Chapter 14: Screws and Fasteners Screws

Fastening (more complex shapes = better function)

™ Non-permanent
¾Bolted

™ Permanent
¾Bolted
¾Welded
with several figures from:
¾Bonded MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 2ed by Robert L. Norton, Prentice-Hall 2000

Threads
Outline Thread is a helix that casuses the screw to advance into the workpiece
or nut when rotated

™ General Thread Nomenclature & Types Single thread

L=p
™ Power Screws Double thread
L = 2p
™ Stresses in Threads
™ Preloading Fasteners/Joints
™ Fasteners in Shear λ
p pitch : the distance between adjacent threads
d diameter (major)
dp pitch diameter
dr (root) minor diameter
L Lead: the distance the nut moves parallel to the screw axis when
the nut is given one turn.
λ Lead angle: the angle defining the inclination of the thread.

Table 14.2: Screw threads (ISO/ metric)

Screw Classifications Example: M4 x 0.7, implies 4 mm diameter and 0.7 mm pitch

Unified National Standard ISO (Metric)

Tolerance Thread Pitch

UNC –coarse coarse Table 14-2

UNF –fine fine
UNEF –extra fine
Tensile
Major Stress Area
Class 1 several levels
Diameter
Class 2
Class 3
d=12mm (major)
fine
d=0.25” Class 2
metric
¼-20 UNF –2A M12 x 1.75
20 threads/in. A: external
B: internal
p=1.75 mm
**see Tables 14-1 and 14-2 for standard sizes**

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Table 14.2: Screw threads (ISO/ metric)
Types of Screw
Example: M4 x 0.7, implies 4 mm diameter and 0.7 mm pitch Fasteners Bolt

Washer
dp = d – 0.649*p Classification by Intended Use
Nut
dp = 4 – 0.649*(0.7) = 3.54 mm The same fastener may take on a different
name when used in a particular manner.
dr = 3.14 mm (from table 14-2) For example, a bolt is a fastener with a head and
straight threaded shank intended to be used Machine (Cap)
At = π/4 * (dp + dr)^2 with a nut to clamp an assembly together. Screw
However, the same fastener is called machine screw
At = 8.78 mm2 or cap screw when it is threaded into a tapped hole
Calculate σt rather than used with a nut.

2 with respect to At
π ⎛ d p dr ⎞ F A stud is a headless fastener, threaded on both ends Stud
At = ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ σt = and intended to semipermenantly threaded into one-half
4⎝ 2 2 ⎠ At of an assembly. A hole in the mating part then drops
over the protruding stud and is secured with a nut.
At is given in Tables 14-1 and 14-2

Types of Screw Types of Screw

Fasteners Fasteners
Classification by Thread Type
All fasteners intended to make their own hole or make their own
threads are called tapping screws.

Types of Screw
Fasteners B) Socket-Head Cap Screws

Classification by Head Style These are extensively used in machinery.

A) Slotted Screws: Head shape can be flat, round, oval, etc. The hex socket allows sufficient torque
The head style can slotted or Phillips grooves. to be applied with hexagonal Allen wrenches
We thread them into a hole using a screw driver.

Allen wrench

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 Nuts and Washers

Outline
Standard
hexagonal nut
İs commonly used
™ General Thread Nomenclature & Types
™ Power Screws
Lock Nuts: eliminates loosening of nuts ¾ Threads
Castle nut is used due to vibration ¾ Loads
with a pin
to prevent loosening
¾ Self-locking
¾ Efficiency
™ Stresses in Threads
™ Preloading Fasteners/Joints
™ Fasteners in Shear

Standard Nuts Lock Washers: used with standard nuts

and eliminates loosening
of standard nuts due to vibration

Power Screw Power Screw Applications

Power screws, also called lead screw, are used to
convert rotation to linear motion
in actuators, machine tools, clamps, and jacks. jacks for cars
They can lift or move large
loads.
C-clamps

Servo-motor driven lead screw

vises

Where have you seen power screws? Power Screw Types

Material testing Square thread
™ Square
dp= d – p/2
machines dr= d - p
¾ strongest
¾ no radial load
¾ hard to manufacture
™ Acme
¾ 29° included angle
¾ easier to manufacture
¾ common choice for loading
machine tools in both directions
™ Buttress
¾ great strength
¾ only unidirectional loading

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Load Analysis Load Analysis
A screw thread is essentially an inclined plane that
has been wrpapped around a cylinder to create helix.
1) Sum of horizontal forces = 0
P

y P
F − f cos λ − N sin λ = 0
f
x F
f
F λ N
2) Sum of vertical forces = 0
N L
λ N cos λ − f sin λ − P = 0
πdp

LIFTING
From Eqs 1 and 2:
L
tan λ = ⎡ µ cos λ + sin λ ⎤
πd p F = P⎢ ⎥
⎣ cos λ − µ sin λ ⎦

Load Analysis Collar Torque

The screw torque (Tsu ) required to lift load is LIFTING
P⎡ (
µπd p + L ⎤ )
Tu = TSu + Tcollar = + µc dc ⎥
Pd p (µ cos λ + sin λ )
dp
⎢d p
2 ⎣⎢ (
πd p − µL ⎦⎥ )
TSu = F =
2 2 (cos λ − µ sin λ )
Since Collar
power screw friction (µ)
L = (tan λ )(πd p ) collar friction µc
collar
collar friction µc
Pd p (µπd p + L ) P
TSu = load

[µ c d c ]
(πd − µL )
P
2 Tcollar =
p 2

For Acme Threads

Load Analysis The radial angle introduces an additional factor in the torque equations

Radial
P ⎡ (µπd p − L )
LOWERING
⎤ Angle
Td = ⎢ d p + µc dc ⎥ α=14.5o
2 ⎣⎢ (πd p + µL ) ⎦⎥
y P LIFTING
P⎡ (
µπd p + L cos α ⎤ )
Tu = TSu + Tcollar = + µc dc ⎥
x F ⎢d p
2 ⎣⎢ (
πd p cos α − µL ⎥⎦ )
f
N L
Lowering LOWERING
λ P ⎡ (µπd p − L cos α ) ⎤
Td = ⎢d p + µc dc ⎥
2 ⎣⎢ (πd p cos α + µL ) ⎦⎥
πdp

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 Self-Locking Efficiency
Self-locking refers to a condition in which the screw cannot be turned by
e= work delivered by the screw in one revolution/ work done on a power screw
the applied load P. In other words, self-locking screw will hold the load in (force times displacement) (torque times angular displacement)
place without any application of torque (Tsu=0). This is a useful situation
(e.g. car jack). W PL cos α − µ tan λ
P ⎡ (µπd p − L cos α )⎤
e = out = =
Win 2πT cos α + µ cot λ
Tsu = ⎢d p ⎥=0 µπd p − L cos α = 0
2 ⎣⎢ (πd p cos α + µL ) ⎦⎥
for self-locking:
L
µ≥ cos α or µ ≥ tan λ cos α
πd p since L = (tan λ ) ( π d p )
µ e
If it is a square thread (cos α = 1): λ e (0<λ<40
degrees)
L
µ≥ or µ ≥ tan λ
πd p

Outline Fasteners: Static and Fatigue Analysis

Static problem: Fixed pressure
™ General Thread Nomenclature & Types • What size and material bolt to use?
™ Power Screws • How much to tighten?
™ Stresses in Threads
Fatigue problem: Varying pressure
¾ Body Stresses • What size and material bolt to use?
» Axial
• How much to tighten?
» Torsion
• Predict life in cycles
¾ Thread Stresses
» Bearing
» Bending Possible failure locations:
¾ Buckling - Threads
™ Preloading Fasteners/Joints - Body
™ Fasteners in Shear - Neck

Axial Tensile Stress Torsional Stress

depends on friction at screw-nut interface
For screw and nut,
F • if totally locked (rusted together), the screw experiences all of torque
• if frictionless, the screw experiences none of the torque

Tr 16T
τ= =
2
J πd r3
σt =
F π ⎛dp d ⎞
At = ⎜ + r ⎟⎟
At ⎜
4⎝ 2 2 ⎠ For power screw,
• if low collar friction, the screw experiences nearly all of torque
At also in Tables 14-1 and 14-2 • if high collar friction, the nut experiences most of the torque

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 Outline Preloading & Proof Strength
™ Bolts and screws are typically preloaded and the proof strength is taken
as the reference for preloading (taking yield strength as reference for
™ General Thread Nomenclature & Types preloading may cause a damage on the material): Sp is the stress at
™ Power Screws which bolt begins to take a permanent set and it is close to, but lower
than yield strength of the material.
™ Stresses in Threads
™ Preloading Fasteners/Joints
¾ Proof Strength
l = ls + lthd
¾ Spring Behavior
⎧ 2d + 6 mm l ≤ 150
¾ Loading & Deflection lthd = ⎨
⎩2d + 12 mm l > 150
¾ Separation of Joints The part

Fasteners in Shear
of the thread
™ in the material
Preloading
• static loading: preload at roughly 90% of Sp
• dynamic loading: preload at roughly 75% of Sp

Spring Behavior Affected Area of Material

For material, basic model is as follows:
BOTH material being clamped and bolt behave as springs
1 l
σ = Eε = m
F
=E
δ k m Am E
AE
k=
A l
Fl
Area is hard to define… from experiments, the following is accurate:
δ=
l AE
F AE
k= =
δ l
for the bolt, threaded vs unthreaded parts have different
spring constants and are modeled as springs in series: π ⎡⎛ d 2 + d 3 ⎞ 2 2
⎤
threaded length of the Am ≅ ⎢⎜ ⎟ −d ⎥
4 ⎢⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣
length untreaded shank

1 lt ls
= +
kb At E b Ab E b
See Figure 14-31 for the
see Table 14-2 for At (tensile stress area) definition of parameters !
use major diameter in calculating Ab
applied load P

Loading & Deflection: Preloading

• static loading: preload at roughly 90% of Sp
Preloading Fi = 0.9*Sp*At
A preload Fi is applied up to 90 percent of the proof strength. Proof strength depends on material.
F
See Table 14.7
Fi 0.9*Sp*At

km kb

δmaterial δbolt δ
• Slope of the bolt line is positive because its length increases
with increased force.
• Slope of the material is negative as its length decreases with
increasing force.
• Bolt streches more than the material compresses.
• Material is typically stiffer than the bolt (km> kb since Am>> Ab )

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Loading & Deflection Loading & Deflection
An external load P is applied later, which results
F Pb
in additional deflection ∆δ (same amount of
Fb
deflection in the bolt and the material).
Fi
Pb Pm P
P is applied

Fi Fm
Pm

∆δ ∆δ

δm δm1 P=Pb+Pm δb δb1 δ

• The external load P is split into two components:
one taken by the material (Pm) and one taken by the bolt MATERIAL BOLT
(Pb). Material takes most of the applied load (Pm> Pb). Fm=Fi-Pm
Fb=Fi+Pb
However, if Pm>= Fi, the joint will separate.

Distribution of Applied Load Yielding Safety Factor

∆δb= ∆δm Fm = Fi - Pm Fm = Fi - P(1-C)
P P Fb = Fi + Pb
∆δ = b = m Fb = Fi + CP
kb k m
k kb
Pb = b Pm = P F
km km + kb σb = b
At
Pb = CP, where
kb
C=
k m + kb Ny=Sy/σb
Pm = P − CP = P (1 − C )

Separation Dynamic Loading of Fasteners

Separation occurs when
Pm-Fi >= 0
™ Boltonly absorbs small % of P
Fm <= 0
Fi
Fi - P(1-C) <= 0 P0 = (load required to seperate joint)
™ Stresses
1− C
P Fi ¾Bolt is in tension
N separation = 0 =
P (1 − C )P ¾Material is in compression
• The seperation safety factor
increases linearly with increasing ™ Fatigue is a tensile failure phenomenon
preload
(i.e, tighting the bolt is good ™∴ Preloading helps tremendously in
for reducing separation)
fatigue
• The yielding safety factor
decreases with inceasing preload
(i.e. tighting the bolt too much
increases the static failure)

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 Dynamic Loading of Fasteners Dynamic Loading of Fasteners
For the special case (Pmin = 0, Pmax > 0)
P is a function of time, varying some Pmin and maximum Pmax values,
both positive. A very common situation is that of a fluctuating load such Pbmin = 0 (since Pmin = 0)
as in a bolted pressure vessel that is cycled from zero (Pmin=0) to
maxiumum pressure. Fbmin = Fi
Fbalt = Pbmax / 2 = (Fbmax – Fi) / 2
For the general case (Pmin > 0, Pmax > 0) Fbmean = Fi + (Pbmax / 2) = (Fbmax + Fi) / 2
Fbmax = Pbmax + Fi
Fb alt
Fbmin = Pbmin + Fi σa = K f
At
Fbmean = (Fbmax + Fbmin)/2 σ m = K fm
Fb mean Take Kfm = 1 for preloaded fasteners
Fbalt = (Fbmax - Fbmin)/2 At
Fi
where, σ i = K fm
At
Pbmax = C Pmax At : bolt’s tensile stress area (Table 14-1, 14-2)
Pbmin = C Pmin Kf : fatigue stress concentration factor (Table 14-8, pp. 910)
Kfm : mean fatigue stress concentration factor

Dynamic Loading of Fasteners:

Goodman Diagram Outline
σ (σ −σ i ) S e ( S ut − σ i )
N = altD = meanD = ™ General Thread Nomenclature & Types
σ altE (σ meanE − σ i ) S e (σ meanE − σ i ) + S utσ altE
™ Power Screws
™ Stresses in Threads
™ Preloading Fasteners/Joints
™ Fasteners in Shear
¾What is Shear?
¾Straight Direct Shear
¾Eccentric Shear

Direct Shear Doweled Joints

“It is not considered good practice to use bolts or
screws in shear to locate and support precision
machine parts under shear loads”

™ Shear can be handled by friction caused by

bolts… but, better practice is to use dowels
™ Bolts need clearances… at best 2 out of a 4 bolt
pattern will bear all of load

dowels support shear, but not tensile loads

bolts support tensile loads, but not shear

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 Direct Shear Eccentrically Loaded Shear
Strategy P
F
τ= ™Find Centroid
Ashear ™Find primary shear F1
™Find secondary shear F2
™Find Moment about centroid
™Find distances from centroid
™Find secondary shear F2 and angles
™Combine F1 and F2
™Decompose to x and y
P
™Add F and F1 2
???
0.577
S yS y ™Recompose into Fnet
Ssy
N= = ™Identify Max Fnet, find τ, safety factor
τ ττ
dowels support shear, but not tensile loads M
bolts support tensile loads, but not shear

Primary Shear Moment/Secondary Shear

P P
F1A F1B the moment will add further shear
P to the dowels, F2
M M
F1C the moment is centered around the
V
center of gravity of the dowels
P
V F1 = A x + A2 x2 + A3 x3 ∑1 Ai xi
x= 11 =
n
n A1 + A2 + A3 ∑n Ai 1
M A y + A2 y 2 + A3 y3 ∑1n Ai yi
n – number of dowels
y= 1 1 =
A1 + A2 + A3 ∑1n Ai

Finding Forces from Moment Angles and Vectors

We assume that the tangential force F2 varies
with distance to the centroid and is directed F2A • Force is perpendicular to radial lines
perpendicular to the centroid. • From known dimensions and trig, calculate α
αA B
F2A A rA F2B
B M=F2ArA+F2BrB+F2CrC
A rB
rA
F2B F2 A F2 B F2C αA
rB = = rC
rA rB rC
rC F2C C x−x
y− y
F2C C rA
Mri Mri
F2i = =
rA2 + rB2 + rC2 + L ∑1nr j2 y− y
= tan(90 − α A )
x−x

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 Remaining Steps Safety Factor
F1A
F1B Calculate safety factor for most heavily loaded dowel
F2A ™ Decompose F2i
B into x and y F
A
rA
F2B components τ=
rB Ashear
™ Add x and y
rC components of F2i
to F1i 0.577 S y
F2C C Ssy
™ Recompose x and N= =
F1C y components into
τ τ
Fnet,i and determine
angle of Fnet

Strategy Review Outline Revisited

™Find Centroid ™ General Thread Nomenclature & Types
™Find primary shear F1
™Find secondary shear F2 ™ Power Screws
™Find Moment about centroid
™Find distances from centroid
™Find secondary shear F2 and angles ™ Stresses in Threads
™Combine F1 and F2
™Decompose to x and y ™ Preloading Fasteners/Joints
™Add F1 and F2
™Recompose into Fnet
™Identify Max Fnet, find τ, safety factor ™ Fasteners in Shear

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