Red Light, Green Light, Amber Light

Theories of Administrative Law

The Traffic Light Metaphor
Dr. Ima Mayasari, S.H., M.H.
Hukum dan Administrasi Negara, DIA FISIP UI, 17 September 2014
Carol Harlow and Richard Rawlings:
Law and Administration
! Behind every theory of administrative law there lies a
theory of the state.
! The Theory of Laissez Faire State: Night-watchman state or a
minimal state; the best government is the least government;
[mempengaruhi Red Light Theory]
! The Welfare State: the state plays a key role in the protection
and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its
citizens [mempengaruhi Green Light Theory]
! Each colour corresponds to a different set of theoretical
assumptions about the purpose of administrative law, the
executive and public body powers and duties, and the
extent to which the courts should determine public law
disputes.
Lisa Webley & Harriet Samuels, Public
Law: Text, Cases and Materials, 2012
! Tujuan Administrative Law
! Kekuasaan dan Tugas Eksekutif
serta Badan Publik
! Peradilan menyelesaikan sengketa
berkaitan dengan Public Law
Red Light Theory
! Dicey is red light theoristadministrative law as
establishing a system of limits on the exercise of
governmental power to protect individual liberty;
! Negative view of state power;
! Control, limitation and supervision of the state and its
power;
! Focuses on judicial review and therefore on judicial
control of administrative authorities
! Fire Fighting
Green Light Theory
! Green light theoristsadministrative law to be a means
of permitting the state to develop its policy agendas.
! Positive view of state power.
! State power is an instrument for giving effect to social
policies which will benefit either the general public or
specifically defined communities.
! Focuses on legislative measures to ensure efficiency and
fairness in administrative action
! Fire Watching
Red-light and green-light theories are essentially opposites
Signpost
! Gower: Penekanan akan berubah dari private law ke public law
dari private contract ke public regulation; pertumbuhan
Administrative Law di Negara Eropa Kontinental tampak tak
terelakkan, dan English Lawyer harus merekonsiliasi dirinya seperti
Droit Administratifyang diajarkan Dicey. (L. Gower, 1946)
! Schwarz and Wade: fokus pada administrative adjudication;
j usti ce i n the wel fare state. Humane Admi ni strati on
didedikasikan untuk kesejahteraan umum, keadilan sosial yang
dikombinasikan dengan efisiensi dan kepastian (fairness), yang
menjadi tujuan Administrator dan Administrative Lawyers (G.
Keeton, 1956)
Amber Light Theory
! Amber light theoristslaw should control the exercise of
executive discretion when that discretion has an impact on
individuals constitutional rights.
! Positive view of state power.
! Differs from the green-light theory on the issues of
accountability.
! Green Light sees political institutions as adequate to control state
power
! Amber Light sees a need to develop administrative law principles
and procedures to supplement the democratic, political controls
over those who exercise state power.

! Blend of red and green and to depend upon two
principles:
! (1) judicial as well as political controls over administrative
processes;
! (2) judicial review should be balance againts systemic needs
of efficiency.
! Moving forward to strengthen the fire-watching and fire-
fighting functions of administrative law.
! Finding solutions outside as well as inside courts
! Admi ni str ati ve Lawyer s r eacti ons to i ncr easi ng
managerialism within the public sector, and to its
downsizing, corporatisation, outsourcing and privatisation.
The Battle Againts Discretion
! Wade: that not all abuses of power carry an innuendo
of malice or bad faith; they are simply a characteristic of
a state governed by law.
! Padfield vs Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
(1968)
! Case: Padfield vs Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
(1968): Produsen susu melakukan judicial review terhadap
penol akan Menteri untuk mengarahkan penyel i di kan
sehubungan dengan keluhan mengenai pengoperasian skema
pemasaran hasil pertanian. Produsen susu mengeluhkan harga
yang dibayar oleh Milk Marketing Board untuk susu mereka
dibandingkan dengan harga yang dibayarkan kepada
produsen di wilayah lain. Menteri menolak untuk menunjuk
sebuah komite. Menteri memiliki diskresi, menjadi pertanyaan
seberapa jauh diskresi tunduk pada kontrol peradilan.
! The House of Lord beralasan bahwa jika semua alasan prima
facie menunjuk ke arah salah satu tindakan dan Menteri
mengambil keputusan tanpa memberikan alasan, Pengadilan
dapat menyimpulkan Menteri tidak memiliki alasan yang baik
untuk membuat keputusan tersebut dan menggunakan
diskresinya untuk tujuan yang tidak benar, dengan demikian
telah bertindak melebihi kewenangannya.
Rational Decision-Making
! Administrative Law telah memulai pencarian terhadap
rational decision-making.
! Rational choice is a process selecting alternatives which
are conductive to the achievement of previously
selected goals or the selection of the alternatives which
will maximise the decision-makers values, the selection
being made following comprehensive analysis of
alternatives and their consequency.
Openess and citizen participation
! Davis: desire to open up the administrative process,
bringing policy-making into the open and allowing
citizens to participate in a miniature democratic
process.
! America: Administrative Procedure Act 1946, proposed
rule-making together with a public hearing; 1966
Freedom of Information Actopening access to public
document; 1976 the Government in the Sunshine Act
providing for access to meetings.
Discretionary Justice
! Davis: rationalisation of those areas of policy and decision-
making which rarely reach tribunals or courts. The primary
concern of jurists, however, has always been with the rationality
of judicial process.
! Austin: critique of the Padlife case, Austin had accused the courts
of ignoring a basic distinction between objective and
subjective discretion.
! Objective: when the source of his power imposes defined or
ascertainable predetermined criteria by which, and solely by which,
he must make his choice.
! Subjective: when the source of his power confers upon him the
freedom to determine his own criteria for choosing between the
alternative course of action open to him.
Blue Rinse
New Public Management (NPM)

Three Es: Economy, Efficiency, Effectiveness
reduce the cost and size of government
! Tahun 1990-an: Chr i shtopher Hood Al l Publ i c
Management of All Seasons, nama NPM seringkali
disebut dengan nama lain mis: Post-bureucratis
Paradigm (Barzeley, 1992), dan Reinventing Government
(Osborne dan Gaebler, 1992).
! Fokus: Kontrol terhadap Output Kebijakan Pemerintah,
Desentralisasi Otoritas Manajemen, pengenalan dasar
kuasi-mekanisme pasar, layanan yang berorientasi pada
customer.
! The Citizens Charter; a medley of interlocking themes,
principles, mechanisms, and implementation vehicles
! New Public Management (NPM)Hood: the rise of NPM
in term of...four administrative megatrends:
! Slow down or reserve government growth
! Privatisation and quasi-privatisation
! AutomationIT in the production and distribution of public
service
! I nt er nat i onal Agendagener al i s s ues of publ i c
management, policy design, decision styles, an inter-
governmental cooperation
! Sigma values of economic and purposeful government,
which we call production results values;
! Theta values of honesty and fairness, which we call
rectitude; and
! Lambda values of security and resilience, which we call,
in short, resilience.
! The Three Es
! Efficiency can refer to productive efficiency, simply, the
relation between input and output; production is efficient
when an article is manufactured at the cheapest cost;
! Economy: cheapness, production is not economic if it does
not fulfil the purpose for which goods were made.
! Effectiveness can be equated wth allocative efficiency.
! The three concepts add up to value for money
M. Mulreany, Economy, Efficiency and
Effectiveness in Public Sector, 1991
! Administrative regulation is rapidly becoming the new
frontier of public policy and public administration
throughout the industrialised worldefficient regulatory
framework.
Themes Principles Mechanisms
Value
Quality
Choice
Standards
Standards
Openness
Information
Choice
Non-discrimination
Accessibility
Redress
Privatisation
Wider Competition
Contracting Out
Next Step Agencies
Performance-related pay
Public information on
standards
Published performance
levels
Improved complaints
procedures
Reformed inspectorates
Audit
Enhanced regulation

A. Barron and C. Scoot, The Citizens Charter Program, 1992
! Reforms of the civil service
! New Public Management
! Structural and managerial revolutiona strong framework
for the future role and development of government.
! Blueprints for governmental machinery
! Transferable technology
! Privatisation has moved nationalised industries into the
private sector.
! Downsizing
! Modern Administrative Law: not only have the central
ideas of justice and fairness been dethroned by the
economi c tr i ad of economy, ef f i ci ency, and
effectiveness.
! Privatising the government held assets like crown
corporations directly serves two purposes:
1) reduction of the size of government which will eliminate
daily operation costs as well as salary costs and;
2) encouragement of the privatised company to engage in
more competitive business models which should lead to
the search for cost efficiency and higher customer
satisfaction.
! Overall, privatisation should benefit the government and,
more importantly, the public that it serves.
Referensi:
! Carol Harl ow and Ri chard Rawl i ngs, Law and
Administration, second edition, 1997.
! Jonathan Klaaren, Red Light, Green Light, 1999.
! Lisa Webley & Harriet Samuels, Public Law: Text, Cases
and Materials, 2012
Terimakasih

Dr. Ima Mayasari, S.H., M.H.

Rabu, 17 September 2014
Hukum dan Administrasi Negara, DIA Fisip UI