1. By 1400, the world was in transition as major powers like the Arab caliphate and Mongols declined while Europe began emerging as a potential new leader in international trade.
2. The decline of older powers created instability and an opening for Europeans, who had long lagged behind other civilizations, to begin exploring expansion and trade.
3. Key factors that contributed to Europe's rise included innovations in military technology, growing cities and commerce, as well as the secular directions taken by the Italian Renaissance which emphasized humanism and ambition.
1. By 1400, the world was in transition as major powers like the Arab caliphate and Mongols declined while Europe began emerging as a potential new leader in international trade.
2. The decline of older powers created instability and an opening for Europeans, who had long lagged behind other civilizations, to begin exploring expansion and trade.
3. Key factors that contributed to Europe's rise included innovations in military technology, growing cities and commerce, as well as the secular directions taken by the Italian Renaissance which emphasized humanism and ambition.
1. By 1400, the world was in transition as major powers like the Arab caliphate and Mongols declined while Europe began emerging as a potential new leader in international trade.
2. The decline of older powers created instability and an opening for Europeans, who had long lagged behind other civilizations, to begin exploring expansion and trade.
3. Key factors that contributed to Europe's rise included innovations in military technology, growing cities and commerce, as well as the secular directions taken by the Italian Renaissance which emphasized humanism and ambition.
I. Introduction A. 1400 world in period of transition 1. ownfall of Ara! caliphate ". #pread of $ongols %. Who would ta&e new international trade role' $a(!e China' B. But)*nter the *uropeans finall(+ the(,-e !een !ehind e-er(one for .000 (ears 1. Ital(+ #pain+ /ortugal too& leadership role ". A0ericas couldn,t respond to *uropean in-asions C. 1e( 2uestion wh( did different ci-ili3ations react differentl(' 1. This could !e a &e( 2uestion notice the word differences a. This class 4ust lo-es to co0pare ci-ili3ations II. The ecline of the 5ld 5rder A. 1"00 $iddle *ast run !( B(3antine *0pire 6North7 Ara! *0pire 6#outh7 1. But)Tur&s too& o-er B(3antines in 145%+ 1"5. $ongols 8 Caliph B. #ocial and Cultural Change in the $iddle *ast 1. 9eligious leaders gained power o-er artistic leaders in Ara! world a. New piet( thin& a!out orthodo: $usli0s toda( !. 9eligious art the0es c. 9ationalis0 of ;reece 6<ellenis07 now seen as !ad+ a threat 1. )don,t thin& this is 4ust Ara! world+ *uropeans getting scared of logic=rationalis0 as well ". *cono0ic shifts a. As centrali3ed power slows+ pro-incial leaders 6landlords7 get 0ore power 1. <000)what an interesting pattern I,-e ne-er seen !efore !. But)!ad things resulted 1. >ower agricultural (ield ". >ess ta:es %. >ess trade 4. Indian 5cean trade still strong c. A gradual decline+ not sudden li&e in 9o0e d. But)e-en though politicall( wea&+ other political areas too& 0ore power 1. 5tto0an Tur&s too& o-er control 0ore powerful than !efore C. A /ower ?accu0 in International >eadership 1. 5tto0an Tur&s not an international leader li&e Isla0ic caliphate ". $ongols pro-ided ne:t glo!al leader a. *ncouraged interregional trade !. *:changed technolog(=ideas c. *nd of e0pire turned to sea!orne trade+ as land trade less protected . Chinese Thrust and Withdrawal 1. $ing @!rilliantA d(nast( too& o-er 1%B.81B44 a. pushed out $ongols first !. re8esta!lished tri!utar( lin&s with #outheast Asian states ". #tate8sponsored trade e:peditions a. Ad0iral( Chenghe 1405814%% led -ast+ unparalleled fleet 1. Dor0er eunuch wh( do (ou thin& leaders li&e eunuchs for ad-isors' ". Brought fleet of ".+000 troops scared the willies out of local leaders !. *-entuall( !rought !ac& threatened the Confucian !ureaucrats 1. 9e0e0!er the( don,t li&e 0erchants ha-ing power ". 5ther reasons cost a. $one( !etter spent !uilding Bei4ing+ fighting $ongols %. What if Chinese &ept trading' >ost chance to !e world power a. aint( little *uropean ships no 0atch !. Dollowed Chinese pattern of spending 0one( internall(+ practicall( 1. Not li&e West+ where power is 4udged !( e:pansion 4. Instead wor&ed on infrastructure population increased+ 0anufacturing i0pro-ed 5. Ara!s on decline+ $ongols d(ing out+ China not stepping to the plate)leads to) III. The 9ise of the West A. Wh( is their rise surprising' 1. #till awed !( other !ureaucracies ". Church under attac& %. warrior aristocrats softened life ridiculous tourna0ents=ar0or 4. li-es of ordinar( *uropeans falling apart a. fa0ine !. -ulnera!le to !u!onic plague 1. China,s population hit !( %0E ". *urope lost %0 0illion a. >ed to stri&es=peasant uprisings B. #ources of (na0is0F $edie-al ?italit( 1. Wh( was *urope still strong' a. #trong regional go-ern0ents created during feudalis0 !. $ilitar( inno-ations than&s to <undred Gears War 1. Nonaristocratic soldiers regular gu(s not paid !o( go-,t ". /aid !( central go-,t H 0ore ta:es H 0ore central power c. ;rowth of cities helped co00erce d. Church content with capitalis0 notice alliteration e. Technolog( i0pro-ing 0etalwor& C. I0itation and International /ro!le0s 1. Technolog( pushes e:pansion a. uring $ongol period *urope has ideal access 1. Not controlled+ !ut still in-ol-ed in trade ". Internal conflict spurs regions to i0pro-e technolog( to win !attles ". International Dactors push e:pansion !. Interest in lu:ur( goods c. No!od( wants *uropean products+ so the( ha-e to pa( in gold 1. *urope doesn,t ha-e gold)so)the( need to go find so0e d. Dears of a $usli0 threat 1. Need to secure Western ports ". Need to create sea trade since $usli0s now control land trade . #ecular irections in the Italian 9enaissance 1. Dirst)I can,t !elie-e we,re going to spend two paragraphs tal&ing a!out the 9enaissance when this was discussed ad nauseu0 in Western Ci- ". West,s surge forward re!irth of culture and political -iews of Classical *urope a. Artists create 0ore hu0an8centered wor&s of art hu0anis0 !. Artist=writers pushed for own reputation c. Wor&s now secular+ and religious si0ultaneousl( d. Ital( started wealth( 0erchants want to i0press others patrons 1. <elp sponsor cultural acti-ities+ scholars co0petition *. <u0an ?alues and 9enaissance Culture 1. Docus of art changes it,s a cultural re-olution a. #u!4ect people+ nature+ portraits !. Created perspecti-e c. ?i-id+ realistic statues li&e classic 9o0e=;reece ". But)not a full !rea& fro0 $edie-al World)usuall( had to in-ol-e religion too %. Change 0indset loo&ing outward a. Building ships+ pushing co00erce !. A0!itious cit(8state go-ern0ents funded new -entures c. <u0an a0!ition+ pursuit of glor( focused on e:ploration=con2uest D. The I!erian #pirit of 9eligious $ission 1. #panish and /ortugese rulers pushing 0ilitar(=religious agenda a. ;oal of ar0ies push Christianit(+ &ic& out Ara!s=Iews !. ;o-ern0ent enforced Church codes c. In2uisition courts to enforce orthodo:( d. 1e()go-ern0ent with religious 0ission I?. Western *:pansionF The *:peri0ental /hase A. *arl( *:plorations 1. Western route to the Indies spice trade area' a. ?i-aldis fro0 ;enoa sailed off to the land of nowhere-ille !. $ostl( had to stic& to the coast of Africa ". After 14%0+ so0e na-igational pro!le0s sol-ed a. co0pass=astrola!e na-igation !( stars fro0 Ara!s !. I0pro-ed 0ap0a&ing c. !ut)geographicall( inaccurate 0aps gi-e false confidence d. 14J. ?asco de ;a0a heads to Indian 5cean B. Colonial /atterns 1. <ow to 0a&e e:peditions profita!le' a. <enr( the Na-igator pushed for scientific+ intellectual+ religious+ econo0ic ". Islands off Africa !eca0e test ground for colonialis0 a. large agricultural estates 1. sugar+ cotton+ to!acco !. !rought in sla-es !( /ortugese %. #uccess of earl( progra0s led to e:pansion 4. Dorces influencing *uropean e:pansion a. inferiorities and fears 8 $usli0s !. energies of 9enaissance 0erchants c. econo0ic pressures d. population surge ?. 5utside the World Networ& A. Introduction 1. A0erica=/ol(nesia not affected !( world e:change the(,d !e centuries !ehind ". New pro!le0s left ci-ili3ations -ulnera!le B. /olitical Issues in the A0ericas 1. 9esent0ent for leadership a. Dor so0e reason tri!ute regions tired of !eing ensla-ed+ sacrificed ". 5-ere:tension difficult to control %. 5ther cultures de-eloping 0a(!e would ha-e surpassed 4. All irrele-ant+ !ecause when *uropeans arri-e) C. *:pansion+ $igration+ and Con2uest in /ol(nesia 1. Between K th and 14 th spread eastward <awaii spread culture a. #ociet( in caste s(ste0 0ilitar( leaders=priests do0inate !. No written language oral histor( . Isolated Achie-e0ents !( the $aori 1. . th centur( $aori in New Cealand a. $ost ela!orate art !. $ilitar( leaders=priests ha-e great power c. #la-es ". Because de-eloped in isolation a. ?ulnera!le to disease !. Inferior weapons c. Cultural disintegration *. Adding up the Changes 1. $aster plan that *uropeans would do0inate or series of coincidences' a. /olitical insta!ilit( in A0ericas !. e-eloped in isolation left technologicall( inferior c. ?ulnera!le to diseases d. China decides not to continue pursuit of world trade do0ination e. Indi-iduals tr( to i0pro-e *urope,s trade deficit <enr( the Na-igator f. $usli0 i0pact on Africa less control g. Africans don,t !enefit fro0 trade with $ongols ?I. ;lo!al Connections A. ;lo!al contacts 1. $usli0 traders=0issionaries still acti-e ". $ongols readil( shared ideas fro0 one end of e0pire to the other %. China 0ade new contacts 4. But !( 1450)who would do0inate ne:t was in flu: B. 1e( continuit( 1. 9egions re2uired trade to sur-i-e a. Africa relied on $iddle *ast !. #outheast Asia lin&ed to $usli0 traders=China c. Western *urope contacts increasing d. China+ India+ $iddle *ast see Africa=*urope as consu0er source C. And that,s it)not that painful of a chapter+ agree'