Professional Documents
Culture Documents
X
4
i1
@Q
i
@X
i
X
i
6
where Q
0
is the activation energy (J/mol) for austenite grain growth
of an alloy containing almost constant amounts of Mn and Si, as
shown in Table 1, Q
i
is the increment in activation energy by adding
another alloying element i such as Ni, Cr, Mo, and C, and X
i
is the
concentration of i element in weight percent. The empirical equa-
tion for predicting the AGS of low alloy steels during austenitization
has been made based on the Arrhenius type equation by tting the
measured AGS data as functions of alloying elements, temperature,
and time (Eq. (7))
d76671 exp
890983581C1211Ni 1443Cr4031Mo
RT
t
0:211
7
The predicted AGSs using Eqs. (2)(5) and (7) were compared to
the measured ones of low alloy steels in Fig. 5. Two comparing
parameters (D and E) for the accuracy of the equation are used in
this gure. The parameter D is the average absolute distance
Fig. 2. Effects of (a) austenitizing temperature holding for 1 h and (b) austenitizing
time at 900 C on austenite grain size of a Cr steel.
Fig. 3. Effects of the alloying elements on preventing austenite grain growth at
different austenitizing temperatures for 1 h.
Fig. 4. Effect of carbon on preventing austenite grain growth at different austen-
itizing temperatures for 10 min in CrMo steels.
1842 S.-J. Lee, Y.-K. Lee / Materials and Design 29 (2008) 18401844
between the line in the middle of the gure and markers, while the
parameter E is the average, signed distance between the line in the
middle of the gure and markers.
D
X
N
i1
1
2
p d
cal
d
exp
!,
N 8
Fig. 5. Comparison of the austenite grain size calculated by the previous and proposed equations with the measured one: (a) Eq. (2), (b) Eq. (3), (c) Eq. (4), (d) Eq. (5), and (e)
Eq. (7).
S.-J. Lee, Y.-K. Lee / Materials and Design 29 (2008) 18401844 1843
E
X
N
i1
1
2
p d
cal
d
exp
!,
N 9
Here, N is the number of experimental data and both D and E
have units in ASTMgrain size number. The smaller values of D indi-
cate a better match between predicted and experimental results
while E indicates whether a equation is, on average, predicting val-
ues that are too high (positive values) or too low (negative values).
As expected, the proposed equation in this study shows the small-
est D and E values, because it was made by tting the measured
data in Fig. 5. The same predicted AGSs paralleled to x axis in
Fig. 5ad indicate the absence of alloying element effect in the pre-
viously proposed equations. Eq. (7) is expected to be used for pre-
dicting the AGSs of most of commercial low alloy steels.
4. Conclusion
To predict the change in AGS of global low alloy steels during
austenitization, the 16 different low alloy steels were austenitized
at different temperatures of 8501200 C for maximum 3 h and the
AGSs were measured. The addition of Mo was found more effective
to prevent austenite grain growth than Cr or Ni. The empirical
equation for predicting the AGS of low alloy steels was suggested
considering the alloying element effects on the activation energy
for grain growth using the measured AGSs and the steel chemistry.
In a technical point of view, this AGS equation would be contrib-
uted to the better prediction of the AGS of global low alloy steels.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the National Core Research
Center (NCRC) program from MOST and KOSEF (No. R15-2006-
022-01002-0).
References
[1] Yoshie A, Fujioka M, Watanabe Y, Nishioka K, Morikawa H. Modelling of
microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of steel plates produced
by thermo-mechanical control process. ISIJ Int 1992;32:395404.
[2] Saito Y, Shiga C. Computer simulation of microstructural evolution in
thermomechanical processing of steel plates. ISIJ Int 1992;32:41422.
[3] Senuma T, Suehiro M, Yada H. Mathematical models for predicting
microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of hot strips. ISIJ Int
1992;32:42332.
[4] Anelli E. Application of mathematical modelling to hot rolling and controlled
cooling of wire rods and bars. ISIJ Int 1992;32:44050.
[5] Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Model for
controlling and predicting of the quality in CMn steels. Technical Report,
1988.
[6] Giumelli AK, Militzer M, Hawbolt EB. Analysis of the austenite grain size
distribution in plain carbon steels. ISIJ Int 1999;39:27180.
[7] Jiao S, Penning J, Leysen F, Houbaert Y, Aernoudt E. The modeling of the grain
growth in a continuous reheating process of a low carbon SiMn bearing TRIP
steel. ISIJ Int 2000;40:103540.
[8] Reti T, Fried Z, Felde I. Computer simulation of steel quenching process using a
multi-phase transformation model. Comput Mater Sci 2001;22:26178.
[9] Hong SC, Lim SH, Hong HS, Lee KJ, Shin DH, Lee KS. Effects of Nb on strain
induced ferrite transformation in CMn steel. Mater Sci Eng A 2003;355A:
2418.
[10] Suehiro M, Liu Z-K, gren J. Effect of niobium on massive transformation in
ultra low carbon steels: a solute drag treatment. Acta Mater 1996;44:424151.
[11] Adamczyk J, Kalinowska-Ozgowicz E, Ozgowicz W, Wusatowski R. Interaction
of carbonitrides V(C,N) undissolved in austenite on the structure and
mechanical properties of microalloyed VN steels. J Mater Proc Tech 1995;53:
2332.
[12] Matsuo S, Ando T, Grant NJ. Grain renement and stabilization in spray-
formed AISI 1020 steel. Mater Sci Eng A 2000;288A:3441.
[13] Dieter GE. Mechanical metallurgy. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1986.
[14] Uhm S, Moon J, Lee C, Yoon J, Lee B. Prediction model for the austenite grain
size in the coarse grained heat affected zone of FeCMn steels: considering
the effect of initial grain size on isothermal growth behavior. ISIJ Int 2004;44:
12307.
[15] Vlack Van, Lawrence H. Elements of materials science and engineering. 6th
ed. Addison-Wesley; 1989.
[16] Papworth AJ, Williams DB. Segregation to prior austenite grain boundaries in
low-alloy steels. Scripta Mater 2000;42:110712.
1844 S.-J. Lee, Y.-K. Lee / Materials and Design 29 (2008) 18401844