1 ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE

Table of Contents
1.0 DEFINITIONS OF SCHEDULED WASTE ................................................................................. 1
2.0 HOW TO TRANSPORTS THE SCHEDULED WASTE ............................................................. 2
3.0 COLLECTION PROCEDURE ...................................................................................................... 3
3.1 Consignment note ........................................................................................................................... 3
3.2 Waste Packaging and Labelling ..................................................................................................... 7
3.2.1 Packaging.................................................................................................................................... 7
3.2.2 Labelling ..................................................................................................................................... 9
4.0 TREATMENT ................................................................................................................................... 12
Chemical Methods................................................................................................................................... 12
Thermal Method ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Biological Methods ................................................................................................................................. 13
Physical Methods .................................................................................................................................... 14
5.0 DISPOSAL ........................................................................................................................................ 14
6.0 RECYCLING AND RECOVERY .................................................................................................... 15
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 18









1.0 DEFINITIONS OF SCHEDULED WASTE

2 ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE
Section 2 of Environmental Quality Regulations 2005 has defined scheduled wastes is any waste
falling within the categories of waste listed in the First Schedule. Scheduled waste also is any wastes
that possess hazardous characteristics and have the potential to adversely affect to the public health and
environment.
There are 77 types of scheduled wastes listed under First Schedule of Environmental Quality (Scheduled
Wastes) Regulations 2005 and the management of wastes shall be in accordance with the provisions of
the above Regulations. There are dividing into 5 categories which are:
i. SW 1: Metal and metal-bearing wastes (10 types of scheduled wastes);
ii. SW 2: Wastes containing principally inorganic constituents which may contain metals and organic
materials (7 types of scheduled wastes);
iii. SW 3: Wastes containing principally organic constituents which may contain metals and inorganic
materials (27 types of scheduled wastes);
iv. SW 4: Wastes which may contain either inorganic or organic constituents (32 types of scheduled
wastes)
v. SW 5: Other wastes (1 type of scheduled waste)
2.0 HOW TO TRANSPORTS THE SCHEDULED WASTE
2.1 Transport vehicles
Land transport of oily liquid waste
It is important to minimize the amount of water required to be transported. This may be achieved in a
temporary storage pit by skimming the surface of the pit (provided the oil has not emulsified) using
a skimmer and transferring the collected oil into another storage container. To avoid the formation of
finely dispersed droplets (as is the case with emulsion), it is important to avoid or minimize the
pumping of mixtures of oil and water before gravity separation occurs.

Land transport of oily solid waste
Conventional vehicles for moving solids are generally suitable for transporting oily solid waste.
However, attention should be given to the prevention of spillage or seepage from the vehicle(perhaps
due to reduced viscosity from exposure to sunlight or an increase in ambient temperature) by the use
of suitable oil impervious sheeting. Waste should be covered to avoid any overflow during rain
events.
Hazardous waste transportation can be carried out by road, railways or vessels.
Transporter is required to provide documentation attesting that these vehicles meet the required
specification and are suitable for transporting the types of hazardous waste designated in the license.
Hazardous waste is generally transported by truck over public highways. Highway shipment is the

3 ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE
most common because road vehicles can gain access to most industrial sites and approved facility
disposal. Railroad trains require expensive siding facilities and are suitable only for very large waste
shipments.
Hazardous wastes can be shipped in tank trucks made of steel or aluminum alloy, with capacities up
to about 34,000 litres (9,000 gallons). They also can be containerized and shipped in 200-litre (55-
gallon) drums. Specifications and standards for cargo tank trucks and shipping containers are included
in governmental regulations. Only a very small amount is transported by rail, and almost none is
moved by air or inland waterway.

Figure 1: Example of transport vehicles
3.0 COLLECTION PROCEDURE
3.1 Consignment note
A consignment note is a paper or electronic document that records the details of hazardous waste
when it moves from one site to another. Any person or business involved in producing, storing,
moving, recovering or disposing of hazardous waste must fill in the parts of the consignment note
that link to their responsibilities.



SIXTH SCHEDULE
(Regulation 12)
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974

4 ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (SCHEDULED WASTES)
REGULATIONS 2005

CONSIGNMENT NOTE FOR SCHEDULED WASTE

I WASTE GENERATOR


Fail Reference No:



For office use only

Waste Generator Code:

State Code:



Name of Waste Generator: .......
Address: ....
Name of Responsible Person: ...
Tel. No: Fax. No: . Telex No: ....
Name of Waste: . Waste Category Code:

Waste Component:

Waste Origin: . Waste Origin Code:

Type of Waste:


Solid Sludge


Liquid


Waste
Pallet


Canister 55 gallon

Packaging:
Container Drum


Other (Specify)

5 ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE




Quantity:

And If
Possible

Metric Tonnes m
3




Cost of Treatment and Disposal RM../Metric Tonne

Name and Address of Final Destination:

Delivery Date: Signature of Responsible Person:
Delivery Time:



II CONTRACTOR


Contractor Code:
For office use only



State Code:



Name of Contractor: .....
Address: ....
Name of Responsible Person:
Tel. No: . Fax. No: . Telex No: ..
Vehicle Registration No:
...
Name of Driver:
Temporary
Storage: No Yes, Address: .

Date Received: Signature of Driver: .
Time Received :




6 ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE



























7 ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE
3.2 Waste Packaging and Labelling
Under the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005, the
requirements for hazardous waste management include proper packaging and labeling of
hazardous waste.
3.2.1 Packaging
General Requirement
Containers to be resistant to the contents
All part of the container should be resistant to any chemical, and the material of the
container must not be liable to any reaction with the contents so as to form any dangerous
product.
Containers should be in good condition
All the container use should be in good condition and free from the corrosion, damage
and any defects. Before a container is used for packing chemical waste, a waste producer
should carry out visual inspection of both the outside and inside of the container to
determine its condition.
Containers to be securely closed
Every container of chemical waste should be securely closed or sealed, correctly placed
and kept clean.
No mixing of incompatible wastes in a container
For packing different types of waste should be used separate containers to minimize the
danger of mixing incompatible waste and avoid complications during waste treatment
Sufficient air space in containers when storing liquid wastes
Generally 100 mm air space should be allowed between the top of the container and the
level of the liquid contents.






8 ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE
Types of containers and types of waste
Liquid organic/inorganic waste
Use bunghole drum (steel/plastic) or plastic pallet tank with stopper
Solid waste and empty contaminated container
Open top drums (steel/plastic) with covers and clamp can be used
Dry solid waste and contaminated rags
One-tonne Polypropelene (PP) bags.
Pharmaceutical and laboratory waste
Open top drums (steel/plastic) with covers and clamp can be used
Standard Packaging
Packaging Specifications
Bunghole drum (steel/plastic) for
liquid waste
Maximum dimension: Height= 90cm
Diameter= 60 cm
Drums not be filled more than 90%
The maximum weight is not more than 200kg
Open top drums with and clamp for
solid waste
Maximum dimension: Height= 90cm
Diameter= 60 cm
Drums not be filled more than 10 cm from the top

One-tonne Polypropelene (PP) bags
Must be double lined
Bags should not be filled more than 10 cm from the
top
Pallet
The pallet size 120 cm x 120cm
The number of container :
Drum- 4 drums per pallet
PP bag-One bag per pallet


Figure 1: Example of Packaging (drum on pallet)


9 ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE
3.2.2 Labelling
1. Information to be included in the label for scheduled wastes containers:
The date when the scheduled waste are first generated
Name of waste generator
Address and telephone number of the waste generator

2. Containers of scheduled wastes shall be clearly labelled in accordance with the types
applicable to them as specified in the Third Schedule and marked with the scheduled
waste code as specified in the First Schedule for identification and warning purposes.

3. The characteristic label shall be a square set at an angle of 45 degrees and the dimension
shall not be less that 10 cm by 10 cm except where the size of the container or package
warrants for a label of smaller size. Examples of waste characteristic labels are as shown
in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Example of Waste Characteristic label
4. The labels shall be divided into halves, the upper half of the label shall be reserved for the
pictorial symbol (characteristic label) and the lower half for text printed. The text shall be
printed in black on all labels. The colour used on the characteristic labels shall be in
accordance with British Standard BS 381 C, colours for specific purposes.

5. There are type of the label:
(a) Stick on;
(b) Metal plates;
(c) Stencilled on the container; or
(d) Printed on the container.

6. All labels shall be able to withstand open weather exposure without a substantial
reduction in effectiveness.

7. Label shall be placed on a background of contrasting colour.

10 ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE

Figure 3: Example how to label the scheduled waste container



Figure 4: Example of label for scheduled wastes










11 ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE
Labeling Requirement for Scheduled Wastes

Warning Label Classification Warning Label Classification



EXPLOSIVE
SUBSTANCES


ORGANIC PEROXIDES

INFLAMMABLE
LIQUIDS

TOXIC SUBSTANCES

INFLAMMABLE
LIQUIDS

INFECTIOUS
SUBSTANCES

SOLID:
SPONTANEOUSLY
COMBUSTIBLE

CORROSIVE
SUBSTANCES

SOLID:DANGEROUS
WHEN WET

MIXTURE OF
MISCELLANEOUS
DANGEROUS
SUBSTANCES

OXIDIZING
SUBSTANCES


12 ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE

4.0 TREATMENT
The purpose of treating hazardous waste is to convert it into nonhazardous substances or to
stabilize the waste so that it will not migrate and present a hazard when released into the
environment. The selection of a treatment process for a waste stream depends on among other
factors the nature of the waste, desired characteristics of the output stream. Hazardous waste can
be treated by chemical, thermal, biological, and physical methods.

Chemical Methods

Oxidation and reduction
Oxidation is a reaction in which valence increases from a loss of electrons.
Example: CN
-
+ OCI
-
OCN
-
+ Cl
-
Reduction is a reaction in which valence decreases from a gain of electrons.
Example: 2 NO
3

+ 10 e

+ 12 H
+
N
2
+ 6 H
2
O
Chemical reactions that involve both oxidation and reduction are known as redox reactions.

Precipitation
This technique is particularly useful to convert hazardous heavy metal to a less mobile, insoluble
form prior to disposal to a landfill.

For example:
Carbonate ion hydrolyses in water to give hydroxide ion
Cr
3+
+ 3(OH
-
) Cr (OH)
3

Neutralisation
The acid and base react to form salt and water.
When the waste has pH less than 2 or more than 12.5, it is categories as corrosive. Acidic wastes
are neutralised with slaked lime [Ca(OH)] or caustic soda (NaOH) in a continuoulsy stirred
chemical reactor with a pH sensor to control the lime feed rate. Lime is least expensive and is
widely used for treating acidic wastes.
Example: Ca(OH)
2
+ H
2
CO
3
CaCO
3
+ 2 HOH

Alkaline wastes may be neutralised by adding sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid. Alkaline wastes
can also be neutralised by bubbling gaseous carbon dioxide forming carbonic acid. The
advantage of CO is that it is often readily available in the exhaust gas from any combustion
process at the treatment site.
Example: Mg(OH)
2
+ HCl MgCl
2
+ HOH


13 ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE

Thermal Method
The treatment processes which involve the application of heat to convert the waste into less
hazardous. Incineration is one of the common treatment technologies in hazardous wastes
management.
The figure below illustrates the processes involved in incineration. Thermal incineration is a
process that uses high-temperature thermal oxidation to convert a waste to a less bulky, less
toxic.

Figure 5: Incineration System
The hazardous products of incineration are compounds of sulphur, nitrogen, halogen and heavy
metals (mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium). If the gaseous combustion products of incineration
contain undesirable compounds, air pollution control equipment is required. The solid and liquid
effluents may require treatment prior to ultimate disposal or discharge.

The critical factors that determine complete combustion of hazardous wastes are (1) high
combustion temperatures above about 900C to ensure that the thermally resistant compounds
react (2) availability of sufficient amount of oxygen for combustion. (3) Sufficient residence time
to allow the reactions to occur.

Biological Methods
Biological processes are in general, the most cost effective techniques for treating aqueous waste
streams containing organic constituents. Biological treatment may be categorized according to
the oxygen utilization, into aerobic processes and anaerobic processes. In the aerobic processes,
oxygen is required to decompose organic matter using aerobic bacteria and most commonly used
to treat industrial wastewater. Anaerobic processes use anaerobic bacteria, in an oxygen deficient
atmosphere, to decompose organic matter. Anaerobic systems are generally used for the
treatment of concentrated organic waste or organic sludge.




14 ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE
Physical Methods
Encapsulation
A process that creates a structure that completely surrounds sealed containers of waste by
concrete or another solid material to reduce the of formation of leachate by physically limiting
water from contacting the waste or the container. Encapsulation produces a solid mass of
material that is resistant to leaching.

Filtration
To filter or separate phases that containing hazardous waste other nonhazardous constituents
Example: separation of oils

Solvent extraction
Another method to separate the base oil from impurities is the selective solvent extraction. The
base oil is extracted by using liquefied propane. After separation of the propane oil mixture the
gas is expanded and recovered. The residual base oil can then be further processed. The propane
insoluble residues can be used energetically or further processed to bitumen.
5.0 DISPOSAL
Used and waste oil must be managed appropriately to prevent environmental problems from
occurring. Remember to handle waste oil properly and in no case let it enter the nature
environment or the sewer system. One litre of oil is enough to contaminate one million litres of
groundwater used by households. According to the official regulations, the owner of the oil must
know the amount, type, and origin of the waste. Oil that has entered the soil, also biodegradable
oil, must be collected as completely as possible. Waste oil must not be disposed by burning.
Incineration is one of the most efficient methods of disposal for recovered oil, used oil sorbents,
and debris in a relatively short time and involving not much labor force. However general
disadvantage of incineration is high transportation cost of the disposed material to the incinerator
facility. Below is another ways of disposing waste oil.
Sending the waste oil off-site. Some facilities are permitted to handle the waste oil.
Marketing the waste oil. Claims are made that the waste oil is to be burned for energy
recovery. It is then shipped to a waste oil burner who burns the waste oil in an approved
industrial furnace or boiler.
Burning waste oil as a fuel. Some waste oil is not regulated by burner standards, but
others that are off-specification waste oil can only be burned in industrial furnaces,
certain boilers, and permitted hazardous waste incinerators. For on-site burning of waste
oil, the oil must be stored in tanks or containers, above or underground. The containers

15 ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE
must be in good condition with no leaks, the tanks or containers must be labelled and
there must be a spill prevention plan or a control and countermeasures plan

6.0 RECYCLING AND RECOVERY
Recycling
Waste oil need to recover and recycle in order to ensure minimal impact on the environment. The
critical reason why it is important to recycle and recover waste oil is that it can be turned back
into energy. At the same time, waste oil and oil-containing wastes may serve as a quasi-
renewable resource. Based on the waste management hierarchy the recycling of waste oil is the
first priority. Recycling of waste oil can reduce both the demand on energy and on non-
renewable resources. There is a market demand for waste oil for energy production in
incineration process since for energy use limited investment costs are necessary. Waste oil can
substitute mineral oil directly in the incineration process. However, recycling is normally the
more ecological option taking into account the whole chain of production of new mineral oil
products and fuels. Many oil-containing waste streams (oil-water mixtures, separator content,
and recovered oil from emulsions) have a varying composition and are therefore not fit for
recycling. Such wastes should preferably be recovered and converted into secondary fuel serving
the demand of industrial co-incineration plants.

The necessary steps in waste oil recycling depend widely on the composition of the original
product and the impurities generated during use. In most cases transformer oil is only slightly
degraded and water is the main impurity, which makes the recycling process easy. Motor oil,
however, is contaminated with fine metallic scrapings and products of thermal and oxidative
degradation like unsaturated, polar, asphalt-like, acidic compounds, and aromatic compounds
including phenols, demanding a more sophisticated recycling process. Emulsions from
machining contain only a few percent of oil and may contain high concentrations of additives as
well as oxidation products. The collected amount of a specific quality may be rather small,
compared with motor oil or hydraulic oil. Consequently, such oil-containing waste can preferable
be recovered and converted to secondary fuel.

Recovery
There are several waste oils not suitable for recycling. Only a few waste oils can be recycled
directly without any pre-treatment. For most waste oil, as a first step, a sedimentation/filtration is
necessary. In this pre-treatment an oil containing sludge is generated, which normally cannot be
recycled.

Also from the treatment of grit chamber content or oil-water separator content and the P/C-
treatment of oil water mixtures oil-containing sludge arises. Finally, oil-containing concentrates

16 ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE
derived from emulsion splitting or from oil-water separators are often not fit for recycling. All
these wastes can be converted to secondary fuel preferably.

There are limit values for several pollutants in secondary fuel. However, secondary fuel derived
from oily wastes may contain other, non-hazardous and/or not restricted pollutants which may
influence the incineration process and the incineration residues. The influence can be both
positive and negative. On the other hand, phosphorus contained in oily wastes derived from
machining emulsions may negatively influence the melting point of slag when co-incinerated in
a coal fired power plant. Secondary fuel derived from residues of waste oil processing therefore
should be tailor made for a specific purpose. Wherever limit values for restricted pollutants
cannot be met the waste shall be sent to a specialised incineration plant only.

7.0 As a SHE officer you have to comply with related regulations under EQA 1974. What are
the legal requirements needed in order to construct new oily waste recovery plant.


EQA 1974
AIR POLLUTION
Prohibition on open burning
No person shall allow or cause open burning on any premises
NOISE POLLUTION
Restrictions on noise pollution
No person shall , unless licensed, emit or cause or permit to be emitted any noise
greater in volume, intensity or quality in contravention of the acceptable conditions specified
WATER POLLUTION
Restrictions on pollution of inland waters
No person shall , unless licensed, discharge or spill any oil mixture containing oil into Malaysian
waters in contravention of acceptable conditions specified
Prohibition of discharge of wastes into Malaysian waters
No person shall , unless licensed, discharge environmentally hazardous substances, pollutants or
wastes into Malaysian waters in contravention of acceptable conditions specified
Prohibition against placing, deposit, etc. of schedule wastes
No person shall place, deposit or dispose of, except at prescribed premises only, any scheduled
wastes on land or into Malaysian waters.

17 ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE
SOIL POLLUTION
Restrictions on pollution of the soil
No person shall, unless licensed, pollute or cause or permit to be polluted any soil or surfaceof
any land in contravention of the acceptable conditions specified.
































18 ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULED WASTE


REFERENCES
Jabatan Alam Sekitar | Kementerian Sumber Asli & Alam Sekitar.Retrieved November 29, 2013,
from http://www.doe.gov.my/webportal/en
Probst, K. N., & Beierle, T. C. (1999). The Evolution of Hazardous Waste Programs: Lessons from
Eight Countries. Resources for the Future.
Scheduled Waste. Retrieved, from December 2, 2013
http://www.environment.act.gov.au/environment/environment_protection_authority/business_an
d_industry/wastemanagementandhazardousmaterials/scheduledwaste
Maizatun, & Mustafa, M. (2011). Environmental Law in Malaysia. Kluwer Law International.
Hazardous Waste Packaging and Labeling: Hazardous Waste Management Guide: Waste
Management: Topics: EHS: Indiana University. (n.d.). Retrieved December 2, 2013, from
http://www.ehs.iu.edu/topics/waste-management/hazardous-waste-management-
guide/hazardous-waste-packaging-labeling.shtml
EPD - Code of Practice on the Packaging, Labelling and Storage of Chemical Wastes. (n.d.).
Retrieved December 2, 2013, from
http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/guide_ref/guide_cwc_sub3_3-2.html

hazardous-waste management:: Treatment -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved
December 3, 2013, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/257926/hazardous-waste-
management/72403/Treatment