
features, benefi ts, obstacl es,
l i mi tati ons, i mpact, eval uati on
[Land Reforms] Cei l i ng on Land
hol di ngs: Reasons, Impact, Obstacl es,
Li mi tati ons, Achi evements
[Land Reforms] Post Independence:
Abol i ti on of Zami ndari , Reasons,
Impact, Obstacl es, Li mi tati ons, Fi rst
Amendment
Rush
22/10/2013 at 00:52
Reply
::::::::::::::::::::)) Nice Bhai
Star
22/10/2013 at 01:01
Reply
Mrunar bhai when will you upload the CAPF Answer 2013
answer key please ?
Pankaj
22/10/2013 at 09:33
Reply
YES PLZ .. DO UPLOAD ANSWER KEY FOR CAPF 2013
J&K
22/10/2013 at 10:12
Mruanl sirji..Tussi great hoye dil mage more..pls
publish two article on (i) Admin/revenue system of
Mughals (ii) Vedic literature and Upnishads.
Reply
atul
22/10/2013 at 16:15
Reply
i can not download photo from flicker
CS
22/10/2013 at 16:46
Reply
Sir in this series of articles u have mentioned most of
things present in Bipin chandra book so better name it as
MODERN INDIA by Mrunal.Thanks sir for all ur efforts
nathan
22/10/2013 at 22:22
Reply
mrunal ji.. thanks for such a great task ..
surely your contribution to the future steelframes of india
will be recognised thanks a lot..
being from tamilnadu, i wish our state govt will soon
implement hindi as one of language
now, learning hindi to interact with our beloved mr.mrunal
ji
Anwar
07/11/2013 at 17:12
Reply
Sir i m also from tamilnadu but even more
desprate to hv hindi hereall d best
Amit
23/10/2013 at 17:39
Sir
Please please upload a similar article for culture , heritage
, ethics
i am not able to concentrate on my other topics pending
the preparation for these topics.
Please just give a assurance that before mains-2013 you
will publish articles on these topics will also help.
I dont have time to thoroughly suty the vajirams notes on
ethics . Culture and Heritage is so boring and too much of
jargons. Not able to cope up with so much of names.
Please Please help
Thanks
Reply
Dinesh
25/10/2013 at 20:51
Reply
Sir,
I have a doubt about santhal rebellion. In bipin, it is given
that it was brutally crushed. But here it is given that they
were pacified. Please throw some light on it.
piyush gondaliya
29/10/2013 at 11:17
Reply
Please provide soe brife material about 2nd ARC REPORT.
pratyush
04/11/2013 at 09:11
Reply
awesome compilation
Azmeena Rashid
05/01/2014 at 21:06
Reply
Help full to me
Sachin Rajput
23/03/2014 at 12:29
Reply
Truly a Civil Service exams succeeding revolution
Dr.asha shrivastava
25/04/2014 at 17:29
Reply
very good knowledge.very important to me
!
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