Chapter 2

Chapter Objectives
Navigate between rectilinear co-ordinate systems for

stress components
Determine principal stresses and maximum in-plane
shear stress
Determine the absolute maximum shear stress in 2D
and 3D cases
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Plane Stress
3D- 6 independent normal and shear stress element (a)
Single plane analysis (b) plane stress no load on the surface (zero
normal stress and shear stress in z direction)
* Only for thin element
APPLICATIONS
GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS
TRANSFORMATION
The state of plane stress at a point is uniquely represented by three
components acting on an element that has a specific orientation at
the point.
Sign Convention:
Positive normal stress acts outward
from all faces
Positive shear stress acts upwards
on the right-hand face of the element

TRANSFORMATION (cont)
Sign convention (continued)

The orientation of an inclined plane (on which the normal and shear
stress components are to be determined) will be defined using the
angle . The angle is measured from the positive x to the positive
x-axis. It is positive if it follows the curl of the right-hand fingers.

Normal and shear stress components:
Consider the free-body diagram of the segment

+F
x
= 0;
x
A (
xy
A sin ) cos (
y
A sin ) sin
(
xy
A cos ) sin (
x
A cos ) cos = 0

x
=
x
cos
2
+
y
sin
2
+
xy
(2 sin cos )
+F
y
= 0;
xy
A + (
xy
A sin ) sin (
y
A sin ) cos
(
xy
A cos ) cos + (
x
A cos ) sin = 0

xy
= (
y

x
) sin cos +
xy
(cos
2
sin
2
)

x
=

x
+
y

2

x

y

2
cos 2 +
xy
sin 2 +

xy
=

x
+
y
2
sin 2 +
xy
cos 2

y
=

x
+
y

2

x

y

2
cos 2
xy
sin 2
EXAMPLE 1
The state of plane stress at a point on the surface of the
airplane fuselage is represented on the element oriented as
shown in Fig. 94a. Represent the state of stress at the point
on an element that is oriented 30 clockwise from the
position shown.
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
The free-body diagram of the segment is as shown.
The element is sectioned by the line a-a.
Solutions
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Applying the equations of force equilibrium in the x and y direction,
Solutions
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(Ans) MPa 15 . 4
0 30 cos 30 sin 25 30 sin 30 sin 80
30 sin 30 cos 25 30 cos 30 cos 50 ; 0
'
' '
=
= A + A +
A + A A = +
x
x x
A A
A A A F
o
o
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(Ans) MPa 8 . 68
0 30 sin 30 cos 25 30 cos 30 sin 80
30 cos 30 cos 25 30 sin 30 cos 50 ; 0
'
=
= A + A
A A A = +
x' y'
x' y' y
A A
A A A F
t
t
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Repeat the procedure to obtain the stress on the perpendicular plane
bb.
Solutions
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(Ans) MPa 8 . 25
0 30 sin 30 sin 50 30 cos 30 cos 25
30 cos 30 cos 80 30 sin 30 cos 25 ; 0
'
' '
=
= A A
A + A A = +
x
x x
A A
A A A F
o
o
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(Ans) MPa 8 . 68
0 30 cos 30 sin 50 30 sin 30 sin 25
30 sin 30 cos 80 30 cos 30 cos 25 - ; 0
'
=
= A + A
A + A + A = +
x' y'
x' y' y
A A
A A A F
t
t
The state of stress at the point can be
represented by choosing an element
oriented.
EXAMPLE 2
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the
element shown in Fig. 97a. Determine the state of stress at
the point on another element oriented 30 clockwise from
the position shown.
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
From the sign convention we have,

To obtain the stress components on plane CD,

Solutions
= = = = 30 MPa 25 MPa 50 MPa 80 u t o o
xy y x
(Ans) MPa 8 . 68 2 cos 2 sin
2
(Ans) MPa 8 . 25 2 sin 2 cos
2 2
' '
'
= +
=
= +
+
+
=
u t u
o o
t
u t u
o o o o
o
xy
y x
y x
xy
y x y x
x
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
To obtain the stress components on plane BC,

The results are shown on the element as shown.
Solutions
= = = = 60 MPa 25 MPa 50 MPa 80 u t o o
xy y x
(Ans) MPa 8 . 68 2 cos 2 sin
2
(Ans) MPa 15 . 4 2 sin 2 cos
2 2
' '
'
= +
=
= +
+
+
=
u t u
o o
t
u t u
o o o o
o
xy
y x
y x
xy
y x y x
x
Try this!
Compare your results using stress transformation equation method.
Solution
IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS
The principal stresses represent the maximum and
minimum normal stress at the point.
When the state of stress is represented by the principal
stresses, no shear stress will act on the element.
Solving this equation leads to =
p

( )
2
2
2 , 1
2 2
2 /
2 tan
xy
y x y x
y x
xy
p
t
o o o o
o
o o
t
u
+
|
|
.
|
\
|

+
=
=
( ) 0 2 cos 2 2 sin 2
2
'
= +
= u t u
o o
u
o
xy
y x
x
d
d

x
=

x
+
y

2

x

y

2
cos 2 +
xy
sin 2 +
IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS (cont)
( ) u t u
o o
u
o
2 cos 2 2 sin 2
2
'
xy
y x
x
d
d
+
=
IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS (cont)
Solving this equation leads to =
p
; i.e
( ) 2 /
2 tan
y x
xy
p
o o
t
u
=
2
2
2 , 1
2 2
xy
y x y x
t
o o o o
o +
|
|
.
|
\
|

+
=
MAXIMUM IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS
The state of stress can also be represented in terms of
the maximum in-plane shear stress. In this case, an
average stress will also act on the element.

Solving this equation leads to = s; i.e

And there is a normal stress on the
plane of maximum in-plane shear stress

2
2
plane - in max
2
xy
y x
t
o o
t +
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
( ) ( ) 0 2 sin 2 cos 2
2
' '
=
= u t u
o o
u
t
xy
y x y x
d
d
( )
xy
y x
s
t
o o
u
2 /
2 tan

=
2
y x
avg
o o
o
+
=
EXAMPLE 3
When the torsional loading T is applied to the bar in Fig. 9
13a, it produces a state of pure shear stress in the material.
Determine (a) the maximum in-plane shear stress and the
associated average normal stress, and (b) the principal
stress.
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
From the sign convention we have,

a) Maximum in-plane shear stress is

b) For principal stress,
Solutions
t t o o = = =
xy y x
0 0
(Ans) 0
2

2
2
2
plane - in max
=
+
= = +
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
y x
avg xy
y x
o o
o t t
o o
t
( )
(Ans)
2 2
135 , 45
2 /
2 tan
2
2
2 , 1
1 2
t t
o o o o
o
o o
o o
t
u
= +
|
|
.
|
\
|

+
=
= =
=
xy
y x y x
p p
y x
xy
p
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
If we use

Thus, acts at as shown in Fig. 913b, and acts on the
other face
Solutions
= 45
2
p
u
( ) t t
u t u
o o o o
o
= + + =
+
+
+
=
90 sin 0 0
2 sin 2 cos
2 2
' xy
y x y x
x
t o =
2
= 45
2
p
o t o =
1
= 45
1
p
o
EXAMPLE 4
When the axial loading P is applied to the bar in Fig. 914a,
it produces a tensile stress in the material. Determine (a) the
principal stress and (b) the maximum in-plane shear stress
and associated average normal stress.
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
From the established sign convention,

Principal Stress
Since no shear stress acts on this element,

Solutions
(Ans) 0
2 1
= = o o o
0 0 0 = = =
xy y x
t o o
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress

To determine the proper orientation
of the element,
Solutions
2
0 90 sin
2
0
2 cos 2 sin
2
' '
o o
u t u
o o
t = +
= +
=
xy
y x
y x
( )
( )
( )
(Ans)
2 2
0
2
(Ans)
2
0
2
0
2
45 , 45 ;
0
2 / 0
2 /
2 tan
avg
2
2
2
2
plane in max
2 1
o o
o o
o
o o
t
o o
t
u u
o
t
o o
u
=
+
=
+
=
= +
|
.
|
\
|

= +
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
= =

=

=
y x
x
xy
y x
s s
xy
y x
s
This graphical representation is extremely
useful because it enables you to visualize
the relationships between the normal and
shear stresses acting on various inclined
planes at a point in a stressed body.
Using Mohrs Circle you can also
calculate principal stresses, maximum
shear stresses and stresses on inclined
planes.

MOHRS CIRCLE OF PLANE STRESS
Derivation
u t u
o o
t
u t u
o o o o
o
2 sin 2 sin
2
2 sin 2 cos
2 2
1 1
1
xy
y x
y x
xy
y x y x
x
+
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
+
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

MOHRS CIRCLE OF PLANE STRESS

EXAMPLE 5
Due to the applied loading, the element at point A on the
solid shaft in Fig. 918a is subjected to the state of stress
shown. Determine the principal stresses acting at this point.
EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Construction of the Circle
From Fig. 918a,

The center of the circle is at

The reference point A(-12,-6) and the center C(-6, 0) are plotted in Fig. 9
18b.The circle is constructed having a radius of

Solutions
MPa 6
2
0 12
=
+
=
avg
o
MPa 6 0 MPa, 12 = = =
xy y x
,
( ) MPa 49 . 8 6 6 12
2
2
= + = R
EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Principal Stress
The principal stresses are indicated by
the coordinates of points B and D.

The orientation of the element can be
determined by calculating the angle
Solutions
(Ans) MPa 5 . 14 49 . 8 6
(Ans) MPa 49 . 2 6 49 . 8
, have We
2
1
2 1
= =
= =
>
o
o
o o
=
=
=

5 . 22
0 . 45
6 12
6
tan 2
2
2
1
p
p
u
u
EXAMPLE 6
The state of plane stress at a point is shown on the element
in Fig. 919a. Determine the maximum in-plane shear stress
at this point.
EXAMPLE 6 (cont)

We first construct of the circle,

The center of the circle C is on the axis at

From point C and the A(-20, 60) are plotted, we have
Solutions
60 and 90 , 20 = = =
xy y x
t o o
MPa 4 . 81 55 60
2 2
= + = R
MPa 35
2
90 20
=
+
=
avg
o
EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress.

Max in-plane shear stress and average normal stress are

The counter-clockwise angle is
Solutions
(Ans) MPa 35 , MPa 81.4
plane - in max
= =
avg
o t
(Ans) 3 . 21
60
35 20
tan 2
1
1

|
.
|
\
|
+
=

s
u
EXAMPLE 7
The state of plane stress at a point is shown on the element
in Fig. 920a. Represent this state of stress on an element
oriented 30counterclockwise from the position shown.
EXAMPLE 7 (cont)

We first construct of the circle,

The center of the circle C is on the axis at

From point C and the A(-8, -6) are plotted, we have

Solutions
6 and 12 , 8 = = =
xy y x
t o o
66 . 11 6 10
2 2
= + = R
MPa 2
2
12 8
=
+
=
avg
o
EXAMPLE 7 (cont)
Stresses on 30 Element

From the geometry of the circle,

The stress components acting on the adjacent face DE of the element,
which is 60 clockwise from the positive x axis, Fig. 920c, are represented
by the coordinates of point Q on the circle.
Solutions
(Ans) MPa 66 . 5 04 . 29 sin 66 . 11
(Ans) MPa 20 . 8 04 . 29 cos 66 . 11 2
04 . 29 96 . 30 60 96 . 30
10
6
tan
' '
'
1
= =
= =
= = = =

y x
x
t
o
|
( ) (Ans) (check) MPa 66 . 5 04 . 29 sin 66 . 11
(Ans) MPa 22 . 12 04 . 29 cos 66 . 11 2
y' x'
'
= =
= + =
t
o
x

Chapter 2

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Chapter 2

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Chapter Objectives

Navigate between rectilinear co-ordinate systems for

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