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CHAPTER 5

DC-DC CONVERTERS

Problem 5-1
Vs = 220 V, k = 0.8, R = 20 Q and vch = 1.5 V.
(a) From Eq. (5-1), Va = 0.8 x (220 - 1.5) = 174.8 V
(b) From Eq. (5-2), V0 = V0.8 x 220 = V
(c) From Eq. (5-5), P0 = 0.8 x (220 - 1.5)2/20 = 3819.4 W
From Eq. (5-6), PI = 0.8 x 220 x (220 -1.5)/20 = 3845.6 W
The chopper efficiency is P0/Pi = 3819.4/3845.6 = 99.32 %
(d) From Eq. (5-4), R, = 20/0.8 = 12.5 Q
(e) From Eq. (5-8), the output voltage is
v (0 = [sin (2;rx 0.8) cos (2;rxlOOOO/) +0.69 lx sin (2;rxlOOOO/)]
= 8232 x sin (62832*+#)
where <|> = tan'1 [sin(0.8x27i)/0.691] = 54.
The rms value is Vi = 82.32/V2 = 58.2 V
Note: The efficiency calculation, which includes the conduction loss of the
chopper, does not take into account the switching loss due to turn-on and
turn-off of the converter.
Problem 5-2
Vs = 220 V, R = 10 Q, L = 15.5 mH, E = 20 V, k = 0.5 and f = 5000 Hz
From Eq. (5-15), I2 = 0.9375 Ii + 1.2496
From Eq. (5-16), Ii = 0.9375 I2 - 1.2496

(a) Solving these two equations, Ii = 8.6453 A

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(b) I2 = 9.3547 A
(c) Al = I2 - Ii = 9.35475 - 8.6453 = 0.7094 A
From Eq. (5-21), Almax = 0.7094 A
and Eq. (5-22) gives the approximately value, Almax = 0.7097 A
(d) The average load current is approximately,

Ia = (h + Ii)/2 = (9.35475 + 8.6453)/2 = 9 A


(e) From Eq. (5-24),
-il/2

= 9.002 A
(f) Is = k Ia = 0.8 x 9 = 7.2 A

and the input resistance is R\ VS/IS = 220/7.2 = 30.56 Q


(g) From Eq. (5-25), IR = Vk I0 = V0.8 x 22.1 = 15.63 A
Problem 5-3
Vs = 220 V, R = 0.2 Q, E = 10 V, f = 200 Hz, T = 1/f = 0.005 S
Ai = 200 x 0.5 = 10 A.
Va = k Vs = R Ia

The voltage across the inductor is given by

For a linear rise of current, dt = ti = kT and di = Ai


A/=-

kT

For worst case ripple condition:

dk

* =0

and this gives, k = 0.5


Ai L = 10 x L = 220 (1 - 0.5) 0.5 x 0.005 or L = 27.5 mH
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Problem 5-4

Vs = 110 V, E = 220 V, Po = 30 kW = 30000 W

(c) Since the input power must be the same as the output power,
Vs Is = Po or 110 x Is = 30000 or Is = A
(a) The battery current, Ib = P0/E = 30000/220 = 136.36 A
Ib = (1 - k) Is or k = 136.36/272.73 - 1 = 0.5
(b) Rch = (1 - k) E/Is =d - 0.5) x 220/272.73 = 0.4033 Q

Problem 5-5
Vs = 110 V, L = 7.5 mH, E = 220 V
From Eq. (5-28), U(t) = (110 x 103/7.5) t + Ii
From Eq. (5-29),

i 2 (t) = [(110 - 220) x 103/7.5) t + I2 = -(110 x 103/7.5) t + I2


where I2 = ii(t=kT) = (110 x 103/7.5) kT + Ii
I-L = |2[t=(l-k) kT] = -110 x 103/7.5) (l-k)kT + I2
Solving for Ii and I2 yields Ii = 0, I2 = (110 x 103/7.5) kT
ii(t) = (110 x 103/7.5) t, for 0 < t < kT
I2(t) = -(110 x 103/7.5)t + (110 x 103/7.5)(l-k)T, for 0 < t < (1 - k) T.

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Problem 5-6
Vs = 600 V, R = 0.25 Q, L = 20 mH, E = 150 V, k = 0.1 to 0.9 and f = 250
Hz

For k=0.1, the load current is discontinuous


From Eq. (5-15), I2 = 8.977
From Eq. (5-16), Ii = 0, AI = 8.977 A and Ia = 4.4885 A
For k=0.2, the load current is discontinuous

I2 = 17.9103 A, Ii = 0 A, AI = 17.9103 A and Ia = 8.955 A


For k = 0.3

I2 = 0.9851 Ii + 26.7985, Ii = 0.9656 I 2 - 20.6367


I2 = 132,64 A, Ii = 107.44 A, AI = 25.2 A and Ia = 120.04 A
For k = 0.4

I2 = 0.9802 Ii + 35.64, I x = 0.97044 I2 - 17.733


I 2 = 374.42 A, Ii = 345.62 A, AI = 28.8 A and Ia = 360.02 A
Fork = 0.5

I2 = 0.9753 Ii + 44.44, Ii = 0.97045 I2 - 14.814

I2 = 615 A, Ii = 585 A, AI = 30 A and Ia = 600 A


Fork = 0.6
I2 = 0.97044 Ii + 53.2, Ii = 0.9802 I2 - 11.881
I2 = 854.38 A, Ii = 825.58 A, AI = 28.8 A and Ia = 840 A
For k = 0.7

I2 = 0.9656 Ii + 61.91, Ii = 0.9851 I2 - 8.933


I2 = 1092.6 A, Ii = 1067.4 A, AI = 25.2 A and Ia = 1080 A
For k = 0.8

I2 = 0.9608 Ii + 70.58, Ii = 0.99 I2 - 5.97


I2 = 1329.6 A, Ii = 1310.4 A, AI = 19.2 A and Ia = 1320 A
For k = 0.9
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I2 = 0.956 Ii + 79.2, Ii = 0.995 I2 - 2.99


I2 = 1565.4 A, Ii = 1554.6 A, Al = 10.8 A and Ia = 1560 A
Problem 5-7

Vs = 600 V, R = 0.25 Q, L = 20 mH, E = 150 V, k = 0.1 to 0.9 and f = 250


Hz
The maximum ripple occurs at k = 0.5.
From Eq. (5-21), Almax = (600/0.25) tanh [0.25/(4 x 250 x 0.02)] =

29.9985 A.
From Eq. (5-22), Almax = [600/(4 x 250 x 0.02)] = 30 A
Problem 5-8

Vs = 10 V, f = 1 kHz, R = 10 Q, L = 6.5 mH, E = 5 V and k = 0.5.


V = 10

R:=10

L:=6.5-10~ 3

E:=5

k:=0.5

T := f

/-

f := 1000
T-R
L

z=1.54

From Eq. (5-35), we get


V s -k-z
'

e -0-k)-z

i_e-(1-k)'z4

VS-E
R

I] = 1.16 A

From Eq. (5-36), we get

12 :~

".

-d-k)-z +

C-

12 = 1-93

AI = 0.77

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Problem 5-9

Vs = 15 V, AVC = 10 mV, AI = 0.5 A, f = 20 kHz, Va = 5 V and Ia = 0.5 A


(a) From Eq. (5-48), Va = k Vs and k = Va/Vs = 5/15 = 0.3333
(b) From Eq. (5-52), L = 5 (15 - 5)/(0.5 x 20000 x 15) = 333.3
(c) From Eq. (5-53), C = 0.5/(8 x 10 x 10'3 x 20000) = 312.5 n
(d)

V,

'a

From Eq. (5-56)

From Eq. (5-89)

R = 10

Lc(k) := i
^

c,(k)
:=
c

I^OJMHO4 = 166.75

l-^-

16-Lc(0.333).f2

Cr(0.333).106 = 0.

Problem 5-10

Vs = 6 V, Va = 15 V, Ia = 0.5 A, f = 20 kHz, L = 250 ^H, and C = 440


(a) From Eq. (5-62) 15 = 6/(l - k) or k = 3/5 = 0.6 = 60 %
(b) From Eq. (5-67), AI = 6 x (15 - 6)/(20000 x 250 x 10'6 x 15)

= 0.72 A
(c) From Eq. (5-65), Is = 0.5/(1 - 0.6) = 1.25 A
Peak inductor current, I2 = Is + Al/2 = 1.25 + 0.72/2 = 1.61 A
(d) From Eq. (5-71), AVC = 0.5 x 0.6/(20000 x 440 x 10'6) = 34.1 mV

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R :=
"a

R = 30

From Eq. (5-72)

Lc(k) :=

From Eq. (5-73)

Cr(k) :=

Lr (0.6) -10 = 180

2-f

jiH

C_(0.6)-10 = 0.5

2-f-R

Problem 5-11

Vs = 12 V, k = 0.6, Ia = 1.5 A, f = 25 kHz, L = 250 jiH, and C = 220 ^F

(a) From Eq. (5-78), Va = - 12 x 0.6/(1 - 0.6) = - 18 V


(b) From Eq. (5-87), the peak-to-peak output ripple voltage is
AVC = 1.5 x 0.6/(25000 x 220 x 10'6) = 163.64 mV
(c) From Eq. (5-84), the peak-to-peak inductor ripple voltage is
AI = 12 x 0.6/(25000 x 250 x 10"6) = 1.152 A
(d) From Eq. (5-81), Is = 1.5 x 0.6/(1 - 0.6) = 2.25 A
Since Is is the average of duration kT, the peak to peak current of transistor,
IP = Is/k + AI/2 = 2.25/0.6 + 1.152/2 = 4.326 A
(e)

-V.
R:=

R=

From Eq. (5From Eq. (5-89)

Lc(0.6)-10 =

2-f

c,(k) :=

C,(0.6)-10 = i

2-f-R

(iF

Problem 5-12

Vs = 15 V, k = 0.4, Ia = 1.25 A, f = 25 kHz,


350 nH and C2 = 220 ^F
48

= 250

= 400 fiF, L2 =

(a) From Eq. (5-100), Va = - 0.4 x 15/(1 - 0.4) = - 10 V


(b) From Eq. (5-103), Is = 1.25 x 0.4/(1 - 0.4) = 0.83 A
(c) From Eq. (5-106), All =15 x 0.4/(25000 x 250 x 10'6) = 0.96 A
(d) From Eq. (5-112), AVci = 0.83 (1 - 0.4)/(25000 x 400 x 10'6) = 50 mV
(e) From Eq. (5-109), AI2 = 0.4 x 15/(25000 x 350 x 10'6) = 0.69 A
(f) From Eq. (5-113), AVc2 = 0.69/(8 x 25000 x 220 x 10'6) = 15.58 mV
(g) From Eq. (5-120), AIL2 = 1.25/(1.0- 2 X 0.4) = 6.25 A

IP = Is + Ii/2 + IL2 + Al2/2 = 0.83 + 0.96/2 + 6.25 + 0.69/2 = 7.91 A


Problem 5-13
Vs = 15 V, k = 0.4, Ia = 1.25 A, f = 25 kHz, LI = 250 ^H, Ci = 400 ^F, L2 =
350 i^H and C2 = 220 jaF
V b = 15

k := 0.4

,3

f:=25-10

I a_ : = 1.25

From Eq. (5-115)

Lcl(k) :=

From Eq. (5-116)

Lc2(k) := (1

= 4.32

k)'R

L c2 (0.4)-1000-0.14
From Eq. (5-117)

Cr1(k):=

C cl (0.5)-10 = 0.83

2-f-R

From Eq. (5-118)

Cc2(k) :=

cc2(0.5).106 = 0.42

Problem 5-14

Vs = 110 V, Va = 80 V, Ia = 20 A
49

mH

jiF

AVC = 0.05 x Va = 0.05 x 80 = 4 V


R = Vg/Ia = 80/20 = 4 Q

From Eq. (5-48), k = Va/Vs = 80/110 = 0.7273


From Eq. (5-49) Is = k Ia = 0.7273 x 20 = 14.55 A
AIL = 0.025 x Ia = 0.025 x 20 = 0.5 A

AI = 0.1 x l a = 0.1 x20 = 2 A


(a) From Eq. (5-51), we get the value of U
L

fVs

2x\OkHz x l l O

From Eq. (5-128), we get the value of Ce

C=

A/

= 6.25

Assuming a linear rise of load current iL during the time from t = 0 to ti = k


T, Eq. (5-129) gives the approximate value of L as
AILf

0.7273x4
Q.5xlQkHz

Problem 5-15
PSpice simulation
Problem 5-16
k = 0.4, R = 150 Q, rL = 1 Q and rc = 0.2 Q.

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k := 0.5
(a)

R := 150

rL := 1

rc := 0.2

Buck

G(k) :=

k-R
G(0.5) = 0.5

R + rL

(b)Boost
G(k) :=

(1-k) -R
1-k

VR
-R+rL+k-(l-k)rc+R

G(0.5) = 1.95

(c)Buck-Boost
G(k) :=

-k
1-k

0-kr-R
R + r L + k - ( l -k)-

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G(0.5) = -0.97

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