SMKA (P) AL-MASHOOR PULAU PINANG

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 2014

NAME : NUR SYAHIRAH BT ABIDIN
I/C NO : 970823075474
CLASS : 5 AKHTAR
TEACHER : PN.NOR AISHAH BT ABDUL KARIM







CONTENTS

Contents Pages

Objectives


Foreward


Introduction


Activity 1 : Collecting Information


Activity 2 : Data Analysis


Activity 3 : Data Interpretation


Activity 4 : Further Exploration


Activity 5 : Conclusions


Reflection








OBJECTIVES
We students taking Additional Mathematics are required to carry out a project work while we are in
Form 5. This year the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of Education has prepared two
tasks for us. We are required to choose and complete only one task based on our area of interest. This
project can be done in groups or individually, but each of us are expected to submit an individually
written report. Upon completion of the Additional Mathematics Project Work, we are to gain
valuable experiences and able to:


Apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to solve routine and non-routine problems.





Experience classroom environments which are challenging, interesting and meaningfuland hence
improve their thinking skills.



Experience classroom environments where knowledge and skills are applied inmeaningful ways
in solving real-life problems.




Experience classroom environments where expressing ones mathematical thinking,reasoning and
communication are highly encouraged and expected.




Experience classroom environments that stimulates and enhances effective learning.




Acquire effective mathematical communication through oral and writing,and to usethe language of
mathematics to express mathematical ideas correctly and precisely.



FOREWARD
First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah for giving me the strength and health to
do this project work. Not forgotten my parents for providing everything, such as money, to buy
anything that are related to this project work and their advices, which is the most needed for this
project.Internet, books, computers, and etc. They also supported me and encouraged me to
completet his task so that I will not procrastinate in doing it. Then I would like to thank my teacher,
Pn Nor Aishah bt Abdul Karim for guiding me and my friends throughout this project. We had
some difficulties in doing this task, but she taught us patiently until we knew what to do. She keep
trying to teach us until we understand what we supposed to do with the project work. Last but not
least, my friends who were doing this project with me and sharing the ideas. They were helpful that
when we combined and discussed together, we had this task done.









INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF CIRCLES
A circle is a simple shape of Euclidean geometry that is the set of all points in a plane
that are at a given distance from a given point, the centre. The distance between any of
the points and the centre is called the radius. It can also be defined as the locus of a
point equidistant from a fixed point.
A circle is a simple closed curve which divides the plane into two regions: an interior
and an exterior. In everyday use, the term "circle" may be used interchangeably to
refer to either the boundary of the figure, or to the whole figure including its interior;
in strict technical usage, the circle is the former and the latter is called a disk.
A circle can be defined as the curve traced out by a point that moves so that its
distance from a given point is constant.A circle may also be defined as a special
ellipse in which the two foci are coincident and the eccentricity is 0, or the two-
dimensional shape enclosing the most area per unit perimeter, using calculus of
variations.

A circle with circumference (C) ,
Diameter (D) , radius (R) and origin (O).
Arc , sector and segment.
Length of circumference
The ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter is (pi), an irrational constant
approximately equal to 3.141592654. Thus the length of the circumference C is
related to the radius r and diameter d by:

Area enclosed
As proved by Archimedes, the area enclosed by a circle is equal to that of a triangle
whose base has the length of the circle's circumference and whose height equals the
circle's radius,
[7]
which comes to multiplied by the radius squared:

Equivalently, denoting diameter by d,

that is, approximately 79 percent of the circumscribing square (whose side is of length
d).
The circle is the plane curve enclosing the maximum area for a given arc length. This
relates the circle to a problem in the calculus of variations, namely the isoperimetric
inequality.
Circular measure
There are certain formulas being used in calculating the radius and circumference at
certain angle.
Circumference (S) = r
To convert the angle to radian and vice versa,these formula are used
180 x ( / 180 ) and x (180 / )
Properties
The circle is the shape with the largest area for a given length of perimeter.
(See Isoperimetric inequality.)
The circle is a highly symmetric shape: every line through the centre forms a
line of reflection symmetry and it has rotational symmetry around the centre for
every angle. Its symmetry group is the orthogonal group O(2,R). The group of
rotations alone is the circle group T.
All circles are similar.
A circle's circumference and radius are proportional.
The area enclosed and the square of its radius are proportional.
The constants of proportionality are 2 and , respectively.
The circle which is centred at the origin with radius 1 is called the unit circle










The Olympic Athletics Track


Have you ever watched some of the races in
the Olympic Games and wondered why the
athletes don't all start from the same part of
the track?
It is called a "staggered start".
Why a Staggered Start?
If they all started from the same line, then the athletes in
the outer lanes would have to run further than the
athletes in the inner lanes, because of the semicircles at
the top and bottom of the track.

So each lane has to have a special starting position so they all have to run the same
distance.
Let's learn how to calculate the correct positions for the 400 m running race
How Far?
How far does each athlete run when he/she completes one lap of the track?
Let's look first at the route followed by the runner in Lane 1 (the inside lane).
The rules state that you measure 300 mm from the inner edge of the lane
(approximately where the runner runs).


On the curved sections Lane 1 has a radius of 36.5, but we need to add 300 mm for
the "running position", for a total of 36.8 m

And together the two curved parts make a circle of
radius 36.8m.
.
So, how far would you have to run? Answer: the Circumference of the circle (plus the
straight parts)
The radius is 36.8 m
So the Circumference = 2 radius = 2 36.8 m = 231.22 m
Add the two straight section of 84.39 m:
231.22 + 2 84.39 m = 231.22 + 168.78 = 400 m
Wow! The inside lane is exactly 400 m.
Well, that is how it is designed.

But What About Lane 2?
Each lane is 1220 wide, so the radius for Lane 2 will be 36.8 + 1.22 = 38.02 m
The radius is 38.02 m
So the Circumference = 2 38.02 m = 238.89 m
Add the two straight section of 84.39 m:
238.89 m + 2 84.39 m = 238.89 m + 168.78 m = 407.67 m
That is 7.67 m longer than Lane 1 ...
... so Lane 2 should start 7.67 m after Lane 1 to be fair.





ACTIVITY 1
Collecting Information
You and your friends are asked to help your sports teacher to make the lanes for track
and field event as illustrated in Diagram 1.

*ambil je diagram kat page 2





Given that the smallest circumference of semicircle is 100 meter.The length of straight
lane of the field is also 100 meter.The width of each lane is 1.2 meter.Show your
working to determine the distance of each lane and complete Table 1. (Use = 3.142)
Lane Circumference of semicircle(m) Radius(m) Distance of each
lane(m)
1 100.000 100 = 3.142r
r = 31.827
2(100.000)+200.000
= 400.000
2 (3.142) (33.027) = 103.771 103.771 = 3.142r
r = 33.027
2(103.771)+200.000
= 407.542
3 (3.142) (34.227) = 107.541 107.541 = 3.142r
r = 34.227
2(107.541)+200.000
= 415.082
4 (3.142) (35.427) = 111.312 111.312 = 3.142r
r = 35.427
2(111.312)+200.000
= 422.624
5 (3.142) (36.627) = 115.082 115.082 = 3.142r
r = 36.627
2(115.082)+200.000
= 430.164
6 (3.142) (37.827) = 118.852 118.852 = 3.142r
r = 37.827
2(118.852)+200.000
= 437.704
7 (3.142) (39.027) = 122.623 122.623 = 3.142r
r = 39.027
2(122.623)+200.000
= 445.246
8 (3.142) (40.227) = 126.393 126.393 = 3.142r
r = 40.227
2(126.393)+200.000
= 452.786

Table 1
ACTIVITY 2
Data Analysis
Diagram 2 shows the starting line of Lane 1 and finishing line of all lanes.

*ambil diagram kat page 3












(a) Based on Diagram 2,the starting line of Lane 1 has been given.You are asked
to determine the distance of starting line of Lane 2,Lane 3,Lane 4,Lane 5,Lane
6,Lane 7 and Lane 8 from the finishing line for a 400 meter event.Hence,complete
Table 2.Use at least two suitable problem solving strategies.
nth
lane
Shortest distance between starting line
and finishing line (m)
Ln Ln-1
1 0.00 (400.000) (400.000)
= 0.00
2 (407.542) (400.00) = 7.54 (407.542) (400.000)
= 7.54
3 (415.082) (400.000) = 15.082 (415.082) (407.542)
= 7.54
4 (422.624) (400.000) = 22.624 (422.624) (415.082)
= 7.54
5 (430.164) (400.000) = 30.164 (430.164) (422.624)
= 7.54
6 (437.704) (400.000) = 37.704 (437.704) (430.164)
= 7.54
7 (445.246) (400.000) = 45.246 (445.246) (437.704)
= 7.54
8 (452.786) (400.000) = 52.786 (452.786) (445.246)
= 7.54

Table 2
(b) Make conclusion from the data obtained in Table 2.
- The difference between each lane are the same that is 7.54m.
- Each lane increase its distance by 7.54m.
- The track has uniform increase in distance.
- The shortest distance from starting line to finishing line increases from Lane 1
to Lane 8.
- This results in the same distance for the 400m race although the total distance
of each lane are different.
















ACTIVITY 3
Data Interpretation
Oil paint is to be used to draw all the track .The price of a tin of 5 liter oil paint is
RM10.Given that 2 liter of oil paint is needed to draw a 100 meter track.Calculate the
number of tin of oil paint needed and the cost (in RM) to draw all the eight tracks.

1.To find the distance of the tracks that are to be painted, find the sum of all lines
including the 9
th
line.
Line 1 : 400.000m Line 9 = Ln Ln-1
Line 2 : 407.542m 7.54 = L9 L8
Line 3 : 415.082m L9 = 452.786 + 7.54
Line 4 : 422.624m = 460.326m
Line 5 : 430.164m
Line 6 : 437.704m
Line 7 : 445.246m
Line 8 : 452.786m

2.To find how many liters of oil paint needed,the formula is used :
[Sum of all lines (S9) / 100 ] x 2

400.000+407.542+415.082+422.624+430.164+437.704+445.246+452.786+460.326
= 3871.474m = 77.43 liters

= (3871.474 / 100) (2)

3.To calculate the number of tins needed :
Amount of liters / 5 liters
77.43 / 5
= 15.486 (round off to the nearest integer)
= 15 tins

4.The total cost required to paint all the tracks :
Number of tins x RM10
15 x 10
= RM150












ACTIVITY 4
Further Exploration
The design of tracks shown in Diagram 1 is the track that is usually used in the tracks
tournament.
(a) Using your own creativity,create two designs of tracks which has a
measurement of 400m in Lane 1 and width of each lane is the same.

DESIGN 1





























DESIGN 2









































(b) Based on your track designed in question (a) and Diagram 1,which design
would you choose for your school tournament? State your justification.

I would like to choose Design 2 track as the track for my school tournament. It is
because the track has the smallest circumference compared to the others.The first
lane of Design 1 is 150m followed by Diagram 1 that is 100m and Design 2 ,
50m.
The smaller the track will increase the length of straight lane of the field track.
This will minimize the track and field injuries as well as curve issues.
Moreover, the longer the length of straight lane of the field track will enhance the
speed for the athletes.
Besides,the smaller the circumference will decrease the space required to make
the lanes.













THE APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPT OF CIRCLES IN EVERYDAY LIFE
Throughout the chapter, this has taught me that circles are not as easy as they seem.
You can use circles in everyday life. You can find diameters, radi, diameters, arcs,
central angles, inscribed angles, and the circumferences of circles. Everything is
related some how in a circle. Your radius is 1/2 your diameter. The circumference of a
circle is the distance around the circle. The central angles of a circle will add up to 360
degrees. Inscribed angles are 1/2 of the intercepted arc. Tangents are lines that
intersect a circle at exactly one point and are 90 degrees if it is perpendicular to the
radius. There are many jobs today that use circles in their work. Carpenters for
example find the circumference of a circle so they know how much material they will
need to cover the circle. People can use circles to determine the safety zone for
fireworks. Circles can also be used to see a location on earth from space. Architects
will sometimes use circles and their theorems to build a carousel. Painters will use
circles in their art sometimes to draw a picture.
Circle in The Architecture.
Who said that architecture is only about rectangular shapes and straight lines? Indeed,
the architects have always tried to make their creations unique, experimenting with
forms, shapes, and lines in their projects. Rounded shapes are among the finest and the
most delicate shapes in architecture. Actually, it is the use of such unusual shapes and
non-traditional approaches to the design of buildings that turns architecture into a
specific form of true art. Indeed, even if you look at the ancient temples, churches, and
castles with their arches and domes youll see that even ancient architects treated
circles and ovals to be some premium shapes in architecture design.
Today the architecture design is more diverse than it has ever been before. Modern
building materials and construction techniques make it possible to realize virtually
any architectural concept and idea. That is why we have now so many buildings,
which impress and astonish with the unusualness of their forms, complete deliverance
from the dogmas and prejudices about how an office building, a residential house, or a
city museum should look. In our todays showcase we wanted to focus on the modern
architecture, where oval shapes are in the spotlight. Looking at the pictures of such
buildings, one can really lose the feeling of time, because many of the architectural
masterpieces, we display below, really look like they came from the far future times
and civilization.
Alone in the white by Andrea Hbner Curvature by Andreas Levers



Latte Macchiato by Matthias Haker FFM-UFO by KPK


H&I by Norbert Lv The only exit by Martin Krtzschmar


Metropolis by Jens Fersterra Columns by Matthias Haker



8 by Andrey Levchenko BMW World Munich by Julian Harteis



Code Red by Michael G. Magin Trainstation Lige Guillemins -2 by Feldman _1


British Museum by Andreas () W. Thtre baroque by Sven Fennema






Circle in Nature.
The celebration of Pi Day raises the age-old question of whether perfect circles exist
in the universe.
A look at nature's stunning circular creations, like the remarkable rings of Saturn seen
here, seems to make a compelling argument that Greek philosopher Plato was
mistaken when he first observed that no one has ever seen a perfect circleonly
imperfect approximations.
But John Adam, a mathematics professor at Old Dominion University and the author
of Mathematics in Nature: Modeling Patterns in the Natural World, said that no
perfect circle can occur in nature "since a perfect circle is a geometrical idealization."
Though Saturn's rings appear to be circular thanks to the shepherd moons orbiting the
planet, parts of the rings are bent by the pull of gravity from its other moons.
Here are some of nature's other (seemingly) perfect circles



1.In the cross section of a plant stem, the vascular tissues that conduct water and
support the plant are arranged in circles.
Adam noted that in nature, many things form circularly because it is the most efficient
way to minimize or maximize specific processes under certain constraints. In
mathematics, he said, a circle allows for the greatest area for any given perimeter and
the least perimeter for any given area, compared to other polygons.
"Obviously, the particular circumstances dictate what other forces or organizing
constraints may be present, and that will in turn dictate the shape of the pattern," he
added.




2.The arc of a rainbow, according to Adam, is the second closest thing to a perfect
circle in nature, after the ripple (see next photo). But the arc can never appear to
exceed a semicircle unless a person views it from the height of a raincloud with the
sun behind him or her.
The arc forms when sunlight passes through falling raindrops, and the the different
wavelengths of the light bends at different angleswith red light bending most and
violet light bending least. The refracting light appears to beam at different places in
the sky, coming together to create an arc.


3."The closest thing to perfect circles in nature is probably circular wave patterns on a
pond or puddle after a raindrop falls on it," Adam said.
Even when a noncircular object is thrown into water, the resulting ripples will form in
concentric circles. Initially, the ripples expand accordingly to the object's shape. But
as they spread farther outward, curves fill in the uneven spaces, leaving the ripples to
"morph" into circular shapes.


ACTIVITY 5
Conclusions
Based on a study by American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation ,
70% of athletes were injured during the track events. According to
runnersworld.com,about 40% of athletes were knee injuries .For women,backbone
and ankle injuries always happened while running.Headache can also be occurred
especially during hot weather.
(a) What are the causes of track and field injuries?
Track and field or athletics injuries are unfortunately very common especially in elite
athletes.
It makes sense that when you are pushing the physical limits that you will experience
an occasional breakdown or injury.
Track and field injuries can be broken down into two main groups:
Track Injuries
These injuries consist of predominantly running injuries. Click here for more specific
information related to running injuries.
Field Injuries
Field injuries consist predominantly of:
Throwing Injuries
Jumping or Landing Injuries
Some of common injuries and their causes are as follows :
Patella Tendinitis
Cause of Injury
Jumping and landing places tremendous
stress and strain on patella and quadriceps
tendon
Sudden or repetitive knee extension can lead
to tissue breakdown and inflammation
Signs of Injury
Pain and tenderness at tip of knee cap and
behind knee cap
Worse with going up/down stairs
Shin Splints
Cause of Injury
Overuse/training errors
Weak muscles
Improper footwear
Flat feet
Tight heel cord

Signs of Injury
Pain in front of shin
Gets worse with more
activity


Hamstring Strain
Cause of Injury
Fatigue
Poor posture
Lack of flexibility
Strength imbalances

Signs of Injury
Pain in muscle belly or
point of attachment
Loss of function
Discoloration (bruising) due
to bleeding in muscle

Grade 1
Pain and soreness during
movement
Point tenderness

Grade 2
Partial tear
Identified by sharp snap or
tear
severe pain and loss of
function

Grade 3
Complete rupture tendon or
muscular
Usually will see severe
bruising and palpable mass
or gap

Contusions
Cause of Injury
Sudden direct blow
Can be deep or
superficia.
May be painful to the
touch and with
movement
Must be cautious and
aware of more severe
injuries associated
with repeated blows

Signs of Injury
Pain
Temporary loss of function
Immediate bleeding of
affected muscles (bruising)
Early detection and
avoidance of internal
bleeding are vital
increases recovery rate
and prevents muscle
scarring.


Abrasions
Cause of Injury
Falling or dragging
body part against a
rough surface

Sign of Injury
Red, raw skin
Bleeding
Pain
Dirt






(b) What are the ways to avoid track and field injuries?
Patella Tendinitis
Care
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
Avoid aggravating activities
Exercise to strengthen
Patellar tendon strap

Shin Splints
Care
Activity modification
Ice massage to reduce pain and inflammation
Flexibility program for calf
Correction of abnormal biomechanics (flat feet)
Arch taping
Orthotics

Hamstring Strain
Care
R.I.C.E.
Restrict activity until soreness has subsided
Ballistic stretching and explosive sprinting
should be avoided initially
Gradual return to activities

Contusions
Care
R.I.C.E.
Restrict activity until soreness has subsided
Ballistic stretching and explosive sprinting
should be avoided initially
Gradual return to activities

Abrasions
Dressing
Sterile dressing should
be applied to keep
wound clean
Occlusive dressings are
extremely effective in
minimizing scarring
Antibacterial ointments
are effective
Utilization of hydrogen
peroxide can occur
several times daily
REFLECTION
From this project, I learnt the importance of perseverance as time had been
invested to ensure the completion and excellence of this project.Similarly, I learnt the
virtue of working together as I have helped and received help from my fellow peers in
the production of this projectas sharing knowledge is vital in achieving a single goal.
Also, I learnt to be thankful and appreciative. This is because, I able to apply my
mathematical knowledge in daily life and appreciate the beauty of mathematics. All
and all, I have spent countless hours doing thisproject. I realized that this subject is a
compulsory to me. Without it, I cant fulfill my big dreams and wishes.

Apart from that, this project encourages the student to work together and share
their knowledge.It is also encourage student together information from the
Internet,Improve thinking skills and promote effective mathematical
communication.Not only that, Ihad learned some moral values that I practice.This
project had taught me to responsible on the works that are given to me to be
completed.This project also had made me felt more confidence to do works and not to
give easily when we could not find the solution for the question. I also learned to be
more discipline on time ,which I was given about a 3 weeks to complete this project
and pass up to my teacher just in time.I also enjoy doing this project .Last but not least
, I proposed this project should be continue because it bring a lot of moral values to
the students and also test the students understanding in Additional Mathematics.