Gravity Retaining Wall

J.P.T. SDN BHD.

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Design of RUBBLE STONE (GRAVITY) Retaining Wall
By : M.Y.LEONG
Latest update :
10-6-1992
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Page #1
Project title :
FUJIKURA MALAYSIA NEW PLANT PROJECT
Wall identi. :
3.0 m Height Rubble Wall (fr. top wall to grd level)
Engineer
:
LEONG
Date
:
5th April 99
(1) Specification of Material
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~
Unit weight of Rubble Stone,
sw =
Unit weight of soil,
sws =
(2) Wall Dimemsions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

22.0 kN/m3
18.0 kN/m3

Active surcharge =
||
|||||
//
// --

: tt : //
+----+
| \
|
\
|
\
|
\
Passive face
|
\
(Batter / Vertical)
|
\
1:y
|
\
| # Rubble \
Grd Level
| Stone # \
---- ----------|
\
Hp ///
////////
|
\
----+----------------- --------Outer foo
ting |
"B"
"A" +----------------- ---------->: Wo:<-- Wp -->: Wi:<--

0.00 kN/m
||||
//
=
----- Top of wall
-----------------

0.00

|
|
|
|

Backfill

Active face
(Batter)
1:z

Ha =

Inclined angle
angle
--+ ----------| Inner footing
--+ "C"

Typical Arrangement of Retaining Wall

~~
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
Height of wall,
Ha =
3.000 m
Thickness of wall (top),
tt =
250 mm
Inclination of active face (1 : z),
z =
0.00
Inclined Outwards Angle (active face), Ang =
90.00
Equ. bottom width at active face, Wa = Ha/z =
0 mm
Inclination of passive face (1 : y), y =
3.53
Equ.bottom width at passive face, Wp = Ha/y =
850 mm
Thickness of wall (bottom), tb = tt +Wa +Wp =
1100 mm
Width of outer footing,
Wo =
150 mm
Width of inner footing,
Wi =
200 mm
Thickness of footing,
tf =
200 mm

|
|
|
|

3000
mm

Gravity Retaining Wall

J.P.T. SDN BHD.

Total width of base footing, TW = tb+Wo+Wi =

Thickness of nib
=
Height of nib
=
Position of nib from "A"
=

1.450
0
0
0

m
mm
mm
mm

Gravity Retaining Wall

J.P.T. SDN BHD.

|::
Page #2
(3) External Loads
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
(a) Active Pressure
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~
Height of backfill,
Ha =
Angle of slope of bank,
=
Max. height of backfill above footing, Hb =
=
Surcharge ,
(b) Passive Pressure
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~
Height of backfill,

Sur =

Hp =

3.000 m
0.0 degree
Ha + (Wa+Wi)*Tan
3.000 m
0.00 kN/m

0.600 m

(4) Wall Stability

~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
(a) Soil parameters
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~
Allowable bearing pressure,
pa =
100 kN/m
Internal angle of friction,
=
33 degree
Coefficient of friction,
fric =
0.50
The fictional force between soil and wall stem is usually ignored.
From TABLE 16 : REYNOLD'S HANDBOOK :
Angle Alfa,
x =
0.545
Coef. of active soil pressure,
k1 =
0.29
Coef. of passive soil pressure, kp =(1+Sin)/(1-Sin)=
3.39
Coef. of active soil pressure, k2 = 1/kp
=
0.29
(b) Stability Calculations
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
Active Pressure:
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
Height of soil from soffit of base, Hs=Hb+tf=
Equivalent height of surcharge, Heq=Sur/sws=
Total equi. height of soil, Ht = Hs + Heq =
Pressure at top of wall, qt = k1.Heq.sws =
Pressure at base,
qb = k1.Ht.sws =

3.20
0.00
3.20
0.00
16.98

Passive Pressure:
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
Total height of soil from base of nib
=
Eff. ht. of soil (Ignored top 250 mm ), ht =
Horiz. pressure at base, qbb = kp.ht.sws =

0.80 m
0.55 m
33.58 kN/m

m
m
m
kN/m
kN/m

Gravity Retaining Wall

J.P.T. SDN BHD.

|::
Page #3
(i) Table of Horizontal Load & Moment @ "A"
============================================
+---------------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- --------------Load
Horizontal
Distance
Load
From Base
(kN)
(m)
+---------------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- --------------Active pressure:
Uniform
0.0
0.00
Triangular
27.2
1.07
HLa =
27.2
Passive pressure:
Triangular HLp =
-9.2
0.18
+---------------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- --------------Total
HL =
17.9
HMA =
+---------------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------

--------+
Moment @
"A" & "C"
(kNm)
--------+
0.0
-29.0

1.7
--------+
-27.3
--------+

(ii) Table of Vertical Load & Moment @ "B"

=============================================
+---------------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- --------------Vertical
Distance
Load
From "B" (m)
(kN)
(Centre of base)
+---------------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- --------------Wall (centre)
16.5
0.400
Wall(active face)
0.0
0.525
Wall (passive face)
28.0
-0.008
Base
6.4
0.000
Nib
0.0
0.000
Active backfill (triangle)
0.0
0.525
Active backfill (rectangle)
10.8
0.625
Soil on slope
0.0
0.000

--------+
Moment
About "B"
(kNm)
--------+
6.6
0.0
-0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.7
0.0

Active surcharge
0.0
0.000
0.0
Passive backfill (triangle)
0.0
-0.575
0.0
Passive backfill (rectangle)
1.6
-0.650
-1.1
Other
0.0
0.000
0.0
+---------------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- --------+
Total
TVL =
63.3
VMB =
12.1
+---------------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- --------+

Gravity Retaining Wall

J.P.T. SDN BHD.

|::
Page #4
(iii) Table of Vertical Load & Moment @ "A"
=============================================
+---------------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- --------------Vertical
Distance
Load
From "A"
(kN)
(m)
+---------------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- --------------Wall (centre)
16.5
1.125
Wall(active face)
0.0
1.250
Wall (passive face)
28.0
0.717
Base
6.4
0.725
Nib
0.0
0.000
Active backfill (triangle)
0.0
1.250
Active backfill (rectangle)
10.8
1.350
Soil on slope
0.0
1.383
Active surcharge
0.0
1.350
Passive backfill (triangle)
0.0
0.320
Passive backfill (rectangle)
1.6
0.075
+---------------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- --------------Total
63.3
+---------------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------

--------------- --------+
Moment
About "A"
(kNm)
--------------- --------+
18.6
0.0
20.1
4.6
0.0
0.0
14.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
--------------- --------+
VMA =
58.0
--------------- --------+

(5) Bearing Capacity

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Area of footing (1m per run),
A = TW =
Modulus of elasticity,
Z = A/6 =
Max. pressure at A, Pmax =TVL/A+(VMA+VMB)/Z =
Pressure below out face of wall
=
Pressure below inner face of wall
=
Min. pressure at C, Pmin =TVL/A-(VMA+VMB)/Z =

1.45
0.35
87.2
78.2
12.2
0.2

m/ per m run
m3
kN/m < pa O.K.
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m > 0 O.K.

(6) Sliding & Overturning

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Forces resisting sliding, Rs = fric.TVL-HLp =
Factor of safety against sliding = Rs/HLa =
Factor of safety for overturning = VMA/HMA =

40.9 kN
1.51 > 1.50 O.K.
2.12 > 1.50 O.K.

Gravity Retaining Wall

|::

J.P.T. SDN BHD.