ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD

21.1. (a) IDENTIFY and SET UP: Use the charge of one electron
19
( 1.602 10 C)

to find the number of electrons

required to produce the net charge.
EXECUTE: The number of ecess electrons needed to produce net charge q is
9
10
19
!.20 10 C
2.00 10 electrons.
1.602 10 C"electron
q
e

(b) IDENTIFY and SET UP: Use the atomic mass of lead to find the number of lead atoms in
!
#.00 10 $g

of
lead. %rom this and the total number of ecess electrons& find the number of ecess electrons per lead atom.
EXECUTE: The atomic mass of lead is
!
20' 10 $g"mol&

so the number of moles in

!
#.00 10 $g

is
!
tot
!
#.00 10 $g
0.0!#6( mol.
20' 10 $g"mol
m
n
M

)
N ()*ogadro+s number) is the number of atoms in 1 mole& so the
number of lead atoms is
2! 22
)
(0.0!#6( mol)(6.022 10 atoms"mol) , 2.!2# 10 atoms. N nN The number of
ecess electrons per lead atom is
10
1!
22
2.00 10 electrons
#.(9 10 .
2.!2# 10 atoms

EVALUATE: -*en this small net charge corresponds to a large number of ecess electrons. .ut the number of
atoms in the sphere is much larger still& so the number of ecess electrons per lead atom is *er/ small.
21.2. IDENTIFY: The charge that flo0s is the rate of charge flo0 times the duration of the time inter*al.
SET UP: The charge of one electron has magnitude
19
1.60 10 C. e


EXECUTE: The rate of charge flo0 is
20& 000 C"s
and
1
100 s 1.00 10 s. t


1
(20&000 C"s)(1.00 10 s) 2.00 C. Q

The number of electrons is
19
e 19
1.2( 10 .
1.60 10 C
Q
n

EVALUATE: This is a *er/ large amount of charge and a large number of electrons.
21.3. IDENTIFY: %rom /our mass estimate the number of protons in /our bod/. 2ou ha*e an equal number of electrons.
SET UP: )ssume a bod/ mass of '0 $g. The charge of one electron is
19
1.60 10 C.

EXECUTE: The mass is primaril/ protons and neutrons of
2'
1.6' 10 $g. m

The total number of protons and
neutrons is
2#
p and n 2'
'0 $g
1.2 10 .
1.6' 10 $g
n

)bout one3half are protons& so

2#
p e
2.1 10 n n . The number of
electrons is about
2#
2.1 10 . The total charge of these electrons is
19 2# 9
( 1.60 10 C"electron)(2.10 10 electrons) !.!( 10 C. Q


EVALUATE: This is a huge amount of negati*e charge. .ut /our bod/ contains an equal number of protons and
/our net charge is 4ero. 5f /ou carr/ a net charge& the number of ecess or missing electrons is a *er/ small fraction
of the total number of electrons in /our bod/.
21.4. IDENTIFY: Use the mass m of the ring and the atomic mass M of gold to calculate the number of gold atoms.
-ach atom has '9 protons and an equal number of electrons.
SET UP:
2!
)
6.02 10 atoms"mol N . ) proton has charge 6e.
EXECUTE: The mass of gold is 1'.' g and the atomic 0eight of gold is 19' g mol. 7o the number of atoms is
2! 22
)
1'.' g
(6.02 10 atoms"mol) (.11 10 atoms
19' g mol
N n
_


,
. The number of protons is
22 21
p
('9 protons"atom)((.11 10 atoms) 1.2' 10 protons n .
19 (
p
( )(1.60 10 C"proton) 6.#! 10 C Q n

.
(b) The number of electrons is
21
e p
1.2' 10 . n n
EVALUATE: The total amount of positi*e charge in the ring is *er/ large& but there is an equal amount of negati*e
charge.
21-1
21
21-2 Cha!"# 21
21.$. IDENTIFY: )ppl/
1 2
2
k q q
F
r
and sol*e for r.
SET UP: 6(0 8 F .
EXECUTE:
9 2 2 2
1 2 !
(#.99 10 8 m "C )(1.0 C)
!.' 10 m !.' $m
6(0 8
k q q
r
F


EVALUATE: Charged ob9ects t/picall/ ha*e net charges much less than 1 C.
21.%. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ Coulomb:s la0 and calculate the net charge q on each sphere.
SET UP: The magnitude of the charge of an electron is
19
1.60 10 C e

.
EXECUTE:
2
2
0
1
.
1
q
F
r

P
This gi*es
2 21 2 16
0 0
1 1 (1.(' 10 8)(0.200 m) 1.1! 10 C. q Fr

P P )nd
therefore& the total number of electrons required is
16 19
" (1.1! 10 C)"(1.60 10 C"electron) #90 electrons. n q e


EVALUATE: -ach sphere has #90 ecess electrons and each sphere has a net negati*e charge. The t0o li$e
charges repel.
21.&. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ Coulomb+s la0.
SET UP: Consider the force on one of the spheres.
(a) EXECUTE:
1 2
q q q
2
1 2
2 2
0 0
1
1 1
q q q
F
r r

P P
so
'
9 2 2
0
0.220 8
0.1(0 m '.12 10 C (on each)
(1"1 ) #.9## 10 8 m "C
F
q r

P

(b)
2 1
1 q q
2
1 2 1
2 2
0 0
1 1
1 1
q q q
F
r r

P P
so
' ' 1 1
1 2 2
0 0
('.12 10 C) , !.'1 10 C.
1(1"1 ) (1"1 )
F F
q r r



P P
)nd then
6
2 1
1 1.1# 10 C. q q


EVALUATE: The force on one sphere is the same magnitude as the force on the other sphere& 0hether the sphere
ha*e equal charges or not.
21.'. IDENTIFY: Use the mass of a sphere and the atomic mass of aluminum to find the number of aluminum atoms in
one sphere. -ach atom has 1! electrons. )ppl/ Coulomb:s la0 and calculate the magnitude of charge
q
on each
sphere.
SET UP:
2!
)
6.02 10 atoms"mol N . e
q n e
& 0here
e
n
is the number of electrons remo*ed from one sphere
and added to the other.
EXECUTE: (a) The total number of electrons on each sphere equals the number of protons.
21
e p )
0.02(0 $g
(1!)( ) '.2( 10 electrons
0.0269#2 $g mol
n n N
_


,
.
(b) %or a force of
1
1.00 10 8 to act bet0een the spheres&
2
1
2
0
1
1.00 10 8
1
q
F
r

P
. This gi*es
1 2 1
0
1 (1.00 10 8)(0.0#00 m) #.1! 10 C q

P . The number of electrons remo*ed from one sphere and
added to the other is
1(
e
" (.2' 10 electrons. n q e
(()
10
e e
" '.2' 10 n n

.
EVALUATE: ;hen ordinar/ ob9ects recei*e a net charge the fractional change in the total number of electrons in
the ob9ect is *er/ small .
21.). IDENTIFY: )ppl/ F ma & 0ith
1 2
2
q q
F k
r
.
SET UP:
2
2(.0 21( m"s a g . )n electron has charge
19
1.60 10 C. e


EXECUTE:
! 2
(#.(( 10 $g)(21( m"s ) 2.09 8 F ma

. The spheres ha*e equal charges q& so
2
2
q
F k
r
and
6
9 2 2
2.09 8
(0.1(0 m) 2.29 10 C
#.99 10 8 m "C
F
q r
k



.
6
1!
19
2.29 10 C
1.1! 10 electrons
1.60 10 C
q
N
e

. The
charges on the spheres ha*e the same sign so the electrical force is repulsi*e and the spheres accelerate a0a/ from
each other.
-lectric Charge and -lectric %ield 21-3
EVALUATE: )s the spheres mo*e apart the repulsi*e force the/ eert on each other decreases and their
acceleration decreases.
21.1*. (a) IDENTIFY: The electrical attraction of the proton gi*es the electron an acceleration equal to the acceleration
due to gra*it/ on earth.
SET UP: Coulomb+s la0 gi*es the force and 8e0ton+s second la0 gi*es the acceleration this force produces.
1 2
2
0
1
1
q q
ma
r

P
and
2
0

1
e
r
ma

P
.
EXECUTE: r ,
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
9 2 2 19
!1 2
9.00 10 8 m "C 1.60 10 C
9.11 10 $g 9.#0 m"s

= (.0# m
EVALUATE: The electron needs to be about ( m from a single proton to ha*e the same acceleration as it recei*es
from the gra*it/ of the entire earth.
(b) IDENTIFY: The force on the electron comes from the electrical attraction of all the protons in the earth.
SET UP: %irst find the number n of protons in the earth& and then find the acceleration of the electron using
8e0ton+s second la0& as in part (a).
n = m-/mp , ((.9' 10
21
$g)"(1.6'
2'
10

$g) , !.(' 10
(1
protons.
a , F"m ,
p e 2
2
0 - 0
2
e e -
1 1
1 1
q q
ne
R
m m R

P P
.
EXECUTE: a = (9.00 10
9
8

m
2
"C
2
)(!.(' 10
(1
)(1.60
19
10

C)
2
"<(9.11
!1
10

$g)(6.!# 10
6
m)
2
= , 2.22
10
10
m"s
2
. >ne can ignore the gra*itation force since it produces an acceleration of onl/ 9.# m"s
2
and hence is much
much less than the electrical force.
EVALUATE: ;ith the electrical force& the acceleration of the electron 0ould nearl/ 10
10
times greater than 0ith
gra*it/& 0hich sho0s ho0 strong the electrical force is.
21.11. IDENTIFY: 5n a space satellite& the onl/ force accelerating the free proton is the electrical repulsion of the other
proton.
SET UP: Coulomb+s la0 gi*es the force& and 8e0ton+s second la0 gi*es the acceleration? a = F/m =
0
(1" 1 ) P
(e
2
"r
2
)"m.
EXECUTE: (a) a , (9.00 10
9
8

m
2
"C
2
)(1.60 10
319
C)
2
"<(0.002(0 m)
2
(1.6' 10
32'
$g)= , 2.21 10
1
m"s
2
.
(b) The graphs are s$etched in %igure 21.11.
EVALUATE: The electrical force of a single stationar/ proton gi*es the mo*ing proton an initial acceleration
about 20&000 times as great as the acceleration caused b/ the gra*it/ of the entire earth. )s the protons mo*e
farther apart& the electrical force gets 0ea$er& so the acceleration decreases. 7ince the protons continue to repel& the
*elocit/ $eeps increasing& but at a decreasing rate.
F+,-#" 21.11
21.12. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ Coulomb+s la0.
SET UP: @i$e charges repel and unli$e charges attract.
EXECUTE: (a)
1 2
2
0
1
1
q q
F
r

P
. This gi*es
6
2
2
0
(0.((0 10 C) 1
0.200 8
1 (0.!0 m)
q

P
and
6
2
!.61 10 C q

+ . The
force is attracti*e and
1
0 q < & so
6
2
!.61 10 C q

+ .
(b)
0.200 F
8. The force is attracti*e& so is do0n0ard.
EVALUATE: The forces bet0een the t0o charges obe/ 8e0ton:s third la0.
21-4 Cha!"# 21
21.13. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ Coulomb+s la0. The t0o forces on
!
q must ha*e equal magnitudes and opposite directions.
SET UP: @i$e charges repel and unli$e charges attract.
EXECUTE: The force
2
F
r
that
2
q eerts on
!
q has magnitude
2 !
2 2
2
q q
F k
r
and is in the 6x direction.
1
F
r
must be in
the
x
direction& so
1
q must be positi*e.
1 2
F F gi*es
1 ! 2 !
2 2
1 2
q q q q
k k
r r
.
2
2
1
1 2
2
2.00 cm
(!.00 nC) 0.'(0 nC
1.00 cm
r
q q
r
_
_


,
,
.
EVALUATE: The result for the magnitude of
1
q doesn+t depend on the magnitude of
2
q .
21.14. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ Coulomb+s la0 and find the *ector sum of the t0o forces on Q.
SET UP: The force that
1
q eerts on Q is repulsi*e& as in -ample 21.1& but no0 the force that
2
q eerts is
attracti*e.
EXECUTE: The x3components cancel. ;e onl/ need the y3components& and each charge contributes equall/.
6 6
1 2 2
0
1 (2.0 10 C) (1.0 10 C)
sin 0.1'! 8 (since sin 0.600).
1 (0.(00 m)
y y
F F

P
Therefore& the total force is
2 0.!( 8& F
in the
3direction y
.
EVALUATE: 5f
1
q is 2.0 C and
2
q is 2.0 C + & then the net force is in the 6y3direction.
21.1$. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ Coulomb+s la0 and find the *ector sum of the t0o forces on
1
q .
SET UP: @i$e charges repel and unli$e charges attract& so
2
F
r
and
!
F
r
are both in the 6x3direction.
EXECUTE:
1 2 1 ! ( 1
2 ! 2 2
12 1!
6.'19 10 8& 1.121 10 8
q q q q
F k F k
r r

.
1
2 !
1.# 10 8 F F F

+ .
1
1.# 10 8 F

and is in the 6x3direction.
EVALUATE: Comparing our results to those in -ample 21.!& 0e see that
1 on ! ! on 1
F F
r r
& as required b/
8e0ton+s third la0.
21.1%. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ Coulomb+s la0 and find the *ector sum of the t0o forces on
2
q .
SET UP:
2 on 1
F
r
is in the 6y3direction.
EXECUTE:
( )
9 2 2 6 6
2on 1 2
(9.0 10 8 m C ) (2.0 10 C) (2.0 10 C)
0.100 8
0.60 m
F



. ( )
2 on 1
0
x
F
and
( )
2 on 1
0.100 8
y
F +
.
on 1 Q
F
is equal and opposite to
1 on Q
F
(-ample 21.1)& so ( )
on 1
0.2!8
Q
x
F and
( )
on 1
0.1' 8
Q
y
F
. ( ) ( )
2 on 1 on 1
0.2! 8
x Q
x
x
F F F + . ( ) ( )
2 on 1 on 1
0.100 8 0.1' 8 0.2' 8
y Q
y
y
F F F + +
.
The magnitude of the total force is
( ) ( )
2 2
0.2! 8 0.2' 8 0.!( 8. F +
1
0.2!
tan 10
0.2'

& so
F
r
is 10
countercloc$0ise from the 6y ais& or 1!0 countercloc$0ise from the 6x ais.
EVALUATE: .oth forces on
1
q are repulsi*e and are directed a0a/ from the charges that eert them.
21.1&. IDENTIFY and SET UP: )ppl/ Coulomb+s la0 to calculate the force eerted b/
2
q and
!
q on
1
. q )dd these
forces as *ectors to get the net force. The target *ariable is the x3coordinate of
!
. q
EXECUTE:
2
F
r
is in the x3direction.
1 2
2 2 2
12
!.!' 8& so !.!' 8
x
q q
F k F
r
+
2 !
and '.00 8
x x x x
F F F F +
! 2
'.00 8 !.!' 8 10.!' 8
x x x
F F F
%or
!x
F to be negati*e&
!
q must be on the
x
3ais.
1 ! 1 !
! 2
!
& so 0.111 m& so 0.111 m
q q k q q
F k x x
x F

EVALUATE:
2
q attracts
1
q in the
x +
3direction so
!
q must attract
1
q in the
x
3direction& and
!
q is at negati*e x.
-lectric Charge and -lectric %ield 21-$
21.1'. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ Coulomb+s la0.
SET UP: @i$e charges repel and unli$e charges attract. @et
21
F
r
be the force that
2
q eerts on
1
q and let
!1
F
r
be
the force that
!
q eerts on
1
q .
EXECUTE: The charge
!
q must be to the right of the originA other0ise both
2 !
and q q 0ould eert forces in the
x +
direction. Calculating the t0o forces?
9 2 2 6 6
1 2
21 2 2
0 12
1 (9 10 8 m C )(!.00 10 C)((.00 10 C)
!.!'( 8
1 (0.200 m)
q q
F
r



P
& in the 6x direction.
9 2 2 6 6 2
!1 2 2
1! 1!
(9 10 8 m C ) (!.00 10 C) (#.00 10 C) 0.216 8 m
F
r r


& in the
x
direction.
;e need
21 !1
'.00 8
x
F F F & so
2
2
1!
0.216 8 m
!.!'( 8 '.00 8
r

.
2
1!
0.216 8 m
0.111 m
!.!'( 8 '.00 8
r


+
.
!
q
is at 0.111 m x .
EVALUATE:
!1
10.1 8. F
!1
F is larger than
21
& F because
!
q
is larger than
2
q
and also because
1!
r is less than
12
. r
21.1). IDENTIFY: )ppl/ Coulomb+s la0 to calculate the force each of the t0o charges eerts on the third charge. )dd
these forces as *ectors.
SET UP: The three charges are placed as sho0n in %igure 21.19a.
F+,-#" 21.1)a
EXECUTE: @i$e charges repel and unli$e attract& so the free3bod/ diagram for
!
q is as sho0n in %igure 21.19b.
1 !
1 2
0 1!
1
1
q q
F
r

P
2 !
2 2
0 2!
1
1
q q
F
r

P
F+,-#" 21.1)b
9 9
9 2 2 6
1 2
(1.(0 10 C)((.00 10 C)
(#.9## 10 8 m "C ) 1.6#( 10 8
(0.200 m)
F

9 9
9 2 2 '
2 2
(!.20 10 C)((.00 10 C)
(#.9## 10 8 m "C ) #.9## 10 8
(0.100 m)
F

The resultant force is
1 2
. R F F
r r r
+
0.
x
R
6 ' 6
1 2
1.6#( 10 8 6#.9## 10 8 , 2.(# 10 8.
y
R F F

+
The resultant force has magnitude
6
2.(# 10 8

and is in the By-direction.

EVALUATE: The force bet0een
1 !
and q q is attracti*e and the force bet0een
2 !
and q q is replusi*e.
21.2*. IDENTIFY: )ppl/
2
qq
F k
r

to each pair of charges. The net force is the *ector sum of the forces due to
1
q and
2
. q
SET UP: @i$e charges repel and unli$e charges attract. The charges and their forces on
!
q are sho0n in %igure 21.20.
21-% Cha!"# 21
EXECUTE:
9 9
1 ! 9 2 2 '
1 2 2
1
(1.00 10 C)(0.600 10 C)
(#.99 10 8 m "C ) (.!91 10 8
(0.200 m)
q q
F k
r

.
9 9
2 ! 9 2 2 '
2 2 2
2
((.00 10 C)(0.600 10 C)
(#.99 10 8 m "C ) 2.99' 10 8
(0.!00 m)
q q
F k
r

.
'
1 2 1 2
2.10 10 8
x x x
F F F F F

+ + . The net force has magnitude
'
2.10 10 8

and is in the
x +
direction.
EVALUATE: -ach force is attracti*e& but the forces are in opposite directions because of the placement of the
charges. 7ince the forces are in opposite directions& the net force is obtained b/ subtracting their magnitudes.
F+,-#" 21.2*
21.21. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ Coulomb+s la0 to calculate each force on
Q
.
SET UP: @et
1
F
r
be the force eerted b/ the charge at
y a
and let
2
F
r
be the force eerted b/ the charge at
. y a
EXECUTE: (a) The t0o forces on
Q
are sho0n in %igure 21.21a.
2 2 1" 2
sin
( )
a
a x

+
and
2 2 1" 2
( ) r a x + is the
distance bet0een q and
Q
and bet0een
q
and
Q
.
(b)
1 2
0
x x x
F F F + .
1 2 2 2 2 2 ! 2
0 0
1 1 2
2 sin
1 ( ) 1 ( )
y y y
qQ qQa
F F F
a x a x

+
+ + P P
.
(()
2
0
1 2
)t 0&
1
y
qQ
x F
a

P
& in the 6y direction.
(.) The graph of
y
F
*ersus x is gi*en in %igure 21.21b.
EVALUATE: 0
x
F for all *alues of x and
0
y
F >
for all x.
F+,-#" 21.21
21.22. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ Coulomb+s la0 to calculate each force on
Q
.
SET UP: @et
1
F
r
be the force eerted b/ the charge at
y a
and let
2
F
r
be the force eerted b/ the charge at
y a
. The distance bet0een each charge q and Q is
( )
1" 2
2 2
r a x + .
( )
1" 2
2 2
cos
x
a x

+
.
EXECUTE: (a) The t0o forces on
Q
are sho0n in %igure 21.22a.
(b) ;hen 0 x > &
1x
F and
2x
F are negati*e. 1 2 2 2 2 2 !" 2
0 0
1 1 2
2 cos
1 ( ) 1 ( )
x x x
qQ qQx
F F F
a x a x

+
+ + P P
. ;hen
0 x < &
1x
F and
2x
F are positi*e and the same epression for
x
F applies. 1 2
0
y y y
F F F +
.
(() )t 0 x & 0
x
F .
(.) The graph of
x
F *ersus x is s$etched in %igure 21.22b.
-lectric Charge and -lectric %ield 21-&
EVALUATE: The direction of the net force on
Q
is al0a/s to0ard the origin.
F+,-#" 21.22
21.23. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ Coulomb+s la0 to calculate the force eerted on one of the charges b/ each of the other three
and then add these forces as *ectors.
(a) SET UP: The charges are placed as sho0n in %igure 21.2!a.
1 2 ! 1
q q q q q
F+,-#" 21.23a
Consider forces on
1
. q The free3bod/ diagram is gi*en in %igure 21.2!b. Ta$e the y3ais to be parallel to the
diagonal bet0een
2
q and
1
q and let
y +
be in the direction a0a/ from
2
. q Then
2
F
r
is in the
y +
3direction.
EXECUTE:
2
! 1 2
0
1
1
q
F F
L

P
2
2 2
0
1
1 2
q
F
L

P
1 1 1
sin1( " 2
x
F F F
1 1 1
cos1( " 2
y
F F F + +
! ! !
sin1( " 2
x
F F F + +
! ! !
cos1( " 2
y
F F F + +
2 2 2
0&
x y
F F F
F+,-#" 21.23b
(b)
1 2 !
0
x x x x
R F F F + +
2 2 2
1 2 ! 2 2 2
0 0 0
1 1
(2" 2) (1 2 2)
1 1 2 #
y y y y
q q q
R F F F
L L L
+ + + +
P P P
2
2
0
(1 2 2).
#
q
R
L
+
P
7ame for all four charges.
21-' Cha!"# 21
EVALUATE: 5n general the resultant force on one of the charges is directed a0a/ from the opposite corner. The
forces are all repulsi*e since the charges are all the same. ./ s/mmetr/ the net force on one charge can ha*e no
component perpendicular to the diagonal of the square.
21.24. IDENTIFY: )ppl/
2
k qq
F
r

to find the force of each charge on
q +
. The net force is the *ector sum of the
indi*idual forces.
SET UP: @et
1
2.(0 C q +
and
2
!.(0 C q
. The charge
q +
must be to the left of 1
q
or to the right of 2
q
in
order for the t0o forces to be in opposite directions. .ut for the t0o forces to ha*e equal magnitudes&
q +
must be
closer to the charge
1
q
& since this charge has the smaller magnitude. Therefore& the t0o forces can combine to gi*e
4ero net force onl/ in the region to the left of
1
q
. @et
q +
be a distance d to the left of
1
q
& so it is a distance
0.600 m d + from
2
q
.
EXECUTE:
1 2
F F gi*es
1 2
2 2
( 0.600 m)
kq q kq q
d d

+
.
1
2
( 0.600 m) (0.#1(2)( 0.600 m)
q
d d d
q
t + t + . d must
be positi*e& so
(0.#1(2)(0.600 m)
!.2' m
1 0.#1(2
d

. The net force 0ould be 4ero 0hen

q +
is at !.2' m x .
EVALUATE: ;hen
q +
is at !.2' m x &
1
F
r
is in the
x
direction and
2
F
r
is in the 6x direction.
21.2$. IDENTIFY:
F q E
. 7ince the field is uniform& the force and acceleration are constant and 0e can use a
constant acceleration equation to find the final speed.
SET UP: ) proton has charge 6e and mass
2'
1.6' 10 $g

.
EXECUTE: (a)
19 ! 16
(1.60 10 C)(2.'( 10 8"C) 1.10 10 8 F


(b)
16
11 2
2'
1.10 10 8
2.6! 10 m"s
1.6' 10 $g
F
a
m

(()
0 x x x
v v a t + gi*es
11 2 6 (
(2.6! 10 m"s )(1.00 10 s) 2.6! 10 m"s v


EVALUATE: The acceleration is *er/ large and the gra*it/ force on the proton can be ignored.
21.2%. IDENTIFY: %or a point charge&
2
q
E k
r
.
SET UP:
E
r
is to0ard a negati*e charge and a0a/ from a positi*e charge.
EXECUTE: (a) The field is to0ard the negati*e charge so is do0n0ard.
9
9 2 2
2
!.00 10 C
(#.99 10 8 m "C ) 1!2 8"C
(0.2(0 m)
E

.
(b)
9 2 2 9
(#.99 10 8 m "C )(!.00 10 C)
1.(0 m
12.0 8"C
k q
r
E

EVALUATE: )t different points the electric field has different directions& but it is al0a/s directed to0ard the
negati*e point charge.
21.2&. IDENTIFY: The acceleration that stops the charge is produced b/ the force that the electric field eerts on it.
7ince the field and the acceleration are constant& 0e can use the standard $inematics formulas to find acceleration
and time.
(a) SET UP: %irst use $inematics to find the proton+s acceleration. 0
x
v 0hen it stops. Then find the electric
field needed to cause this acceleration using the fact that F = qE.
EXECUTE:
2 2
0 0
2 ( )
x x x
v v a x x + . 0 , (1.(0 10
6
m"s)
2
6 2a(0.0!20 m) and a , !.16 10
11
m"s
2
. 8o0 find the
electric field& 0ith q = e. eE = ma and E = ma/e = (1.6'
2'
10

$g)(!.16 10
11
m"s
2
)"(1.60
19
10

C) , !.!0
10
6
8"C& to the left.
(b) SET UP: Cinematics gi*es v = v0 6 at& and v , 0 0hen the electron stops& so t = v0"a.
EXECUTE: t = v0"a , (1.(0 10
6
m"s)"(!.16 10
11
m"s
2
) , 1.12
#
10

s , 11.2 ns
(() SET UP: 5n part (a) 0e sa0 that the electric field is proportional to m& so 0e can use the ratio of the electric
fields.
e p e p
" " E E m m
and ( )
e e p p
" E m m E .
EXECUTE: Ee = <(9.11
!1
10

$g)"(1.6'
2'
10

$g)=(!.!0 10
6
8"C) , 1.#0 10
!
8"C& to the right
EVALUATE: -*en a modest electric field& such as the ones in this situation& can produce enormous accelerations
for electrons and protons.
-lectric Charge and -lectric %ield 21-)
21.2'. IDENTIFY: Use constant acceleration equations to calculate the up0ard acceleration a and then appl/ q F E
r r
to
calculate the electric field.
SET UP: @et 6y be up0ard. )n electron has charge
q e
.
EXECUTE: (a)
0
0
y
v
and
y
a a
& so
2 1
0 0 2 y y
y y v t a t + gi*es
2 1
0 2
y y at . Then
2 12 0
2 6 2
2( ) 2(1.(0 m)
1.00 10 m s
(!.00 10 s)
y y
a
t

.
2 !1 12
19
(9.11 10 $g) (1.00 10 m s )
(.69 8 C
1.60 10 C
F ma
E
q q

The force is up& so the electric field must be downward since the electron has negati*e charge.
(b) The electron+s acceleration is D
11
10 g & so gra*it/ must be negligibl/ small compared to the electrical force.
EVALUATE: 7ince the electric field is uniform& the force it eerts is constant and the electron mo*es 0ith constant
acceleration.
21.2). (a) IDENTIFY: -q. (21.1) relates the electric field& charge of the particle& and the force on the particle. 5f the
particle is to remain stationar/ the net force on it must be 4ero.
SET UP: The free3bod/ diagram for the particle is s$etched in %igure 21.29. The 0eight is mg, do0n0ard. %or
the net force to be 4ero the force eerted b/ the electric field must be up0ard. The electric field is do0n0ard. 7ince
the electric field and the electric force are in opposite directions the charge of the particle is negati*e.
mg q E
F+,-#" 21.2)
EXECUTE:
! 2
(
(1.1( 10 $g)(9.#0 m"s )
2.19 10 C and 21.9 C
6(0 8"C
mg
q q
E

(b) SET UP: The electrical force has magnitude
.
E
F q E eE
The 0eight of a proton is
. w mg

E
F w so
eE mg
EXECUTE:
2' 2
'
19
(1.6'! 10 $g)(9.#0 m"s )
1.02 10 8"C.
1.602 10 C
mg
E
e

This is a *er/ small electric field.

EVALUATE: 5n both cases
and ( " ) . q E mg E m q g
5n part (b) the
" m q
ratio is much smaller
#
( 10 )

: than
in part (a)
2
( 10 )

: so E is much smaller in (b). %or subatomic particles gra*it/ can usuall/ be ignored compared to
electric forces.
21.3*. IDENTIFY: )ppl/
2
0
1
1
q
E
r

P
.
SET UP: The iron nucleus has charge 26 . e + ) proton has charge
e +
.
EXECUTE: (a)
19
11
10 2
0
1 (26)(1.60 10 C)
1.01 10 8"C.
1 (6.00 10 m)
E

P
(b)
19
11
proton 11 2
0
1 (1.60 10 C)
(.1( 10 8"C.
1 ((.29 10 m)
E

P
EVALUATE: These electric fields are *er/ large. 5n each case the charge is positi*e and the electric fields are
directed a0a/ from the nucleus or proton.
21.31. IDENTIFY: %or a point charge&
2
.
q
E k
r
The net field is the *ector sum of the fields produced b/ each charge. )
charge q in an electric field
E
r
eperiences a force . q F E
r r
SET UP: The electric field of a negati*e charge is directed to0ard the charge. Eoint A is 0.100 m from q2 and
0.1(0 m from q1. Eoint B is 0.100 m from q1 and 0.!(0 m from q2.
EXECUTE: (a) The electric fields due to the charges at point A are sho0n in %igure 21.!1a.
9
1 9 2 2 !
1 2 2
1
6.2( 10 C
(#.99 10 8 m "C ) 2.(0 10 8"C
(0.1(0 m)
A
q
E k
r

9
2 9 2 2 1
2 2 2
2
12.( 10 C
(#.99 10 8 m "C ) 1.121 10 8"C
(0.100 m)
A
q
E k
r

21-1* Cha!"# 21
7ince the t0o fields are in opposite directions& 0e subtract their magnitudes to find the net field.
!
2 1
#.'1 10 8"C& E E E to the right.
(b) The electric fields at points B are sho0n in %igure 21.!1b.
9
1 9 2 2 !
1 2 2
1
6.2( 10 C
(#.99 10 8 m "C ) (.619 10 8"C
(0.100 m)
B
q
E k
r

9
2 9 2 2 2
2 2 2
2
12.( 10 C
(#.99 10 8 m "C ) 9.1' 10 8"C
(0.!(0 m)
B
q
E k
r

7ince the fields are in the same direction& 0e add their magnitudes to find the net field.
!
1 2
6.(1 10 8"C& E E E +
to the right.
(() )t A&
!
#.'1 10 8"C E & to the right. The force on a proton placed at this point 0ould be
19 ! 1(
(1.60 10 C)(#.'1 10 8"C) 1.10 10 8& F qE

to the right.
EVALUATE: ) proton has positi*e charge so the force that an electric field eerts on it is in the same direction as
the field.
F+,-#" 21.31
21.32. IDENTIFY: The electric force is q F E
r r
.
SET UP: The gra*it/ force (0eight) has magnitude
w mg
and is do0n0ard.
EXECUTE: (a) To balance the 0eight the electric force must be up0ard. The electric field is do0n0ard&
so for an up0ard force the charge q of the person must be negati*e. w F gi*es
mg q E
and
2
(60 $g)(9.#0 m"s )
!.9 C
1(0 8"C
mg
q
E
.
(b)
2
9 2 2 '
2 2
(!.9 C)
(#.99 10 8 m "C ) 1.1 10 8
(100 m)
qq
F k
r

. The repulsi*e force is immense and this is not a
feasible means of flight.
EVALUATE: The net charge of charged ob9ects is t/picall/ much less than 1 C.
21.33. IDENTIFY: -q. (21.!) gi*es the force on the particle in terms of its charge and the electric field bet0een the
plates. The force is constant and produces a constant acceleration. The motion is similar to pro9ectile motionA use
constant acceleration equations for the hori4ontal and *ertical components of the motion.
(a) SET UP: The motion is s$etched in %igure 21.!!a.
%or an electron
. q e
F+,-#" 21.33a
and q q F E
r r
negati*e gi*es that
F
r
and
E
r
are in opposite directions& so
F
r
is up0ard. The free3bod/ diagram
for the electron is gi*en in %igure 21.!!b.
EXECUTE:
y y
F ma

eE ma
F+,-#" 21.33b
7ol*e the $inematics to find the acceleration of the electron? Fust misses upper plate sa/s that
0
2.00 cm x x
0hen
0
0.(00 cm. y y +
x- component
6
0 0 0
1.60 10 m"s& 0& 0.0200 m& G
x x
v v a x x t
2 1
0 0 2 x x
x x v t a t +
-lectric Charge and -lectric %ield 21-11
# 0
6
0
0.0200 m
1.2( 10 s
1.60 10 m"s
x
x x
t
v

5n this same time t the electron tra*els 0.00(0 m *erticall/?

y- component
#
0 0
1.2( 10 s& 0& 0.00(0 m& G
y y
t v y y a

+
2 1
0 0 2 y y
y y v t a t +
1! 2 0
2 # 2
2( ) 2(0.00(0 m)
6.10 10 m"s
(1.2( 10 s)
y
y y
a
t

(This anal/sis is *er/ similar to that used in Chapter ! for pro9ectile motion& ecept that here the acceleration is
up0ard rather than do0n0ard.) This acceleration must be produced b/ the electric3field force? eE ma
!1 1! 2
19
(9.109 10 $g)(6.10 10 m"s )
!61 8"C
1.602 10 C
ma
E
e

8ote that the acceleration produced b/ the electric field is much larger than g& the acceleration produced b/ gra*it/&
so it is perfectl/ o$ to neglect the gra*it/ force on the elctron in this problem.
(b)
19
10 2
2'
(1.602 10 C)(!61 8"C)
!.19 10 m"s
1.6'! 10 $g
p
eE
a
m

This is much less than the acceleration of the electron in part (a) so the *ertical deflection is less and the
proton 0on+t hit the plates. The proton has the same initial speed& so the proton ta$es the same time
#
1.2( 10 s t

to tra*el hori4ontall/ the length of the plates. The force on the proton is do0n0ard (in the
same direction as & E
r
since q is positi*e)& so the acceleration is do0n0ard and
10 2
!.19 10 m"s .
y
a
2 10 2 # 2 6 1 1
0 0 2 2
( !.19 10 m"s )(1.2( 10 s) 2.'! 10 m.
y y
y y v t a t

+
The displacement is
6
2.'! 10 m&

do0n0ard.
(() EVALUATE: The displacements are in opposite directions because the electron has negati*e charge and the
proton has positi*e charge. The electron and proton ha*e the same magnitude of charge& so the force the electric
field eerts has the same magnitude for each charge. .ut the proton has a mass larger b/ a factor of 1#!6 so its
acceleration and its *ertical displacement are smaller b/ this factor.
21.34. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ -q.(21.') to calculate the electric field due to each charge and add the t0o field *ectors to find
the resultant field.
SET UP: %or
1
q &
H
H r = j . %or
2
q &
H H
H cos sin r = i + j & 0here is the angle bet0een
2
E
r
and the 6x3ais.
EXECUTE: (a)
( )
9 2 2 9
1 1
1 2 2
0 1
(9.0 10 8 m "C )( (.00 10 C)
H H
( 2.#1! 10 8"C)
1
0.0100 m
q
r

E j j
r
P
.
( )
9 2 2 9
1 2
2 2 2 2
0 2
(9.0 10 8 m "C )(!.00 10 C)
1.0#0 10 8"C
1
0.0!00 m (0.0100 m)
q
r

+
E
r
P
. The angle of
2
& E
r
measured from the
3ais& x
is
( )
1 1.00 cm
1#0 tan 126.9
!.00 cm

Thus
1 ! !
2
H H H H
(1.0#0 10 8"C)( cos126.9 sin126.9 ) ( 6.1#( 10 8"C) (#.61 10 8"C) + + E i j i j
r
(b) The resultant field is
! 1 !
1 2
H H
( 6.1#( 10 8"C) ( 2.#1! 10 8"C #.61 10 8"C) + + E + E i j
r r
.
! 1
1 2
H H
( 6.1#( 10 8"C) (1.9( 10 8"C) E + E i j
r r
.
EVALUATE:
1
E
r
is to0ard
1
q
since
1
q
is negati*e.
2
E
r
is directed a0a/ from
2
& q
since
2
q
is positi*e.
21.3$. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ constant acceleration equations to the motion of the electron.
SET UP: @et 6x be to the right and let
y +
be do0n0ard. The electron mo*es 2.00 cm to the right and 0.(0 cm
do0n0ard.
EXECUTE: Use the hori4ontal motion to find the time 0hen the electron emerges from the field.
6
0 0
0.0200 m& 0& 1.60 10 m s
x x
x x a v .
2 1
0 0 2 x x
x x v t a t + gi*es
#
1.2( 10 s t

. 7ince
0
x
a
&
6
1.60 10 m s
x
v .
#
0 0/
0.00(0 m& 0& 1.2( 10 s y y v t


.
0
0
2
y y
v v
y y t
+ _


,
gi*es
(
#.00 10 m s
y
v
.
Then
2 2 6
1.'9 10 m s
x y
v v v + .
EVALUATE: 0 y y y
v v a t +
gi*es
1! 2
6.1 10 m"s
y
a . The electric field bet0een the plates is
!1 1! 2
19
(9.11 10 $g)(6.1 10 m"s )
!61 I"m
1.60 10 C
y
ma
E
e

. This is not a *er/ large field.

21-12 Cha!"# 21
21.3%. IDENTIFY: Use the components of
E
r
from -ample 21.6 to calculate the magnitude and direction of
E
r
. Use
q F = E
r r
to calculate the force on the 2.( nC charge and use 8e0ton:s third la0 for the force on the #.0 nC
charge.
SET UP: %rom -ample 21.6&
H H
( 11 8"C) (11 8"C) E i + j
r
.
EXECUTE: (a)
2 2 2 2
( 11 8"C) (11 8"C) 1'.# 8"C
x y
E E E + + .
1 1
tan tan (11 11) (1.#
y
x
E
E

_


,
& so
12# countercloc$0ise from the 6x3ais.
(b) (i) q F = E
r r
so
9 #
(1'.# 8 C)(2.( 10 C) 1.1( 10 8 F

& at (2belo0 the 6x3ais.
(ii)
#
1.1( 10 8

at 12#countercloc$0ise from the 6x3ais.

EVALUATE: The forces in part (b) are repulsi*e so the/ are along the line connecting the t0o charges and in each
case the force is directed a0a/ from the charge that eerts it.
21.3&. IDENTIFY and SET UP: The electric force is gi*en b/ -q. (21.!). The gra*itational force is .
e e
w m g Compare
these forces.
(a) EXECUTE:
!1 2 !0
(9.109 10 $g)(9.#0 m"s ) #.9! 10 8
e
w


5n -amples 21.' and 21.#&
1
1.00 10 8"C& E so the electric force on the electron has magnitude
19 1 1(
(1.602 10 C)(1.00 10 8"C) 1.602 10 8.
E
F q E eE


!0
1(
1(
#.9! 10 8
(.(' 10
1.602 10 8
e
E
w
F

The gra*itational force is much smaller than the electric force and can be neglected.
(b)
mg q E
19 1 2 16
" (1.602 10 C)(1.00 10 8"C)"(9.#0 m"s ) 1.6! 10 $g m q E g


16
11 11
!1
1.6! 10 $g
1.'9 10 A 1.'9 10 .
9.109 10 $g
e
e
m
m m
m

EVALUATE: m is much larger than .

e
m ;e found in part (a) that if
e
m m the gra*itational force is much smaller
than the electric force.
q
is the same so the electric force remains the same. To get w large enough to equal &
E
F
the mass must be made much larger.
(() The electric field in the region bet0een the plates is uniform so the force it eerts on the charged ob9ect is
independent of 0here bet0een the plates the ob9ect is placed.
21.3'. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ constant acceleration equations to the motion of the proton.
" E F q
.
SET UP: ) proton has mass
2'
p
1.6' 10 $g m

and charge
e +
. @et 6x be in the direction of motion of the proton.
EXECUTE: (a)
0
0
x
v .
p
eE
a
m

.
2 1
0 0 2 x x
x x v t a t + gi*es
2 2
0
1 1
2 2
x
p
eE
x x a t t
m

. 7ol*ing for E gi*es
2'
19 6 2
2(0.0160 m)(1.6' 10 $g)
11# 8 C.
(1.60 10 C)(1.(0 10 s)
E

(b)
1
0
p
2.1! 10 m s.
x x x
eE
v v a t t
m
+
EVALUATE: The electric field is directed from the positi*el/ charged plate to0ard the negati*el/ charged plate
and the force on the proton is also in this direction.
21.3). IDENTIFY: %ind the angle that H r ma$es 0ith the 6x3ais. Then
H H
H (cos ) (sin ) r = i + j .
SET UP:
tan " y x
EXECUTE: (a)
1
1.!(
tan rad
0 2

_


,
.
H
H r = j .
(b)
1
12
tan rad
12 1

,
.
2 2
H H
H
2 2
r i + j .
(()
1
2.6
tan 1.9' rad 112.9
1.10

_


+
,
.
H H
H 0.!9 0.92 r = i + j (7econd quadrant).
EVALUATE: 5n each case 0e can *erif/ that H r is a unit *ector& because H H 1 r r = .
-lectric Charge and -lectric %ield 21-13
21.4*. IDENTIFY: The net force on each charge must be 4ero.
SET UP: The force diagram for the
6.(0 C
charge is gi*en in %igure 21.10. FE is the force eerted on the
charge b/ the uniform electric field. The charge is negati*e and the field is to the right& so the force eerted b/ the
field is to the left. Fq is the force eerted b/ the other point charge. The t0o charges ha*e opposite signs& so the
force is attracti*e. Ta$e the 6x ais to be to the right& as sho0n in the figure.
EXECUTE: (a)
6 # !
(6.(0 10 C)(1.#( 10 8"C) 1.20 10 8 F q E


6 6
1 2 9 2 2 2
2 2
(6.(0 10 C)(#.'( 10 C)
(#.99 10 8 m "C ) #.1# 10 8
(0.02(0 m)
q
q q
F k
r



0
x
F

gi*es
0
q E
F F +
and
!#2 8
E q
F F
.
(b) 8o0 Fq is to the left& since li$e charges repel.
0
x
F

gi*es
0
q E
F F
and
!
2.02 10 8
E q
F F + .
EVALUATE: The tension is much larger 0hen both charges ha*e the same sign& so the force one charge eerts on
the other is repulsi*e.
F+,-#" 21.4*
21.41. IDENTIFY and SET UP: Use
E
r
in -q. (21.!) to calculate & to calculate & m F F a a
r r
r r
and a constant acceleration
equation to calculate the final *elocit/. @et 6x be east.
(a) EXECUTE:
19 19
(1.602 10 C)(1.(0 8"C) , 2.10! 10 8
x
F q E


19 !1 11 2
" (2.10! 10 8)"(9.109 10 $g) , 62.6!# 10 m"s
x x
a F m


( 11 2
0 0
1.(0 10 m"s& 2.6!# 10 m"s & 0.!'( m& G
x x x
v a x x v + +
2 2 (
0 0
2 ( ) gi*es 6.!! 10 m"s
x x x x
v v a x x v +
EVALUATE:
E
r
is 0est and q is negati*e& so
F
r
is east and the electron speeds up.
(b) EXECUTE:
19 19
(1.602 10 C)(1.(0 8"C) , 2.10! 10 8
x
F q E


19 2' # 2
" ( 2.10! 10 8)"(1.6'! 10 $g) 1.1!6 10 m"s
x x
a F m


1 # 2
0 0
1.90 10 m"s& 1.1!6 10 m"s & 0.!'( m& G
x x x
v a x x v +
2 2 1
0 0
2 ( ) gi*es 1.(9 10 m"s
x x x x
v v a x x v +
EVALUATE: 0 so q > F
r
is 0est and the proton slo0s do0n.
21.42. IDENTIFY: Coulomb+s la0 for a single point3charge gi*es the electric field.
(a) SET UP: Coulomb+s la0 for a point3charge is
2
0
(1" 1 ) " . E q r P
EXECUTE: E = (9.00 10
9
8

m
2
"C
2
)(1.60
19
10

C)"(1.(0
1(
10

m)
2
, 6.10 10
20
8"C
(b) Ta$ing the ratio of the electric fields gi*es
E/Eplates , (6.10 10
20
8"C)"(1.00 10
1
8"C) , 6.10 10
16
times as strong
EVALUATE: The electric field 0ithin the nucleus is huge compared to t/pical laborator/ fieldsJ
21.43. IDENTIFY: Calculate the electric field due to each charge and find the *ector sum of these t0o fields.
SET UP: )t points on the x3ais onl/ the x component of each field is non4ero. The electric field of a point
charge points a0a/ from the charge if it is positi*e and to0ard it if it is negati*e.
EXECUTE: (a) Kalf0a/ bet0een the t0o charges& 0. E
(b) %or
L L x a <
&
2 2 2 2 2
0 0
1 1
1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( )
x
q q q ax
E
! a x a x x a
_


+
,
P P
.
%or
x a >
&
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
0 0
1 2
1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( )
x
q q q x a
E
! a x a x x a
_ +
+

+
,
P P
.
%or
x a <
&
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
0 0
1 2
1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( )
x
q q q x a
E
! a x a x x a
_ +
+

+
,
P P
.
The graph of
x
E *ersus x is s$etched in %igure 21.1!.
21-14 Cha!"# 21
EVALUATE: The magnitude of the field approaches infinit/ at the location of one of the point charges.
F+,-#" 21.43
21.44. IDENTIFY: %or a point charge&
2
q
E k
r
. %or the net electric field to be 4ero&
1
E
r
and
2
E
r
must ha*e equal
magnitudes and opposite directions.
SET UP: @et
1
0.(00 nC q + and
2
#.00 nC. q +
E
r
is to0ard a negati*e charge and a0a/ from a positi*e charge.
EXECUTE: The t0o charges and the directions of their electric fields in three regions are sho0n in %igure 21.11.
>nl/ in region 55 are the t0o electric fields in opposite directions. Consider a point a distance x from
1
q so a
distance 1.20 m x from
2
q .
1 2
E E gi*es
2 2
0.(00 nC #.00 nC
(1.20 )
k k
x x

.
2 2
16 (1.20 m ) x x .
1 (1.20 m ) x x t

and 0.21 m x is the positi*e solution. The electric field is 4ero at a point bet0een the t0o charges& 0.21 m from
the 0.(00 nC charge and 0.96 m from the #.00 nC charge.
EVALUATE: There is onl/ one point along the line connecting the t0o charges 0here the net electric field is 4ero.
This point is closer to the charge that has the smaller magnitude.
F+,-#" 21.44
21.4$. IDENTIFY: -q.(21.') gi*es the electric field of each point charge. Use the principle of superposition and add the
electric field *ectors. 5n part (b) use -q.(21.!) to calculate the force& using the electric field calculated in part (a).
(a) SET UP: The placement of charges is s$etched in %igure 21.1(a.
F+,-#" 21.4$a
The electric field of a point charge is directed a0a/ from the point charge if the charge is positi*e and to0ard the
point charge if the charge is negati*e. The magnitude of the electric field is
2
0
1
&
1
q
E
r

P
0here r is the distance
bet0een the point 0here the field is calculated and the point charge.
(i) )t point a the fields
1 1 2 2
of and of q q E E
r r
are directed as sho0n in %igure 21.1(b.
F+,-#" 21.4$b
-lectric Charge and -lectric %ield 21-1$
EXECUTE:
9
1 9 2 2
1 2 2
0 1
1 2.00 10 C
(#.9## 10 8 m "C ) 119.1 8"C
1 (0.200 m)
q
E
r

P
9
2 9 2 2
2 2 2
0 2
1 (.00 10 C
(#.9## 10 8 m "C ) 121.# 8"C
1 (0.600 m)
q
E
r

P
1 1
119.1 8"C& 0
x y
E E
2 2
121.# 8"C& 0
x y
E E
1 2
119.1 8"C 121.# 8"C ('1.2 8"C
x x x
E E E + + + +
1 2
0
y y y
E E E +
The resultant field at point a has magnitude ('1 8"C and is in the 6x3direction.
(ii) SET UP: )t point b the fields
1 1 2 2
of and of q q E E
r r
are directed as sho0n in %igure 21.1(c.
F+,-#" 21.4$(
EXECUTE:
( )
9
1 9 2 2
1 2 2
0 1
1 2.00 10 C
(#.9## 10 8 m "C ) 12.( 8"C
1
1.20 m
q
E
r

P
( )
( )
9
2 9 2 2
2 2 2
0 2
1 (.00 10 C
#.9## 10 8 m "C 2#0.9 8"C
1
0.100 m
q
E
r

P
1 1
12.( 8"C& 0
x y
E E
2 2
2#0.9 8"C& 0
x y
E E
1 2
12.( 8"C 2#0.9 8"C 26#.1 8"C
x x x
E E E + +
1 2
0
y y y
E E E +
The resultant field at point b has magnitude 26# 8"C and is in the
x
3direction.
(iii) SET UP: )t point c the fields
1 1 2 2
of and of q q E E
r r
are directed as sho0n in %igure 21.1(d.
F+,-#" 21.4$.
EXECUTE:
( )
9
1 9 2 2
1 2 2
0 1
1 2.00 10 C
(#.9## 10 8 m "C ) 119.1 8"C
1
0.200 m
q
E
r

P
( )
9
2 9 2 2
2 2 2
0 2
1 (.00 10 C
#.9## 10 8 m "C 11.9 8"C
1 (1.00 m)
q
E
r

P
1 1
119.1 8"C& 0
x y
E E
2 2
11.9 8"C& 0
x y
E E +
1 2
119.1 8"C 11.9 8"C 101.( 8"C
x x x
E E E + +
1 2
0
y y y
E E E +
The resultant field at point b has magnitude 101 8"C and is in the
x
3direction.
(b) SET UP: 7ince 0e ha*e calculated
E
r
at each point the simplest 0a/ to get the force is to use . e F E
r r
EXECUTE: (i)
19 1'
(1.602 10 C)(('1.2 8"C) 9.20 10 8& 3direction F x


(ii)
19 1'
(1.602 10 C)(26#.1 8"C) 1.!0 10 8& 3direction F x

+
(iii)
19 1'
(1.602 10 C)(101.( 8"C) 6.1# 10 8& 3direction F x

+
EVALUATE: The general rule for electric field direction is a0a/ from positi*e charge and to0ard negati*e
charge. ;hether the field is in the 3 or 3direction x x + depends on 0here the field point is relati*e to the charge
that produces the field. 5n part (a) the field magnitudes 0ere added because the fields 0ere in the same direction
and in (b) and (c) the field magnitudes 0ere subtracted because the t0o fields 0ere in opposite directions. 5n
part (b) 0e could ha*e used Coulomb:s la0 to find the forces on the electron due to the t0o charges and then
added these force *ectors& but using the resultant electric field is much easier.
21-1% Cha!"# 21
21.4%. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ -q.(21.') to calculate the field due to each charge and then require that the *ector sum of the
t0o fields to be 4ero.
SET UP: The field of each charge is directed to0ard the charge if it is negati*e and a0a/ from the charge if it is
positi*e .
EXECUTE: The point 0here the t0o fields cancel each other 0ill ha*e to be closer to the negati*e charge&
because it is smaller. )lso& it can+t be bet0een the t0o charges& since the t0o fields 0ould then act in the same
direction. ;e could use Coulomb+s la0 to calculate the actual *alues& but a simpler 0a/ is to note that the #.00 nC
charge is t0ice as large as the 1.00 nC charge. The 4ero point 0ill therefore ha*e to be a factor of
2
farther
from the #.00 nC charge for the t0o fields to ha*e equal magnitude. Calling
x
the distance from the B1.00 nC
charge?
1.20 2 x x +
and
2.90 m x
.
EVALUATE: This point is 1.10 m from the #.00 nC charge. The t0o fields at this point are in opposite directions
and ha*e equal magnitudes.
21.4&. IDENTIFY:
2
q
E k
r
. The net field is the *ector sum of the fields due to each charge.
SET UP: The electric field of a negati*e charge is directed to0ard the charge. @abel the charges q1& q2 and q!& as
sho0n in %igure 21.1'a. This figure also sho0s additional distances and angles. The electric fields at point " are
sho0n in %igure 21.1'b. This figure also sho0s the xy coordinates 0e 0ill use and the x and y components of the
fields
1
E
r
&
2
E
r
and
!
E
r
.
EXECUTE:
6
9 2 2 6
1 ! 2
(.00 10 C
(#.99 10 8 m "C ) 1.19 10 8"C
(0.100 m)
E E

6
9 2 2 6
2 2
2.00 10 C
(#.99 10 8 m "C ) 1.99 10 8"C
(0.0600 m)
E

1 2 !
0
y y y y
E E E E + +
and
'
1 2 ! 2 1
2 cos(!.1 1.01 10 8"C
x x x x
E E E E E E + + +
'
1.01 10 8"C E & to0ard the
2.00 C
charge.
EVALUATE: The x3components of the fields of all three charges are in the same direction.
F+,-#" 21.4&
21.4'. IDENTIFY: ) positi*e and negati*e charge& of equal magnitude q& are on the x3ais& a distance a from the origin.
)ppl/ -q.(21.') to calculate the field due to each charge and then calculate the *ector sum of these fields.
SET UP:
E
r
due to a point charge is directed a0a/ from the charge if it is positi*e and directed to0ard the charge
if it is negati*e.
EXECUTE: (a) Kalf0a/ bet0een the charges& both fields are in the 3direction x and
2
0
1 2
&
1
q
E
a

P
in the
3direction x .
(b)
2 2
0
1
1 ( ) ( )
x
q q
E
a x a x
_


+
,
P
for
L L x a <
.
2 2
0
1
1 ( ) ( )
x
q q
E
a x a x
_
+

+
,
P
for
x a >
.
2 2
0
1
1 ( ) ( )
x
q q
E
a x a x
_


+
,
P
for
x a <
.
x
E is graphed in %igure 21.1#.
EVALUATE: )t points on the x ais and bet0een the charges&
x
E is in the 3direction x because the fields from
both charges are in this direction. %or
x a <
and
x a > +
& the fields from the t0o charges are in opposite
directions and the field from the closer charge is larger in magnitude.
-lectric Charge and -lectric %ield 21-1&
F+,-#" 21.4'
21.4). IDENTIFY: The electric field of a positi*e charge is directed radiall/ out0ard from the charge and has magnitude
2
0
1
.
1
q
E
r

P
The resultant electric field is the *ector sum of the fields of the indi*idual charges.
SET UP: The placement of the charges is sho0n in %igure 21.19a.
F+,-#" 21.4)a
EXECUTE: (a) The directions of the t0o fields are sho0n in %igure 21.19b.
1 2 2
0
1
0ith 0.1(0 m.
1
q
E E r
r

P
2 1
0A 0& 0
x y
E E E E E
F+,-#" 21.4)b
(b) The t0o fields ha*e the directions sho0n in %igure 21.19c.
1 2
& in the 3direction E E E x + +
F+,-#" 21.4)(
9
9 2 2 1
1 2 2
0 1
1 6.00 10 C
(#.9## 10 8 m "C ) 2!96.# 8"C
1 (0.1(0 m)
q
E
r

P
9
2 9 2 2
2 2 2
0 2
1 6.00 10 C
(#.9## 10 8 m "C ) 266.! 8"C
1 (0.1(0 m)
q
E
r

P
1 2
2!96.# 8"C 266.! 8"C 2660 8"CA 2260 8"C& 0
x y
E E E E E + + +
21-1' Cha!"# 21
(() The t0o fields ha*e the directions sho0n in %igure 21.19d.
0.100 m
sin 0.#00
0.(00 m

0.!00 m
cos 0.600
0.(00 m

F+,-#" 21.4).
1
1 2
0 1
1
1
q
E
r

P
9
9 2 2
1 2
6.00 10 C
(#.9## 10 8 m "C ) !!'.1 8"C
(0.100 m)
E

2
2 2
0 2
1
1
q
E
r

P
9
9 2 2
2 2
6.00 10 C
(#.9## 10 8 m "C ) 21(.' 8"C
(0.(00 m)
E

1 1 1
0& !!'.1 8"C
x y
E E E
2 2
cos (21(.' 8"C)(0.600) 129.1 8"C E E + + +
2/ 2
sin (21(.' 8"C)(0.#00) 1'2.6 8"C E E
1 2
129 8"C
x x
E E E + +
/ 1 2
!!'.1 8"C 1'2.6 8"C (10 8"C
y y
E E E +
2 2 2 2
(129 8"C) ( (10 8"C) (26 8"C
x y
E E E + +
E
r
and its components are sho0n in %igure 21.19e.
tan
y
x
E
E

(10 8"C
tan !.9(!
129 8"C

+
2#1 C& countercloc$0ise from 3ais x +
F+,-#" 21.4)"
(.) The t0o fields ha*e the directions sho0n in %igure 21.19f.
0.200 m
sin 0.#00
0.2(0 m

F+,-#" 21.4)/
-lectric Charge and -lectric %ield 21-1)
The components of the t0o fields are sho0n in %igure 21.19g.
1 2 2
0
1
1
q
E E
r

P
9
9 2 2
1 2
6.00 10 C
(#.9## 10 8 m "C )
(0.2(0 m)
E

1 2
#62.# 8"C E E
F+,-#" 21.4),
1 1 2 2
cos & cos
x x
E E E E +
1 2
0
x x x
E E E +
1 1 2 2
sin & sin
y y
E E E E + +
( ) ( )
1 2 1 1
2 2 sin 2 #62.# 8"C 0.#00 1!#0 8"C
y y y y
E E E E E +
1!#0 8"C& in the 3direction. E y +
EVALUATE: Eoint a is s/mmetricall/ placed bet0een identical charges& so s/mmetr/ tells us the electric field must
be 4ero. Eoint # is to the right of both charges and both electric fields are in the 6x3direction and the resultant field is
in this direction. )t point $ both fields ha*e a do0n0ard component and the field of 2
q
has a component to the
right& so the net E
r
is in the 1th quadrant. )t point d both fields ha*e an up0ard component but b/ s/mmetr/ the/
ha*e equal and opposite x3components so the net field is in the 6y3direction. ;e can use this sort of reasoning to
deduce the general direction of the net field before doing an/ calculations.
21.$*. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ -q.(21.') to calculate the field due to each charge and then calculate the *ector sum of those fields.
SET UP: The fields due to
1
q and to
2
q are s$etched in %igure 21.(0.
EXECUTE:
9
2 2
0
1 (6.00 10 C)
H H
( ) 1(0 8"C
1 (0.6 m)

E i i
r
P
.
9
1 2 2
0
1 1 1
H H H H
(1.00 10 C) (0.600) (0.#00) (21.6 2#.# ) 8 C
1 (1.00 m) (1.00 m)

_
+

,
E i j i + j
r
P
.
1 2
H H
( 12#.1 8"C) (2#.# 8"C) E = E + E i + j
r r r
.
2 2
(12#.1 8"C) (2#.# 8"C) 1!1.6 8"C E + at
1
2#.#
tan 12.6
12#.1

_


,
abo*e the
x
ais and therefore 196.2countercloc$0ise from the 6x ais.
EVALUATE:
1
E
r
is directed to0ard
1
q
because
1
q
is negati*e and
2
E
r
is directed a0a/ from
2
q
because
2
q
is positi*e.
F+,-#" 21.$*
21.$1. IDENTIFY: The resultant electric field is the *ector sum of the field
1 1 2 2
of and of . q q E E
r r
SET UP: The placement of the charges is sho0n in %igure 21.(1a.
F+,-#" 21.$1a
EXECUTE: (a) The directions of the t0o fields are sho0n in %igure 21.(1b.
21-2* Cha!"# 21
1
1 2 2
0 1
1
1
q
E E
r

P
9
9 2 2
1 2
6.00 10 C
(#.9## 10 8 m "C )
(0.1(0 m)
E

1 2
2!9' 8"C E E
F+,-#" 21.$1b
1 1 2 2
2!9' 8"C& 0 2!9' 8"C& 0
x y y
E E E E
1 2
2( 2!9' 8"C) 1'90 8"C
x x x
E E E +
1 2
0
y y y
E E E +
The resultant electric field at point a in the s$etch has magnitude 1'90 8"C and is in the 3direction. x
(b) The directions of the t0o fields are sho0n in %igure 21.(1c.
F+,-#" 21.$1(
9
1 9 2 2
1 2 2
0 1
1 6.00 10 C
(#.9## 10 8 m "C ) 2!9' 8"C
1 (0.1(0 m)
q
E
r

P
9
2 9 2 2
2 2 2
0 2
1 6.00 10 C
(#.9## 10 8 m "C ) 266 8"C
1 (0.1(0 m)
q
E
r

P
1 1 2 2
2!9' 8"C& 0 266 8"C& 0
x y x y
E E E E +
1 2
2!9' 8"C 266 8"C 21!0 8"C
x x x
E E E + + +
1 2
0
y y y
E E E +
The resultant electric field at point b in the s$etch has magnitude 21!0 8"C and is in the 3direction. x +
(() The placement of the charges is sho0n in %igure 21.(1d.
0.!00 m
sin 0.600
0.(00 m

0.100 m
cos 0.#00
0.(00 m

F+,-#" 21.$1.
The directions of the t0o fields are sho0n in %igure 21.(1e.
1
1 2
0 1
1
1
q
E
r

P
9
9 2 2
1 2
6.00 10 C
(#.9## 10 8 m "C )
(0.100 m)
E

1
!!'.0 8"C E
2
2 2
0 2
1
1
q
E
r

P
9
9 2 2
2 2
6.00 10 C
(#.9## 10 8 m "C )
(0.(00 m)
E

2
21(.' 8"C E
F+,-#" 21.$1"
1 1 1
0& !!'.0 8"C
x y
E E E
2 2
sin (21(.' 8"C)(0.600) 129.1 8"C
x
E E
2 2
cos (21(.' 8"C)(0.#00) 1'2.6 8"C
y
E E + + +
-lectric Charge and -lectric %ield 21-21
1 2
129 8"C
x x x
E E E +
1 2
!!'.0 8"C 1'2.6 8"C 161 8"C
y y y
E E E + +
2 2
209 8"C
x y
E E E +
The field
E
r
and its components are sho0n in %igure 21.(1f.
tan
y
x
E
E

161 8"C
tan 1.2'1
129 8"C

2!2 & countercloc$0ise from 3ais x +

F+,-#" 21.$1/
(.) The placement of the charges is sho0n in %igure 21.(1g.
0.200 m
sin 0.#00
0.2(0 m

0.1(0 m
cos 0.600
0.2(0 m

F+,-#" 21.$1,
The directions of the t0o fields are sho0n in %igure 21.(1h.
1 2 2
0
1
1
q
E E
r

P
9
9 2 2
1 2
6.00 10 C
(#.9## 10 8 m "C )
(0.2(0 m)
E

1
#62.# 8"C E
2 1
- #62.# 8"C E
F+,-#" 21.$1h
1 1 2 2
cos & cos
x x
E E E E
( ) ( )
1 2
2 #62.# 8"C 0.600 1010 8"C
x x x
E E E +
1 1 2 2
sin & sin
y y
E E E E +
1 2
0
y y y
E E E +
1010 8"C& in the 3direction. E x
EVALUATE: The electric field produced b/ a charge is to0ard a negati*e charge and a0a/ from a positi*e charge.
)s in -ercise 21.1(& 0e can use this rule to deduce the direction of the resultant field at each point before doing
an/ calculations.
21.$2. IDENTIFY: %or a long straight 0ire&
0
2
E
r

P
.
SET UP:
9 2 2
0
1
1.19 10 8 m "C
2

P
.
EXECUTE:
10
0
1.( 10 C m
1.0# m
2 (2.(0 8 C)
r

P
EVALUATE: %or a point charge& E is proportional to
2
1" . r %or a long straight line of charge& E is proportional to 1" . r
21-22 Cha!"# 21
21.$3. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ -q.(21.10) for the finite line of charge and
0
2
E

P
for the infinite line of charge.
SET UP: %or the infinite line of positi*e charge& E
r
is in the 6x direction.
EXECUTE: (a) %or a line of charge of length 2a centered at the origin and l/ing along the y3ais& the electric field
is gi*en b/ -q.(21.10)?
2 2
0
1
H
2
1 x x a

+
E = i
r
P
.
(b) %or an infinite line of charge?
0
H
2 x

E = i
r
P
. Mraphs of electric field *ersus position for both distributions of
charge are sho0n in %igure 21.(!.
EVALUATE: %or small x& close to the line of charge& the field due to the finite line approaches that of the infinite
line of charge. )s x increases& the field due to the infinite line falls off more slo0l/ and is larger than the field of
the finite line.
F+,-#" 21.$3
21.$4. (a) IDENTIFY: The field is caused b/ a finite uniforml/ charged 0ire.
SET UP: The field for such a 0ire a distance x from its midpoint is
2 2
0 0
1 1
2
2 1
( " ) 1 ( " ) 1
E
x x a x x a


_


+ + ,
P P
.
EXECUTE: E ,
( ) ( )
9 2 2 9
2
1#.0 10 8 m " C 1'( 10 C"m
6.00 cm
(0.0600 m) 1
1.2( cm

_
+

,
, !.0! 10
1
8"C& directed up0ard.
(b) IDENTIFY: The field is caused b/ a uniforml/ charged circular 0ire.
SET UP: The field for such a 0ire a distance x from its midpoint is
2 2 !" 2
0
1
1 ( )
Qx
E
x a

+ P
. ;e first find the radius
of the circle using 2Nr , %.
EXECUTE: 7ol*ing for r gi*es r = %"2N , (#.(0 cm)"2N , 1.!(! cm
The charge on this circle is Q = % , (1'( nC"m)(0.0#(0 m) , 11.## nC
The electric field is
( )
!" 2
2 2
0
1
1
Qx
E
x a

+
P
,
( ) ( ) ( )
9 2 2 9
!" 2
2 2
9.00 10 8 m "C 11.## 10 C"m 0.0600 m
(0.0600 m) (0.01!(! m)

1 +
]
E , !.1( 10
1
8"C& up0ard.
EVALUATE: 5n both cases& the fields are of the same order of magnitude& but the *alues are different because the
charge has been bent into different shapes.
21.$$. IDENTIFY: %or a ring of charge& the electric field is gi*en b/ -q. (21.#). q F = E
r r
. 5n part (b) use 8e0ton:s third
la0 to relate the force on the ring to the force eerted b/ the ring.
SET UP:
9
0.12( 10 C& Q


0.02( m a
and
0.100 m x
.
EXECUTE: (a)
2 2 !" 2
0
1
H H
('.0 8"C)
1 ( )
Qx
x a +
E = i = i
r
P
.
(b)
6 (
on ring on q
H H
( 2.(0 10 C) ('.0 8"C) (1.'( 10 8) q

F = F E i i
r r r
EVALUATE: Charges q and Q ha*e opposite sign& so the force that q eerts on the ring is attracti*e.
-lectric Charge and -lectric %ield 21-23
21.$%. IDENTIFY: ;e must use the appropriate electric field formula? a uniform dis$ in (a)& a ring in (b) because all the
charge is along the rim of the dis$& and a point3charge in (c).
(a) SET UP: %irst find the surface charge densit/ (Q"A)& then use the formula for the field due to a dis$ of charge&
2
0
1
1
2
( " ) 1
x
E
R x

1
1
1 +
]
P
.
EXECUTE: The surface charge densit/ is
9
2 2
6.(0 10 C
(0.012( m)
Q Q
A r

, 1.!21
(
10

C"m
2
.
The electric field is
2
0
1
1
2
( " ) 1
x
E
R x

1
1
1 +
]
P
,
( 2
12 2 2
2
1.!21 10 C"m 1
1
2(#.#( 10 C "8 m )
1.2( cm
1
2.00 cm

1

_
1
+

1
,
]
Ex , 1.11 10
(
8"C& to0ard the center of the dis$.
(b) SET UP: %or a ring of charge& the field is
( )
!" 2
2 2
0
1
1
Qx
E
x a

+
P
.
EXECUTE: 7ubstituting into the electric field formula gi*es
( )
!" 2
2 2
0
1
1
Qx
E
x a

+
P
,
9 2 2 9
!" 2
2 2
(9.00 10 8 m "C )(6.(0 10 C)(0.0200 m)
(0.0200 m) (0.012( m)

1 +
]
E , #.92 10
1
8"C& to0ard the center of the dis$.
(() SET UP: %or a point charge& ( )
2
0
1" 1 " . E q r P
EXECUTE: E , (9.00 10
9
8

m
2
"C
2
)(6.(0
9
10

C)"(0.0200 m)
2
, 1.16 10
(
8"C
(.) EVALUATE: ;ith the ring& more of the charge is farther from " than 0ith the dis$. )lso 0ith the ring the
component of the electric field parallel to the plane of the ring is greater than 0ith the dis$& and this component
cancels. ;ith the point charge in (c)& all the field *ectors add 0ith no cancellation& and all the charge is closer to
point " than in the other t0o cases.
21.$&. IDENTIFY: ./ superposition 0e can add the electric fields from t0o parallel sheets of charge.
SET UP: The field due to each sheet of charge has magnitude
0
" 2 P and is directed to0ard a sheet of negati*e
charge and a0a/ from a sheet of positi*e charge.
(a) The t0o fields are in opposite directions and 0. E
(b) The t0o fields are in opposite directions and 0. E
(() The fields of both sheets are do0n0ard and
0 0
2
2
E


P P
& directed do0n0ard.
EVALUATE: The field produced b/ an infinite sheet of charge is uniform& independent of distance from the sheet.
21.$'. IDENTIFY and SET UP: The electric field produced b/ an infinite sheet of charge 0ith charge densit/

has
magnitude
0
2
E

P
. The field is directed to0ard the sheet if it has negati*e charge and is a0a/ from the sheet if it
has positi*e charge.
EXECUTE: (a) The field lines are s$etched in %igure 21.(#a.
(b) The field lines are s$etched in %igure 21.(#b.
EVALUATE: The spacing of the field lines indicates the strength of the field. 5n part (a) the t0o fields add
bet0een the sheets and subtract in the regions to the left of A and to the right of B. 5n part (b) the opposite is true.
F+,-#" 21.$'
21-24 Cha!"# 21
21.$). IDENTIFY: The force on the particle at an/ point is al0a/s tangent to the electric field line at that point.
SET UP: The instantaneous *elocit/ determines the path of the particle.
EXECUTE: 5n %ig.21.29a the field lines are straight lines so the force is al0a/s in a straight line and *elocit/ and
acceleration are al0a/s in the same direction. The particle mo*es in a straight line along a field line& 0ith
increasing speed. 5n %ig.21.29b the field lines are cur*ed. )s the particle mo*es its *elocit/ and acceleration are
not in the same direction and the tra9ector/ does not follo0 a field line.
EVALUATE: 5n t0o3dimensional motion the *elocit/ is al0a/s tangent to the tra9ector/ but the *elocit/ is not
al0a/s in the direction of the net force on the particle.
21.%*. IDENTIFY: The field appears li$e that of a point charge a long 0a/ from the dis$ and an infinite sheet close to the
dis$+s center. The field is s/mmetrical on the right and left.
SET UP: %or a positi*e point charge& E is proportional to 1"r
2
and is directed radiall/ out0ard. %or an infinite
sheet of positi*e charge& the field is uniform and is directed a0a/ from the sheet.
EXECUTE: The field is s$etched in %igure 21.60.
EVALUATE: 8ear the dis$ the field lines are parallel and equall/ spaced& 0hich corresponds to a uniform field.
%ar from the dis$ the field lines are getting farther apart& corresponding to the 1"r
2
dependence for a point charge.
F+,-#" 21.%*
21.%1. IDENTIFY: Use s/mmetr/ to deduce the nature of the field lines.
(a) SET UP: The onl/ distinguishable direction is to0ard the line or a0a/ from the line& so the electric field lines
are perpendicular to the line of charge& as sho0n in %igure 21.61a.
F+,-#" 21.%1a
(b) EXECUTE and EVALUATE: The magnitude of the electric field is in*ersel/ proportional to the spacing of the
field lines. Consider a circle of radius r 0ith the line of charge passing through the center& as sho0n in
%igure 21.61b.
F+,-#" 21.%1b
The spacing of field lines is the same all around the circle& and in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the
circle the lines are equall/ spaced& so E depends onl/ on the distance r. The number of field lines passing out
through the circle is independent of the radius of the circle& so the spacing of the field lines is proportional to the
reciprocal of the circumference 2 r of the circle. Kence E is proportional to 1"r.
21.%2. IDENTIFY: %ield lines are directed a0a/ from a positi*e charge and to0ard a negati*e charge. The densit/ of
field lines is proportional to the magnitude of the electric field.
SET UP: The field lines represent the resultant field at each point& the net field that is the *ector sum of the fields
due to each of the three charges.
EXECUTE: (a)7ince field lines pass from positi*e charges and to0ard negati*e charges& 0e can deduce that the
top charge is positi*e& middle is negati*e& and bottom is positi*e.
(b) The electric field is the smallest on the hori4ontal line through the middle charge& at t0o positions on either side
0here the field lines are least dense. Kere the y-components of the field are cancelled bet0een the positi*e charges
and the negati*e charge cancels the x3component of the field from the t0o positi*e charges.
EVALUATE: %ar from all three charges the field is the same as the field of a point charge equal to the algebraic
sum of the three charges.
-lectric Charge and -lectric %ield 21-2$
21.%3. (a) IDENTIFY and SET UP: Use -q.(21.11) to relate the dipole moment to the charge magnitude and the
separation d of the t0o charges. The direction is from the negati*e charge to0ard the positi*e charge.
EXECUTE:
9 ! 11
1 2
(1.( 10 C)(!.1 10 m) 1.1 10 C mA The direction of is from to0ard . p qd q q

p
r
(b) IDENTIFY and SET UP: Use -q. (21.1() to relate the magnitudes of the torque and field.
EXECUTE:
sin & 0ith pE
as defined in %igure 21.6!& so
sin
E
p

9
11
'.2 10 8 m
#60 8"C
(1.1 10 C m)sin!6.9
E

F+,-#" 21.%3
EVALUATE: -q.(21.1() gi*es the torque about an ais through the center of the dipole. .ut the forces on the t0o
charges form a couple (Eroblem 11.(!) and the torque is the same for an/ ais parallel to this one. The force on
each charge is
q E
and the maimum moment arm for an ais at the center is "2& d so the maimum torque is
#
2( )( "2) 1.2 10 8 m. q E d

The torque for the orientation of the dipole in the problem is less than this
maimum.
21.%4. (a) IDENTIFY: The potential energ/ is gi*en b/ -q.(21.1').
SET UP: ( ) cos & 0here is the angle bet0een and . & pE p E p E
r r
r r
EXECUTE: parallel? ( ) 0 and 0 & pE
perpendicular? ( ) 90 and 90 0 &
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
!0 6 21
90 0 (.0 10 C m 1.6 10 8"C #.0 10 F. & & & pE


(b)
( )
( )
21
!
2 2!
2 #.0 10 F
2
so 0.!9 C
! ! 1.!#1 10 F"C
&
k &
k

EVALUATE: >nl/ at *er/ lo0 temperatures are the dipoles of the molecules aligned b/ a field of this strength. )
much larger field 0ould be required for alignment at room temperature.
21.%$. IDENTIFY: %ollo0 the procedure specified in part (a) of the problem.
SET UP: Use that
y d >>
.
EXECUTE: (a)
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 ( 2) ( 2) 2
( 2) ( 2) ( 1) ( 1)
y d y d yd
y d y d y d y d
+

+
. This gi*es
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0
2
1 ( 1) 2 ( 1)
y
q yd qd y
E
y d y d

P P
. 7ince
2 2
" 1 y d >> &
!
0
2
y
p
E
y

P
.
(b) %or points on the
3ais y
&

E
r
is in the 6y direction and
+
E
r
is in the
y
direction. The field point is closer to
q
& so the net field is up0ard. ) similar deri*ation gi*es
!
0
2
y
p
E
y

P
.
y
E
has the same magnitude and direction
at points 0here
y d >>
as 0here
y d <<
.
EVALUATE: E falls off li$e
!
1" r for a dipole& 0hich is faster than the
2
1" r for a point charge. The total charge of
the dipole is 4ero.
21.%%. IDENTIFY: Calculate the electric field due to the dipole and then appl/ q F = E
r r
.
SET UP: %rom -ample 21.1(&
dipole !
0
( )
2
p
E x
x

P
.
EXECUTE:
!0
6
dipole 9 !
0
6.1' 10 C m
1.11 10 8 C
2 (!.0 10 m)
E

P
. The electric force is
F qE
19 6
(1.60 10 C)(1.11 10 8"C)

1!
6.(# 10 8

and is to0ard the 0ater molecule (negati*e x3direction).

EVALUATE:
dipole
E
r
is in the direction of
p
r
O so is in the 6x direction. The charge q of the ion is negati*e& so
F
r
is
directed opposite to
E
r
and is therefore in the
x
direction.
21.%&. IDENTIFY: @i$e charges repel and unli$e charges attract. The force increases as the distance bet0een the charges
decreases.
SET UP: The forces on the dipole that is bet0een the slanted dipoles are s$etched in %igure 21.6'a.
21-2% Cha!"# 21
EXECUTE: The forces are attracti*e because the 6 and

charges of the t0o dipoles are closest. The forces are

to0ard the slanted dipoles so ha*e a net up0ard component. 5n %igure 21.6'b& ad9acent dipoles charges of opposite
sign are closer than charges of the same sign so the attracti*e forces are larger than the repulsi*e forces and the
dipoles attract.
EVALUATE: -ach dipole has 4ero net charge& but because of the charge separation there is a non34ero force
bet0een dipoles.
F+,-#" 21.%&
21.%'. IDENTIFY: %ind the *ector sum of the fields due to each charge in the dipole.
SET UP: ) point on the x3ais 0ith coordinate x is a distance
2 2
( " 2) r d x + from each charge.
EXECUTE: (a) The magnitude of the field the due to each charge is
2 2 2
0 0
1 1
1 1 ( 2)
q q
E
r d x
_


+
,
P P
&
0here d is the distance bet0een the t0o charges. The x3components of the forces due to the t0o charges
are equal and oppositel/ directed and so cancel each other. The t0o fields ha*e equal y3components& so
2 2
0
2 1
2 sin
1 ( 2)
y
q
E E
d x

_


+
,
P
& 0here is the angle belo0 the x3ais for both fields.
2 2
2
sin
( 2)
d
d x

+

and
dipole 2 2 2 2 ! 2
2 2
0 0
2 1 2
1 ( 2) 1 (( 2) )
( 2)
q d qd
E
d x d x
d x

_
_ _



+ +
+ , ,
,
P P
. The field is the
y
direction.
(b) )t large x&
2 2
( 2) x d >> & so the epression in part (a) reduces to the approimation dipole !
0
1
qd
E
x

P
.
EVALUATE: -ample 21.1( sho0s that at points on the 6y ais far from the dipole& dipole !
0
2
qd
E
y

P
. The
epression in part (b) for points on the x ais has a similar form.
21.%). IDENTIFY: The torque on a dipole in an electric field is gi*en b/ = p E
r
r r
.
SET UP:
sin pE
& 0here is the angle bet0een the direction of
p
r
and the direction of E
r
.
EXECUTE: (a) The torque is 4ero 0hen
p
r
is aligned either in the 'ame direction as E
r
or in the oppo'(te
direction& as sho0n in %igure 21.69a.
(b) The stable orientation is 0hen
p
r
is aligned in the 'ame direction as E
r
. 5n this case a small rotation of the
dipole results in a torque directed so as to bring
p
r
bac$ into alignment 0ith E
r
. ;hen
p
r
is directed opposite to E
r
& a small displacement results in a torque that ta$es
p
r
farther from alignment 0ith E
r
.
(() %ield lines for dipole
E
in the stable orientation are s$etched in %igure 21.69b.
EVALUATE: The field of the dipole is directed from the 6 charge to0ard the

charge.
F+,-#" 21.%)
21.&*. IDENTIFY: The plates produce a uniform electric field in the space bet0een them. This field eerts torque on a
dipole and gi*es it potential energ/.
SET UP: The electric field bet0een the plates is gi*en b/
0
" & E P and the dipole moment is p = ed. The
potential energ/ of the dipole due to the field is cos & pE p E
r
r
& and the torque the field eerts on it is =
pE sin .
-lectric Charge and -lectric %ield 21-2&
EXECUTE: (a) The potential energ/& cos & pE p E
r
r
& is a maimum 0hen , 1#0P. The field bet0een
the plates is
0
" & E P gi*ing
&ma = (1.60 10
B19
C)(220 10
B9
m)(12( 10
B6
C"m
2
)"(#.#( 10
B12
C
2
"8

m
2
) , 1.9' 10
B19
F
The orientation is parallel to the electric field (perpendicular to the plates) 0ith the positi*e charge of the dipole
to0ard the positi*e plate.
(b) The torque& = pE sin & is a maimum 0hen , 90P or 2'0P. 5n this case
ma 0 0
" " pE p ed P P
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
19 9 6 12 2 2
ma
1.60 10 C 220 10 m 12( 10 C"m #.#( 10 C " 8 m
2

19
ma
1.9' 10 8 m


The dipole is oriented perpendicular to the electric field (parallel to the plates).
(() F , 0.
EVALUATE: ;hen the potential energ/ is a maimum& the torque is 4ero. 5n both cases& the net force on the
dipole is 4ero because the forces on the charges are equal but opposite (0hich 0ould not be true in a nonuniform
electric field).
21.&1. (a) IDENTIFY: Use Coulomb:s la0 to calculate each force and then add them as *ectors to obtain the net force.
Torque is force times moment arm.
SET UP: The t0o forces on each charge in the dipole are sho0n in %igure 21.'1a.
sin 1.(0" 2.00 so 1#.6
>pposite charges attract and li$e charges repel.
1 2
0
x x x
F F F +
F+,-#" 21.&1a
EXECUTE:
6 6
!
1 2 2
((.00 10 C)(10.0 10 C)
1.121 10 8
(0.0200 m)
qq
F k k
r

1 1
sin #12.6 8
y
F F
2 1 2
#12.6 8 so 16#0 8
y y y y
F F F F +
(in the direction from the (.003 C + charge to0ard the (.003 C
charge).
EVALUATE: The x3components cancel and the y3components add.
(b) SET UP: Qefer to %igure 21.'1b.
The y3components ha*e 4ero moment arm and
therefore 4ero torque.
1 2
and
x x
F F both produce cloc$0ise torques.
F+,-#" 21.&1b
EXECUTE:
1 1
cos '1!.1 8
)
F F
1
2( )(0.01(0 m) 22.! 8 m& cloc$0ise
x
F
EVALUATE: The electric field produced b/ the 10.00 C charge is not uniform so -q. (21.1() does not appl/.
21-2' Cha!"# 21
21.&2. IDENTIFY: )ppl/
2
qq
F k
r

for each pair of charges and find the *ector sum of the forces that
1
q and
2
q eert on
!
. q
SET UP: @i$e charges repel and unli$e charges attract. The three charges and the forces on
!
q are sho0n in
%igure 21.'2.
F+,-#" 21.&2
EXECUTE: (a)
9 9
1 ! 9 2 2 1
1 2 2
1
((.00 10 C)(6.00 10 C)
(#.99 10 8 m "C ) 1.0'9 10 C
(0.0(00 m)
q q
F k
r

.
!6.9 .
(
1 1
cos #.6! 10 8
x
F F

+ .
(
1 1
sin 6.1# 10 8
y
F F

+ .
9 9
2 ! 9 2 2 1
2 2 2
2
(2.00 10 C)(6.00 10 C)
(#.99 10 8 m "C ) 1.20 10 C
(0.0!00 m)
q q
F k
r

.
2
0
x
F
&
1
2 2
1.20 10 8
y
F F


.
(
1 2
#.6! 10 8
x x x
F F F

+ .
( 1 (
1 2
6.1# 10 8 ( 1.20 10 8) (.(2 10 8
y y y
F F F

+ +
.
(b)
2 2 1
1.02 10 8
x y
F F F

+ . tan 0.610
y
x
F
F
. !2.6 & belo0 the
x +
ais.
EVALUATE: The indi*idual forces on q! are computed from Coulomb+s la0 and then added as *ectors& using
components.
21.&3. (a) IDENTIFY: Use Coulomb:s la0 to calculate the force eerted b/ each Q on q and add these forces as *ectors
to find the resultant force. Ra$e the approimation
x a >>
and compare the net force to F kx to deduce k and
then (1" 2 ) " . * k m
SET UP: The placement of the charges is sho0n in %igure 21.'!a.
F+,-#" 21.&3a
EXECUTE: %ind the net force on q.
1 2
and
x x x
F F F +
1 1 2 2
&
x x
F F F F +
F+,-#" 21.&3b
( ) ( )
1 2 2 2
0 0
1 1
&
1 1
qQ qQ
F F
a x a x


+
P P
( ) ( )
1 2 2 2
0
1 1
1
x
qQ
F F F
a x a x
1

1
+
]
P
2 2
2
0
1 1
1
x
qQ x x
F
a a a

1
_ _
+ + 1

, , 1
]
P
-lectric Charge and -lectric %ield 21-2)
7ince
x a <<
0e can use the binomial epansion for
2 2
(1 " ) and (1 " ) x a x a

+ and $eep onl/ the first t0o terms?
(1 ) 1 .
n
+ n+ + + %or
2
(1 " ) & x a

" + x a and 2 n so
2
(1 " ) 1 2 " . x a x a

+ %or
2
(1 " ) & x a

+ " + x a + and
2 n so
2
(1 " ) 1 2 " . x a x a

+ Then
2 !
0 0
2 2
1 1 .
1
qQ x x qQ
F x
a a a a
_ 1 _ _
+
1
, , ] ,
P P
%or simple harmonic
motion F kx and the frequenc/ of oscillation is ( ) 1" 2 " . * k m The net force here is of this form& 0ith
!
0
" . k qQ a P Thus
!
0
1
.
2
qQ
*
ma

P
(b) The forces and their components are sho0n in %igure 21.'!c.
F+,-#" 21.&3(
The x3components of the forces eerted b/ the t0o charges cancel& the y3components add& and the net force is in
the 6y3direction 0hen y S 0 and in the
3direction y
0hen y T 0. The charge mo*es a0a/ from the origin on the
y3ais and ne*er returns.
EVALUATE: The directions of the forces and of the net force depend on 0here q is located relati*e to the other
t0o charges. 5n part (a)& 0 at 0 F x and 0hen the charge q is displaced in the 6x3 or Bx3direction the net force is
a restoring force& directed to return
to 0. q x
The charge oscillates bac$ and forth& similar to a mass on a spring.
21.&4. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ 0
x
F

and 0
y
F

to one of the spheres.

SET UP: The free3bod/ diagram is s$etched in %igure 21.'1.
e
F is the repulsi*e Coulomb force bet0een the
spheres. %or small & sin tan .
EXECUTE:
e
sin 0
x
F F and
cos 0
y
F mg
. 7o
2
e 2
sin
cos
mg kq
F
d

. .ut tan sin

2
d
L
&
so
2
!
2kq L
d
mg
and
1"!
2
0
2
q L
d
mg
_

,
P
.
EVALUATE: d increases 0hen q increases.
F+,-#" 21.&4
21.&$. IDENTIFY: Use Coulomb:s la0 for the force that one sphere eerts on the other and appl/ the 1st condition of
equilibrium to one of the spheres.
(a) SET UP: The placement of the spheres is s$etched in %igure 21.'(a.
F+,-#" 21.&$a
21-3* Cha!"# 21
The free3bod/ diagrams for each sphere are gi*en in %igure 21.'(b.
F+,-#" 21.&$b
Fc is the repulsi*e Coulomb force eerted b/ one sphere on the other.
(b) EXECUTE: %rom either force diagram in part (a)?
y y
F ma

cos2(.0 0 and
cos2(.0
mg
mg

x x
F ma

c c
sin 2(.0 0 and sin2(.0 F F
Use the first equation to eliminate in the second? ( ) ( )
c
" cos2(.0 sin2(.0 tan2(.0 F mg mg
2 2
1 2
c 2 2 2
0 0 0
1 1 1
1 1 1 <2(1.20 m)sin2(.0 =
q q q q
F
r r

P P P
Combine this 0ith
c
tan2(.0 F mg and get
2
2
0
1
tan 2(.0
1 <2(1.20 m)sin 2(.0 =
q
mg

P
( )
( )
0
tan 2(.0
2.10 m sin2(.0
1" 1
mg
q

P
( )
( ) ( )
! 2
6
9 2 2
1(.0 10 $g 9.#0 m"s tan2(.0
2.10 m sin2(.0 2.#0 10 C
#.9## 10 8 m "C
q

(() The separation bet0een the t0o spheres is gi*en b/
2 sin . 2.#0 C L q
as found in part (b).
( ) ( )
2
2
c 0 c
1" 1 " 2 sin and tan . F q L F mg P Thus ( ) ( )
2
2
0
1" 1 " 2 sin tan . q L mg P
( )
2
2
2
0
1
sin tan
1 1
q
L mg

P
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
6
9 2 2
2
! 2
2.#0 10 C
#.9## 10 8 m " C 0.!!2#.
1 0.600 m 1(.0 10 $g 9.#0 m"s

7ol*e this equation b/ trial and error. This 0ill go quic$er if 0e can ma$e a good estimate of the *alue of that
sol*es the equation. %or small& tan sin . ;ith this approimation the equation becomes
!
sin 0.!!2# and
sin 0.69!0& so 1!.9 . 8o0 refine this guess?

2
sin tan
1(.0 0.(000
10.0 0.!16'
!9.6 0.!!61
!9.( 0.!!!(
!9.1 0.!!09 so !9.(
EVALUATE: The epression in part (c) sa/s 0 as and 90 as 0. L L ;hen L is decreased from
the *alue in part (a)& increases.
21.&%. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ 0
x
F

and 0
y
F

to each sphere.
SET UP: (a) %ree bod/ diagrams are gi*en in %igure 21.'6.
e
F is the repulsi*e electric force that one sphere
eerts on the other.
EXECUTE: (b) cos20 0.0#!1 8 mg & so
1 2
2
1
sin20 0.02#( 8
e
kq q
F
r

. (8ote?
1
2(0.(00 m)sin20 0.!12 m.) r
(() %rom part (b)&
1! 2
1 2
!.'1 10 C . q q


-lectric Charge and -lectric %ield 21-31
(.) The charges on the spheres are made equal b/ connecting them 0ith a 0ire& but 0e still ha*e
2
e 2
0
2
1
tan 0.01(! 8
1
Q
F mg
r

P
& 0here
1 2
2
q q
Q
+
. .ut the separation
2
r is $no0n?
2
2(0.(00 m)sin!0 0.(00 m. r Kence?
2 6 1 2
0 e 2
1 1.12 10 C.
2
q q
Q F r

+
P This equation& along
0ith that from part (c)& gi*es us t0o equations in
1
q and
2
? q
6
1 2
2.21 10 C q q

+ and
1! 2
1 2
!.'1 10 C . q q


./ elimination& substitution and after sol*ing the resulting quadratic equation& 0e find?
6
1
2.06 10 C q

and
'
2
1.#0 10 C q

.
EVALUATE: )fter the spheres are connected b/ the 0ire& the charge on sphere 1 decreases and the charge on
sphere 2 increases. The product of the charges on the sphere increases and the thread ma$es a larger angle 0ith the
*ertical.
F+,-#" 21.&%
21.&&. IDENTIFY and SET UP: Use )*ogadro:s number to find the number of
6
8a and Cl

ions and the total positi*e

and negati*e charge. Use Coulomb:s la0 to calculate the electric force and m F a
r
r
to calculate the acceleration.
(a) EXECUTE: The number of
6
8a ions in 0.100 mol of 8aCl is
)
. N nN The charge of one ion is 6e& so the
total charge is
1 )
q nN e
2! 19 !
(0.100 mol)(6.022 10 ions"mol)(1.602 10 C"ion) 9.61' 10 C

There are the same number of Cl

ions and each has charge

& e
so
!
2
9.61' 10 C. q
! 2
1 2 9 2 2 21
2 2
0
1 (9.61' 10 C)
(#.9## 10 8 m "C ) 2.09 10 8
1 (0.0200 m)
q q
F
r

P
(b) " . a F m 8eed the mass of 0.100 mol of Cl

ions. %or Cl&

!
!(.1(! 10 M

$g"mol& so
( ) ( )
! 1
0.100 mol !(.1(! 10 $g"mol !(.1( 10 $g. m

Then
21
2! 2
1
2.09 10 8
(.90 10 m"s .
!(.1( 10 $g
F
a
m

(() EVALUATE: 5s is not reasonable to ha*e such a huge force. The net charges of ob9ects are rarel/ larger than 1 CA
a charge of 10
1
C is immense. ) small amount of material contains huge amounts of positi*e and negati*e charges.
21.&'. IDENTIFY: %or the acceleration (and hence the force) on Q to be up0ard& as indicated& the forces due to q1 and q2
must ha*e equal strengths& so q1 and q2 must ha*e equal magnitudes. %urthermore& for the force to be up0ard& q1
must be positi*e and q2 must be negati*e.
SET UP: 7ince 0e $no0 the acceleration of Q& 8e0ton+s second la0 gi*es us the magnitude of the force on it.
;e can then add the force components using
1 2 1
cos cos 2 cos
Qq Qq Qq
F F F F +
. The electrical force on Q is
gi*en b/ Coulomb+s la0&
1
1
2
0
1
1
Qq
Qq
F
r

P
(for q1) and li$e0ise for q2.
EXECUTE: %irst find the net force? F = ma , (0.00(00 $g)(!21 m"s
2
) , 1.62 8. 8o0 add the force
components& calling the angle bet0een the line connecting q1 and q2 and the line connecting q1 and Q.
1 2 1
cos cos 2 cos
Qq Qq Qq
F F F F +
and
1
1.62 8
2.2( cm 2cos
2
!.00 cm
Qq
F
F

_

,
, 1.0# 8. 8o0 find the charges b/
sol*ing for q1 in Coulomb+s la0 and use the fact that q1 and q2 ha*e equal magnitudes but opposite signs.
1
1
2
0
1
1
Qq
Qq
F
r

P
and
( ) ( )
1
2
2
1
9 2 2 6
0
(0.0!00 m) (1.0# 8)
1
9.00 10 8 m "C 1.'( 10 C
1
Qq
r F
q
Q

P

#
6.1' 10 C.

#
2 1
6.1' 10 C. q q


21-32 Cha!"# 21
EVALUATE: 7imple reasoning allo0s us first to conclude that q1 and q2 must ha*e equal magnitudes but opposite
signs& 0hich ma$es the equations much easier to set up than if 0e had tried to sol*e the problem in the general
case. )s Q accelerates and hence mo*es up0ard& the magnitude of the acceleration *ector 0ill change in a
complicated 0a/.
21.&). IDENTIFY: Use Coulomb:s la0 to calculate the forces bet0een pairs of charges and sum these forces as *ectors to
find the net charge.
(a) SET UP: The forces are s$etched in %igure 21.'9a.
EXECUTE:
1 !
& + * F F =
r r
so the net force is
2
. F F
r r
2
2 2
0 0
1 (! ) 6
&
1 1 ( " 2)
q q q
F
L L

P P
a0a/ from the *acant corner.
F+,-#" 21.&)a
(b) SET UP: The forces are s$etched in %igure 21.'9b.
EXECUTE:
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
0 0
! 1 !
1 1 2
2
q q q
F
L
L


P P
( )
2
1 ! 2 2
0 0
! 1 !
1 1
q q q
F F
L L

P P
The *ector sum of
1 !
and is F F
2 2
1! 1 !
. F F F +
F+,-#" 21.&)b
2
1! 1 1! 2 2
0
! 2
2 A and
1
q
F F
L
F F
r r
P
are in the same direction.
2
1! 2 2
0
! 1
2 &
1 2
q
F F F
L
_
+ +

,
P
and is directed to0ard the center of the square.
EVALUATE: ./ s/mmetr/ the net force is along the diagonal of the square. The net force is onl/ slightl/ larger
0hen the
!q
charge is at the center. Kere it is closer to the charge at point 2 but the other t0o forces cancel.
21.'*. IDENTIFY: Use -q.(21.') for the electric field produced b/ each point charge. )ppl/ the principle of
superposition and add the fields as *ectors to find the net field.
(a) SET UP: The fields due to each charge are sho0n in %igure 21.#0a.
2 2
cos
x
x a

+
F+,-#" 21.'*a
-lectric Charge and -lectric %ield 21-33
EXECUTE: The components of the fields are gi*en in %igure 21.#0b.
1 2 2 2
0
1
1
q
E E
a x
_


+
,
P
! 2
0
1 2
1
q
E
x
_

,
P
F+,-#" 21.'*b
1 1 2 2 1 2
sin & sin so 0.
y y y y y
E E E E E E E + +
1 2 1 ! ! 2 2
2 2
0
1
cos &
1
x x x
q x
E E E E E
a x
x a

_
_
+

+
, + ,
P
1 2 ! 2 2 2
2 2
0 0
1 2
2
1 1
x x x x
q x q
E E E E
a x x
x a

_ _
_
+ +

+
, + , ,
P P
( ) ( )
! " 2 !" 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
0 0
2 1 2 1
1
1 1
1 "
x
q x q
E
x x
a x a x

_ _



+ +
, ,
P P
Thus
( )
!" 2 2
2 2
0
2 1
1 & in the 3direction.
1
1 "
q
E x
x
a x

_



+
,
P
(b)
x a >>
implies ( )
!" 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
" 1 and 1 " 1 ! " 2 . a x a x a x

<< +
Thus
2 2
2 2 1
0 0
2 ! !
1 1 .
1 2 1
q a qa
E
x x x
_ _



, ,
P P
EVALUATE:
1
1" . E x : %or a point charge
2
1" E x : and for a dipole
!
1" . E x : The total charge is 4ero so at large
distances the electric field should decrease faster 0ith distance than for a point charge. ./ s/mmetr/ E
r
must lie
along the x3ais& 0hich is the result 0e found in part (a).
21.'1. IDENTIFY: The small bags of protons beha*e li$e point3masses and point3charges since the/ are etremel/ far apart.
SET UP: %or point3particles& 0e use 8e0ton+s formula for uni*ersal gra*itation (F = ,m1m2"r
2
) and Coulomb+s
la0. The number of protons is the mass of protons in the bag di*ided b/ the mass of a single proton.
EXECUTE: (a)
2' 2!
(0.0010 $g) "(1.6' 10 $g) 6.0 10

protons
(b) Using Coulomb+s la0& 0here the separation is t0ice is the radius of the earth& 0e ha*e
Felectrical , (9.00 10
9
8

m
2
"C
2
)(6.0 10
2!
1.60 10
B19
C)
2
"(2 6.!# 10
6
m)
2
, (.1 10
(
8
Fgra* , (6.6' 10
B11
8

m
2
"$g
2
)(0.0010 $g)
2
"(2 6.!# 10
6
m)
2
, 1.1 10
B!1
8
(() EVALUATE: The electrical force (U200&000 lbJ) is certainl/ large enough to feel& but the gra*itational force
clearl/ is not since it is about 10
!6
times 0ea$er.
21.'2. IDENTIFY: ;e can treat the protons as point3charges and use Coulomb+s la0.
SET UP: (a) Coulomb+s la0 is F =
2
0 1 2
(1" 1 ) " . q q r P
EXECUTE: F , (9.00 10
9
8

m
2
"C
2
)(1.60 10
B19
C)
2
"(2.0 10
31(
m) , (# 8 , 1! lb& 0hich is certainl/ large
enough to feel.
(b) EVALUATE: 7omething must be holding the nucleus together b/ opposing this enormous repulsion. This is
the strong nuclear force.
21.'3. IDENTIFY: -stimate the number of protons in the tetboo$ and from this find the net charge of the tetboo$.
)ppl/ Coulomb:s la0 to find the force and use
net
F ma to find the acceleration.
SET UP:;ith the mass of the boo$ about 1.0 $g& most of 0hich is protons and neutrons& 0e find that the number
of protons is
2' 26 1
2
(1.0 $g) (1.6' 10 $g) !.0 10

.
EXECUTE: (a) The charge difference present if the electron+s charge 0as 99.999V of the proton+s is
26 19
(!.0 10 )(0.00001)(1.6 10 C) 1#0 C q

.
(b)
2 2 2 2 1!
( ) (1#0 C) ((.0 m) #.! 10 8 F k q r k & and is repulsi*e.
2 1! 1!
(#.! 10 8) (1$g) #.! 10 m s a F m .
EXECUTE: (() -*en the slightest charge imbalance in matter 0ould lead to eplosi*e repulsionJ
21-34 Cha!"# 21
21.'4. IDENTIFY: The electric field eerts equal and opposite forces on the t0o balls& causing them to s0ing a0a/ from
each other. ;hen the balls hang stationar/& the/ are in equilibrium so the forces on them (electrical& gra*itational&
and tension in the strings) must balance.
SET UP: (a) The force on the left ball is in the direction of the electric field& so it must be positi*e& 0hile the force
on the right ball is opposite to the electric field& so it must be negati*e.
(b) .alancing hori4ontal and *ertical forces gi*es qE = sin "2 and mg = cos "2.
EXECUTE: 7ol*ing for the angle gi*es? , 2 arctan(qE/mg).
(() )s E W& 2 arctan(W) , 2 (N"2) , N , 1#0P
EVALUATE: 5f the field 0ere large enough& the gra*itational force 0ould not be important& so the strings 0ould
be hori4ontal.
21.'$. IDENTIFY and SET UP: Use the densit/ of copper to calculate the number of moles and then the number of
atoms. Calculate the net charge and then use Coulomb:s la0 to calculate the force.
EXECUTE: (a) ( ) ( )
!
! ! ! ! (
1 1
#.9 10 $g"m 1.00 10 m !.'2# 10 $g
! !
m - r

_ _


, ,
( ) ( )
( ! 1
" !.'2# 10 $g " 6!.(16 10 $g"mol (.#6' 10 mol n m M


20
!.( 10 atoms
A
N nN
(b) ( ) ( )
20 22
29 !.( 10 1.01( 10
e
N electrons and protons
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 19 22
net
0.99900 0.100 10 1.602 10 C 1.01( 10 1.6 C
e e
q eN eN


( )
( )
2
2
10
2 2
1.6 C
2.! 10 8
1.00 m
q
F k k
r

EVALUATE: The amount of positi*e and negati*e charge in e*en small ob9ects is immense. 5f the charge of an
electron and a proton 0eren:t eactl/ equal& ob9ects 0ould ha*e large net charges.
21.'%. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ constant acceleration equations to a drop to find the acceleration. Then use F ma to find the
force and
F q E
to find
q
.
SET UP: @et 2.0 cm . be the hori4ontal distance the drop tra*els and 0.!0 mm d be its *ertical
displacement. @et 6x be hori4ontal and in the direction from the no44le to0ard the paper and let 6y be *ertical& in
the direction of the deflection of the drop. 0
x
a and y
a a
.
EXECUTE: %irst& the mass of the drop?
6 !
! 11
1 (1(.0 10 m)
(1000 $g m ) 1.11 10 $g
!
m -

_


,
. 8et& the
time of flight? (0.020 m) (20 m"s) 0.00100 s t . v .
2
1
2
d at .
1
2
2 2
2 2(!.00 10 m)
600 m s
(0.001s)
d
a
t

.
Then a F m qE m gi*es
2 11
1!
1
(1.11 10 $g)(600 m s )
1.06 10 C
#.00 10 8 C
q ma E

.
EVALUATE: 7ince q is positi*e the *ertical deflection is in the direction of the electric field.
21.'&. IDENTIFY: -q. (21.!) gi*es the force eerted b/ the electric field. This force is constant since the electric field is
uniform and gi*es the proton a constant acceleration. )ppl/ the constant acceleration equations for the x3 and
y3components of the motion& 9ust as for pro9ectile motion.
(a) SET UP: The electric field is up0ard so the electric force on the positi*el/ charged proton is up0ard and has
magnitude F , eE. Use coordinates 0here positi*e y is do0n0ard. Then appl/ing m

F a
r
r
to the proton gi*es
that
0 and " .
x y
a a eE m
5n these coordinates the initial *elocit/ has components
0
cos
x
v v + and
0
sin &
y
v v +
as sho0n in %igure 21.#'a.
F+,-#" 21.'&a
-lectric Charge and -lectric %ield 21-3$
EXECUTE: %inding
ma ma
? )t / y / the y3component of the *elocit/ is 4ero.
0 0 0 ma
0& sin & " & G
y y y
v v v a eE m y y /
( )
2 2
0 0
2
y y y
v v a y y +
2 2
0
0
2
y y
y
v v
y y
a

( )
2 2 2 2
0 0
ma
sin sin
2 " 2
v mv
/
eE m eE

(b) Use the *ertical motion to find the time t?

0 0 0
0& sin & " & G
y y
y y v v a eE m t
2 1
0 0 2 y y
y y v t a t +
;ith
( )
0 0 0
0
2 2 sin 2 sin
0 this gi*es
"
y
y
v v mv
y y t
a eE m eE

Then use the x3component motion to find d?

0 0 0 0
0& cos & 2 sin " & G
x x
a v v t mv eE x x d
2 1
0 0 2
gi*es
x x
x x v t a t +
2 2
0 0 0
0
2 sin 2sin cos sin 2
cos
mv mv mv
d v
eE eE eE

_


,
(() The tra9ector/ of the proton is s$etched in %igure 21.#'b.
F+,-#" 21.'&b
(.) Use the epression in part (a)?
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
( 2'
ma
19
1.00 10 m"s sin!0.0 1.6'! 10 $g
0.11# m
2 1.602 10 C (00 8"C
/

1

]

Use the epression in part (b)?

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2' (
19
1.6'! 10 $g 1.00 10 m"s sin60.0
2.#9 m
1.602 10 C (00 8"C
d

EVALUATE: 5n part (a)&

10 2
" 1.# 10 m"s .
y
a eE m This is much larger in magnitude than g& the acceleration
due to gra*it/& so it is reasonable to ignore gra*it/. The motion is 9ust li$e pro9ectile motion& ecept that the
acceleration is up0ard rather than do0n0ard and has a much different magnitude.
ma
/ and d increase 0hen
0
or v increase and decrease 0hen E increases.
21.''. IDENTIFY:
1 2 x x x
E E E + . Use -q.(21.') for the electric field due to each point charge.
SET UP:
E
r
is directed a0a/ from positi*e charges and to0ard negati*e charges.
EXECUTE: (a) (0.0 8"C
x
E + .
9
1 9 2 2
1 2 2
0 1
1 1.00 10 C
(#.99 10 8 m "C ) 99.9 8"C
1 (0.60 m)
x
q
E
r

+
P
.
1 2 x x x
E E E + & so
2 1
(0.0 8"C 99.9 8"C 19.9 8"C
x x x
E E E + . 7ince
2x
E is negati*e&
2
q must be
negati*e.
2 2
2 2 9
2 9 2 2
0
(19.9 8"C)(1.20 m)
'.99 10 C
(1" 1 ) #.99 10 8 m "C
x
E r
q

P
.
9
2
'.99 10 C q


(b) (0.0 8"C
x
E .
1
99.9 8"C
x
E + & as in part (a).
2 1
119.9 8"C
x x x
E E E .
2
q is negati*e.
2 2
2 2 #
2 9 2 2
0
(119.9 8"C)(1.20 m)
2.10 10 C
(1" 1 ) #.99 10 8 m "C
x
E r
q

P
.
#
2
2.10 10 C q

.
EVALUATE:
2
q 0ould be positi*e if
2x
E 0ere positi*e.
21-3% Cha!"# 21
21.'). IDENTIFY: Xi*ide the charge distribution into infinitesimal segments of length dx . Calculate Exand E0 due to a
segment and integrate to find the total field.
SET UP: The charge
dQ
of a segment of length dx is
( " ) dQ Q a dx
. The distance bet0een a segment at x and
the charge q is
a r x +
.
1
(1 ) 1 y y

+ 0hen
1 y <<
.
EXECUTE: (a)
2
0
1
1 ( )
x
dQ
dE
a r x

+ P
so
2
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
1 ( ) 1
a
x
Qdx Q
E
a a r x a r a r
_


+ +
,

P P
.
a r x +
& so
0
1 1 1
1
x
Q
E
a x a x
_


, P
.
0
y
E
.
(b)
0
1 1 1
H
1
qQ
q
a x a x
_

,
F = E = i
r r
P
.
EVALUATE: (() %or
& x a >>

1
2 2
0
1
((1 ) 1) (1 1)
1
kqQ kqQ kqQ qQ
F a x a x
ax ax x r

+ +
P
. (8ote that for
x a >>
&
r x a x
.) The charge distribution loo$s li$e a point charge from far a0a/& so the force ta$es the form
of the force bet0een a pair of point charges.
21.)*. IDENTIFY: Use -q. (21.') to calculate the electric field due to a small slice of the line of charge and integrate as
in -ample 21.11. Use -q. (21.!) to calculate . F
r
SET UP: The electric field due to an infinitesimal segment of the line of charge is s$etched in %igure 21.90.
2 2
sin
y
x y

+
2 2
cos
x
x y

+
F+,-#" 21.)*
7lice the charge distribution up into small pieces of length dy. The charge dQ in each slice is
( " ). dQ Q dy a
The
electric field this produces at a distance x along the x3ais is dE. Calculate the components of dE
r
and then integrate
o*er the charge distribution to find the components of the total field.
EXECUTE:
2 2 2 2
0 0
1
1 1
dQ Q dy
dE
x y a x y
_ _


+ +
, ,
P P
( )
!" 2
2 2
0
cos
1
x
Qx dy
dE dE
a
x y

_



+
,
P
( )
!" 2
2 2
0
sin
1
y
Q ydy
dE dE
a
x y

_



+
,
P
2 2 !" 2
0
0
1 ( )
a
x x
Qx dy
E dE
a x y

+

P
2
2 2 2 2
0 0
0
1 1
1 1
a
Qx y Q
a x x
x y x a

1

1
+ +
]
P P
2 2 !" 2
0
0
1 ( )
a
y
Q ydy
E dEy
a x y

+

P
2 2 2 2
0 0
0
1 1 1
1 1
a
Q Q
a a x
x y x a

1 _

1
+ + ,
]
P P
(b)
0
q F E
r r
2 2 2 2
0 0
1 1 1
A
1 1
x x y y
qQ qQ
F qE F qE
x a x
x a x a

_


+ + ,
P P
(() %or x 11 a&
1" 2
2 2 2
2 2 !
2 2
1 1 1 1
1 1
2 2
a a a
x x x x x x
x a

_ _
+

, ,
+
2
2 ! !
0 0 0
1 1
&
1 1 2 #
x y
qQ qQ a qQa
F F
x a x x x x
_
+

, P P P
-lectric Charge and -lectric %ield 21-3&
EVALUATE: %or
&
y x
x a F F >> <<
and
2
0
1
x
qQ
F F
x

P
and
F
r
is in the Bx3direction. %or x SS a the charge
distribution Q acts li$e a point charge.
21.)1. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ -q.(21.9) from -ample 21.11.
SET UP: 2.(0 cm a . Qeplace Q b/
Q
. 7ince Q is negati*e&
E
r
is to0ard the line of charge and
2 2
0
1
H
1
Q
x x a

+
E = i
r
P
.
EXECUTE:
9
2 2 2 2
0 0
1 1 9.00 10 C
H H H
( '#(0 8"C) .
1 1
(0.100 m) (0.100 m) (0.02( m)
Q
x x a

+ +
E = i i i
r
P P
(b) The electric field is less than that at the same distance from a point charge (#100 8"C). %or large x&
2
1" 2 2 2 1" 2
2
1 1
( ) (1 " ) 1
2
a
x a a x
x x x

_
+ +

,
.
2
2 2
0
1
- 1
1 2
x
Q a
x x

_
+

,
P
. The first correction term to the point
charge result is negati*e.
(() %or a 1V difference& 0e need the first term in the epansion be/ond the point charge result to be less than
0.010?
2
2
0.010 1 (2(0.010)) 0.02( 1 0.020 0.1'' m
2
a
x a x
x
.
EVALUATE: )t 10.0 cm x (part b)& the eact result for the line of charge is !.1V smaller than for a point charge.
5t is sensible& therefore& that the difference is 1.0V at a some0hat larger distance& 1'.' cm.
21.)2. IDENTIFY: The electrical force has magnitude
2
2
kQ
F
r
and is attracti*e. )ppl/ m

F a
r
r
to the earth.
SET UP: %or a circular orbit&
2
v
a
r
. The period is
2 r
v

. The mass of the earth is

21
-
(.9' 10 $g m & the
orbit radius of the earth is
11
1.(0 10 m and its orbital period is
'
!.116 10 s .
EXECUTE: F ma gi*es
2
- 2
kQ v
m
r r
.
2 2
2
2
1 r
v

& so
2 ! 21 2 11 !
1' -
2 9 2 2 ' 2
1 ((.9' 10 $g)(1)( )(1.(0 10 m)
2.99 10 C
(#.99 10 8 m "C )(!.116 10 s)
m r
Q
k



.
EVALUATE: ) *er/ large net charge 0ould be required.
21.)3. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ -q.(21.11).
SET UP:
2
" " Q A Q R .
2 1" 2 2
(1 ) 1 " 2 y y

+ & 0hen
2
1 y << .
EXECUTE: (a) ( )
1 2
2 2
0
1 " 1
2
E R x

1
+
1
]
P
.
1 2
2 2
2
0
1.00 pC (0.02( m) (0.02( m)
1 1 0.#9 8"C
2 (0.200 m)
E


1
_
1 +

1 ,
]
P
& in the 6x direction.
(b) %or x R >>
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
0 0 0 0
<1 (1 2 )=
2 2 2 1 1
R R Q
E R x
x x x


+
P P P P
.
(() The electric field of (a) is less than that of the point charge (0.90 8"C) since the first correction term to the point
charge result is negati*e.
(.) %or
0.200 m x
& the percent difference is
(0.90 0.#9)
0.01 1V
0.#9

. %or
0.100 m x
&
dis$
!.1! 8 C E and
point
!.60 8 C E
& so the percent difference is
(!.60 !.1!)
0.01' (V.
!.60

EVALUATE: The field of a dis$ becomes closer to the field of a point charge as the distance from the dis$
increases. )t 10.0 cm x & " 2(V R x and the percent difference bet0een the field of the dis$ and the field of a
point charge is (V.
21.)4. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ the procedure specified in the problem.
SET UP:
2 1
1 2
( ) ( )
x x
x x
* x dx * x dx

.
21-3' Cha!"# 21
EXECUTE: (a) %or
( ) ( ) * x * x
&
0
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
a a a
a a
* x dx * x dx * x dx * x d x

+ +

0
( )
a
* x dx

. 8o0
replace
x
0ith y. This gi*es
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( )
a a a a
a
* x dx * y dy * x dx * x dx

+

.
(b) %or
( ) ( ) g x g x
&
0
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ( )) ( )
a a a a
a a
g x dx g x dx g x dx g x d x g x dx

+ +

. 8o0 replace
x
0ith y. This gi*es
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) 0.
a a a
a
g x dx g y dy g x dx

+

(() The integrand in y
E
for -ample 21.11 is odd& so y
E
,0.
EVALUATE: 5n -ample 21.11& Ey
0 because for each infinitesimal segment in the upper half of the line of charge&
there is a corresponding infinitesimal segment in the bottom half of the line that has Ey in the opposite direction.
21.)$. IDENTIFY: %ind the resultant electric field due to the t0o point charges. Then use q F E
r r
to calculate the force
on the point charge.
SET UP: Use the results of Eroblems 21.90 and 21.#9.
EXECUTE: (a) The y3components of the electric field cancel& and the x3component from both charges& as gi*en in
Eroblem 21.90& is
2 2 1" 2
0
1 2 1 1
1 ( )
x
Q
E
a y y a
_


+
,
P
. Therefore&
2 2 1" 2
0
1 2 1 1
H
1 ( )
Qq
a y y a
_

+
,
F = i
r
P
. 5f
y a >>
2 2
!
0 0
1 2 1
H H
(1 (1 "2 ))
1 1
Qq Qqa
a y
ay y

+ F i = i
r
P P
.
(b) 5f the point charge is no0 on the x3ais the t0o hal*es of the charge distribution pro*ide different forces&
though still along the x3ais& as gi*en in Eroblem 21.#9?
0
1 1 1
H
1
Qq
q
a x a x
+ +
_


,
F = E i
r r
P
and
0
1 1 1
H
1
Qq
q
a x x a

_


+
,
F = E = i
r r
P
. Therefore&
0
1 1 2 1
H
1
Qq
a x a x x a
+
_
+ +

+
,
F = F F i
r r r
P
. %or
x a >>
&
2 2
2 2 !
0 0
1 1 2
H H
1 . . . 2 1 . . .
1 1
Qq a a a a Qqa
ax x x x x x
_ _ _
+ + + + +


, , ,
F i i
r
P P
.
EVALUATE: 5f the charge distributed along the x3ais 0ere all positi*e or all negati*e& the force 0ould be
proportional to
2
1" y in part (a) and to
2
1" x in part (b)& 0hen y or x is *er/ large.
21.)%. IDENTIFY: Xi*ide the semicircle into infinitesimal segments. %ind the electric field dE
r
due to each segment and
integrate o*er the semicircle to find the total electric field.
SET UP: The electric fields along the x3direction from the left and right hal*es of the semicircle cancel. The
remaining y3component points in the negati*e y3direction. The charge per unit length of the semicircle is
Q
a

and
2
k d% k d
dE
a a

.
EXECUTE:
sin
sin
y
k d
dE dE
a

. Therefore&
2
2
0 2
0
2 2 2 2
sin < cos =
y
k k k kQ
E d
a a a a

& in
the
3direction y
.
EVALUATE: %or a full circle of charge the electric field at the center 0ould be 4ero. %or a quarter3circle of charge&
in the first quadrant& the electric field at the center of cur*ature 0ould ha*e non4ero x and y components. The
calculation for the semicircle is particularl/ simple& because all the charge is the same distance from point ".
21.)&. IDENTIFY: Xi*ide the charge distribution into small segments& use the point charge formula for the electric field
due to each small segment and integrate o*er the charge distribution to find the x and y components of the total field.
SET UP: Consider the small segment sho0n in %igure 21.9'a.
EXECUTE: ) small segment that
subtends angle d has length a d and
contains charge
1
2
2
.
ad Q
dQ Q d
a

_


,
1
2
( a is the total length of the charge
distribution.)
F+,-#" 21.)&a
-lectric Charge and -lectric %ield 21-3)
The charge is negati*e& so the field at the origin is directed to0ard the small segment. The small segment is located at
angle as sho0n in the s$etch. The electric field due to dQ is sho0n in %igure 21.9'b& along 0ith its components.
2
0
1
1
dQ
dE
a

P
2 2
0
2
Q
dE d
a

P
F+,-#" 21.)&b
( )
2 2
0
cos " 2 cos
x
dE dE Q a d P
( )
" 2
" 2
0 2 2 2 2 2 2
0
0 0 0
cos sin
2 2 2
x x
Q Q Q
E dE d
a a a

P P P
( )
2 2
0
sin " 2 sin
y
dE dE Q a d P
( )
" 2
" 2
0 2 2 2 2 2 2
0
0 0 0
sin cos
2 2 2
y y
Q Q Q
E dE d
a a a

P P P
EVALUATE: 8ote that
&
x y
E E
as epected from s/mmetr/.
21.)'. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ 0
x
F

and 0
y
F

to the sphere& 0ith x hori4ontal and y *ertical.

SET UP: The free3bod/ diagram for the sphere is gi*en in %igure 21.9#. The electric field
E
r
of the sheet is
directed a0a/ from the sheet and has magnitude
0
2
E

P
(-q.21.12).
EXECUTE: 0
y
F

gi*es
cos mg
and
cos
mg

. 0
x
F

gi*es
0
sin
2
q

P
and
0
2 sin
q

P
.
Combining these t0o equations 0e ha*e
0
cos 2 sin
mg q

P
and
0
tan
2
q
mg

P
. Therefore&
0
arctan
2
q
mg

,
P
.
EVALUATE: The electric field of the sheet& and hence the force it eerts on the sphere& is independent of the
distance of the sphere from the sheet.
F+,-#" 21.)'
21.)). IDENTIFY: -ach 0ire produces an electric field at " due to a finite 0ire. These fields add b/ *ector addition.
SET UP: -ach field has magnitude
2 2
0
1
1
Q
x x a

+
P
. The field due to the negati*e 0ire points to the left& 0hile
the field due to the positi*e 0ire points do0n0ard& ma$ing the t0o fields perpendicular to each other and of equal
magnitude. The net field is the *ector sum of these t0o& 0hich is Enet , 2E1 cos 1(P ,
2 2
0
1
2 cos1(
1
Q
x x a

+
P
. 5n
part (b)& the electrical force on an electron at " is eE.
EXECUTE: (a) The net field is Enet ,
2 2
0
1
2 cos1(
1
Q
x x a

+
P
.
Enet ,
( ) ( )
9 2 2 6
2 2
2 9.00 10 8 m "C 2.(0 10 C cos1(
(0.600 m) (0.600 m) (0.600 m)

+
, 6.2( 10
1
8"C.
The direction is 22(P countercloc$0ise from an ais pointing to the right through the positi*e 0ire.
21-4* Cha!"# 21
(b) F = eE , (1.60 10
319
C)(6.2( 10
1
8"C) , 1.00 10
B11
8& opposite to the direction of the electric field& since
the electron has negati*e charge.
EVALUATE: 7ince the electric fields due to the t0o 0ires ha*e equal magnitudes and are perpendicular to each
other& 0e onl/ ha*e to calculate one of them in the solution.
21.1**. IDENTIFY: -ach sheet produces an electric field that is independent of the distance from the sheet. The net field
is the *ector sum of the t0o fields.
SET UP: The formula for each field is
0
"2 & E P and the net field is the *ector sum of these&
net
0 0 0
2 2 2
B A B A
E
t
t
P P P
& 0here 0e use the 6 or B sign depending on 0hether the fields are in the same or
opposite directions and
B
and
A
are the magnitudes of the surface charges.
EXECUTE: (a) The t0o fields oppose and the field of B is stronger than that of A& so
Enet ,
0 0 0
2 2 2
B A B A


P P P
,
( )
2 2
12 2 2
11.6 C"m 9.(0 C"m
2 #.#( 10 C "8 m
2 2

, 1.19 10
(
8"C& to the right.
(b) The fields are no0 in the same direction& so their magnitudes add.
Enet , (11.6 YC"m
2
6 9.(0 YC"m
2
)"2
0
P , 1.19 10
6
8"C& to the right
(() The fields add but no0 point to the left& so Enet , 1.19 10
6
8"C& to the left.
EVALUATE: ;e can simplif/ the calculations b/ s$etching the fields and doing an algebraic solution first.
21.1*1. IDENTIFY: -ach sheet produces an electric field that is independent of the distance from the sheet. The net field
is the *ector sum of the t0o fields.
SET UP: The formula for each field is
0
" 2 & E P and the net field is the *ector sum of these&
net
0 0 0
2 2 2
B A B A
E
t
t
P P P
& 0here 0e use the 6 or B sign depending on 0hether the fields are in the same or
opposite directions and
B
and
A
are the magnitudes of the surface charges.
EXECUTE: (a) The fields add and point to the left& gi*ing Enet , 1.19 10
6
8"C.
(b) The fields oppose and point to the left& so Enet , 1.19 10
(
8"C.
(() The fields oppose but no0 point to the right& gi*ing Enet , 1.19 10
(
8"C.
EVALUATE: ;e can simplif/ the calculations b/ s$etching the fields and doing an algebraic solution first.
21.1*2. IDENTIFY: The sheets produce an electric field in the region bet0een them 0hich is the *ector sum of the fields
from the t0o sheets.
SET UP: The force on the negati*e oil droplet must be up0ard to balance gra*it/. The net electric field bet0een
the sheets is
0
" & E P and the electrical force on the droplet must balance gra*it/& so qE = mg.
EXECUTE: (a) The electrical force on the drop must be up0ard& so the field should point do0n0ard since the
drop is negati*e.
(b) The charge of the drop is (e& so
0
. (( )( " ) qE mg e mg P and
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
9 2 12 2 2
0
19
!21 10 $g 9.#0 m"s #.#( 10 C "8 m
( ( 1.60 10 C
mg
e

P
, !(.1 C"m
2
EVALUATE: .alancing oil droplets bet0een plates 0as the basis of the Rilli$en >il3Xrop -periment 0hich
produced the first measurement of the mass of an electron.
21.1*3. IDENTIFY and SET UP: -ample 21.12 gi*es the electric field due to one infinite sheet. )dd the t0o fields as
*ectors.
EXECUTE: The electric field due to the first sheet& 0hich is in the xy3plane& is ( )
1 0
H
" 2 for 0 + > E k
r
P and
( )
1 0
H
"2 for 0. + < E k
r
P ;e can 0rite this as ( ) ( )
1 0
H
"2 " & + + E k
r
P since
" 1 for 0 + + + + >
and
" " 1 + + + +
for 0. + < 7imilarl/& 0e can 0rite the electric field due to the second sheet as ( ) ( )
2 0
H
"2 " & x x E i
r
P since its
charge densit/ is
.
The net field is ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 0
H H
"2 " " . x x + + + + E E E i k
r r r
P
EVALUATE: The electric field is independent of the y3component of the field point since displacement in the
3 y t
direction is parallel to both planes. The field depends on 0hich side of each plane the field is located.
21.1*4. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ -q.(21.11) for the electric field of a dis$. The hole can be described b/ adding a dis$ of charge
densit/

and radius
1
R to a solid dis$ of charge densit/
+
and radius
2
R .
-lectric Charge and -lectric %ield 21-41
SET UP: The area of the annulus is
2 2
2 1
( ) R R . The electric field of a dis$& -q.(21.11) is
2
0
1 1 ( ) 1
2
E R x

1
+
]
P
.
EXECUTE: (a)
2 2
2 1
( ) Q A R R
(b)
( )
2 2
2 1
0
H
( ) 1 1" ( " ) 1 1 1" ( " ) 1
2
x
x R x R x
x

1 1
+ +
] ]
E i
r
P
.
( )
2 2
1 2
0
H
( ) 1" ( " ) 1 1" ( " ) 1
2
x
x R x R x
x

+ + E i
r
P
.
The electric field is in the 6x direction at points abo*e the dis$ and in the
x
direction at points belo0 the dis$& and
the factor
H
x
x
i specifies these directions.
(() 8ote that
2 2 1" 2
1 1
1 1
1 ( " ) 1, (1 ( " ) ) .
x x
R x x R
R R

+ + This gi*es
2
0 1 2 0 1 2
1 1
H H
( ) .
2 2
x x x
x x
R R x R R
_ _


, ,
E = i = i
r
P P

7ufficientl/ close means that
2
1
( ) 1. x R <<
(.)
0 1 2
1 1
2
x x
q
F qE x
R R
_


,
P
. The force is in the form of Koo$e+s la0?
x
F kx & 0ith
0 1 2
1 1
2
q
k
R R
_


,
P
.
0 1 2
1 1 1 1

2 2 2
k q
*
m m R R

_


,
P
.
EVALUATE: The frequenc/ is independent of the initial position of the particle& so long as this position is
sufficientl/ close to the center of the annulus for
2
1
( " ) x R to be small.
21.1*$. IDENTIFY: )ppl/ Coulomb+s la0 to calculate the forces that
1
q and
2
q eert on
!
q & and add these force *ectors
to get the net force.
SET UP: @i$e charges repel and unli$e charges attract. @et 6x be to the right and 6y be to0ard the top of the page.
EXECUTE: (a) The four possible force diagrams are s$etched in %igure 21.10(a.
>nl/ the last picture can result in a net force in the Bx-direction.
(b)
1 ! 2
2.00 C& 1.00 C& and 0. q q q + >
(() The forces
1
F
r
and
2
F
r
and their components are s$etched in %igure 21.10(b.
1 ! 2 !
1 2 2 2
0 0
1 1
0 sin sin
1 (0.0100 m) 1 (0.0!00 m)
y
q q q q
F

+
P P
. This gi*es
1
2 1 1 1
2
9 sin 9 ! ( 2'
0.#1! C
16 sin 16 1 ( 61
q q q q

.
(.)
1 2 x x x
F F F + and
0
y
F
& so
1 2
! 2 2
0
1 1 !
(6.2 8
1 (0.0100 m) ( (0.0!00 m) (
q q
F q

_
+

,
P
.
EVALUATE: The net force F
r
on
!
q is in the same direction as the resultant electric field at the location of
!
q due
to
1
q
and
2
q
.
F+,-#" 21.1*$
21.1*%. IDENTIFY: Calculate the electric field at " due to each charge and add these field *ectors to get the net field.
SET UP: The electric field of a point charge is directed a0a/ from a positi*e charge and to0ard a negati*e
charge. @et 6x be to the right and let 3y be to0ard the top of the page.
EXECUTE: (a) The four possible diagrams are s$etched in %igure 21.106a.
The first diagram is the onl/ one in 0hich the electric field must point in the negati*e y-direction.
(b)
1 2
!.00 C& and 0 q q <
.
21-42 Cha!"# 21
(() The electric fields
1
E
r
and
2
E
r
and their components are s$etched in %igure 21.106b.
1
(
cos
1!
&
1
12
sin
1!
&
2
12
cos
1!
and
2
(
sin
1!
.
1 2
2 2
( 12
0
(0.0(0 m) 1! (0.120 m) 1!
x
k q k q
E + . This gi*es
2 1
2 2
(
(0.120 m) (0.0(0 m) 12
k q k q
.
7ol*ing for 2
q
gi*es 2
'.2 ZC q
& so
2
'.2 ZC q
. Then
1 ' 2
2 2
12 (
1.1' 10 8"C
(0.0(0 m) 1! (0.120 m) 1!
y
k q kq
E .
'
1.1' 10 8"C E .
EVALUATE: ;ith
1
q $no0n& specif/ing the direction of E
r
determines both
2
q and E.
F+,-#" 21.1*%
21.1*&. IDENTIFY: To find the electric field due to the second rod& di*ide that rod into infinitesimal segments of length
dx& calculate the field dE due to each segment and integrate o*er the length of the rod to find the total field due to
the rod. Use d dq F E
r r
to find the force the electric field of the second rod eerts on each infinitesimal segment of
the first rod.
SET UP: )n infinitesimal segment of the second rod is s$etched in %igure 21.10'.
( " ) dQ Q L dx
.
EXECUTE: (a)
2 2
( " 2 ) ( " 2 )
k dQ kQ dx
dE
x a L x L x a L x

+ + + +
.
2
0 0
0
1 1 1
( " 2 ) " 2 " 2 " 2
L
L L
x x
kQ dx kQ kQ
E dE
L x a L x L x a L x L x a x a L

1 _


1
+ + + + + + +
] ,

.
2 1 1
2 2 2
x
kQ
E
L x a L x a
_


+ + +
,
.
(b) 8o0 consider the force that the field of the second rod eerts on an infinitesimal segment dq of the first rod.
This force is in the 6x3direction.
dF dq E
.
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 1 1

2 2 2
L a L a
a a
EQ kQ
F E dq dx dx
L L x a L x a
+ +
_


+ + +
,

.
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 1 2 2 2
<ln ( 2 )= <ln(2 2 )= 1n
2 2 1 2
L a L a
a a
kQ kQ a L a L a
F a x L x a
L L a L a
+ +
+ + + _ _ _
+ + +

+
, , ,
.
2 2
2
( )
1n
( 2 )
kQ a L
F
L a a L
_ +

+
,
.
(() %or a L >> &
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
(1 )
1n (21n (1 ) ln(1 2 ))
(1 2 )
kQ a L a kQ
F L a L a
L a L a L
_ +
+ +

+
,
.
%or small +&
2
ln(1 )
2
+
+ + + . Therefore& for a L >> &
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2
2
kQ L L L L kQ
F
L a a a a a
_ _ _
+ +


, , ,
.
EVALUATE: The distance bet0een ad9acent ends of the rods is a. ;hen a L >> the distance bet0een the rods is
much greater than their lengths and the/ interact as point charges.
F+,-#" 21.1*&