Ritchies Fabulae Faciles

PERSEUS
Acrisius, an ancient king of Argos, had been warned

by an oracle that he would perish by the hand of his
grandson. On discovering, therefore, that his daughter
Danae had given birth to a son, Acrisius endeavored to
escape his fate by setting both mother and child adrift
on the sea. They were saved, however, by the help of
Jupiter; and Perseus, the child, grew up at the court of
Polydectes, king of Seriphos, an island in the Aegean
Sea. When he reached manhood, Perseus was sent by
Polydectes to fetch the head of Medusa, one of the
Gorgons. This dangerous task he accomplished with the
help of Apollo and Minerva, and on his way home he
rescued Andromeda, and lived some time in the country
of Cepheus. At length he returned to Seriphos, and
turned Polydectes to stone by showing him the
Gorgons head. He then went to the court of Acrisius,
who fled in terror at the news of his grandsons return.
The oracle was duly fulfilled; for Acrisius was
accidentally killed by a discus thrown by Perseus.

1. THE ARK
Haec pots d Perse nrrantur. Perseus flius erat Iovis, maxim derum; avus eius
Acrisius appellbtur. Acrisius volbat Perseum neptem suum necre; nam propter rculum
puerum timbat. Perseum etiam tum nfantem comprehendit, et cum mtre in arc ligne
inclsit. Tum arcam ipsam in mare conicit. Dana, Perse mter, magnopere territa est;
tempests enim magna mare turbbat. Perseus autem in sin mtris dormibat.

/ab prep. with abl., by, (away) from.
Acrisius, -, m., Acrisius.
appell, appellre, appellv, appelltus,
name, call.
arca, arcae, f. chest, box, arc.
autem, conj., moreover; but, however; now.
avus, av, m., grandfather.
comprehend, comprehendere, -prehend, -
prehnsum, seize; catch.
conici, conicere, conic, coniectum, throw,
cast, hurl.
cum, prep. with abl., with.
Dana, Danas, acc., Danan, f., Danae.
d prep. with abl., down from, from, out of;
about.
deus, de, m., god.
dormi, dormre, dormv, dormtum sleep.
enim, conj., for, in fact, indeed.
et, conj., and; et ... et, both ... and.
etiam [et + iam], adv., and now, also, too, even.
flius, fli, m. son.
hic, haec, hoc dem. pron., this; he, she, it, they.
in, prep. with abl., in, on, among; with acc., into,
onto, against, at.
incldo, includere, incls, inclsum, shut up
in, inclose, imprison.
nfns, nfantis [in + partic. of for, speak], m.
and f., infant, babe.
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron., -self,
(himself); very.
is, ea, id, dem. pron., this, that; he, she, it, they.
Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter or Jove.
ligneus, lignea, ligneum [ligna], of wood,
wooden.
magnopere, adv., greatly, very much,
exceedingly.
magnus, magna, magnum, large, big, great,
mighty; loud.
mare, maris, n., sea.
mter, mtris, f. mother.
maximus, maxima, maximum, biggest, largest,
greatest.
nam, conj.,for.
nrr, nrrre, nrrv, nrrtus, tell, relate,
narrate.
nec, necre, necv, nectus, put to death, slay,
kill.
neps, neptis, m. grandson.
rculum, rcul [r], n., oracle.
Perseus, Perse, m. Perseus.
pota, potae, m., poet.
propter, prep. with acc., on account of, because
of, for.
puer, puer, m., boy.
sinus, sins, m., bosom, lap.
sum, esse, fu, futrus, be.
suus, sua, suum [su], his, her, its or their own.
tempests, tempesttis, f., weather, storm,
tempest.
terre, terrre, terru, territum, frighten,
terrify.
time, timre, timu, fear.
tum, adv., then, at that time; etiam tum, even
then, still.
turb, turbre, turbv confuse, throw into
disorder, disturb, trouble.
vol, velle, volu, want, be willing, wish.

pots, ablative of agent A&G 405 with the passive voice verb.
d Perse, use of prepositions A&G 221,10, b.
Perseus flius erat, copulative use of sum A&G 272.
avus eius Acrisius appellbtur, A&G 284 and 393, a.
volbat . . . necre, complementary infinitive A&G 457 and 563,b.
rculum. It was believed in antiquity that the will of the gods and the
course of future events might be learned at certain shrines.
Both the prophecy and the shrine were called rculum.
etiam tum infantem literally even then an infant, could be rendered
by a relative clause, who was at that time an infant.
predicate accusative A&G 392-393.
cum mtre, ablative of accompaniment A&G 413.
in arc ligne, ablative of place where A&G 426,3.
inclsit. Perseum is the direct object of this verb, as well as of com-
prehendit, but in English we must insert the object "him."
Dana. Many proper nouns in this book are Greek, and have forms not
given in the regular Latin declensions. It will not be necessary
to learn the inflection of these words.
enim cannot stand first in a clause or sentence. It is usually in the second
place. postpositive conjunction A&G 324, j.
turbbat is in the past (imperfect) tense, to describe what was going on
at the past time indicated by territa est.
autem has the same peculiarity of position as enim. A&G 324, j.
in sin, ablative of place where A&G 429, 3.

1st & 2nd Declension Nouns
arca, arcae, f.
N. arca
G. arcae
D. arcae
A. arcam
A. arc

N. arcae
G. arcrum
D. arcs
A. arcs
A. arcs

pota, potae, m.
N. pota
G. potae
D. potae
A. potam
A. pot

N. potae
G. potrum
D. pots
A. pots
A. pots

deus, de, m.
N. avus
G. av
D. av
A. avum
A. av

N. av
G. avrum
D. avs
A. avs
A. avs

puer, puer, m.
N. puer
G. puer
D. puer
A. puerum
A. puer

N. puer
G. puerrum
D. puers
A. puers
A. puers

ager, agr, m.
N. ager
G. agr
D. agr
A. agrum
A. agr

N. agr
G. agrrum
D. agrs
A. agrs
A. agrs

rculum, rcul, n.
N. rculum
G. rcul
D. rcul
A. rculum
A. rcul

N. rcula
G. rculrum
D. rculs
A. rcula
A. rculs

2. JUPITER SAVES HIS SON
Iuppiter tamen haec omnia vdit, et flium suum servre cnstituit. Itaque tranquillum
mare fcit, et arcam ad nsulam Serphum perdxit. Huius nsulae Polydects tum rx erat.
Postquam arca ad ltus appulsa est, Dana in harn quitem capibat. Brev tempore
pisctre qudam reperta est, et ad domum rgis Polydectis adducta est. Ille mtrem et puerum
benign excpit, et is sdem ttam in fnibus sus dedit. Dana hoc dnum libenter accpit, et
pr tant benefici rg grtis git.
accipi, accipere, accp, acceptum, receive,
accept.
ad, prep. with acc., to, toward, at near, for.
addc, addcere, addx, adductum, lead to,
bring, take; influence.
ag, agere g, actum, drive; do; pass; lead;
grtis agere to give thanks.
appell, appellere, appul, appulsum, drive to,
bring to.
arca, arcae, f. chest, box, arc.
beneficium, benefici, n., well-doing, kindness,
service, benefit.
benign, adv., kindly.
brevis, breve, short.
capi, capere, cp, captum, take, catch, seize.
cnstitu, cnstituere, cnstitu, cnstittum,
decide, determine.
d, dare, ded, datum, give; put.
domus, doms, f., house, home.
dnum, dn, n., gift.
excipi, excipere, excp, exceptum, take out or
up, receive, welcome.
faci, facere, fc, factum, make, do.
flius, fli, m., son.
fnis, fnis, m. end, boundary; pl., borders,
territory.
gratia, gratiae, f., favor, gratitude, thanks; pl.,
thanks; with agere to give thanks.
harna, harnae, f., sand; shore.
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron., that; he, she, it, they.
onto, against, at.
nsula, nsulae, f., island.
itaque, conj., and so, accordingly, therefore.
Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter.
libenter, adv., willingly, gladly.
ltus, ltoris, n., shore.
omnis, omne, all, every.
perdc, perdcere, perdx, perductum, lead
or bring (through).
pisctor, pisctris, m., fisherman.
Polydects, Polydectis, m., Polydectes.
postquam, conj., after, when; later than.
pr, prep. with abl., before, in front of; for, on
behalf of.
puer, puer, m. boy.
qudam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron., (a)
certain.
quis, quitis, f., rest, repose.
reperi, reperre, repper, repertum, find,
discover.
rx, rgis, m., king.
sds, sdis, f., seat, abode.
Serphus, Serph, m., Seriphos.
serv, servre, servv, servtum, save,
preserve.
tamen, conj., however, yet, nevertheless.
tantus, tanta, tantum, so great or much.
tempus, temporis, n., time, season.
tranquillus, tranquilla, tranquillum, calm.
then, still.
ttus, tta, ttum, safe.
vide, vidre, vd, vsum, see; pass., seem.

tamen like enim is a postpositive conjunction A&G 324, j.
servre cnstituit, complementary infinitive A&G 457.
ad nsulam, accusative of place to which A&G 426, 2.
Serphum is in apposition (A&G 282) to nsulam, but we say in
English "the island of Seriphos."
Polydects tum rx erat copulative use of sum A&G 272.
ad ltus, accusative of place to which A&G 426, 2.
appulsa est. The perfect indicative is regularly used with postquam, but
it is often best translated by the English past (plu-) perfect.
in harn, ablative of place where A&G 426,3.
Brev tempore, ablative of time when, A&G 399 and 423, 1.
pisctre, ablative of agent A&G 405.
ad domum, accusative of place to which A&G 427, 2.
Ille is often used when the new subject is a person or thing mentioned
in the preceding sentence. In this use it is to be translated
by an emphasized personal pronoun ( in this case, "he").
is, dative of the indirect object. A&G 361-362.
in fnibus sus, ablative of place where A&G 426, 3.
pr tant benefici, A&G 379, N. benefici is derived from bene +
faci. The meaning of a word may often be seen most clearly
and remembered most surely by noticing its derivation.
rg, dative of the indirect object. A&G 361-362.
rg grtis git, literally she gave thanks to the king; idiomatically
she thanked the king. ag has a whole range of idiomatic
meanings, like (excluding the ones in the glossary)give,
pass, go, behave," "live.

3rd declension Nouns (masculine and feminine consonant and -i stems; neuter consonant and -i stem)
pavor, pavoris, m.
N. pavor
G. pavoris
D. pavor
A. pavorem
A. pavore

N. pavors
G. pavorum
D. pavoribus
A. pavors
A. pavoribus

virg, virginis, f.
N. virg
G. virginis
D. virgin
A. virginem
A. virgine

N. virgins
G. virginum
D. virginibus
A. virgins
A. virginibus

fnis, fnis, m.
N. fnis
G. fnis
D. fn
A. fnem
A. fne

N. fns
G. fnium
D. fnibus
A. fns
A. fnibus

urbs, urbis, f.
N. urbs
G. urbis
D. urb
A. urbem
A. urbe

N. urbs
G. urbium
D. urbibus
A. urbs
A. urbibus

ltus, ltoris, n.
N. ltus
G. ltoris
D. ltor
A. ltus
A. ltore

N. ltora
G. ltorum
D. ltoribus
A. ltora
A. ltoribus

mare, maris, n.
N. mare
G. maris
D. mar
A. mare
A. mar

N. maria
G. marium
D. maribus
A. maria
A. maribus

3. PERSEUS IS SENT ON HIS TRAVELS
Perseus igitur mults anns ibi habitbat, et cum mtre su vtam betam agbat. At
Polydects Danan magnopere ambat, atque eam in mtrimnium dcere volbat. Hoc tamen
cnsilium Perse minim grtum erat. Itaque Polydects Perseum dmittere cnstituit. Tum
iuvenem ad s vocvit et haec dxit: Turpe est hanc ignvam vtam agere; iam di t
adulscns es. Qu sque hc manbis? Tempus est arma capere et virttem praestre. Hinc ab,
et caput Medsae ad m refer.
abe, abre, abi, abitum, go away, depart.
ad, prep. with acc., to, toward, at, near, for.
adulscns, adulscentis, m., youth, young man.
ag, agere, g, ctum, drive; do; pass; lead.
am, amre, amv, amtum, love, (fall in)
love.
annus, ann, m., year.
arma, armrum, n. pl., arms, weapons.
at, conj., but.
atque, conj., and.
betus, beta, betum, happy, blessed.
caput, capitis, n., head.
cnsilium, cnsili, n., advice; plan, design,
purpose.
decide, determine.
dc, dcere, dx, dictus, say, speak; diem ~, to
appoint or set a day.
dmitt, dmittere, dms, dmissum, send
away, dismiss.
di, adv., for a long time, a long time or while.
dc, dcere, dx, ductum, lead, draw, bring..
ego, me, mihi, m, m, 1st sg. pers. pron., I, me.
grtus, grta, grtum, pleasing, grateful.
habit (1) habitv, habittum, dwell, live.
hc, adv., here, hereupon.
hinc, adv., from this place, hence.
iam, adv., already, now.
ibi, adv., in that place, there.
igitur, conj., therefore.
ignvus, ignva, ignvum, lazy, cowardly.
onto, against, at.
iuvenis, iuvenis, m., young man, youth.
magnopere, adv., greatly, exceedinly.
mane, manre, mans, mansrum, remain.
mtrimnium, mtrimnii, n., marriage, in ~
dcere, marry.
Medsa, Medsae, f., Medusa.
minim, superl. adv., least, very little; by no
means, not at all.
multus, multa, multum, much, great; pl., many.
praest, praestre praestet, praestatum,
surpass, excel; show.
qu, adv., to what or which place? whither?
refero, referre, rettul, reltum, bring or carry
back.
--, su, sibi, s, s reflexive pronoun him-, her-, it,
themselves.
t, tu, tibi, t, t, 2nd person singular personal
pronoun, you.
then, still.
turpis, turpe, disgraceful.
sque, adv., all the way; with quo, how long?
virts, virttis, f., manliness, courage, bravery.
vta, vtae, f., life; with ag, to lead a life.
voc, vocre, vocv, voctum, call, summon.
igitur, like enim and autem, postpositive conjunction A&G 324, j.
mults anns. Compare brevi tempore in Chapter 2. The accusative
is used to express duration of time, the ablative to express the
time at or within which a thing is done. The accusative tells
how long A&G 423, 2.; the ablative tells when.
cum mtre su, ablative of accompaniment A&G 413.
vtam betam agbat, here ag means to lead. This idiomatic
phrase means was leading a happy life.
in mtrimnium dcere, an idiomatic phrase meaning to marry.
dcere volbat, complementary infinitive A&G 457 and 563,b.
tamen, postpositive conjunction A&G 324, j.
Perse, dative with adjectives A&G 383-384 and footnote.
cnsilium . . . grtum erat, copulative use of sum A&G 272.
dmittere cnstituit complementary infinitive A&G 457.
Turpe est, copulative use of sum with the infinitive agere as subject
and turpe as predicate complement. A&G 272 and A&G
452, 1.
es, "have been." With iam diu and similar expressions of time, the Latin
present indicative may be rendered by the English perfect.
hc. The quantity of the i shows that this is not the pronoun.
Tempus est, copulative use of sum with the infinitives capere and
praestre as subject and tempus as predicate noun. A&G
272 and A&G 452, 1.
Hinc, with hc, and hc, represent the adverbs formed from the demon-
strative pronoun / adjective hic, haec, hoc. Hinc means from
here, or from this point or place; hence. Hchere or
in this place. And hc to this place or to here.
ab, singular present imperative, go away. A&G 203ff.
refer. Dc, dc, faci, and fer have the imperative forms dc,
dc, fac, and fer, from which the final e has been dropped.

4th & 5th Declension Nouns
gradus, grads, m.
N. gradus
G. grads
D. gradu
A. gradum
A. grad

N. grads
G. graduum
D. gradibus
A. grads
A. gradibus

manus, mans, f
N. manus
G. mans
D. manu
A. manum
A. man

N. mans
G. manuum
D. manibus
A. mans
A. manibus

corn, corns, n.
N. corn
G. corns
D. cornu/corn
A. corn
A. corn

N. cornua
G. cornuum
D. cornibus
A. cornua
A. cornibus

dis, di, m.
N. dis
G. di
D. di
A. diem
A. di

N. dis
G. dirum
D. dibus
A. dis
A. dibus

rs, re, f.
N. rs
G. re
D. re
A. rem
A. r

N. rs
G. rrum
D. rbus
A. rs
A. rbus

specis, speci, f.
N. specis
G. speci
D. speci
A. speciem
A. speci

N. specis
G. specirum
D. specibus
A. specis
A. specibus

4. PERSEUS GETS HIS OUTFIT
Perseus ubi haec audvit, ex nsul discessit; et postquam ad continentem vnit, Medsam
quaesvit. Di frstr quaerbat; namque ntram loc ignrbat. Tandem Apoll et Minerva
viam dmonstrvrunt. Prmum ad Graes, sorrs Medsae, pervnit. Ab hs tlria et galeam
magicam accpit. Apoll autem et Minerva e falcem et speculum dedrunt. Tum, postquam
tlria pedibus induit, in era ascendit. Di per era volvit; tandem tamen ad eum locum vnit
ubi Medsa cum cters Gorgonibus habitbat. Gorgons autem mnstra erant speci horribil;
capita enim erum anguibus omnn contcta erant. Mans etiam ex aere factae erant.

/ab prep. with abl., by; (away) from.
accept; hear.
r, eris, n., air.
aes, aeris, m., copper, bronze.
anguis, anguis, m. and f., serpent, snake.
Apoll, Apollinis, m., Apollo.
ascend, ascendere, ascend, ascensum, climb
to, ascend,mount.
audi, audre, audv, audtum, hear, listen or
attend to.
cter, cterae, cterae, pl. adj., the remaining,
the rest.
conteg, contegere, contx, contctus, cover.
continns, continentis, f., mainland, continent.
dmonstr, dmonstrre, dmonstrv, point
out, show; make known.
discdo, discdere, discessi, go apart, withdraw,
depart.
/ex, prep. with abl., out of, from; of.
etiam [et + iam], adv., and now, also, too, even;
falx, falcis, f., sickle; curved sword, falchion.
frstr, adv., in vain.
galea, galeae, f., helmet.
Gorgn, Gorgonis, f., Gorgon.
Graeae, Graerum, f. pl., the Graeae.
habit, habitre, habitv, habittum, dwell,
live.
horribilis, horribile, dreadful, terrible, horrible.
ignor, ignorre, ignorv, ignortum be
ignorant of, not know.
onto, against, at.
indu, induere, indu, indtum, put on, clothe.
locus, loc, m., (pl. loca, locrum, n.), place,
situation.
magicus, magica, magicum, magic, of magic.
manus, mans, f., hand.
Minerva, Minervae, f., Minerva.
mnstrum, mnstri, n., wonder, monster.
namque, conj., for.
ntra, ntrae, f., nature, character.
omnn, adv., altogether, wholly, entirely, at all.
per, prep. with acc., through, by means of,
throughout.
perveni, pervenre, pervn, perventum,
arrive, reach, come to.
ps, pedis, m., foot.
prmum, adv., first, in the first place.
quaer, quaerere, quasv, quaestum, seek;
ask, inquire, look for.
soror, sorris, f., sister.
specis, speci, f., sight, appearance, shape.
speculum, speculi, n., mirror, looking glass.
sum, esse, fu, futrum, be.
tlria, tlrium, n. pl., winged sandals, winged
shoes.
tandem, adv., at length or at last, finally.
teg, tegere, tx, tectum, cover.
then, still.
ubi, adv., where; conj., when.
veni, venire, vn, ventum, come.
via, viae, f., road, street, way.
vol, volre, volv, voltum, fly.

Perseus ubi, "when Perseus." If a Latin sentence begins with a
subordinate clause whose subject is also the subject of the
principal clause, this word is usually put first.
ex nsul, ablative of place from which A&G426, 1.
ad continentem, accusative of place to which A&G 426, 2.
vnit. Is this present or perfect? How do you know?
Graes. Three old women, who had one eye and one tooth in common
and took turns in using these. The story is that Perseus seized
the eye and the tooth, and so compelled the Graeae to tell him
how to obtain help for his enterprise.
sorrs, in apposition to Graes. A&G 282.
galeam, this rendered its wearer invisible, hence magicam.
pedibus, dative of the indirect object, "on his feet." There is nothing
corresponding to "his" in Latin. Where no ambiguity will
result, the possessive adjectives may be omitted. A&G 361.
era. Greek accusative singular, it has three syllables. A&G 81, 2.
cum cters Gorgonibus, ablative of accompaniment A&G 413.
speci horribil. "of dreadful appearance," descriptive ablative
(ablative of quality). A&G 415.
anguibus, ablative of material? description? means? A&G 403;-15; -09
contecta is here used as a predicate adjective, and not to form the past
perfect (pluperfect) passive with erant. Translate were
covered not had been covered.
ex aere, ablative of material A&G 403. Compare r, eris, n.
1st & 2nd Declension Adjectives (-us, -a, -um; -er, -a, -um; -er, -ra, -rum)
betus, beta, beatum miser, misera, miserum sacer, sacra, sacrum
M sg.
N. betus
G. beat
D. bet
A. betum
A. bet
M pl.
N. bet
G. betrum
D. bets
A. bets
A. bets
F
N. beta
G. betae
D. betae
A. betam
A. bet
F
N. betae
G. betrum
D. bets
A. bets
A. bets
N
N. betum
G. bet
D. bet
A. betum
A. bet
N
N. beta
G. betrum
D. bets
A. beta
A. bets
M sg.
N. miser
G. miser
D. miser
A. miserum
A. miser
M pl.
N. miser
G. miserrum
D. misers
A. misers
A. misers
F
N. misera
G. miserae
D. miserae
A. miseram
A. miser
F
N. miserae
G. miserrum
D. misers
A. misers
A. misers
N
N. miserum
G. miser
D. miser
A. miserum
A. miser
N
N. misera
G. miserrum
D. misers
A. misera
A. misers
M sg.
N. sacer
G. sacr
D. sacr
A. sacrum
A. sacr
M pl.
N. sacr
G. sacrrum
D. sacrs
A. sacrs
A. sacrs
F
N. sacra
G. sacrae
D. sacrae
A. sacram
A. sacr
F
N. sacrae
G. sacrrum
D. sacrs
A. sacrs
A. sacrs
N
N. sacrum
G. sacr
D. sacr
A. sacrum
A. sacr
N
N. sacra
G. sacrrum
D. sacrs
A. sacra
A. sacrs

5. THE GORGONS HEAD
Rs difficillima erat caput Gorgonis abscdere; eius enim cnspect homins in saxum
vertbantur. Propter hanc causam Minerva speculum Perse dederat. Ille igitur tergum vertit et
in speculum nspicibat; hc mod ad locum vnit ubi Medsa dormibat. Tum falce su caput
eius n ict abscdit. Cterae Gorgons statim somn excittae sunt; et ubi rem vdrunt, r
commtae sunt. Arma cprunt; nam Perseum occdere volbant. Ille autem dum fugit, galeam
magicam induit; et ubi hoc fcit, statim cnspect erum vsit.

abscd, abscdere, abscd, abscsum, cut
away or off.
causa, causae, f., cause, reason.
cter, cterae, cterae, pl. adj., the remaining,
the rest.
commove, commovre, commv,
commtum, move, rouse, disturb.
cnspectus, cnspects, m., sight, view.
difficilis, difficile, difficult; (superl.
difficillimus).
dormi, dormre, dormv, dormtum, sleep.
dum, conj., while, as; as long as; until.
evd, evdere vs, vsum, go forth, get
away, escape.
excit, excitre, excitv, excittum, call out,
rouse, arouse; wake up.
falx, falcis, f., sickle; curved sword, falchion.
fugi, fugere, fg, fugitrus, flee, run away.
Gorgn, Gorgonis, f., Gorgon.
hom, hominis, m. and f., man, human being.
ictus, icts, m., blow, strike, hit.
onto, against, at.
inspici, inspicere, inspex, inspectum, look
into or upon.
ra, rae, f., anger, wrath.
locus, loc, m., plur. loca, locrum, n., place,
situation.
magicus, magica, magicum, magic, of magic.
modus, mod, m., way, manner.
nam, conj.,for.
occd, ocidere, occd, occsum, cut down, kill.
of, for.
rs, r, f., thing, matter, affair, circumstance,
situation.
saxum, sax, n., rock, stone.
somnus, somn, sleep, drowsiness.
speculum, speculi, n., mirror, looking glass.
statim, adv., immediately, on the spot, at once.
tergum, terg, n., back.
then, still.
nus, na, num, one; only one, only, alone.
vert, vertere, vert, versum, turn.
video, vidre, vd, vsum, see; pass., seem.

Rs difficillima erat, copulative use of sum with abscdere as subject.
A&G 272; see also 283-284.
cnspect, ablative of cause A&G 404. Why not means? A&G 409.
vertbantur, the past (imperfect) tense here represents the action as
habitual, one of its regular uses. A&G 470-471.
propter, A&G 221, 20.
Perse, dative of the indirect object A&G 361-362.
in speculum nspicibat. Here the past (imperfect) represents the action
as repeated, another of its regular uses ("kept looking).
Although in is the prefix of the verb, the construction requires
that it be used with speculum also.
hc mod, in this way, ablative of manner A&G 412, b.
vnit, dormibat. The perfect states the past action as a fact; the
imperfect describes the situation at the time of that action.
falce su, ablative of means (or instrument) A&G 409.
su, eius. Distinguish carefully between these words. The former is
used of that which belongs to the subject, the latter of that
which belongs to some other person or thing just mentioned.
n ict, ablative of manner A&G 412.
somn, ablative of separation A&G 400-401.
r, ablative of specification A&G 418.
occdere volbat, complementary infinitive A&G 457 and 563,b.
fugit. The present indicative is used with dum, while, as, even
when a past action is represented.
fcit. The perfect indicative is regularly used with ubi, when, as
with postquam, where English often would use the past
perfect (pluperfect).
cnspect, ablative of separation A&G 400-401.

Irregular 1st & 2nd Declension Adjectives (declined in the plural like betus, beta, betum; compare demonstrative pronouns / adjectives below)
slus, sla, slum uter, utra, utrum
M F N M F N
N. slus N. sla N. slum N. uter N. utra N. utrum
G. slus G. slus G. slus G. utrus G. utrus G. utrus
D. sl D. sl D. sl D. utr D. utr D. utr
A. sum A. slam A. slum A. utrum A. utram A. utrum
A. sl A. sl A. sl A. utr A. utr A. utr

alter, altera, alterum alius, alia, aliud
N. alter A. altera N. alterum N. alius N. alia N. aliud
G. alterus G. alterus G. alterus G. alterus / alus G. alterus / alus G. alterus / alus
D. alter D. alter D. alter D. ali D. ali D. ali
A. alterum A. alteram A. alterum A. alium A. aliam A. aliud
A. alter A. alter A. alter A. ali A. ali A. ali

6. THE SEA-SERPENT
Poste Perseus in fns Aethiopum vnit. Ibi Cpheus qudam ill tempore rgnbat. Hic
Neptnum, maris deum, quondam offenderat. Neptnus autem ad illum mnstrum saevissimum
mserat. Hoc cotdie mar venibat et homins dvorbat. Ob hanc causam pavor anims
omnium occupverat. Itaque Cpheus rculum de Hammnis cnsuluit, atque de iussus est
fliam mnstr trdere. Eius autem flia, nmine Andromeda, virg frmsissima erat. Cpheus
ubi haec audvit, magnum dolrem cpit. Volbat tamen cvs sus tant percul extrahere,
atque ob eam causam iussa Hammnis facere cnstituit.

Aethiops, -ium, m. pl., Ethiopians.
Andromeda, -ae, f., Andromeda.
animus, anim, m., mind, ; heart; spirit,
courage.
atque, conj., and.
audio, audre, audv, audtum, hear, listen to.
causa, causae, f., cause, reason; abl., for the
sake of.
Cpheus, Cphei, m., Cepheus.
cvis, cvis, m. and f., citizen, fellow-citizen,
subject.
decide, determine.
cnsul, cnsulere, cnsulu, cnsultum,
consult.
cotdi, adv., daily, every day.
deus, de, m., god.
dvor, dvorre, dvorv, dvortum
swallow down, swallow, devour.
dolor, dolris, m., pain, grief; grievance.
extrah, extrahere, extrx, extractum, release,
rescue; free.
filia, fliae, f., daughter.
fnis, fnis, m. end, boundary; pl., borders,
territory.
frmsus, -a, -um, beautiful; superlative
frmsissimus, -a, -um.
Hammon, Hammnis, m., Ammon.
ibi, adv., in that place, there.
iube, iubre, iuss, iussum, bid, order,
command.
iussum, iuss, n., order, command.
magnus, magna, magnum, large, big, great,
mighty; loud.
mitt, mittere, ms, missum, send.
Neptunus, Neptun, m., Neptune (the sea-god).
nmen, nminis, n., name.
ob, prep. with acc., on account of, for; against.
occup, (1) occupv, occuptum seize; fill.
offend, offendere, offend, offnsum, offend.
omnis, omne, all every.
rculum, rcul, n., oracle.
pavor, pavris, m., terror, panic.
perculum, percul, n., danger, peril, risk.
poste, adv., after this, afterwards.
qudam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron., (a)
certain.
quondam, adv., once upon a time, formerly,
once.
saevus, saeva, saevum, fierce, savage; superl.
saevissimus, -a, -um.
tantus, tanta, tantum, such great, so great or
much.
trd, tradere, trdid, trditum, give across,
over; hand over.
virg, virginis, f., maiden.

in fines, accusative of place to which A&G 426, 2.
ill tempore, ablative of time when A&G 423, 1.
rgnbat. Observe the force of the tense, "was ruling," and try to find
the reason for each change of tense in this section.
Hic, the demonstrative pronoun used when the subject is the same as
before. Ille is used when there is a change of subject.
saevissimum, most fierce or very fierce, not fiercest. The super-
lative is often used to denote merely a very high degree.
mar, ablative of place from which A&G426, 1.
Ob hanc causam, compare propter hanc causam in Chapter 5. A&G
221, 15.
omnium, of all men or of all. The masculine plural of an adjective is
often used as a substantive (that is, as a noun), and may then
be translated with the word "man" or "men". Notice, however,
that the second rendering "of all" shows the same usage in
English. partitive genitive A&G 346.
Hammnis, an Egyptian god, often represented with the horns of a ram.
In apposition to de. A&G 281 and 282.
omnium, partitive genitive A&G 346.
de, ablative of agent A&G 405.
iussus est . . . tradere, A&G 563, a.
mnstr, dative of the indirect object A&G 361-362.
nmine, by name, ablative of respect (specification) A&G 418.
Volbat . . . extrahere, complementary infinitive A&G 457.
tant percul, ablative of separation A&G 400-401.
iussa, this is a noun derived from the fourth principle part of the verb.
Dont confuse it for the verb.
facere, complementary infinitive A&G 457 and A&G 563, d.

3rd Declension Adjectives (two ending; three ending; one ending)
omnis, omne cer, cris, cre ingens, ingentis
M & F N M & F N M & F N
N. omnis N. omne N. cer N. cris N. cre N. ingens N. ingens
G. omnis G. omnis G. cris G. cris G. ingentis G. ingentis
D. omn D. omn D. cr D. cr D. ingent D. ingent
A. omnem A. omne A. crem A. crem A. ingentem A. ingens
A. omn A. omn A. cr A. cr A. ingent A. ingent

N. omns A. omnia N. crs N. cria N. ingents N. ingentia
G. omnium G. omnium G. crium G. crium G. ingentium G. ingentium
D. omnibus D. omnibus D. cribus D. cribus D. ingentibus D. ingentibus
A. omns A. omnia A. crs A. cria A. ingents A. ingentia
A. omnibus A. omnibus A. cribus A. cribus A. ingentibus A. ingentibus
7. A HUMAN SACRIFICE
Tum rx diem certam dxit et omnia parvit. Ubi ea dis vnit, Andromeda ad ltus
dducta est, et in cnspect omnium ad rpem adligta est. Omns ftum eius dplrbant, nec
lacrims tenbant. At subit, dum mnstrum exspectant, Perseus accurrit; et ubi lacrims vdit,
causam dolris quaerit. Ill rem ttam expnunt et puellam dmnstrant. Dum haec geruntur,
fremitus terribilis audtur; simul mnstrum horribil speci procul cnspicitur. Eius cnspectus
timrem maximum omnibus inicit. Mnstrum magn celeritte ad ltus contendit, iamque loc
appropinqubat ubi puella stbat.

accurr, accurrere, accurr, accursum [ad +
curr], run to, come up.
adlig, adligre, adligv, adlgtum bind to,
bind.
Andromeda, Andromedae, f., Andromeda.
appropinqu (1), approach to, approach.
at, conj., but.
audio, audre, audv, audtum, hear, listen or
attend to.
causa, causae, f., cause, reason; abl., for the
sake of.
celerits, celerittis, f., swiftness, quickness,
speed.
certus, certa, certum, determined, fixed,
definite, certain.
cnspici, cnspicere, cnspex, cnspectum,
behold, perceive, see.
contend, contendere, contend, -tentum, exert,
hasten, march, walk.
ddc, ddcere, ddx, dductum, lead
down or away, bring.
dmnstr, dmnstrre, dmnstrv,
dmnstrtus, point out, show; make known.
deplor, (1), lament.
dc, dcere, dx, dictus, say, speak; diem
dcere, to appoint or set a day/date.
dis, di, m. and f., day; date.
expn, expnere, exposui, expositum, put out,
set forth; explain.
exspect, exspectre, exspectv, exspecttum,
look out for, wait for, expect; wait.
ftum, fti, n., destiny, fate.
fremitus, fremits, m., roaring, roar.
ger, gerere, gess, gestum, carry, wear; do.
iamque, adv., and now, and already.
onto, against, at.
inici, inicere, inic, iniectum, throw in;
inspire; cause.
lacrima, lacrimae, f., tear.
situation.
magnus, magna, magnum large, big.
maximus, -a, -um, largest, biggest, greatest;
superl. of magnus-a-um.
nec, neque, conj., and not, nor.
par, (1), make ready, prepare.
procul, adv., at or from a distance, far.
puella, puellae, f., girl, maiden.
quaer, quaerere, quasv, quaestum, look for,
seek; ask, inquire.
situation.
rx, rgis, m., king.
rps, rpis, f., rock, cliff.
simul, adv., at the same time.
st, stre, stet, statum, stand.
subit [subitus, unexpected], adv., unexpectedly,
suddenly.
tene, tenre, tenu, tentus, hold, keep; hold
back, restrain, stop.
terribilis, terribile, terrible, dreadful.
timor, timris, m., fear.
ttus, tta, ttum, all the, the whole or entire.
tum, adv., then, at that time;
video, vidre vd, vsum, see; pass., seem.

certam. Compare quidam in Chapter 6. Certus means "certain" in the
sense of "definite" or "sure"; qudam is used of a person or
thing not fully described. Notice the gender of certam. When
dies denotes an appointed day, it is feminine. A&G 97, a.
certam diem dxit. Literally, he said a certain day; i.e, he fixed
the date, or, set the date.
omnia, "all things," "everything," or "all." The neuter plural of an
adjective is often used as a substantive, and may then be
generally translated with "things." A&G 288. However we
also say just "all" in English
ad ltus, accusative of place to which A&G 426, 2.
ad rpem, accusative of place to which A&G 426, 2.
quaerit. More frequently in Latin than in English. The present tense
is used of a past action, to represent the action vividly, as if it
were going on now. In this use it is called the historical
present. The past tense should generally be used in translating
it. A&G 469.
horribil specie, descriptive ablative (ablative of quality). A&G 415.
omnibus, dative of the indirect object governed by the compound verb
inicit.A&G 370. Translate inspired in all, but the literal
meaning is "threw into all." Not all compound verbs govern
the dative, nor even all verbs compounded with any one
preposition. Compare in speculum nspicibat in Chapter 5.
magn celeritte, ablative of manner A&G 412.
loc, certain verbs implying motion (here appropinq) sometimes
take a dative of the indirect object. A&G 363.

demonstrative pronouns / adjectives
hic, haec, hoc ille, illa, illud
M F N M F N
N. hic N. haec N. hoc N. ille N. illa N. illud
G. huius G. huius G. huius G. illius G. illius G. illius
D. huic D. huic D. huic D. ill D. ill D. ill
A. hunc A. hanc A. hoc A. illum A. illam A. illud
A. hc A. hc A. hc A. ill A. ill A. ill

N. h A. hae N. haec N. ill N. illae N. illa
G. hrum G. hrum G. hrum G. illrum G. illrum G. illrum
D. hs D. hs D. hs D. ills D. ills D. ills
A. hs A. hs A. haec A. ills A. ills A. illa
A. hs A. hs A. hs A. ills A. ills A. ills
8. THE RESCUE
At Perseus ubi haec vdit, gladium suum dxit; et postquam tlria induit, in era
subltus est. Tum dsuper in mnstrum impetum subit fcit, et gladi su collum eius graviter
vulnervit. Mnstrum ubi snsit vulnus, fremitum horribilem didit, et sine mor ttum corpus
in aquam mersit. Perseus dum circum ltus volat, reditum eius exspectbat. Mare autem intere
undique sanguine nficitur. Post blua rrsus caput sustulit; brev tempore tamen Perse ict
gravire vulnerta est. Tum iterum s in unds mersit, neque poste vsa est.

/ ab prep. with abl., by, (away) from.
r, eris, n., air.
aqua, aquae, f., water.
at, conj., but.
blua, bluae, f., beast, monster.
circum, prep. with acc., about, around, round.
collum, colli, n., neck.
corpus, corporis, n., body.
dsuper, adv., down from above.
d, dere, did, ditum, put forth, give out.
dc, dcere, dx, ductum, lead out, draw.
exspect (1), look out for, wait for, wait, expect.
fremitus, fremits, m., roaring, roar.
gladius, gladi, m., sword.
gravis, grave, heavy, serious; compar., gravior.
graviter, adv., severely, seriously.
ictus, icts, m., blow, strike, hit.
impetus, impets, m., attack; impetum facere
make an attack.
nfici, nficere, nfc, nfectum, stain, dye.
intere, adv., in the meantime, meanwhile.
iterum, adv., a second time, again.
merg, merger, mers, mersum, dip, plunge,
sink.
mora, morae, f., delay.
neque or nec [ne-, not + -que], conj., and not,
nor;
post, adv., later; afterwards; prep. w. acc.,
after.
postquam, conj., later than, after, when.
reditus, redits, m., return.
rrsus, adv., again.
sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood.
senti, sentre, sns, snsum, perceive, feel.
sine, prep. with abl., without.
suddenly.
----, su, sibi, s, s, reflex. pron., him-, her-, it-,
themselves.
tlria, tlrium, n. pl., winged sandals.
toll, tollere, sustul, subltum, lift, raise.
then, still.
unda, undae, f., wave.
undique, adv., from or on all sides.
vulner, vulnerre, vulnerv, vulnertum
wound.
vulnus, vulneris, n., wound.

gladi su, ablative of means (or instrument) A&G 409.
dum volat, may be translated flying.
sanguine, ablative of means A&G 409.
Perse, ablative of agent A&G 405.
ict gravire, ablative of means (or instrument)? A&G 409.
in unds, accusative of place to which A&G 426, 2.

personal / demonstrative pronoun / adjective relative pronoun / interrogative adjective
is, ea, id qu, quae, quod
M F N M F N
N. is N. ea N. id N. qu N. quae N. quod
G. eius G. eius G. eius G. cuius G. cuius G. cuius
D. e D. e D. e D. cui D. cui D. cui
A. eum A. eam A. id A. quem A. quam A. quod
A. e A. e A. e A. qu A. qu A. qu

N. e (i) A. eae N. ea N. qu N. quae N. quae
G. erum G. erum G. erum G. qurum G. qurum G. qurum
D. es (is) D. es (is) D. es (is) D. quibus D. quibus D. quibus
A. es A. es A. ea A. qus A. qus A. quae
A. es (is) A. es (is) A. es (is) A. quibus A. quibus A. quibus

More Irregular 1st & 2nd Declension Adjectives (compare the Genitive and Dative singular endings to the pronouns above)
nllus, nlla, nllum ttus, tta, ttum
N. nllus A. nlla N. nllum N. ttus N. tta N. ttum
G. nllus G. nllus G. nullus G. ttus G. ttus G. ttus
D. nll D. nll D. nll D. tt D. tt D. tt
A. nllum A. nllam A. nllum A. ttum A. ttam A. ttum
A. nll A. nll A. nll A. tt A. tt A. tt
9. THE REWARD OF VALOR
Perseus postquam ad ltus dscendit, prmum tlria exuit; tum ad rpem vnit ad quam
Andromeda adligta erat. Ea autem omnem spem saltis dposuerat; et ubi Perseus adiit, terrre
paene exanimta erat. Ille vincula statim solvit, et puellam patr reddidit. Cpheus ob hanc rem
maxim gaudi adfectus est. Perse merits gratis pr tant benefici git; praetere
Andromedam ipsam e in mtrimnium dedit. Ille libenter hoc dnum accpit et puellam dxit.
Paucs anns cum uxre su in e regine habitbat, et in magn honre erat apud omns
Aethiops. Magnopere tamen mtrem suam rrsus vidre cupibat. Tandem cum uxre su
regn Cphe discessit.

accept; hear.
ade, adre, adi, aditum, go to, approach.
adfici, adficere, adfc, adfectum, do to, move,
affect; afflict.
adlig, adligre, adligv, adlgtum bind to,
bind.
Aethiops, Aethiopium, m. pl., Ethiopians.
ag, agere, g, ctum, drive; do; pass; lead.
Andromeda, -ae, f., Andromeda.
apud, prep. with acc., among, with.
benefcium, benefci [bene + faci], n., well-
doing, kindness, service.
Cpheus, Cphei, m., Cepheus.
cupi, cupere, cupv, cupitum, desire, long for,
wish, want.
dpon, dpnere, dposu, dpositum, put
down, deposit; lay down, give up.
dscend, dscendere, dscend, dscnsum,
climb down, descend.
discd, discdere, discess, discessus, go apart,
withdraw, depart.
dnum, dn, n., gift.
dc, dcere, dx, ductum, lead, draw, bring.
/ ex, prep. with abl., out of, from; of.
exanim, exanimre, exanimv, exanimtum,
put out of breath; faint; tire; kill.
exu, exuere, exu, extum, put or take off.
gaudium, gaudi, n., gladness, joy.
gratia, gratiae, f., favor, gratitude, thanks; pl.,
thanks; with agere to give thanks.
habit, habitre, habitv, habittum, dwell,
live.
honor, honris, m., honor.
onto, against, at.
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron., self, himself,
etc.; very.
libenter, adv., willingly, gladly.
magnopere, adv., greatly, exceedingly.
mtrimnium, mtrimnii, n., marriage, in ~
dcere, marry.
maximus, -a,-um, largest, biggest, greatest;
superl. of magnus-a-um.
meritus, merita, meritum, deserved, due, just.
paene, adv., almost, nearly.
pater, patris, m., father.
pauc, paucae, pauca, pl. adj., few, a few.
postquam, conj., later than, after, when.
praetere, adv., moreover, besides, besides this.
pr, prep. with abl., before, in front of; for, on
behalf of.
qu, quae, quod, relat. pron., who, which, that.
redd, reddere, reddid, redditum, give back,
return, restore.
regi, reginis, f., direction; country, region,
area.
regnum, regn, n., royal power, rule, throne;
kingdom.
situation.
rps, rupis, f., rock, cliff.
rrsus, adv., again.
sals, saltis, f., safety, deliverance, escape.
solv, solvere, solv, soltum, loosen, unbind,
release;open.
sps, sp, f., hope.
terror, terrris, m., terror, dread, fright; fear.
uxor, uxris, f., wife.
vinculum, vincul, n., bond, chain.

exuit. Compare induit, 8, 2.
saltis, objective genitive A&G 347-348.
terrre, ablative of cause A&G 404.
exanimta, predicate adjective A&G 272; see also 283-284.
patr, dative of the indirect object A&G 361-362.
ob hanc rem, compare Ob hanc causam in Chapter 6 and propter
hanc causam in Chapter 5.
maxim gaudi, ablative of manner A&G 412.
ipsam. Dont confuse the intensive pronoun ipse with the reflexive pro-
noun su. They translate the same way, but denote different
things.
e, dative of the indirect object. A&G 361-362.
in mtrimnium dcere, an idiomatic phrase meaning to marry.
dxit, "married." The Roman bridegroom "led" his wife to his own
home in a wedding (i. e. mtrimnium) procession.
Paucs anns, accusative of time how long A&G 423, 2.
cum uxre, ablative of accompaniment A&G 413.
in e regine, ablative of place where A&G 426,3.
in magn honre, ablative of respect (specification) A&G 418.
vidre cupibat, complementary infinitive A&G 457.
regn, ablative of place from which A&G426, 1.
Cphe, possessive genitive A&G 343

principle parts:
1st conjugation
ng,
ngre,
ngv
ngtus
principle parts:
2nd conjugation
doce,
docre,
docu
doctus
principle parts:
3rd conjugation
pn
pnere,
posu
positus
principle parts:
3rd -i conjugation
iaci,
iacere,
ic,
iactus
principle parts:
4th conjugation
audi,
audre,
audv,
audtus
principle parts:
Irregular Conjugation
fer,
ferre,
tul,
ltus
10. POLYDECTES IS TURNED TO STONE
Postquam Perseus ad nsulam nvem appulit, s ad locum cntulit ubi mter quondam
habitverat, sed domum invnit vacuam et omnn dsertam. Trs dis per ttam nsulam
mtrem quaerbat; tandem qurt di ad templum Dinae pervnit. Hc Dana refgerat, quod
Polydectem timbat. Perseus ubi haec cognvit, r magn commtus est, atque ad rgiam
Polydectis sine mor contendit. Ubi e vnit, statim in trium inrpit. Polydects magn timre
adfectus est et effugere volbat. Dum tamen ille fugit, Perseus caput Medsae ostendit; ille
autem simul atque hoc vdit, in saxum versus est.

affect; afflict.
appell, appellere, appul, appulsum, drive to,
bring to.
atque, conj., and.
trium, tri, n., hall.
cognsc, cognscere, cognv, cognitum, find
out,, learn; perf., know.
commove, commovre, commv, commtum,
move, rouse, disturb.
cnfer, cnferre, cntul, clltum, grant;
with s, to betake oneself.
contend, contendere, contend, contentum,
stretch, hasten, march.
dsertus, dserta, dsertum, deserted.
Dina, Dinae, f. Diana (a goddess).
dis, di, m. and f., day.
domus, doms, f., home, house.
effugi, effugere, effg, flee out or away,
escape.
e, adv., to that place, thither.
fugi, fugere, fg, fugitrus [fuga], flee, run
away.
habit, habitre, habitv, habittum, live,
dwell.
hc, adv., hither, to this place.
inrump, inrupere, inrp, inruptum, burst
into or in.
inveni, invenre, invn, inventum, come upon,
find.
situation.
nvis, nvis, f., ship.
omnn, adv., altogether, wholly, entirely, at all.
ostend , ostendere, ostend, ostentum, stretch
out before, show,explain.
per, prep. with acc., through, by means of.
perveni, pervenre, pervn, perventum,
arrive, reach, come to.
quaer, quaerere, quasv, quaestum, look for,
seek; ask, inquire.
qurtus, qurta, qurtum, fourth.
quod, conj., that, in that, because.
quondam, adv., once upon a time, formerly,
once.
refugi, refugere refg, flee back, run away,
retreat.
rgia, rgiae, f., palace.
sed, conjunction, but.
simul, adv., at the same time; simul atque or ac,
as soon as.
----, su, sibi, s, s, reflex. pron., him-, her-, it-,
themselves.
templum, templi, n. sanctuary, temple.
timor, timris, m., fear.
trs, tria, pl. adj., three.
vacuus, vacua, vacuum, empty.
vert, vertere, vert, versus, turn.

ad nsulam, accusative of place to which A&G 426, 2.
Trs dies, accusative of time how long A&G 423, 2.
qurt di, ablative of time when A&G 423, 1.
Hc, see note in Chapter 3 on hinc, hc and hc. They are all adverbs
of place (A&G 217) formed from the pronoun hic, haec, hoc.
quod, not the relative pronoun, but the conjunction.
e, another adverb of place, more general than hc, formed from the
pronoun is, ea, id.
*Take note of the three verbs in this Chapter that derive from fugi.

pres. act. indic.
1st serv
2nd servs
3rdservat

1st servmus
2nd servtis
3rdservant
pres. act. indic.
1st vide
2nd vids
3rdvidet

1st vidmus
2nd vidtis
3rdvident
pres. act. indic.
1st ag
2nd agis
3rdagit

1st agimus
2nd agitis
3rdagunt
pres. act. indic.
1st faci
2nd facis
3rdfacit

1st facimus
2nd facitis
3rdfaciunt
pres. act. indic.
1st veni
2nd vens
3rdvenit

1st venmus
2nd ventis
3rdveniunt
pres. act. indic.
1st fer
2nd fers
3rdfert

1st ferimus
2nd fertis
3rdferunt

imperf. act. indic.
1st dbam
2nd dbs
3rddbat

1st dbmus
2nd dbtis
3rddbant
imperf. act. indic.
1st sedbam
2nd sedbs
3rdsedbat

1st sedbmus
2nd sedbtis
3rdsedbant
imperf. act. indic.
1st vdbam
2nd vdbs
3rdvdbat

1st vdbmus
2nd vdbtis
3rdvdbant
imperf. act. indic.
1st fugibam
2nd fugibs
3rdfugibat

1st fugibmus
2nd fugibtis
3rdfugibant
imperf. act. indic.
1st dormibam
2nd dormibs
3rddormibat

1st dormibmus
2nd dormibtis
3rddormibant
imperf. act. indic.
1st ferbam
2nd ferbs
3rdferbat

1st ferbamus
2nd ferbtis
3rdferbant

11. THE ORACLE IS FULFILLED
Poste Perseus cum uxre su ad urbem Acris rediit. Ille autem ubi Perseum vdit,
magn terrre adfectus est; nam propter rculum istud neptem suum timbat. Itaque in
Thessaliam ad urbem Lrsam statim refgit, frstr tamen; neque enim ftum suum vtvit.
Post paucs anns rx Lrsae lds magns fcit; nuntis in omns parts dmserat et diem
dxerat. Mult ex omnibus urbibus Graeciae ad lds convnrunt. Ipse Perseus certmen disc
iniit. At dum discum conicit, avum suum cs occdit; Acrisius enim inter specttrs eius
certminis forte stbat.
Acrisius, Acrisi, m., Acrisius.
affect; afflict.
at, conj., but.
avus, av, m., grandfather.
csus, css, m., fall; chance, accident.
certmen, certminis, n., struggle, contest.
conici, conicere, conic, coniectum, throw,
cast, hurl.
conveni, convenre, convn, conventum,
come together, assemble.
dmitt, dmittere, dms, dmissum, send
away, dismiss.
discus, disc, m., discus.
enim, conj., for.
forte, adv., by chance, accidentally.
Graecia, Graeciae, f., Greece.
ine, inre, ini, initum, go into, enter; adopt.
inter, prep. with acc., between; among.
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron., self, himself,
etc.; very.
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron., that of yours, that.
Lrsa, Lrisae, f., Larissa.
ldus, ld, m., game, sport.
nam or namque, conj., for.
neps, neptis, m. grandson.
neque or nec [ne-, not + -que], conj., and not,
nor; neque ... neque, neither ...
nor; neque enim, for ... not.
nuntius, nunti. m., messenger; message.
occd, occdere, occd, occsum, cut down, kill.
pars, partis, f., part, side, direction.
post, adv., later; afterwards; preposition w. acc.,
after.
of, for.
rede, redre, redi, reditum, go back, return.
refugi, refugere, refg, flee back, run away,
retreat.
rx, rgis, m., king.
specttor, specttris, m., spectator, looker-on.
terror, terrris [terre], m., terror, fright.
Thessalia, Thessaliae, f., Thessaly (a country).
urbs, urbis, f., city.
vt, vtre, vtv, vttum, avoid, escape.

cum uxre, ablative of accompaniment A&G 413.
ad urbem accusative of place to which A&G 426, 2.
magn terrre, ablative of manner A&G 412.
rculum, the one mentioned in Chapter 1.
Lrsam. See the note in Chapter 2, on Seriphum.
neque enim, "for . . . not," as if it were non enim.
Post paucs anns accusative of time how long A&G 423, 2.
in omns parts accusative of place to which A&G 426, 2.
diem dxerat. Literally, he had said a certain day; i.e, he had
"fixed the date," or, "set the date."
disc, a round, flat piece of stone or metal. As now, the athlete who
threw it the farthest won the contest.
cs, one of the words that are used without cum or a modifying
adjective in the ablative of manner A&G 412.
stbat. Bring out the force of the tense in your translation. A&G
470-471.

fut. act. indic.
1st vulnerb
2nd vulnerbis
3rdvulnerbit

1st vulnerbimus
2nd vulnerbitis
3rdvulnerbunt
fut. act. indic.
1st timb
2nd timbis
3rdtimbit

1st timbimus
2nd timbitis
3rdtimbunt
fut. act. indic.
1st mergam
2nd mergs
3rdmerget

1st mergmus
2nd mergtis
3rdmergent
fut. act. indic.
1st capiam
2nd capis
3rdcapiet

1st capimus
2nd capitis
3rdcapient
fut. act. indic.
1st sentiam
2nd sentis
3rdsentiet

1st sentimus
2nd sentitis
3rdsentient
fut. act. indic.
1st feram
2nd fers
3rdferet

1st fermus
2nd fertis
3rdferent

pres. pass. indic.
1st necor
2nd necris
3rdnectur

1st necmur
2nd necmin
3rdnecantur

pres. pass. indic.
1st moveor
2nd movris
3rdmovtur

1st movmur
2nd movmin
3rdmoventur

pres. pass. indic.
1st agor
2nd ageris
3rdagitur

1st agimur
2nd agimin
3rdaguntur

pres. pass. indic.
1st rapior
2nd raperis
3rdrapitur

1st rapimur
2nd rapimin
3rdrapiuntur

pres. pass. indic.
1st mnior
2nd mnris
3rdmnitur

1st mnmur
2nd mnmin
3rdmniuntur

pres. pass. indic.
1st feror
2nd ferris
3rdfertur

1st ferimur
2nd ferimin
3rdferuntur

HERCULES
Hercules, a Greek hero celebrated for his great strength,
was pursued throughout his life by the hatred of Juno. While
yet an infant, he strangled the serpents sent by the goddess
to destroy him. During his boyhood and youth he did various
marvelous feats, and on reaching manhood succeeded in
delivering the Thebans from the oppression of the Minyae. In
a fit of madness sent upon him by Juno, he slew his own
children. When he inquired of the Delphic oracle how he
should cleanse himself from this crime, he was ordered to
submit himself for twelve years to Eurystheus, king of Tiryns,
and to perform whatever tasks were appointed him. Hercules
obeyed the oracle, and during the twelve years of his
servitude accomplished twelve extraordinary feats known as
the Labors of Hercules. His death was caused
unintentionally by his wife Dejanira. Hercules had shot with
a poisoned arrow a centaur named Nessus, who, before he
died, gave some of his blood to Dejanira, and told her it
would act as a charm to secure her husbands love. Some
time after, wishing to try the charm, Dejanira soaked one of
her husbands garments in the blood, not knowing that it was
poisoned. Hercules put on the robe, and after suffering
terrible torments died, or was carried off by his father
Jupiter.

12. THE HATRED OF JUNO
Herculs, Alcmnae flius, quondam in Graeci habitbat. Hic omnium hominum
validissimus fuisse dcitur. At In, rgna derum, Alcmnam derat et Herculem etiam tum
nfantem necre voluit. Itaque dus serpents saevissims msit; hae medi nocte in cubiculum
Alcmnae vnrunt, ubi Herculs cum frtre su dormibat. Nec tamen in cns, sed in sct
magn cubbant. Serpents iam appropinquverant et sctum movbant; ita puer somn
excitt sunt.

Alcmna, Alcmnae, f., Alcmena.
cubiculum, cubicul, n., bedroom.
cub, cubre, cubu, cubitum, lie down, lie,
recline.
cnae, cnrum, f. pl., cradle(s), crib(s).
duo, duae, duo, pl. adj., two.
excit (1), call out, rouse, arouse.
frter, frtris, m., brother.
Graecia, Graeciae, f., IGreece
Herculs, Herculis, m., Hercules.
nfns, -fantis [in-, not + present participle of
for, speak], m. and f., infant, babe.
In, Innis, f., Juno.
move, movre, mv, mtum, move.
nec, -re, -v, -tus, put to death, slay, kill.
d, disse, srus, hate.
rgna, -ae, f., queen.
saevus, -a, -um, fierce, savage.
sctum, -, n., shield.
serpns, serpentis, f., serpent; snake.
validus, -a, -um, strong; superl., validissimus.
omnium hominum, partitive genitive A&G 346.
derat, hated. d is perfect in form, but present in meaning; so the
past perfect (pluperfect) has the force of a past (imperfect).
Also, it is what we call a defective verb A&G 205. It is
only perfect in form, hence the principle parts.
etiam tum nfantem, literally even then an infant,could be rendered
by a relative clause, who was at that time an infant.
medi nocte, "in the middle of the night," "in the dead of night," or
"at midnight." Some Latin adjectives can be used to denote
a part. A&G 293; ablative of time when A&G 423, 1.
cum fratre, ablative of accompaniment A&G 413.
in cns and in sct, ablative of place where A&G 426,3. Note the
different ways in is translated in the two expressions.
movbant. Contrast this tense with appropinquverant and excitt
sunt. A&G 470-471.

imperf. pass. indic.
1st necbar
2nd necbris
3rdnecbtur

1st necbmur
2nd necbmin
3rdnecbantur

1st movbar
2nd movbris
3rdmovbtur

1st movbmur
2nd movbmin
3rdmovbantur

1st agbar
2nd agbris
3rdagbtur

1st agbmur
2nd agbmin
3rdagbantur

1st rapibar
2nd rapibris
3rdrapibtur

1st rapibmur
2nd rapibmin
3rdrapibantur

1st mnibar
2nd mnibris
3rdmnibtur

1st mnibmur
2nd mnibmin
3rdmnibantur

fut. act. indic.
1st ferbar
2nd ferbris
3rdferbtur

1st ferbmur
2nd ferbmin
3rdferbntur
fut. pass. indic.
1st necbor
2nd necberis
3rdnecbitur

1st necbimur
2nd necbimin
3rdnecbuntur

fut. pass. indic.
1st movbor
2nd movberis
3rdmovbitur

1st movbimur
2nd movbimin
3rdmovbuntur

fut. pass. indic.
1st agar
2nd agris
3rdagtur

1st agmur
2nd agmin
3rdagentur

fut. pass. indic.
1st rapiar
2nd rapiris
3rdrapietur

1st rapimur
2nd rapimin
3rdrapientur

fut. pass. indic.
1st mniar
2nd mniris
3rdmnitur

1st mnimur
2nd mnimin
3rdmnientur

fut. pass. indic.
1st ferar
2nd ferris
3rdfertur

1st fermur
2nd fermin
3rdferentur
perf. act. indic.
1st excitv
2nd excitvist
3rdexcitvit

1st excitvimus
2nd excitvistis
3rdexcitvrunt

perf. act. indic.
1st rs
2nd rsist
3rdrsit

1st rsimus
2nd rsistis
3rdrsrunt

perf. act. indic.
1st accend
2nd accendist
3rdaccendit

1st accendimus
2nd accendistis
3rdaccendrunt

perf. act. indic.
1st interfc
2nd interfcist
3rdinterfcit

1st interfcimus
2nd interfcistis
3rdinterfcrunt

perf. act. indic.
1st audv
2nd audvist
3rdaudvit

1st audvimus
2nd audvistis
3rdaudvrunt

perf. act. indic.
1st tul
2nd tulist
3rdtulit

1st tulimus
2nd tulistis
3rdtulrunt
pluperf. act. indic.
1st excitveram
2nd excitvers
3rdexcitverat

1st excitvermus
2nd excitvertis
3rdexcitverant

1st rseram
2nd rsers
3rdrserat

1st rsermus
2nd rsertis
3rdrserant

1st accenderam
2nd accenders
3rdaccenderat

1st accendermus
2nd accendertis
3rdaccenderant

1st interfceram
2nd interfcers
3rdinterfcerat

1st interfcermus
2nd interfcertis
3rdinterfcerant

1st audveram
2nd audvers
3rdaudverat

1st audvermus
2nd audvertis
3rdaudverant

1st tuleram
2nd tulers
3rdtulerat

1st tulermus
2nd tulertis
3rdtulerant
13. HERCULES AND THE SERPENTS
phicls, frter Herculis, magn vce exclmvit; sed Herculs ipse, fortissimus puer,
nll mod territus est. Parvs manibus serpents statim prehendit, et colla erum magn v
compressit. Tl mod serpents puer interfectae sunt. Alcmna autem, mter puerrum,
clmrem audverat et martum suum somn excitverat. Ille lmen accendit et gladium suum
arripuit; tum ad puers propervit. Sed ubi ad locum vnit, rem mram vdit; Herculs enim
rdbat et serpents mortus dmnstrbat.

accend (3), -cend, -censum, kindle, light.
Alcmna, -ae, f., Alcmena.
arripi (M), -ripu, -reptum, snatch up,
seize; grab.
clmor, clmris, m., noise, shout, clamor.
collum, colli, n., neck.
comprm (3), -press, -pressum, squeeze,
press together.
excit (1), call out, rouse, arouse.
exclm (1), shout or cry out, exclaim.
fortis, forte, brave; superl., fortissimus.
frter, frtris, m., brother.
interfici (M), -fc, fectum, put out of the
way, kill.
phicls, phiclis, m., Iphicles, Hercules'
brother.
lmen, lminis, n., light.
martus, mart, m., husband.
mrus, mra, mrum, wonderful, strange
mortuus, mortua, mortuum, [participle of
morior] dead.
prehend (3), -hend, -hensum, seize, grab,
apprehend.
proper (1), hasten, hurry.
rde (2), rs, rsum, laugh.
serpns, serpentis, f., serpent; snake.
statim [st], adv., on the spot, forthwith, at
once, immediately.
terre (2) u, -itum, frighten, terrify.
vx, vcis, f., voice.

magn vce , ablative of manner A&G 412.
nll mod, in no way, ablative of manner A&G 412, b.
manibus, ablative of means (or instrument)? A&G 409.
magn v, ablative of manner A&G 412.
Tl mod is here equivalent to hc mod; ablative of manner A&G
412, b.
puer, ablative of agent A&G 405.
ad puers, even though puers is not strictly a place, the construction is
still used because of the motion towards the place where they
are. accusative of place to which A&G 426, 2.
ad locum, accusative of place to which A&G 426, 2.
rdbat and dmnstrbat, compare the action of these imperfects
with the action of the five perfect tense verbs preceding.
fut. perf. act. indic.
1st excitver
2nd excitveris
3rdexcitverit

1st excitverimus
2nd excitveritis
3rdexcitverint
1st rser
2nd rseris
3rdrserit

1st rserimus
2nd rseritis
3rdrserint
1st accender
2nd accenderis
3rdaccenderit

1st accenderimus
2nd accenderitis
3rdaccenderint
1st interfcer
2nd interfceris
3rdinterfcerit

1st interfcerimus
2nd interfceritis
3rdinterfcerint
1st audver
2nd audveris
3rdaudverit

1st audverimus
2nd audveritis
3rdaudverint
1st tuler
2nd tuleris
3rdtulerit

1st tulerimus
2nd tuleritis
3rdtulerint

perf. pass. indic.
1st supertus sum
2nd supertus es
3rdsupertus est

1st supert sumus
2nd supert estis
3rdsupert sunt

perf. pass. indic.
1st habitus sum
2nd habitus es
3rdhabitus est

1st habit sumus
2nd habit estis
3rdhabit sunt

perf. pass. indic.
1st pensus sum
2nd pensus es
3rdpensus est

1st pens sumus
2nd pens estis
3rdpens sunt

perf. pass. indic.
1st iactus sum
2nd iactus es
3rdiactus est

1st iact sumus
2nd iact estis
3rdiact sunt

perf. pass. indic.
1st puntus sum
2nd puntus es
3rdpuntus est

1st punt sumus
2nd punt estis
3rdpunt sunt

perf. pass. indic.
1st ltus sum
2nd ltus es
3rdltus est

1st lt sumus
2nd lt estis
3rdlt sunt

pluperf. pass. indic.
1st cretus eram
2nd cretus ers
3rdcretus est

1st cret ermus
2nd cret ertis
3rdcret erant

1st tentus eram
2nd tentus ers
3rdtentus erat

1st tent ermus
2nd tent ertis
3rdtent erant

1st strctus eram
2nd strctus ers
3rdstrctus erat

1st strct ermus
2nd strct ertis
3rdstrct erant

1st cuptus eram
2nd cuptus ers
3rdcuptus erat

1st cupt ermus
2nd cupt ertis
3rdcupt erant

1st sensus eram
2nd sensus ers
3rdsensus erat

1st sens ermus
2nd sens ertis
3rdsens erant

1st ltus eram
2nd ltus ers
3rdltus erat

1st lt ermus
2nd lt ertis
3rdlt erant

fut. perf. pass. indic.
1st cretus er
2nd cretus eris
3rdcretus erit

1st cret erimus
2nd cret eritis
3rdcret erunt
1st tentus er
2nd tentus eris
3rdtentus erit

1st tent erimus
2nd tent eritis
3rdtent erunt
1st strctus er
2nd strctus eris
3rdstrctus erit

1st strct erimus
2nd strct eritis
3rdstrct erunt
1st cuptus er
2nd cuptus eris
3rdcuptus erit

1st cupt erimus
2nd cupt eritis
3rdcupt erunt
1st sensus er
2nd sensus eris
3rdsensus erit

1st sens erimus
2nd sens eritis
3rdsens erunt
1st ltus er
2nd ltus eris
3rdltus erit

1st lt erimus
2nd lt eritis
3rdlt erunt
14. THE MUSIC LESSON
Herculs puer corpus suum dligenter exercbat; magnam partem di in palaestr
cnsmbat. Didicit etiam arcum intendere et tla conicere. Hs exercittinibus vrs eius
cnfrmtae sunt. In msic etiam Lin qudam rudibtur; huic tamen art minus dligenter
studbat. Linus Herculem quondam obirgbat, quod nn studisus erat; puer rtus citharam
subit arripuit, et omnibus vribus caput magistr nfelcis percussit. Ille ict prstrtus est, et
paul post vt excessit; neque quisquam poste id officium suscipere voluit.
arcus, arcs, m., bow.
arripi (M), -ripu, -reptum, snatch up,
seize; grab.
ars, artis, f., art.
cithara, citharae, f., cithara, lyre.
cnfrm (1), strengthen, establish; declare,
assert.
consm (3), -smps, smptum, use up,
spend, consume.
dligenter, adv., hard, carefully, diligently.
disc (3), didic, learn.
rudi (4), rudv, rudtum, instruct..
excd (3), -cess, cessum, go out or forth,
depart.
exerce (2), exercui, exercitum, exercise.
exercitti, exercittinis, f., exercise.
ctus, cts [c, strike], m., blow.
nflix, nflicis, adj., unhappy, unfortunate,
ill-starred.
intend (3), -tend, -tentum, stretch (out),
draw, aim.
rtus, rta, rtum, angered, enraged,
angry, furious.
Linus, Lin, m., Linus.
magister, magistr, m., master; teacher.
minus, adv., less.
msica, msicae, f., music.
obirg (1), -irgv, -irgtum, chide,
scold, reproach.
officium, offici, n., service; duty.
palaestra, -ae, f., palaestra, wrestling-place.
paulum, -, n., a little; paul, by a little,
somewhat.
percuti (M), -cuss, -cussum, strike through,
strike.
prstern (3), -strv, -strtum, lay low,
knock down.
quis-quam, quicquam, indef. pron., any one,
anything.
quod [qu], conj., that, in that, because.
stude (2), studu, be eager, apply oneself,
give attention.
studisus, -a, -um, eager, diligent, studious.
suscipi (3), -cp, ceptum, undertake.
tlum, tl, n., weapon, missile, spear.

puer, literally from a boy, i.e., from (when he was) a boy; so
figurativally from boyhood.
exercbat, the past (imperfect) tense here represents the action as
habitual, one of its regular uses. A&G 470-471.
di, partitive genitive A&G 346.
in palaestr, ablative of place where A&G 426,3.
intendere et . . . conicere, complementary infinitives A&G 456.
Hs exercittinibus, ablative of cause A&G 404.
In msic, ablative of specification A&G 418.
Lin, ablative of agent A&G 405.
art. Certain intransitive verbs govern the dative and stude is one of
them. dative with intransitive verbs A&G 368, 3.
omnibus vribus. Here the phrase means with all his might or
with all his strength. ablative of manner A&G 412.
magistr, genitive of possession A&G 343.
ict, ablative of means or instrument A&G 409.
paul post, a little later, literally later by a little. Paul is the
ablative of degree of difference A&G 414, a construction
used with comparatives and certain other words denoting
difference, to tell how much the difference is.
vt, ablative of separation A&G 400-401.
neque quisquam, "and no one," literally "and not any one."
Quisquam is used in expressing a negative idea. A&G
311-312.
suscipere, complementary infinitives A&G 456.
pres. act. subjunct.
1st stem
2nd sts
3rdstet

1st stmus
2nd sttis
3rdstent

1st doceam
2nd doces
3rddoceat

1st docemus
2nd docetis
3rddoceant

1st regam
2nd regs
3rdregat

1st regmus
2nd regtis
3rdregant

1st fugiam
2nd fugis
3rdfugiat

1st fugimus
2nd fugitis
3rdfugiant

1st serviam
2nd servis
3rdserviat

1st servimus
2nd servitis
3rdserviant

1st feram
2nd fers
3rdferat

1st fermus
2nd fertis
3rdferant
imperf. act. subjunct.
1st strem
2nd strs
3rdstret

1st strmus
2nd strtis
3rdstrent

1st docrem
2nd docrs
3rddocret

1st docrmus
2nd docrtis
3rddocrent

1st regerem
2nd regers
3rdregeret

1st regermus
2nd regertis
3rdregerent

1st fugerem
2nd fugers
3rdfugeret

1st fugermus
2nd fugertis
3rdfugerent

1st servrem
2nd servrs
3rdservret

1st servrmus
2nd servrtis
3rdservrent

1st ferrem
2nd ferrs
3rdferret

1st ferrmus
2nd ferrtis
3rdferrent
Pres. Act. & Pass. Subj. Imperfect Act. & Pass. Subj. Perf. Act. (only) Subj. Pluperf. Act. (only) Subj.
1
st
2
nd
3
rd
3
rd
i 4
th
present active infinitive + perfect active stem + perfect active infinitive +
We beat a friar liar personal endings -eri- + act. personal endings active personal endings
Perf. Pass. (only) Subj. Pluperf. Pass. (only) Subj.
perfect passive participle perfect passive participle
+ pres. subjunctive of esse + imprf. subjunctive of esse
15. HERCULES ESCAPES SACRIFICE
D Hercule haec etiam nrrantur. Quondam dum iter facit, in fins Aegyptirum vnit.
Ibi rx qudam nmine Bsris, ill tempore rgnbat; hic autem vir crdlissimus homins
immolre cnsuverat. Herculem igitur corripuit et in vincula conicit. Tum nntis dmsit et
diem sacrifici dxit. Iam ea dis appetbat, et omnia rte parta sunt. Mans Herculis catns
ferres vnctae sunt, et mola salsa in caput eius imposita est. Ms enim erat apud antqus salem
et far in caput victimrum impnere. Iam victima ad ram stbat; iam sacerds cultrum
smpserat. Subit tamen Herculs magn cnt vincula perrpit. Tum n ict sacerdtem
prstrvit; alter rgem ipsum occdit.

Aegypti,Aegyptirum, m. pl., Egyptians.
alter, altera, alterum, one or the other (of
two); another, second.
antquus, antqua, antquum old, ancient; as
substantive in the plural, the
ancients.
appet (3), -petv, pettum, draw near.
apud, prep, with acc., among, with.
ra, rae, f., altar.
Bsris, Bsridis, m., Busiris.
catna, catnae, f., chain.
contus, conts, m., try, attempt, effort.
cnsusc (3), -suv, -sutum, become
accustomed.
corripi (M), -ripu,-reptum, snatch up,
seize.
crdlis, crdle, cruel.
culter, cultr, m., knife.
d-mitt, -mittere, -ms, -missus, send
different ways, send forth or
away, despatch; let slip, lose.
far, farris, n., spelt, wheat; meal.
ferreus, ferrea, ferreum, of iron, iron.
ctus, cts [c, strike], m., blow.
immol (1), -v, -tum, sacrifice.
impn (3), -posu, -positum, place or lay
upon, impose.
iter, itineris, n., a going, journey, march; iter
facere to make a journey.
mola, molae, f., meal; food.
ms, mris, m., way, manner, habit, custom.
perrump (3), -rp, ruptum, burst or break
through.
prstern (3), -strv, -strtum, lay low,
knock down.
rgn (1), rgnv, rgntum, reign, rule
rte, adv., duly, fitly.
sacerds, sacerdtis, m. and f., priest,
priestess.
sacrificium, sacrifici, n., sacrifice.
sl, salis, m., salt.
salsus, salsa, salsum, salted, salt.
sm (3), smps, smptum, take up, take.
victima, -ae, f., victim.
vinci (4), vnx, vnctum, bind.
vinculum, vincul [vinci], n., bond, chain.

nmine, "by name," ablative of respect (specification) A&G 418.
homins here means "human beings," both men and women. Vir
denotes a man as distinguished from a woman.
cnsuverat, "was accustomed," literally "had become accustomed."
A&G 476-477.
sacrifici, "for the sacrifice," dative of purpose A&G 382, 2.
ea, notice the gender of ea. When dies denotes an appointed day, it is
usually feminine. A&G 97, a.
Ms . . . erat . . . impnere, copulative use of sum with the infinitive
impnere as subject and ms as predicate noun. A&G 272.
iam, the omission of the conjunction, which would normally connect
this clause with the one preceding, and the emphatic repetition
of iam, which serves to connect the two clauses, reflect the
imminence of danger; and the tenses of the verbs contribute to
the vividness of the picture. We see Hercules standing at the
altar and the priest with the knife in his hand.
magn cnt, ablative of manner A&G 412.
n ict and alter, ablatives of means (or instrument)? A&G 409.

perf. act. subjunct.
1st steterim
2nd steteris
3rdsteterit

1st steterimus
2nd steteritis
3rdsteterint
1st docuerim
2nd docueris
3rddocuerit

1st docuerimus
2nd docueritis
3rddocuerint
1st rxerim
2nd rxeris
3rdrxerit

1st rxerimus
2nd rxeritis
3rdrxerint
1st fgerim
2nd fgeris
3rdfgerit

1st fgerimus
2nd fgeritis
3rdfgerint
1st servverim
2nd servveris
3rdservverit

1st servverimus
2nd servveritis
3rdservverint
1st tulerim
2nd tuleris
3rdtulerit

1st tulerimus
2nd tuleritis
3rdtulerint

pluperf. act. subjunc.
1st stetissem
2nd stetisss
3rdstetisset

1st stetissmus
2nd stetisstis
3rdstetissent
1st docuissem
2nd docuisss
3rddocuisset

1st docuissmus
2nd docuisstis
3rddocuissent
1st rxissem
2nd rxisss
3rdrxisset

1st rxissmus
2nd rxisstis
3rdrxissent
1st fgissem
2nd fgisss
3rdfgisset

1st fgissmus
2nd fgisstis
3rdfgissent
1st servvissem
2nd servvisss
3rdservvisset

1st servvissmus
2nd servvisstis
3rdservvissent
1st tulissem
2nd tulisss
3rdtulisset

1st tulissmus
2nd tulisstis
3rdtulissent
16. A CRUEL DEED
Herculs iam adulscns Thbs habitbat. Rx Thbrum, vir ignvus, Cren
appellbtur. Minyae, gns bellicsissima, Thbns fnitim erant. Lgt autem Minys ad
Thbns quotanns mittbantur; h Thbs venibant et centum bovs postulbant. Thbn
enim, quoniam Minys supert erant, tribtum rg Minyrum quotanns pendbant. At
Herculs cvs sus hc tribt lberre cnstituit; itaque lgts comprehendit atque aurs
erum abscdit. Lgt autem apud omns gents snct habentur.

abscd (3) -cd, -csum, cut away or off.
adulscns, -entis, m., youth, young man.
apud, prep, with acc., among, with.
auris, auris, f., ear.
bellicsus, bellicsa, bellicsum, warlike.
bs, bovis, gen. pl. boum, dat. and abl. pl.
bbus, m. and f., ox, bull, cow.
centum, indecl. adj., one hundred.
cvis, cvis, m. and f., citizen, fellow-citizen,
subject.
com-prehend, -prehendere, -prehend, -
prehnsus, seize, catch.

Cren, Creontis, m., Creon.
enim, conjunction, for, in fact, indeed.
fnitimus, -a, -um, neighboring, adjoining,
adjacent.
gns, gntis, f., race, kind; people, family,
nation.
gnvus, -a, -um [in-, not + gnvus, active],
lazy, cowardly.
rtus, -a, -um [part, of rscor], angered,
enraged, angry, furious.
lgtus, lgt, m., ambassador, envoy.
lber (1), -v, tum, set free, free, liberate,

release.
Minyae, -rum, m. pl., Minyae.
pend (3), pepend, pnsum, weigh out, pay.
postul (1), -v, -tum, ask, request, demand.
quoniam, conj., since.
quotanns, adv., every year, yearly, annually.
snctus, sncta, snctum, consecrated,
sacred.
super (1), -v, -tum, overcome, defeat,
conquer.
Thbae, -rum, f. pl., Thebes.
Thbn, -rum, m. pl., Thebans.
tribtum, , n., contribution, tribute.

Thbs, "at Thebes," the locative case A&G 427, 3. Some Latin
names of towns are plural in form.
Thbns fnitim, "neighbors of the Thebans," more literally,
"adjacent to the Thebans." Certain adjectives take the dative
A&G 383-384 and footnote.
Thbs. The accusative of names of cities, towns, small islands,
domus and rs, etc., is used without a preposition to express
place to which A&G 427, 2.
pendbant. From pend, we get words like "suspend," and "depend"
that denote the idea of "hanging" or "weighing" (in the
balance). Payment in ancient times was made by using a scale
and weighing out some measure of payment.
hc tribt, ablative of separation A&G 400-401. Lber usually
takes the ablative without a preposition.
lberre constituit, complementary infinitive A&G 457 and A&G
563, d.

pres. pass. subjunct.
1st postuler
2nd postulris
3rdpostultur

1st postulmur
2nd postulmin
3rdpostulentur
1st habear
2nd haberis
3rdhabeatur

1st habemur
2nd habemin
3rdhabeantur
1st trdar
2nd trdris
3rdtrdatur

1st trdmur
2nd trdmin
3rdtrdantur
1st nspiciar
2nd nspiciris
3rdnspiciatur

1st nspicimur
2nd nspicimin
3rdnspiciantur
1st aperiar
2nd aperiris
3rdaperiatur

1st aperimur
2nd aperimin
3rdaperiantur
1st ferar
2nd ferris
3rdferatur

1st fermur
2nd fermin
3rdferantur

imprf. pass. subjunc.
1st postulrer
2nd postulrris
3rdpostulrtur

1st postulrmur
2nd postulrtin
3rdpostulrentur

1st habrer
2nd habrris
3rdhabrtur

1st habrmur
2nd habrmin
3rdhabrentur

1st trderer
2nd trderris
3rdtrdertur

1st trdermur
2nd trdermin
3rdtrderentur

1st nspicerer
2nd nspicerris
3rdnspicertur

1st nspicermur
2nd nspicermin
3rdnspicerentur

1st aperrer
2nd aperrris
3rdaperrtur

1st aperrmur
2nd aperrmin
3rdaperrentur

1st ferrer
2nd ferrris
3rdferrtur

1st ferrmur
2nd ferrmin
3rdferrentur

17. THE DEFEAT OF THE MINYAE
Ergnus, rx Minyrum, ob haec vehementer rtus statim cum omnibus cpis in fns
Thbnrum contendit. Cren adventum eius per explrtrs cognvit. Ipse tamen pugnre
nluit; nam magn timre adfectus erat. Itaque Thbn Herculem impertrem crevrunt. Ille
nntis in omns parts dmsit et copis cogit; tum proxim di cum magn exercit profectus
est. Locum idneum dlgit et aciem nstrxit. Tum Thbn superire loc impetum in hosts
fcrunt. Ill autem impetum sustinre nn poturunt; ita acis hostium pulsa atque in fugam
conversa est.

acis, aci, f., line of battle.
adventus, advents, m., approach, arrival.
cg, cgere, cogi, coctum, collect, compel;
force.
cgnsc, -gnscere, -gnv, -gnitus [com- +
(g)nsc, come to know], find out,
learn; in tenses of completed action,
have found out, know.
convert (3), -vert, versum, turn around,
turn, change.
cpia, -ae, f., supply, abundance; pl., forces,
troops.
cre, crere, crev, cretum, elect, appoint.
dlg, dligere, dlg, dlctum, choose
(out), select.
different ways, send forth or away,
despatch; let slip, lose.
Ergnus, Ergin, m., Erginus.
exercitus, exercits, m., army.
explrtor, explrtris, m., explorer, scout,
spy.
fuga, fugae, f., flight, a fleeing; escape.
hostis, hostis, m., enemy, foe.
idonus, -a, -um, suitable, fit; favorable.
impertor, impertris, m., commander,
general.
impetus, -s [in + pet], m., attack; impetum
facere, to charge.
nstru (3), -strx, -strctum, build in or
into; draw up.
Minyae, -rum, m. pl., Minyae.
nl, nlle, nlu, not wish, be unwilling, not
want.
nn adv., not.
pell, pellere, pepul, pulsum, drive (away),
beat, rout.
possum, posse, potu be able, can.
proficscor, -ficsc, -fectus sum, set out,
depart, start.
proximus, -a, -um, nearest, next.
pugn (1), -v, -tum, fight.
superior, -ius [comp. of superus, upper], adj.,
higher; former, previous, preceding.
sustine (2), -tinu, -tentum, sustain,
withstand.
vehementer, adv., violently, vehemently,
greatly.

cum omnibus cpis, ablative of accompaniment A&G 413.
in fines, place to which A&G 427, 2.
Thbnrum, genitive of possession A&G 343.
pugnre nluit, complementary infinitive A&G 457.
magn timre, ablative of manner A&G 412.
impertrem, predicate accusative A&G 393.
in omns parts, accusative of place to which A&G 427, 2.
proxim di, ablative of time when A&G 423, 1.
cum magn exercit, ablative of accompaniment A&G 413.
superire loco, ablative of place from which A&G426, 1.
sustinre nn poturunt, complementary infinitive A&G 457.
pulsa, perfect indicative. The est goes with pulsa as well as
conversa.What gender, number and case are pulsa and
conversa and why?

perf. pass. subjunc.
1st postultus sim
2nd postultus ss
3rdpostultus sit

1st postult smus
2nd postult stis
3rdpostult sint
1st habitus sim
2nd habitus ss
3rdhabitus sit

1st habit smus
2nd habit stis
3rdhabit sint
1st trditus sim
2nd trditus ss
3rdtrditus sit

1st trdit smus
2nd trdit stis
3rdtrdit sint
1st nspectus sim
2nd nspectus ss
3rdnspectus sit

1st nspect smus
2nd nspect stis
3rdnspect sint
1st apertus sim
2nd apertus ss
3rdapertus sit

1st apert smus
2nd apert stis
3rdapert sint
1st ltus sim
2nd ltus ss
3rdltus sit

1st lt smus
2nd lt stis
3rdlt sint

pluperf. pass. subjun.
1st postultus essem
2nd postultus esss
3rdpostultus esset

1st postult essmus
2nd postult esstis
3rdpostult essent

1st habitus esssem
2nd habitus esss
3rdhabitus esset

1st habit essmus
2nd habit esstis
3rdhabit essent

1st trditus essem
2nd trditus esss
3rdtrditus esset

1st trdit essmus
2nd trdit esstis
3rdtrdit essent

1st nspectus essem
2nd nspectus esss
3rdnspectus esset

1st nspect essmus
2nd nspect esstis
3rdnspect essent

1st apertus essem
2nd apertus esss
3rdapertus esset

1st apert essmus
2nd apert esstis
3rdapert essent

1st ltus essem
2nd ltus esss
3rdltus esset

1st lt essmus
2nd lt esstis
3rdlt essent

pres. act. imper.
sg. voc
pl. vocte
pres. pass. imper.
sg. vocre
pl. vocmin

pres. act. imper.
sg. man
pl. mante
pres. pass. imper.
sg. manre
pl. manmin

pres. act. imper.
sg. inclde
pl. incldite
pres. pass. imper.
sg. incldere
pl. incldimin

pres. act. imper.
sg. fuge
pl. fugite
pres. pass. imper.
sg. fugere
pl. fugimin

pres. act. imper.
sg. dorm
pl. dormte
pres. pass. imper.
sg. dormre
pl. dormmin

pres. act. imper.
sg. fer
pl. ferte
pres. pass. imper.
sg. ferre
pl. ferimin

18. MADNESS AND MURDER
Post hoc proelium Herculs cpis sus ad urbem redxit. Omns Thbn hc victria
maxim gaudbant; Cren autem magns honribus Herculem decorvit, atque e fliam suam
in mtrimnium dedit. Herculs cum uxre su betam vtam agbat; sed subit in furrem
incidit, atque lbers sus ipse su man occdit. Paul post ad snittem reductus est, et
propter hoc facinus magn dolre adfectus est. Brev tempore ex urbe fgit et in silvs s
recpit; cvs enim sermnem cum e habre nlbant.

betus, -a, -um, happy, blessed.
cpia, -ae, f., supply, abundance; pl., forces,
troops.
decor (1), -v, -tum, adorn, distinguish.
facinus, facinoris, n., deed, crime.
furor, furris, m., rage, fury, frenzy, madness.
incid (3), -cid, fall into or upon.
lber, -rum, m. pl., children.
mtrimnium, - [mter], n., marriage.
maxim, adv., very greatly, exceedingly,
especially.
nl, nlle, nlu, not wish, be unwilling, not
want.
paul [paulus, little], adv., by a little, a little,
somewhat.
proelium, -, n., battle, combat.
recipi (M), -cp, -ceptum, take or get back,
recover; s recipere, to betake
oneself, withdraw, retreat.
redc (3), -dx, -ductum, lead or bring
back, restore.
snits, snittis, f., soundness; right reason,
sanity.
serm, sermnis, m., conversation, talk,
speech.
silva, silvae, f., forest, wood.
victria, victriae, f., victory.
ad urbem, accusative of place to which A&G 427, 2.
hc victria, ablative of cause or reason A&G 404.
magns honribus, ablative of specification A&G 418.
e, dative of the indirect object. A&G 361-362.
cum uxre su, ablative of accompaniment A&G 413.
betam vtam agbat, ag is a very common Latin verb with a whole
range of idiomatic meanings, like (excluding the ones in the
glossary)give, pass, go, behave. With vtam it
means to live a life.
sus ipse su. The enormity of the crime is emphasized by the use of
these words repeating the same idea. The position of su
before man is itself emphatic, "his own." ablative of means
or instrument A&G 409.
paul post, a little later, literally later by a little. Paul
ablative of degree of difference A&G 414).
magn dolre, ablative of means or instrument A&G 409.
Brev tempore, ablative of time when A&G 423, 1.
ex urbe, ablative of place from which A&G426, 1.
in silvs, accusative of place to which A&G 427, 2.
cum e, ablative of accompaniment A&G 413.
pres. act. infin.
mandre
pres. pass. infin.
mandr
perf. act. infin.
mandvisse
perf. pass. infin.
mandtum esse
fut. act. infin.
mandtrum esse
fut. pass. infin.
mandtum r
pres. act. infin.
possidre
pres. pass. infin.
possidr
perf. act. infin.
possdisse
perf. pass. infin.
possessum esse
fut. act. infin.
possessrum esse
fut. pass. infin.
possessum r
pres. act. infin.
cogere
pres. pass. infin.
cog
perf. act. infin.
cogisse
perf. pass. infin.
coctum esse
fut. act. infin.
coctrum esse
fut. pass. infin.
coctum r
pres. act. infin.
suscipere
pres. pass. infin.
suscip
perf. act. infin.
suscpisse
perf. pass. infin.
susceptum esse
fut. act. infin.
susceptrum esse
fut. pass. infin.
susceptum r
pres. act. infin.
convenre
pres. pass. infin.
convenr
perf. act. infin.
convnisse
perf. pass. infin.
conventum esse
fut. act. infin.
conventrum esse
fut. pass. infin.
conventum r
pres. act. infin.
ferre
pres. pass. infin.
ferr
perf. act. infin.
tulisse
perf. pass. infin.
ltum esse
fut. act. infin.
ltrum esse
fut. pass. infin.
ltum r

pres. act. partic.
negns, negantis
perf. pass. partic.
negtus, -a, -um
fut. act. partic.
negtrus, -a, -um
gerundive
negandus, -a, -um

pres. act. partic.
docns, docentis
perf. pass. partic.
doctus, -a, -um
fut. act. partic.
doctrus, -a, -um
gerundive
docendus, -a, -um

pres. act. partic.
expnns, expnentis
perf. pass. partic.
expositus, -a, -um
fut. act. partic.
expositrus, -a, -um
gerundive
exponendus, -a, -um

pres. act. partic.
iacins, iacintis
perf. pass. partic.
iactus, -a, -um
fut. act. partic.
iactrus, -a, -um
gerundive
iaciendus, -a, -um

pres. act. partic.
audins, audientis
perf. pass. partic.
audtus, -a, -um
fut. act. partic.
audtrus, -a, -um
gerundive
audiendus, -a, -um

pres. act. partic.
ferns, ferentis
perf. pass. partic.
ltus, -a, -um
fut. act. partic.
ltrus, -a, -um
gerundive
ferendus, -a, -um

gerund
N. ----------
G. sprand
D. sprand
A. sprandum
A. sprand

gerund
N. ----------
G. tenend
D. tenend
A. tenendum
A. tenend

gerund
N. ----------
G. cadend
D. cadend
A. cadendum
A. cadend

gerund
N. ----------
G. iaciend
D. iaciend
A. iaciendum
A. iaciend

gerund
N. ----------
G. veniend
D. veniend
A. veniendum
A. veniend

gerund
N. ----------
G. ferend
D. ferend
A. ferendum
A. ferend
supine
A. spratum
A. sprat

supine
A. tentum
A. tent

supine
A. csum
A. cs

supine
A. iactum
A. iact

supine
A. ventum
A. vent

supine
A. ltum
A. lt

19. HERCULES CONSULTS THE ORACLE
Herculs tantum scelus expire magnopere cupibat atque ad rculum Delphicum re
cnstituit; hoc enim erat omnium rculrum ntissimum. Ibi templum erat Apollinis plrims
dns rntum. Hc in templ sedbat fmina quaedam, nmine Pythi, et cnsilium dabat is
qu ad rculum vnerant. Haec autem fmina ab ips Apolline docbtur, et volunttem de
hominibus nntibat. Herculs igitur, qu Apollinem praecipu colbat, hc vnit. Tum rem
ttam exposuit, neque scelus clvit.
Apollo, -inis, m., Apollo.
cl (1), clv, cltum, hide, conceal.
col, colere, colu, cultum, till, cultivate;
worship; worship.
cupi, -ere, -v, -tus, desire, long for, wish.
Delphicus, -a, -um, of Delphi, Delphic,
Delphian.
doce (2), docu, doctum, teach, explain.
dnum, dn, n., gift.
nnti (1), -nntiv, -nntitum, speak out,
announce, make well known.
expi (1), -piv, -pitum, expiate, atone for.
ex-pn, -pnere, -posu, -positus, put out,
set forth; put on land; explain.
fmina, fminae, f., woman.
hc, adv., to this place, to here, hither.
ntus, nta, ntum, known, well-known,
famous.
rn (1), -re, -v, -tum, adorn, equip,
decorate.
plrimus, -a, -um, very many; superl. of
multus.
praecipu, adv., especially.
Pythia, -ae, f., Pythia.
scelus, sceleris, n., crime, wickedness.
sede (2), sd, sessum, sit.
templum, -, n., sanctuary, temple.
volunts, volunttis, f., wish, will.

expire, complementary infinitive A&G 457 and A&G 563, d.
ad rculum, accusative of place to which A&G 427, 2.
re, complementary infinitive A&G 457 and A&G 563, d.
omnium rculrum, partitive genitive A&G 346.
Apollinis, genitive of possession A&G 343.
plrims dns, ablative of quality A&G 415.
Hc in templ. Monosyllabic prepositions often stand between an
adjective and the noun which it modifies. A&G 599, d;
ablative of place where A&G 426,3.
nmine, ablative of respect (specification) A&G 418.
is, dative of the indirect object A&G 362; also, the antecedent of
qu.
qu. The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and
number, but its case depends on the the construction in the
clause in which it is used. A&G 305.
ab ips Apolline, ablative of agent after passive voice verbs, A&G
405.
hominibus, dative of the indirect object A&G 362.
colbat. Why is this singular, and vnerant above plural?

principle parts:
Deponent Verbs
1st conjugation
cnor,
cnr,
cntus sum
principle parts:
Deponent Verbs
2ndconjugation
polliceor,
pollicr,
pollicitus sum
principle parts:
Deponent Verbs
3rd conjugation
loquor,
loqu,
loctus sum
principle parts:
Deponent Verb
3rd -i conjugation
gradior,
grad,
gressus sum
principle parts:
Deponent Verbs
4th conjugation
orior,
orr,
ortus sum
principle parts:
LinkingVerb
Irregular Conjugation
sum
esse
fu

pres. dep. indic.
1st cnor
2nd cnris
3rdcntur

1st cnmur
2nd cnmin
3rdcnantur

pres. dep. indic.
1st polliceor
2nd pollicris
3rdpollictur

1st pollicmur
2nd pollicmin
3rdpollicentur

pres. dep. indic.
1st loquor
2nd loqueris
3rdloquitur

1st loquimur
2nd loquimin
3rdloquuntur

pres. dep. indic.
1st gradior
2nd graderis
3rdgraditur

1st gradimur
2nd gradimin
3rdgradiuntur

pres. dep. indic.
1st orior
2nd orris
3rdortur

1st ormur
2nd ormin
3rdoriuntur

pres. indic.
1st sum
2nd es
3rdest

1st sumus
2nd estis
3rdsunt
imperf. dep. indic.
1st cnbar
2nd cnbris
3rdcnbtur

1st cnbmur
2nd cnbmin
3rdcnbantur

imperf. dep. indic.
1st pollicbar
2nd pollicbris
3rdpollicbtur

1st pollicbmur
2nd pollicbmin
3rdpollicbantur

imperf. dep. indic.
1st loqubar
2nd loqubris
3rdaccenderat

1st loqubmur
2nd loqbmin
3rdloqubantur

imperf. dep. indic.
1st gradibar
2nd gradibris
3rdgradibtur

1st gradibmur
2nd gradibmin
3rdgradibantur

imperf. dep. indic.
1st oribam
2nd oribris
3rdoribtur

1st oribmur
2nd oribmin
3rdoribantur

imperf. indic.
1st eram
2nd ers
3rderat

1st ermus
2nd ertis
3rderant
fut. dep. indic.
1st cnbor
2nd cnberis
3rdcnbitur

1st cnbimur
2nd cnbimin
3rdcnbuntur

fut. dep. indic.
1st pollicbor
2nd pollicberis
3rdpollicbitur

1st pollicbimur
2nd pollicbimin
3rdpollicbuntur

fut. dep. indic.
1st loquar
2nd loquris
3rdloqutur

1st loqumur
2nd loqumin
3rdloquentur

fut. dep. indic.
1st gradiar
2nd gradiris
3rdgraditur

1st gradimur
2nd gradimin
3rdgradientur

fut. dep. indic.
1st oriar
2nd oriris
3rdoritur

1st orimur
2nd orimin
3rdorientur

fut. indic.
1st er
2nd eris
3rderit

1st erimus
2nd eritis
3rderunt
20. THE ORACLES REPLY
Ubi Herculs fnem dcend fcit, Pythia prm tacbat; tandem tamen iussit eum ad
urbem Tryntha re, et Eurysthe rgis omnia iussa facere. Herculs ubi haec audvit, ad urbem
illam contendit, et Eurysthe rg s in servittem trdidit. Duodecim anns crdlissim
Eurysthe servvit, et duodecim labrs, qus ille imperverat, cnfcit; hc enim n mod
tantum scelus expir potuit. D hs labribus plrima pots scrpta sunt. Multa tamen quae
potae nrrant crdibilia nn sunt.

cnfici, -ficere, -fc, -fectus [com- + faci],
make or do completely, complete,
finish, accomplish, make; wear out.
crdibilis, crdibile, believable, credible.
crdlis, crdle, cruel; superl. crdelissimus.
duodecim, indecl. adj., twelve.
Eurystheus, , m., Eurystheus.
expi (1), expiate; atone for.
imper (1), command, order, enjoin.
iussum, -, n., order, command.
labor, labris, m., labor, toil; hardship.
plrimus, -a, -um, very many.
pota, -ae, m., poet.
possum, posse, potu to be able w/ infinitive.
prm, adv., at first.
scelus, sceleris, n., wickedness, crime.
scrb (3), scrpsi, scrptum, write.
servi (4), servv, servtum, serve, be subject
to.
servits, servittis, f., slavery, servitude,
service.
tace (2), tacui, tacitum, be silent.
Tryns, Trynthis, f., Tiryns.
trd (3) -did, -ditum, give across, over;
hand over.

dcend, "of speaking," the genitive of the gerund. The gerund is a
form of the verb, but it has the construction of a noun. In
English the gerund ends in ing, and so is identical in form
with the present participle. A&G 501, 502 and 504.
Tryntha, is borrowed from Greek, and keeps this Greek form
for the accusative singular. Compare era in Chapter 4.
Eurysthe servvit. In "served Eurystheus" the verb is transitive, and
"Eurystheus" is its direct object; but servi is intransitive, and
governs the dative. The rendering "was subject to Eurystheus"
corresponds more closely to the Latin construction. Keep a list
of intransitive verbs that you find governing a dative. A&G
367.
hc n mod, What kind of ablative is this?
tantum scelus, in what case is this phrase?
expir, what tense, voice and mood is this word?
D hs labribus, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
pots, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
quae, What is its case?

perf. dep. indic.
1st cntus sum
2nd cntus es
3rdcntus est

1st cnt sumus
2nd cnt estis
3rdcnt sunt

perf. dep. indic.
1st pollicitus sum
2nd pollicitus es
3rdpollicitus est

1st pollicit sumus
2nd pollicit estis
3rdpollicit sunt

perf. dep. indic.
1st loctus sum
2nd loctus es
3rdloctus est

1st loct sumus
2nd loct estis
3rdloct sunt

perf. dep. indic.
1st gressus sum
2nd gressus es
3rdgressus est

1st gress sumus
2nd gress estis
3rdgress sunt

perf. dep. indic.
1st ortus sum
2nd ortus es
3rdortus est

1st ort sumus
2nd ort estis
3rdort sunt

perf. indic.
1st fu
2nd fuist
3rdfuit

1st fuimus
2nd fuistis
3rdfurunt
pluperf. dep. indic.
1st cntus eram
2nd cntus ers
3rdcntus erat

1st cnt ermus
2nd cnt ertis
3rdcnt erant

1st pollicitus eram
2nd pollicitus ers
3rdpollicitus erat

1st pollicit ermus
2nd pollicit ertis
3rdpollicit erant

1st loctus eram
2nd loctus ers
3rdloctus erat

1st loct ermus
2nd loct ertis
3rdloct erant

1st gressus eram
2nd gressus ers
3rdgressus erat

1st gress ermus
2nd gress ertis
3rdgress erant

1st ortus eram
2nd ortus ers
3rdortus erat

1st ort ermus
2nd ort ertis
3rdort erant

pluperf. indic.
1st fueram
2nd fuers
3rdfuerat

1st fuermus
2nd fuertis
3rdfuerant
fut. perf. dep. indic.
1st cntus er
2nd cntus eris
3rdcntus erit

1st cnt erimus
2nd cnt eritis
3rdcnt erunt

1st pollicitus er
2nd pollicitus eris
3rdpollicitus erit

1st pollicit erimus
2nd pollicit eritis
3rdpollicit erunt

1st loctus er
2nd loctus eris
3rdloctus erit

1st loct erimus
2nd loct eritis
3rdloct erunt

1st gressus er
2nd gressus eris
3rdgressus erit

1st gress erimus
2nd gress eritis
3rdgress erunt

1st ortus er
2nd ortus eris
3rdortus erit

1st ort erimus
2nd ort eritis
3rdort erunt

fut. perf. indic.
1st fuer
2nd fueris
3rdfuerit

1st fuerimus
2nd fueritis
3rdfuerint

21. FIRST LABOR: THE NEMEAN LION
Prmum ab Eurysthe iussus est Herculs lenem interficere qu ill tempore vallem
Nemeaeam reddbat nfestam. Itaque in silvs in quibus le habitbat statim s contulit. Ubi
feram vdit, arcum quem scum attulerat intendit; eius tamen pellem, quae dnsissima erat,
tricere nn potuit. Tum clv magn quam semper gerbat lenem frstr percussit; neque
enim hc mod eum interficere potuit. Tum dmum collum mnstr bracchis sus complexus
est, et faucs eius omnibus vribus compressit. Hc mod le brev tempore exanimtus est;
nlla enim resprand facults e dabtur. Tum Herculs cadver ad oppidum umers rettulit; et
pellem, quam dtrxerat, poste pr veste gerbat. Omns autem qu eam reginem incolbant,
ubi fma d morte lenis ad aurs erum pervnit, vehementer gaudbant et Herculem magn
in honre habbant.

adfer, adferre, attul, adltum, bear to,
bring.
auris, auris, f., ear.
bracchium, bracchi, n., arm.
cadver, cadveris, n., dead body, corpse,
carcass.
clva, clvae, f., stick,club.
collum, coll, n., neck.
complector (3), complexus sum, embrace,
grasp.
comprim, -primere, -press, -pressus [com-
+ prem], press together, squeeze,
compress.
cn-fer, cnferre, contul, conltus, bring
together; grant, confer; s
cnferre, to betake oneself, make
one's way.
dmum, adv., at last.
dnsus, dnsa, dnsum, thick; superlative,
dnsissimus.
dtrah (3), -trx, tractum, draw or pull off.
ex-anim, -animre, -animv, -animtus,
put out of breath, exhaust; kill.
facults, faculttis, f., possibility, opportunity,
chance, means.
fma, fmae, f., report, rumor; fame.
faucs, faucium, f. pl., throat; jaws, mouth.
fera, ferae, f., wild animal, beast.
incol (3), -colu, inhabit.
nfestus, -a, um, unsafe, dangerous.
in-tend, -tendere, -tend, -tentus, stretch
out; stretch, draw, aim.
interfici, -ficere, -fc, -fectus [inter +
faci], put out of the way, kill.
le, lenis, m., lion.
Nemeaeus, -a, -um, Nemean, of Nemea.
oppidum, oppid, n., town.
pellis, pellis, f., hide, skin, pelt.
percuti, -cutere, -cuss, -cussus [per +
quati], strike through, strike.
pr, prep. with abl., before, in front of; for.
redd, -dere, -did, -ditus [re- + d], give
back, return, restore; render.
regi, -nis [reg, direct], f., direction;
country, region.
respr (1), breathe back or out, breathe.
silva, silvae, f., forest, wood(s).
trici (M), tric, triectum, throw across;
strike through, pierce.
umerus, umer, m., shoulder.
vallis, vallis, f., valley.
vehementer [vehemns, violent], adv.,
violently, exceedingly, greatly.
vestis, vestis, f., clothing.

ab Eurysthe, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
ill tempore, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
in quibus, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
scum is to be translated as if it were cum s. The preposition cum
follows and is joined to a personal, reflexive, or relative
pronoun. A&G 144, Note 1; and A&G 143, f.
clv magn, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
hc mod, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
interficere. Interfici is the most general of the verbs meaning kill;
nec implies wickedness and cruelty; occd commonly
denotes the cutting down of an enemy in battle.
bracchis sus, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
omnibus vribus, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
Hc mod, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
brev tempore, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
resprand, "of breathing," the genitive of the gerund. The gerund is a
form of the verb, but it has the construction of a noun. In
English the gerund ends in ing, and so is identical in form
with the present participle. A&G 501, 502 and 504.
umers, "on his shoulders," but it is an ablative of means.
pr veste, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
d morte, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
magn in honre, what kind of ablative is this phrase?

pres. dep. subjunc.
1st cner
2nd cnris
3rdcntur

1st cnmur
2nd cnmin
3rdcnentur

pres. dep. subjunc.
1st pollicear
2nd polliceris
3rdpollicetur

1st pollicemur
2nd pollicemin
3rdpolliceantur

pres. dep. subjunc.
1st loquar
2nd loquris
3rdloqutur

1st loqumur
2nd loqumin
3rdloquantur

pres. dep. subjunc.
1st gradiar
2nd gradiris
3rdgraditur

1st gradimur
2nd gradimin
3rdgradiantur

pres. dep. subjunc.
1st oriar
2nd oriris
3rdoritur

1st orimur
2nd orimin
3rdoriantur

pres. subjunc.
1st sim
2nd ss
3rdsit

1st smus
2nd stis
3rdsint
imperf. dep. subjunc.
1st cnrer
2nd cnrris
3rdcnrtur

1st cnrmur
2nd cnrmin
3rdcnrentur
1st pollicrer
2nd pollicrris
3rdpollicrtur

1st pollicrmur
2nd pollicrmin
3rdpollicrentur
1st loquerer
2nd loquerris
3rdloquertur

1st loquermur
2nd loquermin
3rdloquerentur
1st graderer
2nd graderris
3rdgradertur

1st gradermur
2nd gradermin
3rdgraderentur
1st orrer
2nd orrris
3rdorrtur

1st orrmur
2nd orrmin
3rdorrentur
imperf. subjunc.
1st essem
2nd esss
3rdesset

1st essmus
2nd esstis
3rdessent
22. SECOND LABOR: THE LERNEAN HYDRA
Paul post ab Eurysthe Hydram interficere iussus est. Hoc autem erat mnstrum cui
novem erant capita. Herculs igitur cum amc Iol profectus est ad paldem Lernaeam, in
qu Hydra habitbat. Brev tempore mnstrum invnit; et quamquam rs erat magn percul, id
sinistr prehendit. Tum dextr capita novem abscdere coepit; quotins tamen hoc fcerat, nova
capita exoribantur. Di frstr labrbat; tandem hc cnt dstitit. Deinde arbors succdere
et ignem accendere cnstituit. Hoc celeriter fcit; et postquam ligna ignem comprhendrunt,
face rdente colla adussit, unde capita exoribantur. Nec tamen sine magn labre haec fcit;
cancer enim ingns auxili Hydrae vnit, qu dum Herculs capita abscdit, crra eius mordbat.
Postquam mnstrum tl mod interfcit, sagitts sus sanguine eius imbuit, itaque mortifers
reddidit.

abscd, -cdere, -cd, -csus [abs = ab +
caed], cut away or off.
accend, accendere, accend, accensus set on
(fire), light.
adr (3), -uss, -ustum, set fire to, burn,
scorch, sear.
amcus, amc, m., friend.
arbor, arboris, f., tree.
rde (2), rs, rsrus, be on fire, burn.
auxilium, -, n., help, aid.
cancer, cancr, m., crab.
celeriter, adv., quickly, swiftly.
coep, coepisse, coeptus have begun, began.
com-prehend, -prehendere, -prehend, -
prehnsus, seize, catch.
cntus, -s [cnor], m., attempt, effort.
crs, crris, n., leg.
deinde adv., then, next.
dsist, -sistere, -stit, -stitum, leave off,
cease, stop.
dexter, dextra, dextrum, right; dextra, -ae,
f., right hand.
Eurystheus, -, m., Eurystheus.
exorior, -orr, -ortus sum, arise from, spring
up, rise.
fax, facis, f., torch, firebrand.
Hydra, -ae, f., the Hydra.
ignis, ignis, m., fire.
imbu (3), imbu, imbtum, wet, soak, dip;
imbue.
ingns, ingentis, adj., huge, vast.
interfici, -ficere, -fc, -fectus [inter +
faci], put out of the way, kill.
in-veni, -venre, -vn, -ventus, come upon,
find.
Iolus, -, m., Iolaus.
labr, -re, -v, -tus [labor], labor, toil.
Lernaeus, -a, -um, Lernean, of Lerna.
ligna, -rum, n. pl., wood.
morde (2), momord, morsum, bite.
mortifer, mortifera, mortiferum, death-
bringing, deadly.
novem, indecl. adj. nine.
novus, nova, novum, new; novissimus, last.
pals, paldis, f., swamp, marsh.
paul [paulus, little], adv., by a little, a little.
prehend, -hendere, -hend, -hnsus, seize.
proficscor, -ficsc, -fectus [prfici, make
progress], set out, depart, start,
march.
quamquam, conj., although.
quotins, adv., as often as.
sagitta, sagittae, f., arrow.
sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left; sinistra, -ae,
f., left hand.
succd, -cdere, -cd, -csum, cut below or
down, fell.
unde relat. adverb, whence, from where.
Paul, what kind of ablative is this word?
ab Eurysthe, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
Hoc agrees with mnstrum, not Hydram. A demonstrative or relative
pronoun is commonly attracted into the gender of a predicate
noun.
cui erant, "which had," literally "to which were." This construction,
called the dative of possession A&G 373, is used with sum.
The thing possessed is the subject.
cum amc Iol, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
in qu, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
Brev tempore, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
rs, "undertaking." In rendering this word, choose always with great
freedom the most suitable English word.
magn percul is a descriptive genitive (genitive of quality A&G 345.)
modifying rs. It may also be called a predicate genitive,
inasmuch as it forms part of what is said about rs. The English
idiom is "one of great danger."
sinistr and dextr, what kind of ablatives are these?
hc cnt, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
face rdente, what kind of ablative is this phrase? What form of the verb
rde is used?
unde is here equivalent to ex quibus.
auxili Hydrae, "to the aid of the Hydra," literally "for aid to the Hydra."
This is the so-called double dative construction, which consists of a dative
of purpose (A&G 382, note 1) or tendency and a dative of reference
A&G 376, denoting the person concerned.
mordbat, the past (imperfect) of repeated action, kept biting.
tl mod, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
sanguine, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
itaque, "and thus." It is not the conjunction itaque, but the adverb ita with
the enclitic conjunction que.
perf. dep. subjunc.
1st horttus sim
2nd horttus ss
3rdhorttus sit

1st hortt smus
2nd hortt stis
3rdhortt sint
perf. dep. subjunc.
1st veritus sim
2nd veritus ss
3rdveritus sit

1st verit smus
2nd verit stis
3rdverit sint
perf. dep. subjunc.
1st lpsus sim
2nd lpsus ss
3rdlpsus sit

1st lps smus
2nd lps stis
3rdlps sint
perf. dep. subjunc.
1st mortuus sim
2nd mortuus ss
3rdmortuus sit

1st mortu smus
2nd mortu stis
3rdmortu sint
perf. dep. subjunc.
1st expertus sim
2nd expertus ss
3rdexpertus sit

1st expert smus
2nd expert stis
3rdexpert sint
perf. subjunc.
1st fuerim
2nd fueris
3rdfuerit

1st fuerimus
2nd fueritis
3rdfuerint

23. THIRD LABOR: THE CERYNEAN STAG
Postquam Eurysthe caeds Hydrae nntita est, magnus timor animum eius occupvit.
Igitur Herculem cervum quendam ad s referre iussit; enim virum tantae audciae in urbe
retinre nlbat. Hic autem cervus, cuius cornua aurea fuisse traduntur, incrdibil fuit celeritte.
Herculs igitur prm vestgis eum in silv persequbtur; deinde ubi cervum ipsum vdit,
omnibus vribus currere coepit. sque ad vesperum currbat, neque nocturnum tempus sibi ad
quitem relinqubat. Frstr tamen tantum labrem suscpit; nll enim mod cervum cnsequ
poterat. Tandem, postquam ttum annum cucurrit (ita trditur), cervum curs exanimtum cpit,
et vvum ad Eurystheum rettulit.

audcia, audciae, f., boldness, audacity.
aureus, aurea, aureum, of gold,
golden.caeds, caedis, f., cutting down,
killing, slaughter.
celeriter, adv., quickly, swiftly.
cervus, cerv, m., stag.
coep, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of
completed action), have begun,
began.
cnsequor, -sequ, -sectus sum, follow (up),
overtake.
corn, corns, n., horn.
curr (3), cucurr, cursum, run.
cursus, curss, m., course, running.
Eurystheus, Eurysthe, m., Eurystheus.
ex-anim, -animre, -animv, -animtus,
put out of breath, exhaust; kill.
Hydra, Hydrae, f., the Hydra.
incrdibilis, incrdibile, incredible.
nocturnus, -a, -um, of night, nocturnal.
nl, nlle, nlu [ne-, not + vol], not wish,
be unwilling.
nnti, -re, -v, -tus [nntius], report,
announce.
persequor, -sequ, -sectus sum, folow up,
pursue.
prm [prmus], adv., at first.
relinqu (3), -lqu, -lictum, leave behind,
leave.
retine, -tinre, -tinu, -tentus [re- + tene],
hold or keep back, keep, restrain.
suscipi, -cipere, -cp, -ceptus [sub +
capi], undertake.
trd, -dere, -did, -ditus [trans + do], give
across, over, or up, deliver; hand
down, relate, report.
sque, adv., all the time; sque ad, as far as,
until.
vesper, vesper, m., evening.
vestigium, -, n., footprint.
vvus, -a, -um, alive, living.

Eurysthe, dative of the indirect object A&G 365.
eius, genitive of possession A&G 343.
tantae audciae, genitive of quality A&G 345.
in urbe, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
cius, genitive of possession A&G 343.
incrdibil celeritte, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
vestgis, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
in silv, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
ipsum contrasts cervum with vestgis. Up to this time Hercules had
only seen the stags tracks.
nocturnus tempus means "night time" or "time of night."
sibi, dative of the indirect object A&G 365, or dative of reference
A&G 376. Look them both up and you decide.
ad quitem, "for rest." Purpose is frequently expressed by the
accusative with ad.
nll mod, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
ttum annum, accusative of duration of time ( or time how long)
A&G 423, 2.
curs, what kind of ablative is this word?
exanimtum. Translate as if it were qu exanimtus erat. A
participle is often equivalent to a relative clause.
vvum, predicate adjective.

pluperf. dep. subjun.
1st horttus sim
2nd horttus ss
3rdhorttus sit

1st hortt essmus
2nd hortt esstis
3rdhortt essent
1st veritus essem
2nd veritus esss
3rdveritus esset

1st verit essmus
2nd verit esstis
3rdverit essent
1st lpsus essem
2nd lpsus esss
3rdlpsus esset

1st lps essmus
2nd lps esstis
3rdlps essent
1st mortuus essem
2nd mortuus esss
3rdmortuus esset

1st mortu essmus
2nd mortu esstis
3rdmortu essent
1st expertus essem
2nd expertus esss
3rdexpertus esset

1st expert essmus
2nd expert esstis
3rdexpert essent
pluperf. subjunc.
1st fuissem
2nd fuisss
3rdfuisset

1st fuissmus
2nd fuisstis
3rdfuissent

pres. dep. imper.
sg. morre
pl. mormin

pres. dep. imper.
sg. fatre
pl. fatmin

pres. dep. imper.
sg. sequere
pl. sequimin

pres. dep. imper.
sg. patere
pl. patimin

pres. dep. imper.
sg. mentre
pl. mentmin

pres. imper.
sg. es, est
pl. este

pres. dep. infin.
morr
perf. dep. infin.
mortum esse
fut. dep. infin.
mortrum esse
pres. dep. infin.
fatr
perf. dep. infin.
fassum esse
fut. dep. infin.
fassrum esse
pres. dep. infin.
sequ
perf. dep. infin.
sectum esse
fut. dep. infin.
sectrum esse
pres. dep. infin.
pat
perf. dep. infin.
passum esse
fut. dep. infin.
passrum esse
pres. dep. infin.
mentr
perf. dep. infin.
menttum esse
fut. dep. infin.
menttrum esse
pres. infin.
esse
perf. infin.
fuisse
fut. infin.
futrum esse (fore)

24. FOURTH LABOR: THE ERYMANTHIAN BOAR
Tum vr issus est Herculs aprum quendam capere qu ill tempore agrs Erymanthis
vstbat, et incols huius reginis mgnopere terrbat. Herculs rem suscpit, et in Arcadiam
profectus est. Postquam in silvam paulum prgressus est, apr occurrit. Ille autem simul atque
Herculem vdit, statim refgit; et timre perterritus in altam fossam s pricit. Herculs apr
laqueum quem attulerat inicit, et summ cum difficultte eum foss extrxit. Ille ets fortiter
repgnbat, tamen nll mod s lberre potuit, atque ab Hercule ad Eurystheum vvus reltus
est.
ad-fer, adferre, attul, adltus, bear to, bring.
ager, agr, m., field, land.
altus, alta, altum, high; deep.
aper, apr, m., wild boar.
Arcadia, -ae, f., Arcadia (a country).
difficults, -ttis, f., difficulty.
Erymanthius, -a, -um, Erymanthian, of
Erymanthus.
ets, conj., even if, although.
ex-trah, -trahere, -trx, -trctus, draw or
drag out, release, rescue.
fortiter, adv., bravely.
fossa, fossae, f., ditch, trench.
incola, incolae, m and f., inhabitant.
inici, -icere, -ic, -iectus [in +iaci], throw in
or upon; cause, inspire.
laqueus, laque, m., noose.
lber, -re, -v, -tus [lber, free], set free,
free, liberate, release.
occurr (3), occurr, occursum, run against,
meet.
paulum [paulus, little], adv., a little, somewhat.
perterre (2), -terru, -territum, frighten
thoroughly.
prgredior, -gred, -gressus sum, go forward,
advance.
prici (M), -ic, -iectum, throw forth or
down, throw.
march.
re-fugi, -fugere, -fg, flee back, run away,
retreat.
regi, -nis [reg, direct], f., direction; country,
region.
repugn (1), -v, -tum, fight against,
struggle, resist.
suscipi, -cipere, -cp, -ceptus [sub + capi],
undertake.
summus, -a, -um [superl. of superus, upper],
uppermost, highest, greatest.
vast (1), -v, -tum, lay waste.
vr, adv., in truth, indeed; however.
vvus, vva, vvum, alive, living.

Compare the related verbs in this chapter alone: capere and suscipi;
ad-fer and re-fer; and inici and prici. Discern both the
differences and the similarities between related verbs when
you can.
ill tempore, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
huius reginis, possessive genitive A&G 343.
apr, dative governed by the compound verb occurrit. A&G 370.
Keep a list of the compound verbs that you find governing a
dative.
simul atque, an idiom meaning as soon as.
timre, what kind of ablative is this word?
apr, dative governed by the compound verb inicit. A&G 370.
summ cum difficultte, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
foss, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
nll mod, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
ab Hercule, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
ad Eurystheum. We are told that Eurystheus was so frightened that
he hid in a large jar.
vvus. Why is the nominative used here, and the accusative in
Chapter 23?

pres. dep. partic.
morns, morantis
perf. dep. partic.
mortus, -a, -um
fut. dep. partic.
mortrus, -a, -um
pres. dep. partic.
fatns, fatentis
perf. dep. partic.
fassus, -a, -um
fut. dep. partic.
fassrus, -a, -um
pres. dep. partic.
sequns, sequentis
perf. dep. partic.
sectus, -a, -um
fut. dep. partic.
sectrus, -a, -um
pres. dep. partic.
patins, patientis
perf. dep. partic.
passus, -a, -um
fut. dep. partic.
passrus, -a, -um
pres. dep. partic.
mentins, mentientis
perf. dep. partic.
menttus, -a, -um
fut. dep. partic.
menttrus, -a, -um
pres. partic.
----------
perf. partic.
----------
fut. partic.
futrus, -a, -um
dep. gerundive
morandus, -a, -um

dep. gerund
N. ----------
G. morand
D. morand
A. morandum
A. morand

dep. supine
acc. mortum
abl. mort

dep. gerundive
fatendus, -a, -um

dep. gerund
N. ----------
G. fatend
D. fatend
A. fatendum
A. fatend

dep. supine
acc. fassum
abl. fass

dep. gerundive
sequendus, -a, -um

dep. gerund
N. ----------
G. sequend
D. sequend
A. sequendum
A. sequend

dep. supine
acc. sectum
abl. sect

dep. gerundive
patiendus, -a, -um

dep. gerund
N. ----------
G. patiend
D. patiend
A. patiendum
A. patiend

dep. supine
acc. passum
abl. pass

dep. gerundive
mentiendus, -a, -um

dep. gerund
N. ----------
G. mentiend
D. mentiend
A. mentiendum
A. mentiend

dep. supine
acc. menttum
abl. mentt

gerundive
----------

gerund
N. ----------
G. ----------
D. ----------
A. ----------
A. ----------

supine
----------
----------
Deponent Verbs have participles of both voices: -- sequns following; sectus having followed; secturus about to follow; sequendus to be followed.
25. HERCULES AT THE CENTAUR'S CAVE
D quart labre, quem supr nrrvimus, haec etiam trduntur. Herculs dum iter in
Arcadiam facit, ad eam reginem vnit quam centaur incolbant, qu erant equ, sed hominis
caput habbant. Cum nox iam appeteret, ad spluncam dvertit in qu centaurus qudam,
nmine Pholus, habitbat. Ille Herculem benign excpit et cnam parvit. At Herculs
postquam cnvit, vnum Phol postulvit. Erat autem in splunc magna amphora vn
optim plna, quam centaur ibi dposuerant. Pholus id dare nlbat, quod reliqus centaurs
timbat; nllum tamen vnum praeter hc in splunc habbat. "Hoc vnum," inquit, "mihi
commissum est. S id dab, centaur m interficient." Herculs tamen eum inrsit, et ipse
pculum vn ex amphor hausit.

amphora, amphorae, f., jar, bottle amphora.
appet, -petere, -petv, -pettus [ad + pet],
draw near.
Arcadia,Arcadiae, f., Arcadia.
bengn [bengnus, kind], adv., kindly.
cna, cnae, f., dinner.
cn (1), -v, -tum, dine.
centaurus, centaur, m., centaur.
committ (3), -ms, -missum, commit, intrust;
expose.
d-pn, -pnere, -posu, -positus, put down,
deposit; lay aside.
dvert (3), -vert, -versum, turn away or
aside.
equus, equ, m., horse.
hauri (4), haus, haustum, draw; pour; drain.
in-col, -colere, -colu, inhabit.
nride (2), -rs, -rsum, laugh at, mock.
inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verb, I say,
you say, he says.
interfici, -ficere, -fc, -fectus [inter + faci],
put out of the way, kill.
iter, itineris [e], n., a going, journey, march;
iter facere, to journey, march.
nl, nlle, nlu [ne-, not + vol], not wish, be
unwilling.
optimus, -a, -um, best; superlative of bonus.
Pholus, Phol, m., Pholus.
plnus, plna, plnum, full (of), w/ genitive or
ablative.
pculum, pcul, n., cup.
postul, -re, -v, -tus, ask, request, demand.
praeter, prep. with acc., past, by; besides,
except; beyond.
quartus, -a, -um [quattuor], fourth.
regi, reginis [reg, direct], f., direction;
country, region.
reliquus, reliqua, reliquum, the remaining, the
other.
splunca, -ae, f., cave, cavern.
supr, adv. and prep. with acc., above, before.
vnum, vn, n., wine.

D quart labre, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
nrrvimus. In Latin, as in English, a writer sometimes uses the first
person plural in speaking of himself, instead of the first person
singular.
Cum . . . appeteret. A clause introduced by cum may express the
cause of the action represented by the principal verb of the
sentence. It is then called a causal cum-clause. The verb of
such a clause is in the subjunctive. A&G 549.
in qu, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
nmine, what kind of ablative is this word?
Phol, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
Erat. Sum in the sense of exist makes a complete predicate
without a predicate noun or adjective. It is then called the
substantive verb. A&G 284, b.
in splunc, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
vn. Certain adjectives take the genitive. Plnus is one of them.
A&G 549.
reliqus centaurs, "the rest of the centaurs," "the other centaurs."
Some Latin adjectives can be used to denote a part. See
Chapter 12 on medi nocte. A&G 293.
inquit, historical present. This verb is used with direct quotations, and
follows one or more words of the quotation. A&G 469.
dab, I give. When both the principal and the subordinate verb
represent future actions, English regularly uses the present in
the subordinate clause, but Latin requires the more exact
future or future perfect. future more vivid conditional sentence
A&G 516, a.
ex amphor, what kind of ablative is this phrase?

More than half of all Deponent Verbs are of the 1st Conjugation, and all of these are regular. The following Deponent Verbs are irregular: --
adsentior, adsentr, asdnsus
assent
apscor, apsc, aptus get
dfetscor, dfetsc, dfessus faint
expergscor, expergsc,
experrctus rouse
experior, experr, expertus try
fateor, fatr, fassus confess
fruor, fru, frctus enjoy
fungor, fung, fnctus fulfill
gradior, grad, gressus step
rscor, rsc, rtus be angry
lbor, lb, lpsus fall, slip
loquor, loqu, loctus speak
mtior, mtr, mnsus measure
minscor, minsc, mentus think
morior, mor, mortuus die
nancscor, nancsc, nactus find
nscor, nsc, ntus be born
ntor, nt, nsus strive
oblvscor, oblvsc, obltus forget
opperior, opperr, oppertus await
rdior, rdr, rsus begin
orior, orr, ortus rise
pacscor, pacsc, pactus bargain
patior, pat, passus suffer
plector, plect, plexus clasp
proficscor, proficsc, profectus
set out
queror, quer, questus complain
reor, rr, ratus think
revertor, revert, reversus return
ringor, ring, rictus snarl
sequor, sequ, sectus follow
tueor, tuor, tuitus (ttus) protect
ulcscor, ulcsc, ultus avenge
tor, t, sus use, employ

The following Deponent Verbs have no Supine stem: --
dvertor, dvert turn aside
difitteor, diffitr deny
fatscor, fatsc gape
lquor, lqu melt
medeor, medr heal
reminscor, reminsc remember
vescor, vesc feed upon

Semi-Deponents: a few verbs having no perfect stem are regular in the present but appear as Deponent Verbs in the tenses of completed action: --
aude, audre, ausus dare fi, fier, factus become fd, fdere, fsus trust gaude, gaudre, gvsus rejoice sole, solre, solitus be wont

26. THE FIGHT WITH THE CENTAURS
Simul atque amphora aperta est, odor icundissimus undique diffsus est; vnum enim
suvissimum erat. Centaur ntum odrem snsrunt atque omns ad locum convnrunt. Ubi
ad spluncam pervnrunt, magnopere rt erant, quod Herculem bibentem vdrunt, ac
Pholum interficere volbant. Herculs tamen in adit spluncae cnstitit et impetum erum
fortissim sustinbat. Facs rdents in es conicit; mults etiam sagitts sus vulnervit. Hae
autem sagittae eaedem erant quae sanguine Hydrae imbtae erant. Omns igitur qus ille
sagitts vulnerverat venn statim absmpt sunt; reliqu autem ubi hoc vdrunt, terga
vertrunt et fug saltem petirunt.

absm (3), -smps, smptum, take away,
destroy.
aditus, adits, m., entrance, approach.
amphora, -ae, f., jar, bottle, amphora.
aperi (4), aperu, apertum, open.
rde (2), rs, rsrus, be on fire, burn.
bib (3), bib, drink.
centaurus, -, m., centaur.
cn-sist (3), -stit, -stitus, station oneself, take
a stand; consist; stop.
con-veni, -venre, -vn, -ventus, come
together, assemble.
diffund (3), -fd, -fsum, pour forth, spread,
diffuse.
fax, facis, f., torch, firebrand.
fortissim superlative adverb [fortis] most
bravely, very bravely.
fuga, fugae, f., flight.
dem, eadem, idem, dem. pron., the same;
likewise,also.
imbu, -buere, -bu, -btus, wet, soak, dip.
impetus, -s [in + pet], m., attack; impetum f
acere, to charge.
icundus, -a, -um, pleasant, sweet; superl.
icundissimus, -a, -um.
ntus, -a, -um [part. of nsc, come to know],
known, well-known. famous.
odor, odris, m., smell, odor.
pet, petere, peti (v), pettus, seek, ask;
attack.
Pholus, Phol, m., Pholus.
reliquus, -a, -um [relinqu], left, the
remaining, the other, the rest of.
sals, saltis [salvus, safe], f., safety,
deliverance, escape.
suvis, suve, sweet, pleasant; superl.
suvissimus, -a, -um.
sustine, -tinre, -tinu, -tentus [sub + tene],
hold or bear up, sustain, withstand.
undique [unde + -que], adv., from or on all
sides.
vennum, venn, n., poison.
vnum, vn, n., wine.

simul atque, an idiom meaning as soon as.
bibentem, what form is this?
in adit, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
spluncae possessive genitive A&G 343, but it may be translated
to the cave.
cnstitit is the perfect of cnsist, not cnst.
sagitts sus, what kind of ablative is this phrase?
sanguine, what kind of ablative is this word?
sagitts, what kind of ablative is this word?
venn, what kind of ablative is this word?
fug, what kind of ablative is this word? It may be translated in
flight.

Some Irregular Verbs and their compounds -- in these compounds the phonetic changes in the preposition are especially to be noted:
sum, esse, fu, futrus
absum, abesse, afu
adsum, adesse, adfu
dsum, desse, dfu
insum, inesse, infu
intersum, interesse, interfu
obsum, obesse, obfu
possum, posse, potu
praesum, praeesse, praefu
prsum, prdesse, prfu
subsum, subesse, subfu
supersum, superesse, superfu

e, re, i (v), itus
abe, abre, abi, abitus
ade, adre, adi, aditus
exe, exre, exi, exitus
ine, inre, ini, initus
intere, interre, interi,
interitus
pere, perre, peri, peritus
rede, redre, redi, reditus
sube, subre, subi, subitus
trnse, trnsre, trnsi,
trnsitus

fer, ferre, tul, ltus
adfer, adferre, attul, alltus
aufer, auferre, abstul, abltus
cnfer, cnferre, contul, colltus
differ, differre, distul, dltus
effer, efferre, extul, ltus
infer, inferre, intul, illtus
offer, offerre, obtul, obltus
refer, referre, rettul, reltus
suffer, sufferre, sustul, subltus

vol, velle, volu
nl, nlle, nlu
ml, mlle, mlu

27. THE FATE OF PHOLUS
Postquam reliqu fgrunt, Pholus ex splunc gressus est, et corpora spectbat erum
qu sagitts interfect erant. Magnopere autem mrbtur quod tam lev vulnere exanimt erant,
et causam eius re quaerbat. Itaque adiit locum ubi cadver cuiusdam centaur iacbat, ac
sagittam vulnere extrxit. Haec tamen, sve cs sve cnsili derum d manibus eius lapsa
est, et pedem leviter vulnervit. Ille statim dolrem gravem snsit, et brev tempore v venn
exanimtus est. Mox Herculs, qu reliqus centaurs sectus erat, ad spluncam rediit, et
mgn cum dolre Pholum mortuum vdit. Mults cum lacrims corpus amc sepelvit; tum,
postquam alterum pculum vn exhausit, somn s dedit.

ad-e, -re, -i, -itus, go to, approach.
alter, altera, alterum, one or the other (of
two); another, second.
amcus, amc, m., friend.
cadver, -eris, n., dead body, corpse, carcass,
cadaver.
cs [abl. of csus], adv., by chance.
gredior, gred, gressus sum, go out or forth.
labor, lab, lapsus sum, slip out, slip.
ex-anim, (1), put out of breath, tire; kill.
ex-hauri, -haurre, -haus, -haustus, drink
up or off, drain.
ex-trah, -trahere, -trx, -trctus, draw or
drag out, release, rescue.
gravis, grave, heavy; severe, grievous, serious.
iace (2), iacu, lie, be prostrate.
levis, leve, light, slight.
leviter, adv., lightly, slightly.
mror, mrr, mrtus sum, wonder, wonder at.
mortuus, -a, -um [part. of morior], dead.
mox, adv., soon.
pculum, pcul [pt, drink], n., cup.
reliquus, -a, -um [relinqu], left, the remaining,
the other, the rest of.
sepeli (4) sepelv, sepultum, bury.
sequor, sequ, sectus sum, follow.
sve or seu, conj., or if; sve . . . sve, whether . . .
or.
spect (1) v, -tum, look at or on, watch.
splunca, speluncae, f., cave, cavern.
tam, adv., so.

Continue identifying all the ablative phrases in this section!
locum is the direct object of adiit, which is here transitive, and may
be rendered "approached."
cs. one of the words that are used without cum or a modifying
adjective in the ablative of manner A&G 412.
somn, what is the case and why?

The Active (1st) Periphrastic Conjugation combines the Future Active Participle with forms of sum to denote a future or intended action
Indicative
amtrus sum
amtrus eram
amtrus er
amtrus fu
amtrus fueram
amtrus fuer

Subjunctive
amtrus sim
amtrus essem
amtrus fuerim
amtrus fuissem

Infinitive
amtrus esse
amtrus fuisse
Indicative
monitrus sum
monitrus eram
monitrus er
monitrus fu
monitrus fueram
monitrus fuer

Subjunctive
monitrus sim
monitrus essem
monitrus fuerim
monitrus fuissem

Infinitive
monitrus esse
monitrus fuisse
Indicative
tectrus sum
tectrus eram
tectrus er
tectrus fu
tectrus fueram
tectrus fuer

Subjunctive
tectrus sim
tectrus essem
tectrus fuerim
tectrus fuissem

Infinitive
tectrus esse
tectrus fuisse
Indicative
captrus sum
captrus eram
captrus er
captrus fu
captrus fueram
captrus fuer

Subjunctive
captrus sim
captrus essem
captrus fuerim
captrus fuissem

Infinitive
captrus esse
captrus fuisse
Indicative
audtrus sum
audtrus eram
audtrus er
audtrus fu
audtrus fueram
audtrus fuer

Subjunctive
audtrus sim
audtrus essem
audtrus fuerim
audtrus fuissem

Infinitive
audtrus esse
audtrus fuisse

The Passive (2nd) Periphrastic Conjugation combines the Gerundive with the forms of sum to denote obligation, necessity or propriety
Indicative
amandus sum
amandus eram
amandus er
amandus fu
amandus fueram
amandus fuer

Subjunctive
amandus sim
amandus essem
amandus fuerim
amandus fuissem

Infinitive
amandus esse
amandus fuisse
Indicative
monendus sum
monendus eram
monendus er
monendus fu
monendus fueram
monendus fuer

Subjunctive
monendus sim
monendus essem
monendus fuerim
monendus fuissem

Infinitive
monendus esse
monendus fuisse
Indicative
tegendus sum
tegendus eram
tegendus er
tegendus fu
tegendus fueram
tegendus fuer

Subjunctive
tegendus sim
tegendus essem
tegendus fuerim
tegendus fuissem

Infinitive
tegendus esse
tegendus fuisse
Indicative
capiendus sum
capiendus eram
capiendus er
capiendus fu
capiendus fueram
capiendus fuer

Subjunctive
capiendus sim
capiendus essem
capiendus fuerim
capiendus fuissem

Infinitive
capiendus esse
capiendus fuisse
Indicative
audiendus sum
audiendus eram
audiendus er
audiendus fu
audiendus fueram
audiendus fuer

Subjunctive
audiendus sim
audiendus essem
audiendus fuerim
audiendus fuissem

Infinitive
audiendus esse
audiendus fuisse
28. FIFTH LABOR: THE AUGEAN STABLES
Deinde Eurystheus Hercul hunc labrem gravirem imposuit. Augs qudam, qu ill
tempore rgnum in lide obtinbat, tria mlia boum habbat. H in stabul ingentis
magnitdinis incls erant. Stabulum autem squlre erat obsitum; neque enim ad id tempus
umquam prgtum erat. Hoc Herculs n di prgre issus est. Ille, ets rs erat multae
operae, negtium suscpit. Prmum magn labre fossam duodvgint pedum dxit, per quam
flminis aquam d montibus ad mrum stabul dxit. Tum, postquam mrum perrpit, aquam in
stabulum immsit et tl mod contr opninem omnium opus cnfcit.

Augs, Augae, m., Augeas.
bs, bovis, gen. plur. boum, dat. and abl. plur.
cnfici (M) fc, -fectum, finish, complete,
accomplish.
contr, prep. with acc., against, contrary to.
deinde, adv., then, next.
duodvgint, indecl. adj., eighteen.
lis, lidis, f., Elis.
et-s, conj., even if, although.
flmen, flminis, n., river.
fossa, fossae [participle of fodi, dig], f., ditch,
trench.
immitt (3) ms, -missum, send or let in.
impn, -pnere, -posu, -positus [in + pn],
place or lay upon, impose; embark.
incld, -cldere, -cls, -clsus [in + claud,
shut], shut up in, inclose, imprison.
labor, labris, m., labor, toil.
mgnitd, -tdinis [mgnus], f., greatness,
size.
mlia, -ium, n. pl., thousands.
mns, montis, m., mountain.
mrus, mr, m., wall.
negtium, negoti, n., business, matter; task,
trouble.
obser (3) sv, -situm, sow, plant; cover, fill.
obtine (2) tinu, -tentum, hold, hold against.
opera, operae, f., work, effort, labor.
opni, opninis, f., opinion, expectation;
reputation.
opus, operis, n., work, task.
per-rump, -rumpere, -rp, -ruptus, break or
burst through, break.
prg (1) v, -tum, clean, make clean,
cleanse.
rgnum, - [rx], n., royal power, rule, throne;
kingdom, realm.
squlor, squlris, m., dirt, filth, squalor.
stabulum, -, n., stable, stall, standing place.
undertake.
tlis, tle, such, of such a kind.
trs, tria, plur. adj., three.
umquam, adv., ever.
Hercul, why dative? A&G 370.
tria mlia boum, "three thousand oxen," literally "three thousands of
oxen." The singular mlle is commonly used as an adjective,
like English "thousand"; but the plural mlia is used as a
substantive, and is modified by a genitive, usually a partitive
genitive A&G 346.
ingentis magnitdinis, genitive of quality A&G 345, b. See also
A&G 417, Note.
neque enim umquam, "for . . . never."
n di, what kind of ablative phrase is this?
multae operae. is a descriptive genitive (genitive of quality A&G
345.) Compare magn percul in Chapter 22.
duodvgint pedum, i.e. in width, "eighteen feet wide." genitive of
quality A&G 345, b.
dxit, "dug." The word is used with reference to the progress of work
on a wall or ditch, from one end to the other.
opus. Compare this word with operae and labre above. Labor is
used of heavy or exhausting labor, opera of voluntary exertion
or effort, and opus of that upon which one works or the
completed work.

Impersonal Verbs: used in the 3rd person singular:
expressing operations of
nature and time of day
vesperscit it grows late
lcscit it is getting light
grandinat it hails
pluit it rains
ningit it snows
fulgerat it lightens
tonat it thunders
rrat the dew falls

verbs of feeling
miseret it grieves
piget it disgusts
taedet it wearies
paenitet it repents
pudet it shames

verbs with phrase or
clause for a subject
accidit it happens
contingit it happens
venit it happens
obtingit it happens
obvenit it happens
fit it happens
libet it pleases
licet it is permitted
certum est it is resolved
cnstat it is clear
placet it seems good

vidtur it seems
decet it is becoming
dlectat it delights
iuvat it helps
oportet it is fitting
necesse est it is necessary
praestat it is better
interest it concerns
rfert it concerns
vacat there is leisure
restat it remains
superest it remains

passive intransitives
ventum est it was come
pgntur it is fought
tur it is gone
parcitur it is spared

Defective Verbs (missing parts)
used only in the perfect
coep, coepisse, coeptus
d, disse, sus
memin, meminisse

used only in the present
i
inquam
for, fr, ftus
que

neque
quaes
ovre

use only imperatives
salv
av

29. SIXTH LABOR: THE STYMPHALIAN BIRDS
Post paucs dis Herculs ad oppidum Stymphlum iter fcit; imperverat enim e
Eurystheus ut avs Stymphlids interficeret. Hae avs rstra anea habbant, et carne
hominum vscbantur. Ille postquam ad locum pervnit, lacum vdit; in hc autem lac, qu nn
procul erat ab oppid, avs habitbant. Nlla tamen appropinquand facults dabtur; lacus
enim nn ex aqu, sed lm cnstitit. Herculs igitur neque pedibus neque lintre prgred
potuit. Cum magnam partem di frstr cnsmpsisset, hc cnt dstitit et ad Minervam s
contulit, ut auxilium ab e peteret. Illa e crotala dedit quae ipse Volcnus (qu ab fabrs
mxim colbtur) ex aere fcerat. Hs Herculs tam crem crepitum fcit ut avs perterritae
volrent. Ille autem, dum volant, magnum numerum erum sagitts trnsfxit.

cer, cris, cre, sharp, shrill.
aneus, -a, -um, of copper or bronze.
aes, aeris, n., copper, bronze.
appropinqu, -propinqure, -propinquv, -
propinqutus [ad + propinqu],
approach to, approach.
avis, avis, f., bird.
vol (1) v, -tum, fly away.
car, carnis, f., flesh.
col, colere, colu, cultus, till, cultivate;
inhabit; worship.
cntus, cnts [cnor], m., attempt, effort.
cn-st, -stre, -stit, -sttrus, stand together,
agree; consist; cnstat, it is agreed, is
well known.
cn-sm, -smere, -smps, -smptus, take
completely, use up, consume, spend.
crepitus, -s, m., rattle, clatter, noise.
crotalum, crotal, n., clapper, rattle.
d-sist, -sistere, -stit, -stitus, set down; leave
off, desist, cease, stop.
faber, fabr, m., smith, craftsman.
facults, -ttis [facilis, easy], f., possibility,
opportunity, chance, means.
imper, -perre, -perv, -pertus, command,
order, enjoin.
iter facere, to journey,
march.
lacus, lacs, m., lake.
lmus, lm, m., mud.
linter, lintris, f., barge, skiff.
mxim [mximus], adv., very greatly,
exceedingly, especially.
numerus, numer, m., number.
per-terre, -terrre, -terru, -territus,
thoroughly frighten, terrify.
attack.
prgredior, -gred, -gressus [pr + gradior],
go forward, advance.
rstrum, rstr, n., beak.
Stymphlis, Stymphlidis, of Stymphalus,
Stymphalian.
Stymphlus, -, f., Stymphalus (a town).
tam, adv., so.
trns-fg, -fgere, -fx, -fxus, thrust or pierce
through, transfix.
ut, conj., as; when; that; ita ut, as.
vescor, vesc, feed on, eat.
Volcnus, Volcan, m., Vulcan.
e. Imper is one of the intransitive verbs that govern the dative.
A&G 367 (especially footnote 1 on page 228.)
ut . . . interficeret, "that he should kill" or "to kill," A clause which is
used as the subject or object of a verb is called a substantive
clause. There are four kinds of these clauses. See A&G 562.
The ones with the subjunctive are three sub-groups. The
clause here is yet another sub-group of one these three. For
our purposes it is called an indirect command, which is a kind
of purpose clause A&G 563. Read 562-574 in the
grammar to get a better idea of these kinds of clauses.
carne. The deponent verb vescor is intransitive and governs the
ablative; but "eat" in English is transitive. A&G 410.
appropinquand. genitive of the gerund. A&G 501, 502 and 504.
cnstitit, from cnst. Compare the similar word in Chapter 26.
pedibus, ablative of means, but to be rendered "on foot." A&G 409.
cnsmpsisset. The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive are used
with cum, "when," in clauses describing the situation at the
time of the action represented by the principal verb. temporal
cum-clause A&G 546. Compare cum . . . appeteret in
Chapter 25.
ut peteret, "in order that he might ask," "that he might ask," or "to
ask." The subjunctive is used with ut in adverbial clauses
expressing purpose. Clauses of purpose and substantive
clauses of volition are generally best translated with the
English infinitive. A&G 563ff.
volrent, "flew away," This is not subjunctive of purpose, but of
result, as is indicated by tam. Notice that the subjunctive of
result is translated by the English indicative. A&G 567ff.

30. SEVENTH LABOR: THE CRETAN BULL
Tum Eurystheus Hercul impervit ut taurum quendam fercissimum ex nsul Crt
vvum referret. Ille igitur nvem cnscendit, et cum ventus idneus esset, statim solvit. Cum
tamen nsulae iam appropinquret, tanta tempests subit coorta est ut nvis cursum tenre nn
posset. Tantus autem timor anims nautrum occupvit ut paene omnem spem saltis
dpnerent. Herculs ets nvigand impertus erat, tamen nll mod territus est. Paul post
summa tranquillits cnsecta est, et nautae, qu s ex timre iam recperant, nvem incolumem
ad terram appulrunt. Herculs nv gressus est; et cum ad rgem Crtae vnisset, causam
veniend docuit. Deinde, postquam omnia parta sunt, ad eam reginem contendit quam taurus
vstbat. Brev tempore taurum vdit; et quamquam rs erat magn percul, cornua eius
prehendit. Tum, cum mnstrum ad nvem ingent labre trxisset, cum praed in Graeciam
rediit.

appell, -pellere, -pul, -pulsus [ad + pell],
drive to, bring to; with or without
nvem, put in.
cn-sequor, -sequ, -sectus, follow up,
follow; overtake.
cnscend (3) scend, -scnsum, climb; with
or without nvem, to climb the ship,
go on board, embark.
corior, corr, coortus sum, arise.
corn, corns, n., horn.
Crta, -ae, f., Crete.
cursus, curss, m., course, a running.
deposit; lay aside, give up;
memori dpnere, to forget.
doce, -re, -u, -tus, teach, explain.
gredior, -gred, -gressus [ + gradior], go
out or forth, go ashore, disembark.
ets, conj., even if, although.
ferx, -cis [ferus, wild], adj., fierce, savage.
idneus, -a, -um, suitable, fit; favorable.
impertus, -a, -um, inexperienced, unskilled,
ignorant.
imper, -perre, -perv, -pertus,
command, order, enjoin.
incolumis, incolume, unhurt, safe.
ignis, ignis, m., fire.
nauta, nautae, m., sailor.
nvig (1) v, -tum, sail.
paul [paulus, little], adv., by a little, a little.
praeda, -ae, f., booty, spoil, plunder.
quam-quam, conj., however much, although.
recipi, -cipere, -cp, -ceptus [re- + capi],
take or get back, recover; s
recipere, to betake oneself; to
collect oneself, recover.
country, region.
taurus, taur, m., bull.
trah, trahere, trx, tractus to draw or drag.
tranquillits, tranquillittis, f., calm;
tranquillity.
ut conjunc., introducing purpose, result and
indirect command clauses.
vst, -re, -v, -tus [vstus], lay waste.
ventus, vent, m., wind.
vvus, -a, -um [vv], alive, living.
ut . . . referret, an indirect command A&G 563.
ex. Comprae with ab, in Chapter 29, and d, in Chapter 28. We may
translate all three "from," but the strict meanings are: "out
from" (/ex); "away from" (/ab); and, "down from" (d).
cum . . . esset, temporal cum-clause A&G 546.
idneus, means "suitable" or "favorable" and is a predicate adjective
describing ventus.
solvit. The verb solv, solvere, solv, soltum, with or without
nvem can mean "cast off."
Cum . . . appropinquret, temporal cum-clause A&G 546.
nsulae, here is a dative of direction.
tanta. A sentence which contains a clause of result commonly has in
the principal clause a word that is translated with "so."
tempests is nominative.
ut . . . posset, result clause A&G 567ff.
ut . . . dpnerent, result clause A&G 567ff.
nvigand impertus, "inexperienced in sailing." genitive of the
gerund. A&G 501, 502 and 504. Certain adjectives take the
genitive Impertus is one of them. A&G 549.
cum . . . vnisset, temporal cum-clause A&G 546.
veniend, genitive of the gerund. A&G 501, 502 and 504.
vstbat. A derivative of this word is devastate. Here it means
something like "lays waste to."
cum . . . trxisset, temporal cum-clause A&G 546.
personal
pronouns
N. ego
G. me
D. mihi
A. m
A. m
personal
pronouns
N. t
G. tu
D. tibi
A. t
A. t
personal
pronouns
N. is
G. eius
D. e
A. eum
A. e
personal
pronouns
N. ea
G. eius
D. e
A. eam
A. e
personal
pronouns
N. id
G. eius
D. e
A. id
A. e
personal
pronouns
N. ns
G. nostr/-um
D. nbs
A. ns
A. nbs
personal
pronouns
N. vs
G. vestr/-um
D. vbs
A. vs
A. vbs
personal
pronouns
N. e (i)
G. erum
D. es (is)
A. es
A. es (is)
personal
pronouns
N. eae
G. erum
D. es (is)
A. es
A. es (is)
personal
pronouns
N. ea
G. erum
D. es (is)
A. ea
A. es (is)

reflexive
pronouns
N. --------
G. me
D. mihi
A. m
A. m
reflexive
pronouns
N. --------
G. tu
D. tibi
A. t
A. t
reflexive
pronouns
N. --------
G. su
D. sibi
A. s (ss)
A. s (ss)
reflexive
pronouns
N. --------
G. su
D. sibi
A. s (ss)
A. s (ss)
reflexive
pronouns
N. --------
G. su
D. sibi
A. s (ss)
A. s (ss)
reflexive
pronouns
N. --------
G. nostr
D. nbs
A. ns
A. nbs
reflexive
pronouns
N. --------
G. vestr
D. vbs
A. vs
A. vbs
reflexive
pronouns
N. --------
G. su
D. sibi
A. s (ss)
A. s (ss)
reflexive
pronouns
N. --------
G. su
D. sibi
A. s (ss)
A. s (ss)
reflexive
pronouns
N. --------
G. su
D. sibi
A. s (ss)
A. s (ss)

31. EIGHTH LABOR: THE MAN-EATING HORSES OF DIOMEDES
Postquam ex nsul Crt rediit, Herculs ab Eurysthe in Thrciam missus est, ut equs
Diomdis redceret. H equ carne hominum vescbantur; Diomds autem, vir crdlissimus,
is obicibat peregrns omns qu in eam reginem vnerant. Herculs igitur magn celeritte
in Thrciam contendit, et ab Diomde postulvit ut equ sibi trderentur. Cum tamen rx hoc
facere nllet, Herculs r commtus eum interfcit et cadver eius equs obic iussit. Ita mra
rrum commtti facta est; is enim qu ante mults cum crucit necverat ipse edem
supplici nectus est. Cum haec nntita essent, omns qu eam reginem incolbant mxim
laetiti adfect sunt, et Hercul meritam grtiam rettulrunt. Nn modo maxims honribus et
praemis eum decorvrunt sed etiam rbant ut rgnum ipse susciperet. Ille tamen hoc facere
nlbat, et cum ad mare rediisset, nvem occupvit. Ubi omnia ad nvigandum parta sunt,
equs in nv conlocvit; deinde, cum idneam tempesttem nactus esset, sine mor port
solvit, et paul post equs in ltus Argolicum exposuit.

ante, adv., before this, before.
Argolicus, -a, -um, of Argolis, Argolic.
cadver, -eris, n., dead body, corpse, carcass,
cadaver.
celerits, -ttis [celer, swift], f., swiftness,
quickness, speed.
commtti, -ttinis, f., change.
conloc (1) v, -tum, put, place; locate.
Crta, -ae, f., Crete.
crucitus, -s, m., torture.
crdlis, -e, cruel; superlative, crdlissimus.
decor, -re, -v, -tus [decus, adornment],
adorn, distinguish.
Diomds, Diomdis, m., Diomedes.
equus, equ, m., horse.
ex-pn, -pnere, -posu, -positus, put out, set
forth; put on shore, land; explain.
in-col, -colere, -colu, inhabit.
ra, rae, f., anger.
laetitia, -ae, f., joy; happiness.
meritus, -a, -um [part. of mere], deserved,
due, just.
mrus, -a, -um, wonderful, strange.
modo, adv., only; just now, lately.
mora, -ae, f., delay.
nancscor, nancsc, nactus sum, get, obtain,
find.
nvig, -re, -v, -tus [nvis + ag], sail.
nec, -re, -v, -tus, put to death, slay, kill.
unwilling.
announce.
obici (M) ic, -iectum, throw in the way or
throw to.
r (1) v, -tum, speak; beg, pray (to).
peregrnus, -, m., stranger, foreigner.
portus, -s, m., harbor, haven, port.
praemium, -, n., reward.
re-dc, -dcere, -dx, -ductus, lead or bring
back; restore.
region.
regnum, regn, n., kingdom.
supplicium, -, n., punishment, torture.
undertake.
Thrcia, -ae, f., Thrace (a country).
vscor, vesc, feed on, eat.

ut . . . redceret, purpose clause A&G 563.
is, dative of the indirect object, with obicibat. A&G 362.
ut . . . trderentur. Notice that postul, like imper, takes an
indirect command clauseA&G 563.
sibi. Notice that this does not refer to equ, the subject of trderentur,
but to Herculs, the subject of postulvit. The reflexive in a
subordinate clause may refer to the subject of the principal
clause, if the subordinate clause expresses the thought of that
subject. It is then called the indirect reflexive. When it refers
to the subject of its own clause, it is called the direct reflexive.
A&G 300.
Cum . . . nllet, causal cum-clause A&G 549.
r commtus eum interfcit, "was moved with anger and killed
him," literally "moved with anger he killed him." The perfect
participle is often best rendered by the form of the verb that
can be connected by "and" with the main verb of the clause.
A&G 496, Note 2.
cadver. The subject of an infinitive is in the accusative case. A&G
563a.
mra rrum commtti. When an adjective and a genitive modify
the same noun, the words are often in this order.
necverat. Interfici is the most general of the verbs meaning "kill;"
nec implies wickedness and cruelty; occd commonly
denotes the cutting down of an enemy in battle.
Cum . . . essent, causal cum-clause A&G 549.
modo is the adverb, not a case of modus, the dative and ablative
singular of which are mod. Make it your practice to observe
the quantity of vowels.
ut . . . susciperet, purpose clause A&G 563.
cum ad mare rediisset, temporal cum-clause A&G 546.
ad nvigandum, accusative of the gerund A&G 506.
cum . . . nactus esset, temporal cum-clause A&G 546.
Argolicum. Tiryns was in Argolis.

32. NINTH LABOR: THE GIRDLE OF HIPPOLYTE
Gns Amzonum omnn ex mulieribus cnstitisse dcitur. Hae summam scientiam re
mlitris habbant, et tantam virttem adhibbant ut cum virs proelium committere audrent.
Hippolyt, Amzonum rgna, balteum habuit ntissimum, quem Mrs e dederat. Admt
autem, Eurysthe flia, d hc balte audverat, et eum possidre vehementer cupibat.
Eurystheus igitur Hercul mandvit ut cpis cgeret et bellum Amzonibus nferret. Ille
nntis in omns parts dmsit; et cum magna multitd convnisset, es dlgit qu maximum
sum in r mlitr habbant.

adhibe (2) hibu, -hibitum, hold to,
employ, show.
Admt, Admts, f., Admete.
Amzns, -um, f. pl., Amazons.
aude (2) ausus sum, dare.
balteus, balte, m., belt, girdle.
cg, cgere, cog, coctus [co- + ag], drive
together, collect; compel.
com-mitt, -mittere, -ms, -missus, send
together; commit, intrust; expose;
proelium committere, to join battle.
cn-sist, -sistere, -stit, -stitus, station
oneself, take a stand; consist.
con-veni, -venre, -vn, -ventus, come
together, assemble.
cpia, -ae, f., supply, abundance; plur., forces,
troops.
dlig, -ligere, -lg, -lctus [d + leg],
choose out, choose, select.
gns, gentis, f., race, nation.
Hippolyt, Hippolyts, f., Hippolyte.
nfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltum, bring in or
against; inflict.
mand (1) -v, -tum, put into ones hands,
intrust, commit; charge, command.
Mrs, Mrtis, m., Mars (a god).
mlitris, mlitre, military, warlike.
mulier, mulieris, f., woman.
multitd, multitdinis, f., multitude.
posside (2) sd, -sessum, hold, possess.
proelium, -, n., battle, combat; proelium
committere, to join battle.
scientia, scientiae, f., knowledge, skill.
sus, ss, m., use; experience.
violently, vehemently; earnestly;
exceedingly, greatly.

dcitur. Notice that the Latin construction is personal, "the race is
said to have consisted." English often has the impersonal
construction, "it is said that the race consisted."
re mlitris. rs with mlitris means something like "art of war" or
"warfare." So the Amazons "had a very great knowledge of
the art of war" or "had the greatest skill in warfare" etc.
objective genitive A&G 347 & 348.
ut . . . audrent, result clause A&G 567ff.
ut . . . cgeret et . . . nferret, indirect command clauseA&G 563.
cum . . . convnisset, temporal cum-clause A&G 546.

1st person singular 2nd person singular 3rd person singular
possessive / reflexive adjective possessive / reflexive adjective possessive / reflexive adjective

M
N. meus
G. me
D. me
A. meum
A. me

N. me
G. merum
D. mes
A. mes
A. mes

F
N. mea
G. meae
D. meae
A. meam
A. me

N. meae
G. merum
D. mes
A. mes
A. mes

N
N. meum
G. me
D. me
A. meum
A. me

N. mea
G. merum
D. mes
A. mea
A. mes

M
N. tuus
G. tu
D. tu
A. tuum
A. tu

N. tu
G. turum
D. tus
A. tus
A. tus

F
N. tua
G. tuae
D. tuae
A. tuam
A. tu

N. tuae
G. turum
D. tus
A. tus
A. tus

N
N. tuum
G. tu
D. tu
A. tuum
A. tu

N. tua
G. turum
D. tus
A. tua
A. tus

M
N. suus
G. su
D. su
A. suum
A. su

N. su
G. surum
D. sus
A. sus
A. sus

F
N. sua
G. suae
D. suae
A. suam
A. su

N. suae
G. surum
D. sus
A. sus
A. sus

N
N. suum
G. su
D. su
A. suum
A. su

N. sua
G. surum
D. sus
A. sua
A. sus
1st person plural 2nd person plural 3rd person plural
possessive / reflexive adjective possessive / reflexive adjective possessive / reflexive adjective

M
N. noster
G. nostr
D. nostr
A. nostrum
A. nostr

N. nostr
G. nostrrum
D. nostrs
A. nostrs
A. nostrs

F
N. nostra
G. nostrae
D. nostrae
A. nostram
A. nostr

N. nostrae
G. nostrrum
D. nostrs
A. nostrs
A. nostrs

N
N. nostrum
G. nostr
D. nostr
A. nostrum
A. nostr

N. nostra
G. nostrrum
D. nostrs
A. nostra
A. nostrs

M
N. vester
G. vestr
D. vestr
A. vestrum
A. vestr

N. vestr
G. vestrrum
D. vestrs
A. vestrs
A. vestrs

F
N. vestra
G. vestrae
D. vestrae
A. vestram
A. vestr

N. vestrae
G. vestrrum
D. vestrs
A. vestrs
A. vestrs

N
N. vestrum
G. vestr
D. vestr
A. vestrum
A. vestr

N. vestra
G. vestrrum
D. vestrs
A. vestra
A. vestrs

M
N. suus
G. su
D. su
A. suum
A. su

N. su
G. surum
D. sus
A. sus
A. sus

F
N. sua
G. suae
D. suae
A. suam
A. su

N. suae
G. surum
D. sus
A. sus
A. sus

N
N. suum
G. su
D. su
A. suum
A. su

N. sua
G. surum
D. sus
A. sua
A. sus

33. THE GIRDLE IS REFUSED
Herculs postquam causam itineris exposuit, fortissims virs persusit ut scum iter
facerent. Tum cum is quibus persuserat nvem cnscendit; et paucs post dibus, cum ventus
idneus esset, ad stium flminis Thermdontis appulit. Postquam in fns Amzonum vnit,
nntium ad Hippolytn msit, qu causam veniend docret et balteum posceret. Ipsa Hippolyt
balteum trdere volbat, quod fma d Herculis virtte ad eam adlta erat; reliquae tamen
Amzons e persusrunt ut negret. At Herculs, cum haec nntita essent, bell fortnam
temptre cnstituit. Proxim di cum cpis dxisset, locum idneum dlgit atque hosts ad
pugnam vocvit. Amzons quoque cpis sus ex castrs dxrunt, et nn magn intervll
ab Hercule aciem nstrxrunt.

acis, aci, f., line of battle.
nvem, put in.
bellum, bell, n., war.
castra, castrrum, n. pl., camp.
cnscend, -scendere, -scend, -scnsus [com-
+ scand, climb],climb; nvem
cnscendere, to climb the ship, go on
board, embark.
cnstitu, -stituere, -stitu, -stittus [com- +
statu], set together or up; appoint;
determine.
cpia, -ae, f., supply, abundance; plur., forces,
troops.
dlig, -ligere, -lg, -lctus [d + leg], choose
out, choose, select.
-dc, -dcere, -dx, -ductus, lead out,
draw.
voc (1) v, -tum, call out, challenge.
flmen, -minis [flu, flow], n., river.
fortis, forte, brave; superlative fortissimus.
fortna, fortnae [fors, chance], f., fortune.
n-stru, -struere, -strx, -strctus, build in
or into; draw up; equip, furnish.
intervllum, -, n., interval, space, distance.
neg, -re, -v, -tus, say no or not, deny,
refuse.
announce. .
stium, -, n., mouth, doorway, door.
per-sude, -sudre, -sus, -susus,
persuade, prevail upon, induce.
posc (3) poposc, ask, demand.
proximus, -a, -um, superl. from prope, nearest,
next.
pgna, -ae, f., fighting, battle, combat.
quoque [qu + -que], adv., also.
tempt (1) v, -tum, try, attempt.
Thermdn, Thermdontis, m., Thermodon.
virs, dative governed by the intransitive verb persusit. A&G 367.
ut . . . facerent, indirect command A&G 563.
paucs post dibus. See the note on paul post in Chapter 14, and
compare post paucs dis in Chapter 29. With the ablative,
post is an adverb; with the accusative, it is a preposition.
cum ventus idneus esset, causal cum-clause A&G 549.
qu . . .docret, "who was to explain," "to explain." A clause of
purpose is frequently introduced by a relative pronoun. The
relative clause of purpose, like the adverbial clause of purpose
and the sustantive clause of volition (purpose), is generally
best translated with the English infinitive. purpose clause
A&G 563.
veniend, genitive of the gerund. A&G 501, 502 and 504.
ut negret, indirect command clauseA&G 563.
cum haec nntita essent, temporal cum-clause A&G 546.
cum cpis dxisset, temporal cum-clause A&G 546.
nn magn intervll, ablative of degree of difference A&G 414.

demonstrative pronoun / adjective demonstrative pronoun / adjective intensive pronoun / adjective

M
N. iste
G. istius
D. ist
A. istum
A. ist

N. ist
G. istrum
D. ists
A. ists
A. ists

F
N. ista
G. istius
D. ist
A. istam
A. ist

N. istae
G. istrum
D. ists
A. ists
A. ists

N
N. istud
G. istius
D. ist
A. istud
A. ist

N. ista
G. istrum
D. ists
A. ista
A. ists

M
N. dem
G. eiusdem
D. edem
A. eundem
A. edem

N. idem (e-)
G. erundem
D. esdem (is-)
A. esdem
A. esdem (is-)

F
N. eadem
G. eiusdem
D. edem
A. eandem
A. edem

N. eaedem
G. erundem
D. esdem (is-)
A. esdem
A. esdem (is-)

N
N. idem
G. eiusdem
D. edem
A. idem
A. edem

N. eadem
G. erundem
D. esdem (is-)
A. eadem
A. esdem (is-)

M
N. ipse
G. ipsius
D. ips
A. ipsum
A. ips

N. ips
G. ipsrum
D. ipss
A. ipss
A. ipss

F
N. ipsa
G. ipsius
D. ips
A. ipsam
A. ips

N. ipsae
G. ipsrum
D. ipss
A. ipss
A. ipss

N
N. ipsum
G. ipsius
D. ips
A. ipsum
A. ips

N. ipsa
G. ipsrum
D. ipss
A. ipsa
A. ipss

34. THE BATTLE
Pals erat nn magna inter dus exercits; neutr tamen initium trnseund facere
volbant. Tandem Herculs signum dedit; et ubi paldem trnsiit, proelium commsit.
Amzons impetum virrum fortissim sustinurunt, et contr omnium opninem tantam
virttem praestitrunt ut mults erum occderent, mults etiam in fugam conicerent. Vir enim
nov genere pugnae perturbbantur nec magnam virttem praestbant. Herculs autem cum
haec vidret, d sus fortns dsprre coepit. Itaque mlits vehementer cohorttus est ut
prstinae virttis memoriam retinrent, neu tantum ddecus admitterent, hostiumque impetum
fortiter sustinrent. Quibus verbs anims omnium ita cnfirmvit ut mult etiam qu vulneribus
cnfect essent proelium sine mor redintegrrent.

admitt (3) ms, -missum, send to, admit;
allow.
began.
cohortor (1) horttus sum, encourage,
exhort.
cn-frm, -frmre, -frmv, -frmtus,
strengthen, establish;declare, assert.
conici, -icere, -ic, -iectus [com- + iaci],
throw together; throw, cast, hurl.
contr, prep, with acc., against, contrary to.
ddecus, ddecoris, n., dishonor, disgrace.
dspr (1) v, -tum, despair.
duo, duae, duo, plur. adj., two.
exercitus, exercits, m., army.
fortissim superlative adverb [fortis] most
bravely, very bravely.
fortiter [fortis], adv., bravely.
hostis, hostis, m. and f., enemy, foe.
impetus, -s [in + pet], m., attack; impetum
facere, to charge.
initium, initi, n., beginning.
memoria, memoriae, f., memory.
mles, mlitis, m., soldier.
neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither.
nve or neu, conj., or not, and that not, and not,
nor.
novus, nova, novum, new; novissimus, last.
occd, -cdere, -cd, -csus [ob + caed, cut],
cut down, kill.
opni, opininis [opnor, think], f., opinion,
expectation; reputation.
pals, paldis, f., swamp, marsh.
perturb (1) v, -tum, confuse thoroughly,
disturb.
prae-st, -stre, -stit, -stitus, stand in front;
show.
prstinus, prstina, prstinum, former.
proelium, -, n., battle, combat; proelium
committere, to join battle.
pgna, pugnae, f., fighting, battle, combat.
redintegr (1) v, -tum, make whole again,
renew.
retine, -tinre, -tinu, -tentus [re- + tene],
hold or keep back, keep, restrain; hold
fast.
sgnum, sign, n., sign, signal.
trns-e, -re, -i, -itum, go across or over,
cross.
verbum, verb, n., word.
nn magna. The effect of the position of these words may be
reproduced by translating but not a large one.
neutr, "neither side." The plural of this word is used in speaking of
two parties, the singular in speaking of two individuals.
trnseund, is the genitive of the gerund A&G 501, 502 and 504.
ut . . . occderent, result clause A&G 567ff.
cum haec vidret, causal cum-clause A&G 549.
neu. Nve or neu is used for "and not" in a purpose clause A&G
563.
ut . . . retinrent, neu . . . admitterent, -que . . . sustinrent,
indirect commands A&G 563.
Quibus verbs, "and by these words." The relative is much used in
Latin to connect a new sentence with the one preceding. When
so used, it is to be rendered by a demonstrative or personal
pronoun. To bring out the connective force, "and" or "but"
may be added. connecting relative A&G 308, f.
cnfect essent, subjunctive by attraction to the mood of
redintegrrent. The subjunctive by attraction occurs in
clauses which depend upon another clause with a subjunctive
verb, and which are essential to the expression of the thought.
A clause whose verb is in the subjunctive by attraction cannot
be omitted without spoiling the meaning. A&G 593.
ut . . . redintegrrent, result clause A&G 567ff.
interrogative pronoun indefinite pronoun

M
N. quis?
G. cuius?
D. cui?
A. quem?
A. qu?

N. qu?
G. qurum?
D. quibus?
A. qus?
A. quibus?
F
N. quis?
G. cuius?
D. cui?
A. quam?
A. qu?

N. quae?
G. qurum?
D. quibus?
A. qus?
A. quibus?
N
N. quid?
G. cuius?
D. cui?
A. quid?
A. qu?

N. quae?
G. qurum?
D. quibus?
A. quae?
A. quibus?
M
N. aliquis (aliqu)
G. alicuius
D. alicui
A. aliquem
A. aliqu

N. aliqu
G. aliqurum
D. aliquibus
A. aliqus
A. aliquibus
F
N. aliqua
G. alicuius
D. alicui
A. aliquem
A. aliqu

N. aliquae
G. aliqurum
D. aliquibus
A. aliqus
A. aliquibus
N
N. aliquid (aliquod)
G. alicuius
D. alicui
A. aliquid (aliquod)
A. aliqu

N. aliqua
G. aliqurum
D. aliquibus
A. aliqua
A. aliquibus
35. THE DEFEAT OF THE AMAZONS
Di et criter pugntum est; tandem tamen ad slis occsum tanta commtti rrum
facta est ut muliers terga verterent et fug saltem peterent. Multae autem vulneribus dfessae
dum fugiunt captae sunt, in qu numer ipsa erat Hippolyt. Herculs summam clmentiam
praestitit; et postquam balteum accpit, lberttem omnibus captvs dedit. Tum vr socis ad
mare redxit; et quod nn multum aesttis supererat, in Graeciam proficsc mtrvit. Itaque
nvem cnscendit, et tempesttem idneam nactus statim solvit. Priusquam tamen in Graeciam
pervnit, ad urbem Triam nvem appellere cnstituit; frmentum enim quod scum habbat
iam dficere coeperat.

criter, adv., sharply, fiercely.
aests, aesttis, f., summer.
nvem, put in.
captva, captvae, f., captive, prisoner.
clmentia, -ae, f., mercy, kindness; clemency.
began.
com-mtti, -tinis, f., change.
cnscend, -scendere, -scend, -scnsus
[com- + scand, climb], climb;
nvem cnscendere, to go on
board, embark.
dfessus, -a, -um, worn out, exhausted.
dfici (M) fc, -fectum, fail; be deficient.
frmentum, frment, n., grain.
Graecia, Graeciae [Graecus], f., Greece.
lberts, lberttis, f., freedom, liberty.
mtr (1) v, -tum, hasten; hurry.
mulier, mulieris, f., woman.
nancscor, nancsc, nactus sum, get, obtain.
occsus, occss, m., setting.
attack.
prae-st, -stre, -stit, -stitus, stand in front;
show.
priusquam, conj., before (than), sooner than.
progress], set out, depart, start.
pgn, -re, -v, -tus [pgna], fight.
re-dc, -dcere, -dx, -ductus, lead or
bring back; restore.
socius, soci, m., companion, comrade, ally.
sl, slis, m., sun; the sun-god.
super-sum, -esse, -fu, be over or left, remain.
tergum, -, n., back.
Tria, -ae, f., Troy.
vr [vrus], adv., in truth, truly, indeed.

pugntum est, "they fought" or "the battle raged," literally "it was
fought." Intransitive verbs are often used impersonally in the
passive. A&G 207 and 208, d.
ut . . . verterent et . . . peterent, result clauses A&G 567ff.
dfessae, the perfect participle is often best rendered by the form of
the verb that can be connected by "and" with the main verb of
the clause. A&G 496, Note 2.
vr, postpositive conjunction A&G 324, j.
aesttis, partitive genitive, or genitive of the whole A&G 346.These
names are applied to the genitive when it denotes the whole to
which the part that is mentioned belongs. Notice that multum
is used here as a substantive. A&G 288.
nactus, "finding," literally "having found." The perfect participle of
deponent verbs is often best rendered by a present participle.
A&G 491.

Many pronouns, pronoun/adjectives and adverbs have corresponding demonstrative, relative, interrogative and indefinite forms called Correlatives:
Demonstratives
is, ille, iste
that
tantus
so great
tlis
such
ibi, illc, istc
there
e, ill
thither
e
that way
inde
thence
tum
then
tot
so many
totins
so often
alter
one or the other of two
tam
so

Relatives
qu
who
quantus
how (as) great
qulis
as
ubi
where
qu
whither
qu
which way
unde
whence
cum
when
quot
as (many)
quotins
as (often)
uter
the one (of two) which
quam
as

Interrogatives
quis? qu?
who?
quantus?
how great?
qulis?
of what kind?
ubi?
where?
qu
whither?
qu
which way?
unde?
whence?
quand?
when?
quot?
how many?
quotins?
how often?
uter?
which of two?
quam?
how?

Indefinite Relatives
quisquis
whoever
quantuscumque
however great
quliscumque
of whatever kind
ubiubi
wherever
ququ
whithersoever
ququ
whithersoever
undecumque
whencesoever
quandcumque
whenever
quotquot
however many
quotinscumque
however often
utercumque
whichever of the two
----------
----------

Indefinites
aliquis
someone
aliquantus
some
aliqulis
some kind
alicubi
somewhere
aliqu
(to) somewhere
aliqu
somewhere
alicunde
from somewhere
aliquand
at some time
aliquot
some, several
aliquotins
at several times
----------
----------
----------
----------

36. LAOMEDON AND THE SEA-MONSTER
Lomedn qudam ill tempore rgnum Triae obtinbat. Ad hunc Neptnus et Apoll
superire ann vnerant, et cum Tria nndum moenia habret, ad hoc opus auxilium
obtulerant. Postquam tamen erum auxili moenia cnfecta sunt, Lomedn praemium quod
prposuerat persolvere nlbat. Neptnus et Apoll ob hanc causam rt mnstrum quoddam
msrunt speci horribil, quod cotdi mar venibat atque homins pecudsque vorbat.
Trin autem timre perterrit in urbe continbantur, et pecora omnia ex agrs intr mrs
compulerant. Lomedn hs rbus commtus rculum cnsuluit, ac deus e praecpit ut fliam
Hsionn mnstr obiceret.
ager, agr, m., field, land.
Apollo, Apollinis, m., Apollo.
compell (3) pul, -pulsum, drive together,
drive.
cnsul (3) sulu, -sultum, consult.
contine (2) tinu, tentum, hold together,
keep within, shut up; bound.
cotdi, adv., daily, every day.
Hsion, Hsions, f., Hesione.
intr [inter], prep. with acc., within.
Lomedn, Lomedntis. m., Laomedon.
moenia, moenium, n. pl., walls, city-walls.
mrus, mr, m., wall.
Neptnus, Neptn, m., Neptune.
unwilling.
nndum, adv., not yet.
obici, -icere, -ic, -iectus [ob + iaci], throw
in the way or to.
obtine, -tinre, -tinu, -tentus [ob + tene],
hold.
offer, offerre, obtul, obltus [ob + fer],
bear to, proffer, offer.
pecus, pecoris, n., cattle, herd, flock.
pecus, pecudis, f., head of cattle, beast; sheep;
goat.
persolv (3) solv, soltum, pay completely,
pay.
praecipi (M) cp, -ceptum, anticipate;
direct, order.
praemium, praemi, n., reward.
prpn (3) posu, positum, put or set before,
offer, propose; set forth, say.
Tria, Triae, f., Troy.
Trin, -rum, m. pl., Trojans.
vor (1) v, -tum, swallow whole, devour.
superire, here means "previous."
cum Tria . . . habret, causal cum-clause A&G 549.
speci horribil, every time there is a monster in these stories it seems it
is described with these words. You should be familiar with the
construction and therefore able to translate it accordingly.
perterrit, the perfect participle is often best rendered by the form of
the verb that can be connected by "and" with the main verb of
the clause. A&G 496, Note 2.
pecora is used of herds of cattle, pecuds of individual animals,
especially sheep.
commtus, the perfect participle like perterrit.
ut . . . obiceret, indirect commands A&G 563.

Prepositions
w/ accusative w/ ablative
ad to(wards), into per through / ab by, (away) from
ante in front of post after, behind cum with
apud at the house of prope near d about, concerning, (down) from
circum around propter because of / ex (out) from, out of
contr against *sub close to, just about *in in, on
*in into, onto, to, against super over, above pr for, on behalf of
inter between, among supr over, above sine without
intr within trns across *sub under
ob on account of, for; against

Conjunctions
antequam
at
atque
aut
autem
cum
dum
enim
et
ets
igitur
itaque
nam
namque
n
nec
neque
nve or neu
nisi
postquam
priusquam
quamquam
-que
quia
qun
quod
quoniam
sed
s
tamen
ut
ut
-ve
vel
vr

Adverbs
aliquand
aliter
ante
benign
cotdi
cr
dmum
dnique
di
e
etiam
forte
frstr
hc
hinc
hc
iam
iamque
ibi
illinc
illc
ita
itaque
iterum
libenter
modo
mox
noct
nn
numquam
lim
omnn
paene
paulisper
paul
post
poste
postrdi
praecipu
prm
prmum
procul
quam
quand
quidem
qu
quondam
quotanns
quotins
rte
rursus
semper
sc
scut
simul
statim
subit
supr
tandem
tam
totins
tum
umquam
unde
undique
sque
vr

37. THE RESCUE OF HESIONE
Lomedn, cum hoc respnsum renntitum esset, magnum dolrem percpit; sed tamen,
ut cvs sus tant percul lberret, rcul prre cnstituit et diem sacrifici dxit. Sed sve
cs sve cnsili derum Herculs tempore opportnissim Triam attigit; ips enim temporis
punct qu puella catns vincta ad ltus ddcbtur nvem appulit. nve gressus d is
rbus quae gerbantur certior factus est; tum r commtus ad rgem s contulit atque auxilium
suum obtulit. Cum rx libenter e concessisset ut, s posset, puellam lberret, Herculs
mnstrum interfcit; et puellam, quae iam omnem spem saltis dposuerat, incolumem ad
patrem redxit. Lomedn magn cum gaudi fliam suam accpit, et Hercul pr tant
benefici meritam grtiam rettulit.

nvem, put in.
atting (3) tig, -tctum, touch at, arrrive at,
reach.
auxilium, auxili, n., help, aid.
benefcium, - [bene + faci], n., well-doing,
kindness, service, benefit.
cs [abl. of csus], adv., by chance.
catna, -ae, f., chain.
certus, -a, -um [part. of cern], determined,
fixed, certain; certirem facere, to
make more certain, inform.
concd (3) cess, cessum, grant, yield.
d-dc, -dcere, -dx, -ductus, lead down or
away, bring; nvem ddcere, to
draw down or launch a ship.
gredior, gred, gressus sum, go out or forth.
gaudium, gaudi [gaude], n., gladness, joy.
Lomedn, Lomedntis. m., Laomedon.
libenter [libns, willing], adv., willingly,
gladly.
meritus, -a, -um [part. of mere], deserved,
due, just.
offer, offerre, obtul, obltum, bear to,
proffer, offer.
opportnus, -a, -um, suitable, seasonable,
convenient.
pare (2) paru, obey.
percipi (M) cp, -ceptum, feel.
possum, posse, potu [potis, able + sum], be
able, have power, can.
pnctum, pnct, n., point, instant, moment.
back; restore.
rennti (1) v, -tum, bring back word,
report.
respnsum, -, n., reply, answer, response.
sacrificium, - [sacrific], n., sacrifice.
s, conj., if.
sve or seu, conj., or if; sve . . . sve, whether . .
. or.
sps, spe, f., hope.
vinci, vincre, vinx, vinctus, bind.
cum . . . renntitum esset, causal cum-clause A&G 549.
ut . . . lberret. purpose clause A&G 563.
rcul, dative governed by the intransitive verb parre, A&G 367.
sacrifici, "for the sacrifice," dative of purpose A&G 382, 2.
ips temporis pnct qu, "at the very moment when."
d is rbus . . . factus est, "he was informed of the state of affairs,"
literally "he was made more certain about those things which
were being done."
Cum . . . concessisset, causal cum-clause A&G 549.
ut . . . lberret, indirect command A&G 563.
posset, subjunctive in an indirect subordinate clause. A&G 593.The
king said s potes.
Comparison of Adjectives
positive comparative superlative
longus, longa, longum longior, longius longissimus, longissima, longissimum
rtus, rta, rtum rtior, rtius rtissimus, rtissima, rtissimum
tener, tenera, tenerum tenerior, tenerius tenerrimus, tenerrima, tenerrimum
sacer, sacra, sacrum sacrior, sacrius sacerrimus, sacerrima, sacerrimum
dulcis, dulce dulcior, dulcius dulcissimus, dulcissima, dulcissimum
brevis, breve brevior, breve brevissimus, brevissima, brevissimum
prudns, prudentis prudentior, prudentius prudentissimus, prudentissima, prudentissimum
audax, audcis audacior, audacius audacissimus, audacissima, audacissimum
celer, celeris, celere celerior, celerius celerrimus, celerrima, celerrimum
acer, acris, acre acrior, acrius acerrimus, acerrima, acerrimum
facilis, facile facilior, facilius facillimus, facillima, facillimum
similis, simile similior, similius simillimus, simillima, simillimum
gracilis, gracile gracilior, gracilior gracillimus, gracillima, gracillimum
humilis, humile humilior, humilius humillimus, humillima, humillimum
nbilis, nbile nbilior, nbilius nbilissimus, nbilissima, nbilissimum
ambilis, ambile ambilior, amblius ambilissimus, ambilissima, ambilissimum

38. TENTH LABOR: THE OXEN OF GERYON
Tum vr missus est Herculs ad nsulam Erytham, ut bovs Gryonis arcesseret. Rs
erat summae difficulttis, quod bovs qudam Eurytine et cane bicipite custdibantur.
Ipse autem Gryn speciem horribilem praebbat; tria enim corpora inter s conincta habbat.
Herculs tamen ets intellegbat quantum perculum esset, negtium suscpit. Postquam per
mults terrs iter fcit, ad eam partem fricae pervnit quae Eurpae proxima est. Ibi in
utrque ltore fret quod Eurpam ab fric dvidit columns cnstituit, quae poste Herculis
Columnae appellbantur.

frica, -ae, f., Africa.
arcess, -ere, -v, -tus, call, summon, fetch.
biceps, bicipitis, adj., two-headed.
canis, canis, m. and f., dog.
columna, -ae, f., column, pillar.
coniung (3) inx, -inctum, join together,
join.
custdi (4) v, -tum, guard.
difficults, -ttis [difficilis], f., difficulty.
dvid (3) vs, -vsum, divide, separate.
Erytha, -ae, f., Erythea.
Eurpa, -ae, f., Europe.
Eurytin, Eurytinis, m., Eurytion.
frtum, -, n., strait.
Gryn, Gryonis, m., Geryon.
intelleg (3) lx, -lctum, perceive,
understand.
negtium, - [nec + tium, leisure], n.,
business, matter; task, trouble,
difficulty.
praebe (2) bu, -bitum, supply, furnish;
show, present.
next.
quantus, -a, -um, how great or how much?
uppermost, highest,
greatest.
undertake.
uterque, utraque, utrumque, each (of two),
either, both.
vr [vrus], adv., in truth, truly, indeed;
however.
vr, postpositive conjunction A&G 324, j.
ut bovs Gryonis arcesseret, purpose clause A&G 563.
Ipse frequently, as here, distinguishes a person, a) from that which
belongs to him; or, b) from his subordinates.
inter s, "to one another" or "together." Literally "between or among
themselves."
esset, subjunctive in an indirect question A&G 330, 2 and 331; also
A&G 573-574. The direct form would be Quantum
perculum est? ("How great is the danger?") An indirect
question is a substantive clause introduced by an interrogative
word. Here the clause is the object of intellegbat.
Eurpae. Proximus is one of the adjectives which take the dative.
A&G 383-384.
utrque ltore, "each shore" or "both shores."
columns. The rock of Gibralter was said to be the pillar set up by
Hercules on the European side of the strait.

Comparison of Adjectives (cont'd)
ttus, tta, ttum ttior, ttius ttissimus, ttissima, ttissimum
ntus, nta, ntum ntior, ntius ntissimus, ntissima, ntissimum
ter, tra, trum trior, trius terrimus, terrima, terrimum
lber, lbera, lberum lberior, lberius lberrimus, lberrima, lberrimum
gravis, grave gravior, grave gravissimus, gravissima, gravissimum
lvis, lve lvior, lvius lvissimus, lvissima, lvissimum
ingns, ingentis ingentior, ingentius ingentissimus, ingentissima, ingentissimum
ferx, fercis fercior, fercius fercissimus, fercissima, fercissimum

Irregularly Compared Adjectives
bonus, bona, bonum melior, melius optimus, optima, optimum
malus, mala, malum peior, peius pessimus, pessima, pessimum
magnus, magna, magnum maior, maius maximus, maxima, maximum
parvus, parva, parvum minor, minus minimus, minima, minimum
multus, multa, multum -------, plus plurimus, plurima, plurimum
39. THE GOLDEN BOAT
Herculs dum hc mortur, magnum incommodum ex calre slis accipibat; tandem r
commtus arcum suum intendit et slem sagitts petiit. Sl tamen audciam vir tantum
admrtus est ut e lintrem auream daret. Herculs hoc dnum libentissim accpit; nllam enim
nvem in hs reginibus invenre potuerat. Tum lintrem ddxit, et ventum nactus idneum
paucs post dibus ad nsulam pervnit. Ubi ex incols cgnvit qu in loc bovs essent, in
eam partem statim profectus est, atque rge Gryone postulvit ut bovs sibi trderentur. Cum
tamen ille hc facere nllet, Herculs et rgem ipsum et Eurytinem, qu erat ingent
magnitdine corporis, interfcit.
admror (1) admrtus sum, wonder at,
admire.
audcia, -ae [audx, bold], f., boldness,
audacity.
aureus, -a, -um [aurum], of gold, golden.
calor, calris, m., heat.
dnum, dn [d], n., gift.
Eurytin, Eurytinis, m., Eurytion.
Gryn, Gryonis, m., Geryon.
hc [hic], adv., here; hereupon.
idneus, idnea, idneum, suitable, fit;
favorable.
incola, -ae [incol], m. and f., inhabitant.
incommodum, -, n., inconvenience, harm.
ingns, -gentis, adj., huge, vast.
in-tend, -tendere, -tend, -tentus, stretch out;
stretch, draw, aim.
gladly.
linter, lintris, f., boat, skiff.
size.
moror (1) mortus sum, delay, linger, stay.
nancscor, nancsc, nactus sum, get, obtain,
find.
unwilling.
attack.
progress], set out, depart,start,
march.
sl, slis, m., sun.
petiit, alternate form for the 3
rd
sg. perf. act. indic. instead of petvit.
The letter v was a very weak consonant in the 1
st
century BC,
and is frequently dropped between two is.
tantum is here the adverb.
ut . . . daret, result clause A&G 567ff.
libentissim is here the superlative form of the adverb libenter.
nactus, "finding," literally "having found." The perfect participle of
deponent verbs is often best rendered by a present participle.
A&G 491.
qu . . . essent, indirect question A&G 330, 2 and 331; also A&G
573-574.
ut . . . trderentur, indirect command A&G 563.
Cum . . . nllet, causal cum-clause A&G 549.
et . . . et. The Romans used two conjunctions where English would use
only one. "both . . . and . . . ."
Formation and Comparison of Adverbs
adjective adverbs comparative adverb superlative adverb
longus, longa, longum long longius longissim
rtus, rta, rtum rt rtius rtissim
miser, misera, miserum miser miserius miserrim
sacer, sacra, sacrum sacr sacrius sacerrim
tristis, triste tristiter tristius tristissim
celer, celeris, celere celeriter celeries celerrim
audx, audcis audacter audacius audacissim
ferox, fercis ferciter fercius fecissim
prdns, prdentis prdenter prdentius prdentissim
facilis, facile facile fortius fortissim
gracilis, gracile graciliter gracilius gracillim
dissimilis, dissimile dissimiliter dissimilius dissimilim
ambilis, ambile ambiliter ambilius ambilissim

bonus, bona, bonum bene melius optim
malus, mala, malum male peius pessim
magnus, magna, magnum magnopere maius maxim
parvus, parva, parvum paulum minus minim
multus, multa, multum multum plus plurim

40. A MIRACULOUS HAIL-STORM
Tum Herculs bovs per Hispniam et Liguriam compellere cnstituit. Postquam omnia
parta sunt, bovs ex nsul ad continentem trnsportvit. Ligurs autem, gns bellicsissima,
dum ille per fns erum iter facit, magns cpis cogrunt atque eum longius prgred
prohibbant. Haec rs Hercul magnam difficulttem attulit; barbar enim in locs superiribus
cnstiterant et saxa tlaque in eum conicibant. Ille quidem paene omnem spem saltis
dposuerat, sed tempore opportnissim Iuppiter imbrem lapidum ingentium cael dmsit.
H tant v cecidrunt ut magnus numerus Ligurum interficertur; ipse tamen Herculs (ut in
tlibus rbus accidere cnsuvit) nihil incommod accpit.

accid (3) cid, fall to or upon; befall, happen.
barbarus, -, m., barbarian; foreigner.
bellicsus, -a, -um [bellum], war-like.
cad (3) cecid, csrus, fall.
caelum, cael, n., sky, heaven.
com-pell, -pellere, -pul, -pulsus, drive
together, drive.
cn-sist, -sistere, -stit, -stitus, station oneself,
take a stand; consist.
cn-susc, -suscere, -suv, -sutus, become
accustomed; in tenses of completed
action, have become accustomed, be
accustomed or wont.
continns, -entis [contine], f., mainland,
continent.
cpia, cpae, f., supply, abundance; plur.,
forces, troops.
dmitt (3), -ms, -missum, send down, let
fall.
Hispnia, Hispniae, f., Spain.
imber, imbris, m., rain, shower.
in-commodum, -, n., inconvenience, harm.
lapis, lapidis, m., stone.
Ligurs, Ligurum, m. pl., Ligurians.
Liguria, Liguriae, f., Liguria.
longus, longa, longum, long; tedious.
nihil, n., indecl., nothing.
opportnus, -a, -um, suitable, seasonable,
convenient, opportune.
prohibe (2) hibu, -hibitum, hold back,
prevent, hinder.
quidem, adv., in fact, indeed, certainly; n ...
quidem, not ... even.
tlum, tl, n., missile, spear, weapon.
tlis, tle, such.
trnsport (1), -v, -tum, carry across or
over,transport.
prgred, "from advancing."
prohibbant, "tried to prevent," past (imperfect) of attempted action
(conative imperfect A&G 471, c.). The use of the imperfect
to represent habitual, repeated, and attempted action follows
naturally from its use to describe a past action as going on or
in progress (progressive imperfect).
barbar. The Greeks called all other peoples "barbarians," and the
Romans so characterized all but the Greeks and themselves.
et, -que, atque. Et is the simplest and commonest of the words
translated "and;" que indicates a close connection; atque,
regularly adds somthing of greater importance than that which precedes
it. A&G 324, a and b.
ut . . . interficertur, result clause A&G 567ff.
ut, (the second ut),"as." Ut means "as" with the indicative mood.
cnsuvit, the completed tenses of some verbs are equivalent to the
incomplete tenses of verbs of kindred meaning. Here "is
accustomed." A&G 476. Also used impersonally here.
incommod, partitive genitive (genitive of the whole) A&G 346.;
"no harm," literally "nothing of harm."

Uses of the Indicative Uses of the Subjunctive
Main Clauses Dependent Clauses Main Clauses Dependent Clauses
1. statements of fact 1. definite relative clauses 1. jussive clauses 1. purpose clauses
2. direct questions 2. factual causal clauses 2. deliberative clauses 2. indirect commands
3. temporal clauses 3. optative (wish) clauses 3. result clauses
4. simple conditions 4. volitive clauses 4. indirect questions
5. future more vivid conditions 5. potential clauses 5. future less vivid conditions
6. contrary to fact conditions
41. THE PASSAGE OF THE ALPS
Postquam Ligurs hc mod supert sunt, Herculs quam celerrim prgressus est et
brev tempore ad Alps pervnit. Necesse erat hs trnsre, ut in taliam bovs ageret; rs
tamen summae erat difficulttis. H enim monts, qu Galliam ab tali dvidunt, nive perenn
sunt tct; quam ob causam neque frmentum neque pbulum in hs reginibus invenr potest.
Herculs igitur priusquam ascendere coepit, magnam cpiam frment pbulque comparvit et
hc commet bovs onervit. Postquam in hs rbus trs dis cnsmpserat, quart di
profectus est, et contr omnium opninem bovs incolums in taliam trdxit.

Alps, -ium, f. pl., the Alps.
ascend, -scendere, -scend, -scnsus [ad +
scand], climb to, ascend, mount.
celeriter [celer, swift], adv., swiftly, quickly;
superlative celerrim.
began.
commetus, -s, m., supplies, provisions.
com-par, -parre, -parv, -partus,
prepare, collect.
cpia, cpiae, f., supply, abundance; plur.,
forces, troops.
dvid, -videre, -vs, -vsus, divide, separate.
frmentum, frment, n., grain.
Gallia, Galliae, f., Gaul.
in-veni, -venre, -vn, -ventus, come upon,
find.
talia, taliae, f., Italy.
Ligurs, -um, m. pl., Ligurians.
necesse, indecl. adj., necessary.
nix, nivis, f., snow.
oner (1) v, -tum, load, burden.
opni, -nis [opnor, think], f., opinion,
pbulum, pbul, n., food, fodder.
perennis, perenne, lasting throughout the year,
perennial.
possum, posse, potu [potis, able + sum], be
able, have power, can.
priusquam, conj., before than, sooner than,
before.
march.
quam, adv., how? as; than; with superlative, as
. . . as possible.
quartus, -a, -um [quattuor], fourth.
region.
super, -re, -v, -tus [superus, upper],
overcome, defeat, conquer.
teg, tegere, tx, tctus, cover.
trdc, -dcere, -dx, -ductus [trns +
dc], lead across.
trns-e, -re, -i, -itus, go across or over,
cross.
quam celerrim, "as swiftly as possible." quam with the superlative
indicates the highest possible degree. result clause A&G
291, c.
Necesse, predicate nominative. The subject of erat is hs trnsre,
so literally "to cross these was necessary." A&G 283-284.
ut . . . ageret, result clause A&G 569, 2.
tct is used here as a predicate adjective not as a verb form with
sunt. A&G 285, 2.
cpiam. Notice carefully the meaning of this word. In what sense
have we found the plural cpiae used?
rbus, "preparations." In rendering this word, choose always with
great freedom the most suitable English word.

Nominative: subject, predicate nominative, w/ factitive verbs, apposition
Genitive: possession, subjective and objective, w/ adjectives, w/ verbs of remembering and forgetting, w/ special verbs
Dative: indirect object, reference, possession, w/ adjectives, w/ compound verbs
Accusative: direct object, duration of time, extent of space, place to which, predicate accusative, subject of infinitive; exclamatory
Ablative: instrument, means, manner, respect, accompaniment, cause, agent, description, w/ adjectives, w/ special verbs
42. CACUS STEALS THE OXEN
Brev tempore ad flmen Tiberim vnit. Tum tamen nlla erat urbs in e loc; Rma
enim nndum condita erat. Herculs itinere fessus cnstituit ibi paucs dis morr, ut s ex
labre reficeret. Nn procul valle ubi bovs pscbat splunca erat, in qu Ccus, horribile
mnstrum, tum habitbat. Hic speciem terribilem praebbat, nn modo quod ingent
magnitdine corporis erat, sed quod gnem ex re efflbat. Ccus autem, qu d advent
Herculis fmam audverat, noct vnit, et dum Herculs dormit, quattuor pulcherrims bovs
abripuit. Hs cauds in spluncam trxit, n Herculs vestgis cognscere posset qu in loc
abdit essent.
abd (3) did, -ditum, put away, hide,
conceal.
abripi (M) ripu, -reptum, snatch away,
carry off.
adventus, -s [adveni], m., approach, arrival.
Ccus, Cc, m., Cacus.
cauda, caudae, f., tail.
condo (3) did, -ditum, found, build; store
away.
effl (1) v, -tum, breathe out.
fma, fmae, f., fame, report, reputation.
fessus, fessa, fessum tired.
flmen, flminis [flu, flow], n., river.
ingns, ingentis huge.
gnis, gnis, m., fire.
labor, labris, m., work, hardship, suffering
size.
modo [modus], adv., only.
moror, -r, -tus [mora], delay, linger, stay.
n, adv., not; conj., that not, lest; n ... quidem,
not ... even.
noct, adv., at or by night.
nn-dum, adv., not yet.
s, ris, n., mouth.
pasc (3) pv, pstum, feed.
praebe, praebre, praebu, praebitus show,
offer (up), exhibit.
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful.
quattuor, indecl. adj., four.
refici (M) fc, -fectum, make again, renew;
refresh.
Rma, Rmae, f., Rome.
splunca, spluncae, f., cave, cavern.
terribilis, terribile [terre], dreadful, terrible.
Tiberis, -is, m., Tiber (the Tiber river).
trah, trahere, trx, tractus to draw or drag.
vallis, vallis, f., valley.
vestgium, - [vestg, track], n., track, foot-
print.

Tiberim. A few nouns of the third declension have this form in the
accusative singular. A&G 75, a, 1.
itinere fessus, literally,"weary from the journey," may be rendered
by a relative clause, a concessive clause, a causal clause, etc.,
e.g.,"who was weary from his journey" or "since he was weary
from his journey." These alternatives are regularly used when
translating participles (verbal adjectives) A&G 496, but work
fine for simple adjectives also, when the sense would be
improved.
ut . . . reficeret, purpose clause A&G 563.
n Herculs . . . posset, "that Hercules might not be able." A negative
clause of purpose is introduced by n.

DECLENSIONAL ENDINGS BY CASE
1
st
declension 2
nd
declension 3
rd
declension 4
th
declension 5
th
declension
Nominative. sg. -a -us, -er, (vir) -_____ -us -s
Nominative. pl. -ae - -s -s -s
Neuter Nom. sg. -um -_____ -
Neuter Nom. pl -a -(i)a -ua
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Accusative sg. -am -um -em -um -em
Accusative. pl. -s -s -s -s -s
Neuter Acc. sg. -um -_____ -
Neuter Acc. Pl -a -(i)a -ua
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Genitive. sg. -ae - -is -s -
Genitive. pl. -rum -rum -(i)um -uum -rum
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ablative. sg. - - -e, - - -
Ablative. pl. -s -s -ibus -ibus -ibus
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dative. sg. -ae - - -u -
Dative. pl. -s -s -ibus -ibus -bus
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vocative sg. -e, -

43. HERCULES DISCOVERS THE THEFT
Poster di simul atque somn excittus est, Herculs frtum animadvertit, et bovs
misss omnibus locs quaerbat. Hs tamen nsquam reperre poterat, nn modo quod loc
ntram gnrbat, sed quod vestgis falss dceptus est. Tandem, cum magnam partem di
frstr cnsmpsisset, cum reliqus bbus prgred cnstituit. At dum proficsc parat, nus
bbus qus scum habuit mgre coepit. Subit i qu in splunc incls erant mgtum
reddidrunt, et hc mod Herculs cognvit qu in loc abdit essent. Ille vehementer rtus ad
spluncam quam celerrim s contulit, ut praedam reciperet. At Ccus saxum ingns ita
dicerat ut aditus spluncae omnn obstruertur.

abd (3) did, -ditum, put away, hide,
conceal.
aditus, -s [ade], m., approach, entrance.
mitt (3) ms, -missum, send away, lose.
animadvert (3) vert, -versum, turn the
mind to, observe, notice.
began.
dcipi (M) cp, -ceptum, catch, deceive.
deici (M) ic, -iectum, throw down.
ex-cit, -citre, -citv, -cittus, call out,
rouse.
falsus, -a, -um, feigned, pretended, false;
deceiving.
frtum, -, n., theft.
gnr, -re, -v, -tus, be ignorant of, not
know.
mgi (4) v, low, bellow; moo.
mgtus, -s, m., lowing, bellowing; mooing.
ntra, -ae [nscor, be born], f., nature,
character.
nusquam, adv., nowhere.
obstru (3) strx, -strctum, build against,
block up.
omnn [omnis], adv., altogether, wholly,
entirely.
posterus, -a, -um [post], following, next.
praeda, praedae, f., booty, spoil, plunder.
march.
quam, adv., how? as; than; with superlative, as
. . . as possible.
take or get back, recover; s recipere,
to betake oneself, withdraw; to collect
oneself, recover.
reperi, reperre, repper, repertus, find,
discover.
vestgium, - [vestg, track], n., track, foot-
print.
omnibus locs, "everywhere." Locus is often used in the ablative of
place where without the preposition in.
nusquam. We say "could not find anywhere," but Latin prefers to
combine the negative with another word.
bbus, both bbus and bbus are forms found in the dative and
ablative plural of bs, bovis, m. and f.
bbus. This construction is commonly used with nus, instead of
the partitive genitive (genitive of the whole).
qu in loc abdit essent, indirect question A&G 330, 2 and 331;
also A&G 573-574.
quam celerrim, "as swiftly as possible." Quam with the superlative
indicates the highest possible degree.
ut praedam reciperet, purpose clause A&G 563.
ut . . . obstruertur, result clause A&G 537.

44. HERCULES AND CACUS
Herculs cum nllum alium introitum reperre posset, hoc saxum movre cntus est,
sed propter eius magnitdinem rs erat difficillima. Di frstr labrbat neque quicquam
efficere poterat; tandem tamen magn cnt saxum mvit et spluncam patefcit. Ibi misss
bovs magn cum gaudi cnspexit; sed Ccum ipsum vix cernere potuit, quod splunca plna
erat fm, quem ille mre su efflbat. Herculs insitt speci turbtus paulisper haesitbat;
post tamen in spluncam inrpit, et collum mnstr bracchis complexus est. Ille ets multum
repgnvit, nll mod s lberre potuit; et cum nlla facults resprand dartur, brev
tempore exanimtus est.
alius, alia, aliud, another, other; ali ... ali,
some ... others.
mitt (3) ms, -missum, send away, lose.
move (2) mv, -mtum, move away.
bracchium, bracchi, n., arm.
cern (3) crv, crtum, discern, perceive,
make out.
complector, -plect, -plexus, embrace.
cnor (1) cntus sum, try, attempt.
cnspici, -spicere, -spx, -spectus [com- +
speci, look], behold, perceive, see.
effici (M) fc, -fectum, accomplish, effect.
effl, -flre, -flv, -fltus [ex + fl], breathe
out.
ex-anim, -animre, -animv, -animtus, put
out of breath, fatigue, tire, exhaust;
stupefy; kill.
fmus, fm, m., smoke.
gaudium, - [gaude], n., gladness, joy.
haesit (1) v, -tum, hesitate.
in-rump, -rumpere, -rp, -ruptus, burst into
or in.
introitus, -s [introe, go within], m.,
entrance.
insittus, -a, -um, unusual, extraordinary.
labr, -re, -v, -tus [labor], labor, toil.
size.
patefaci (M) fc, -fectum, throw or lay
open, open.
paulisper [paulus, little], adv., for a little while.
plnus, plna, plnum w. abl. full (of).
anything.
discover.
re-pgn, -pgnre, -pgnv, -pgntus,
fight against, struggle, resist.
re-spr, -sprre, -sprv, -sprtus, breathe
back or out, breathe.
turb, -re, -v, -tus [turba, confusion],
confuse, throw into disorder, disturb,
trouble.
vix, adv., with difficulty, scarcely, hardly,
barely.
cum . . . posset, causal cum-clause A&G 549.
neque quicquam. "and nothing," literally "and not any thing."
Quicquam is used in expressing a negative idea. A&G
311-312.
mre su, "according to his custom."
turbtus, "who had been confused," "since he had been confused," or
"was confused . . . and." Keep in mind these three ways of
rendering a perfect participle: 1) by an adjectival (relative)
clause; 2) by an adverbial clause; and, 3) by a coordinate verb.
cum . . . dartur, causal cum-clause A&G 549.
resprand, the genitive of the gerund A&G 501, 502 and 504.

1a) Purpose Clause: ut / n + subjunctive when something is done so something else may or may not happen.
1b) Relative Purpose Clause: like the above, but instead of ut / n, a relative pronoun is used with the subjunctive.
2) Indirect Command: ut / n + subjunctive (after verbs of asking, commanding, persuading, advising, encouraging, etc.)
3) Result Clause: ut / ut nn + subjunctive (usually following main clause words as tot, tantus, totins, tam, sc, ita, ade, etc.)
4) Indirect Question: question word + subjunctive
5a) Cum-Temporal Clause: cum with imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive denoting a sense of time (when, after)
5b) Cum-Causal Clause: cum with imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive denoting a sense of cause (because, since)
5c) Cum-Concessive Clause: cum with imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive denoting a sense of concession (although, even though)
6) Indirect Statement: subject accusative . . . verb infinitive (after verbs of saying, knowing, thinking, believing, perceiving, etc.)
7) Ablative Absolute: noun (adjective, pronoun) in the ablative + participle (adjective, noun, pronoun) in the ablative
8a) Gerund: present stem with ending -nd, -nd, or -ndum used by itself in the construction of a noun.
8b) Gerundive: gerund with an object, both in the case of the gerund, but gender and number of the object used as an adjective.
8c) Passive Periphrastic: gerundive with a form of esse expressing obligation, propriety or necessity w/ or w/o the dative of agent.
9a) Simple Condition in Present Time: s with present tense indicatives in protasis and apodosis.
9b) Simple Condition in Past Time: s with past tense indicatives in protasis and apodosis.
9c) Future More Vivid Condition: s with future tense indicatives in protasis and apodosis.
9d) Future Less Vivid Condition: s with present tense subjnctives in protasis and apodosis.
9e) Contrary-to-Fact Condition in Present Time: s with imperfect subjunctives in protasis and apodosis.
9f) Contrary-to-Fact Condition in Past Time: s with pluperfect subjunctives in protasis and apodosis.

45. ELEVENTH LABOR: THE GOLDEN APPLES OF THE HESPERIDES
Eurystheus postquam bovs Gryonis accpit, labrem ndecimum Hercul imposuit,
gravirem quam qus supr nrrvimus. Mandvit enim e ut aurea mla ex hort Hesperidum
auferret. Hesperids autem nymphae erant quaedam frm praestantissim, quae in terr
longinqu habitbant, quibusque aurea quaedam mla Inne commissa erant. Mult homins
aur cupiditte induct haec mla auferre iam ante cnt erant. Rs tamen difficillima erat,
namque hortus in qu mla erant mr ingent undique circumdatus erat; praetere drac
qudam cui centum erant capita portam hort dligenter custdibat. Opus igitur quod
Eurystheus Hercul imperverat erat summae difficulttis, nn modo ob causs qus
commemorvimus, sed etiam quod Herculs omnn gnrbat qu in loc hortus ille situs
esset.

ante [ante], adv., before.
aufer auferre, abstul, abltum, bear away,
carry off.
aurum, aur, n., gold.
circumd (1) ded, -datum, put around,
surround.
commemor (1) v, -tum, bring to memory;
recount, mention.
cnor, -r, -tus, try, attempt.
cupidits, cupidittis, f., desire, longing,
eagerness.
custdi, -re, -v, -tus [custs, guard], guard.
difficilis, -e [dis- + facilis], not easy, difficult;
superlative difficillimus.
dligenter [dligns, careful], adv., carefully,
diligently.
drac, dracnis, m., dragon, serpent.
forma, formae, f., shape, beauty, form;
appearance.
gravis, grave, heavy; severe, grievous, serious;
comparative gravior.
Hesperids, -um, f. pl., the Hesperides.
hortus, hort, m., garden.
gnr, -re, -v, -tus, be ignorant of.
imper, -perre, -perv, -pertus, command,
order, enjoin.
in-dc, -dcere, dx, -ductus, lead in or on,
move, excite.
In, Innis, f., Juno.
longinquus, -a, -um, distant, remote.
mlum, ml, n., apple.
mand, -dre, -dv, -dtus [manus + -d,
put], put in hand, intrust, commit;
charge, command.
mrus, mr, m., wall.
nympha, nymphae, f., nymph.
entirely.
porta, portae, f., gate.
praestns, -stantis, adj., surpassing,
remarkable.
quam [quis and qu], adv., how? as; with
comparative than; with superl., as ...
as possible.
situs, sita, situm, placed, situated.
supr [superus, upper], adv. and prep. with
acc., above, before.
terra, terrae, f., land, earth.
ndecimus, -a, -um, eleventh.
sides.

quam qus, for quam es qus.
ut . . . auferret, indirect command A&G 563.
nymphae were inferior divinities associated with the sea, springs,
mountains, and trees.
aur, "for gold," objective genitive A&G 347-348. The objective
genitive would become the object, if the noun or adjective
which it modifies were changed to a verb expressing the same
idea. Here, for instance, the meaning is that they desired gold.
cui. "which had," literally "to which were." This construction, called the
dative of possession A&G 373, is used with
sum. The thing possessed is the subject.
Hercul imperverat, "had enjoined upon Hercules." A&G 367,
footnote.

SEQUENCE OF TENSES

Main or Independent Clause Tense Time of Subordinate or Dependent Clause Dependent Subjunctive Clause Tense
Primary Sequence: present; future; perfect Time at the same time or after the main verb Present
(w/ have); future perfect --------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
Time before the main verb Imperfect
Secondary Sequence: imperfect; perfect (w/o Time at the same time or after the main verb Perfect
have); pluperfect --------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
Time before the main verb Pluperfect
46. HERCULES ASKS AID OF ATLAS
Herculs quamquam quitem vehementer cupibat, tamen Eurysthe prre cnstituit; et
simul ac iussa eius accpit, proficsc mtrvit. mults merctribus quaesverat qu in loc
Hesperids habitrent; nihil tamen certum reperre potuerat. Frstr per mults terrs iter fcit
et multa percula subiit; tandem, cum in hs itineribus ttum annum cnsmpsisset, ad
extrmam partem orbis terrrum, quae proxima est cean, pervnit. Hc stbat vir qudam,
nmine Atls, ingent magnitdine corporis, qu caelum (ita trditum est) umers sus
sustinbat, n in terram dcideret. Herculs tants vrs magnopere mrtus statim in
colloquium cum Atlante vnit; et cum causam itineris docuisset, auxilium ab e petiit.

Atls, Atlantis, m., Atlas.
certus, -a, -um [part. of cern], determined,
fixed, certain.
colloquium, -, n., conversation.
cupi, -ere, -v, -tus, desire, long for, wish.
decid (3) cid, fall down.
extrmus, -, -um, last, extreme, furthest; the
end of.
Hesperids, -um, f. plur., the Hesperides.
hc [hic], adv., here; hereupon.
iter facere, to journey,march.
issum, - [part, of iube], n., order, command.
mgnitd, -tdinis [mgnus], f., size.
mtr, -re, -v, -tus [mtrus, ripe],
ripen; hasten.
merctor, merctris, m., trader, merchant.
mror, -r, -tus [mrus], wonder, wonder at.
not ... even.
ceanus, cean, m., Oceanus, the ocean.
orbis, orbis, m., circle; orbis terrrum, earth,
world.
pre, -re, -u, obey.
attack.
march.
next.
discover.
sub-e, -re, -i, -itus, go under; undergo, bear,
endure.
accpit. The perfect with simul atque or simul ac, as with
postquam and ubi, may often be rendered by the English past
perfect (pluperfect).
qu in loc . . . habitrent, indirect question A&G 330, 2 and 331;
also A&G 573-574.
cum . . . cnsmpsisset, concessive cum-clause A&G 549.
extrmam partem. The ancients had, of course, no knowledge of the
greater part of the world. The early Greeks thought of the
earth as a flat circle, surrounded by the river ceanus. This
word came later to designate the Atlantic, which has its
distinctive name from Atlas.
n . . . dcideret, negative purpose clause A&G 531.
dcideret. Notice the force of the prefix. Latin makes compound verbs
by combining prepositions used as suffixes to root verbs.
Sometimes the prefix is used with little or no change when
translated; other times the compounded verb is translated as if
it were two separate words, as here; and still other times, the
meaning of the root verb is changed completely by the
addition of the preposition.
mrtus. "admiring," literally "having admired." The perfect
participle of deponent verbs is often best rendered by a present
participle. A&G 491.
cum . . . docuisset, temporal cum-clause A&G 546.

47. HERCULES BEARS UP THE HEAVENS
Atls autem Hercul maxim prdesse potuit; nam cum ipse esset pater Hesperidum,
scibat qu in loc esset hortus. Postquam igitur audvit quam ob causam Herculs vnisset,
"Ipse," inquit, "ad hortum b et flibus mes persudb ut mla su sponte trdant." Herculs
cum haec audret, magnopere gvsus est; vim enim adhibre nluit, s rs aliter fier posset.
Itaque auxilium obltum accipere cnstituit. Atls tamen postulvit ut, dum ipse abesset,
Herculs caelum umers sustinret. Hoc autem negtium Herculs libenter suscpit. Quamquam
rs erat summ labris, ttum pondus cael continus complrs dis slus sustinuit.

absum, abesse, afu, be away, be absent; be
lacking.
adhibe, -hibre, -hibu, -hibitus [ad +
habe], hold to, employ, show.
aliter, adv., in another way, otherwise,
differently.
complrs, -plra, pl. adj., several. many.
continuus, -a, -um, continuous, successive, in
succession.
f, fer, factus sum, be done or made,
become, happen.
gaude, gaudre, gvsus, be glad, rejoice.
inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verb, I say,
you say, he says.
gladly.
mlum, ml, n. apple.
mxim [mximus], adv., very greatly,
exceedingly, especially.
difficulty.
unwilling.
pondus, ponderis, n., weight.
prsum, prdesse, prfu, be of advantage,
avail, assist.
sci, scre, sci (v), sctus, know.
slus, sla, slum, alone.
sponte, abl. sg. f., with su, of his (her, their)
own accord.
uppermost, highest,
greatest.
undertake.
Hercul, dative with the compound verb prdesse.
qu in loc esset, indirect question A&G 330, 2 and 331; also A&G
573-574.
inquit. historical present. This verb is used with direct quotations,
and follows one or more words of the quotation. A&G
469.
ut trdant, "that they give up," "to give up." The tense of the
subjunctive in a subordinate clause (indirect command
A&G 563) is determined by the rule for the sequence of
tenses A&G 482-485. The present or
perfect subjunctive is used when the principal verb
represents a present or future action; the imperfect or
pluperfect subjunctive is used when the principal verb
represents a past action. The present and imperfect subjunctive
represent an action at or after the time of the principal verb;
the perfect and pluperfect represent an action before the time
of the principal verb. Substantive clauses of volition (e.g.
indirect commands), therefore, and clauses of purpose
regularly admit only the present and imperfect subjunctive; for
the action which their verbs represent must follow that of the
principal verb.
posset, subjunctive in an indirect subordinate clause. Hercules
thought s potest.
ut . . . sustinret, indirect command A&G 563.
abesset, indirect for aber, "as long as I am away."
complrs, the accusative plural of a true i stem often ends in s. It
is especially common in poetry.

48. THE RETURN OF ATLAS
Atls intere abierat, et ad hortum Hesperidum, qu pauca mlia passuum aberat, s quam
celerrim contulerat. E cum vnisset, causam veniend exposuit flisque sus vehementer
horttus est ut mla trderent. Illae di haerbant; nlbant enim hoc facere, quod ab ips
Inne (ita ut ante dictum est) hoc mnus accperant. Atls tamen aliquand is persusit ut
sibi prrent, ac mla ad Herculem rettulit. Herculs intere cum plrs dis exspectvisset
neque llum nntium d redit Atlantis accpisset, hc mor graviter commtus est. Tandem
qunt di Atlantem vdit redeuntem, et brev tempore magn cum gaudi mla accpit; tum,
postquam grtis pr tant benefici git, ad Graeciam proficsc mtrvit.

ab-e, -re, -i, -itrus, go away, depart.
ali-quand, adv., at some time or other; finally,
at length.
ante, prep, with acc.; and adv., before.
benefcium, - [bene + faci], n., well-doing,
kindness, service, benefit.
e [is], adv., to that place, thither.
ex-spect, -spectre, -v, -tus, wait for,
expect.
grtia, -ae [grtus], f., favor; gratitude, thanks;
plur., thanks; grtis agere, to give
thanks, thank;
graviter [gravis], adv., severely, seriously.
hortor, (1) -tus sum, exhort, encourage, urge.
haere (2) haes, stick; hesitate.
intere [inter], adv., in the meantime,
meanwhile.
mlum, ml, n. apple.
ripen; hasten.
mlle, indecl. adj., a thousand. mlia, -ium, n.
plur., thousands; mlia passuum,
thousands of paces, miles.
mnus, mneris, n., service, office, duty;
present, gift.
unwilling.
pre, -re, -u, obey.
passus, -s [pand, stretch], m., pace; mlia
passuum, see mlle.
plrs, -a, comp. of multus, plur. adj., more,
many, several.
march.
quam [quis and qu], adv., how? as; than; with
superl., as ... as possible.
quntus, qunta, quntum, fifth.
reditus, redits [rede], m., return.
llus, lla, llum, any.
pauca mlia, extent of space, like duration of time, is expressed by
the accusative A&G 425.
quam celerrim, how do you translate quam + the superlative?
A&G 291, c.
passuum, partitive genitive (genitive of the whole) A&G 346. See
the note in Chapter 28 for tria mlia boum.
quam celerrim, how do you translate quam + the superlative?
A&G 291, c.
E cum vnisset, temporal cum-clause A&G 546.
causam veniend, genitive of the gerund. A&G 504.
horttus est ut mla trderent, indirect command A&G 563.
trderent. Why is this tense used? See the note in Chapter 47 on
trdant. Observe the sequence/harmony of tenses A&G
482-485.
ita ut, "as." Compare ut in Chapter 40. Ut means "as" with the
indicative mood. A&G 527, f.
is persusit ut sibi prrent, indirect command A&G 563.
cum . . . exspectvisset neque . . . accpisset, causal cum-clauses
A&G 549.

49. TWELFTH LABOR: CERBERUS THE THREE-HEADED DOG
Postquam aurea mla ad Eurystheum relta sunt, nus modo relinqubtur duodecim
labribus qus Pythia Hercul praecperat. Eurystheus autem cum Herculem magnopere
timret, eum in aliquem locum mittere volbat unde numquam redre posset. Itaque negtium e
dedit ut canem Cerberum ex Orc in lcem traheret. Hoc erat omnium operum difficillimum;
nm enim umquam ex Orc redierat. Praetere Cerberus iste mnstrum erat horribil speci,
cui erant tria capita serpentibus saevs cincta. Sed priusquam d hc labre nrrmus, nn
alinum esse vidtur, quoniam d Orc mentinem fcimus, pauca d e regine prpnere.

alinus, -a, -um, belonging to another, out of
place.
aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, indef. pron., some one,
anyone; something, anything; some,
any.
aureus, aurea, aureum [aurum], of gold,
golden.
Cerberus, Cerber, m., Cerberus.
cing (3) cnx, cnctum, surround, gird.
difficilis, difficile [dis- + facilis], not easy,
difficult.
duodecim [duo + decem], indecl. adj., twelve.
lx, lcis, f., light.
mlum, ml, n. apple.
menti, mentinis, f., mention.
difficulty.
nm, dat. nmin, acc. nminem, m and f., no
one, nobody.
numquam [ne-, not + umquam, ever], adv.,
never.
Orcus, Orc, m., Orcus.
praecipi, -cipere, -cp, -ceptus [prae, before
+ capi], takebeforehand, anticipate;
order, charge.
prius-quam, conj., before than, sooner than,
before.
pr-pn, -pnere, -posu, -positus, put or set
before, offer, propose; set forth, say.
Pythia, Pythiae, f., Pythia.
quoniam [cum + iam], conj., since now, since.
country, region.
re-linqu, -linquere, -lqu, -lictus, leave
behind, leave.
saevus, saeva, saevum, fierce, savage.
serpns, serpentis [part. of serp, crawl], f.,
serpent.
trah, trahere, trx, trctus, draw, drag.
umquam, adv., ever.
unde, adv., whence, from where.

nus . . . duodecim labribus, unus with ex or d is commonly
used instead of the partitive genitive.
Hercul praecperat may be translated by the same words as
Hercul imperverat, in Chapter 45.
cum Herculem magnopere timret, causal cum-clauses A&G 549.
unde numquam redre posset, indirect question A&G 330, 2 and
331; also A&G 573-574.
ut . . . traheret, a purpose clause A&G 531. Note the sequence of
tenses A&G 482-485.
omnium operum, partitive genitive (genitive of the whole) A&G 346.
cincta, past participle of the verb cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus,
surround, being used as an adjective and therefore agreeing
with the neuter plural third declension noun capita, "three
heads surrounded."
nrrmus. The present indicative may be used with priusquam to
represent a future action, as with the English before.
A&G 551, c.
alinum, predicative nominative. The subject of vidtur is
prpnere.
vidtur. The passive of vide may mean "be seen" or "seem."

50. CHARON'S FERRY
D sde morturum, quam potae Orcum appellant, haec trduntur. Ut quisque d vt
dcesserat, mns eius ad Orcum de Mercuri ddcbantur. Huius reginis, quae sub terr
fuisse dcitur, rx erat Pltn, cui uxor erat Prserpina, Iovis et Cereris flia. Mns igitur
Mercuri dduct prmum ad rpam venibant Stygis, qu flmine rgnum Pltnis
continbtur. Hoc trnsre necesse erat priusquam in Orcum venre possent. Cum tamen in hc
flmine nllus pns factus esset, mns trnsvehbantur Charonte qudam, qu cum parv
lintre ad rpam exspectbat. Charn pr hc offici mercdem postulbat, neque quemquam,
nisi qu hanc prius dederat, trnsvehere volbat. Quam ob causam ms erat apud antqus
nummum in re mortu pnere e cnsili, ut cum ad Styga vnisset, pretium triects solvere
posset. I autem qu post mortem in terr nn sepult erant Styga trnsre nn poterant, sed in
rp per centum anns errre cogbantur; tum dmum Orcum intrre licbat.

antquus, antqua, antquum, ancient.
Cers, Cereris, f., Ceres (a goddess).
Charn, Charontis, m., Charon (ferryman of
the dead).
contine, -tinre, -tinu, -tentus [com- +
tene], hold together, keep within,
shut up in; bound.
dcd (3) cess, -cessum, go from or away,
depart.
away, bring;
err, -re, -v, -tus, wander, stray; be
mistaken.
ex-spect, -spectre, -v, -tus, wait for,
expect.
intr (1) v, -tum, go within or into, enter.
licet, licre, licuit or licitum est, it is allowed
or permitted.
mns, mnium, m. pl., spirits, shades.
mercs, mercdis, f., pay, reward, wages.
Mercurius, Mercur, m., Mercury.
mortuus, -a, -um [part. of morior], dead.
necesse, indecl. adj., necessary.
nisi, conj., if not, unless; except, besides.
nummus, numm, m., coin.
officium, offici, n., service; duty.
s, ris, n., mouth.
Pltn, Pltnis, m., Pluto.
pota, -ae, m., poet.
pns, pontis, m., bridge.
pretium, preti, n., price, charge.
prius, comp. adv., before, first.
before.
Prserpina, Prserpinae, f., Proserpina.
anything.
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron., each.
country, region.
rpa, rpae, f., bank (of a river).
sds, sdis [sede], f., seat, abode.
sepeli, sepelre, sepelv, sepultus, bury.
Styx, Stygis, acc. Stygem and Styga, f., Styx.
triectus, -s, m., crossing over, passage.
cross.
trnsveh (3) vex, vectum, carry across or
over.
vta, vtae [vv], f., life.

Ut here means "when."
prmum, the adverb; not the adjective.
qu flmine, "the river by which," literally "by which river." An
antecedent which would be an appositive in English is put
in the relative clause in Latin.
necesse erat, followed by an infinitive; here trnsre.
possent. The subjunctive is used with priusquam to represent an
action as expected or anticipated. A&G 551, b.
Cum . . . nllus pns factus esset, causal cum-clauses A&G 549.
in hc flmine, for in, we usually say "over."
nisi qu may be rendered unless he.
prius. Notice that Latin is here more exact than English, using the
comparative because only two actions are implied.
mortu, used as a substantive. Compare morturum above.
e consili, "with this purpose."
cum ad Styga vnisset, temporal cum-clause A&G 546.
ut . . . pretium triects solvere posset, purpose clause A&G 531.

51. THE REALM OF PLUTO
Ut autem mns Styga hc mod trnsierant, ad alterum flmen venibant, quod Lth
appellbtur. Ex hc flmine aquam bibere cgbantur; quod cum fcissent, rs omns in vt
gests memori dpnbant. Dnique ad sdem ipsus Pltnis venibant, cuius introitus
cane Cerber custdibtur. Ibi Pltn nigr vestt indtus cum uxre Prserpin in soli
sedbat. Stbant etiam nn procul ab e loc tria alia solia, in quibus sedbant Mns,
Rhadamanthus, Aeacusque, idics apud nfers. H is dcbant et praemia poensque
cnstitubant. Bon enim in Camps lysis, sdem betrum, venibant; improb autem in
Tartarum mittbantur, ac mults et varis supplicis ibi excrucibantur.

Aeacus, Aeac, m., Aeacus.
some ... others.
alter, -era, -erum, one or the other (of two);
another, second.
betus, -a, -um, happy, blessed.
bib, bibere, bib, drink.
bonus, bona, bonum, good.
campus, camp, m., field, plain.
dnique, adv., lastly, finally.
dc (3) dx, dictum, say, speak, tell.
lysius, lysia, lysium, Elysian.
excruci (1) -cruciv, -crucitum, torture.
improbus, improba, improbum, wicked.
indu, induere, indu, indtus, put on; clothe.
nfer, -rum, m. pl., the inhabitants of the
underworld, the dead, the shades.
introitus, -s [introe, go within], m.,
entrance.
idex, idicis, m., judge.
is, iris, n., right, justice, law; is dcere, to
pronounce judgement; is irandum,
gen. is irand, oath.
Lth, Lths, f., Lethe.
mns, mnium, m. pl., spirit, shade.
memoria, memoriae [memor, remembering],
f., memory.
Mns, Mnis, m., Minos.
niger, nigra, nigrum, black.
poena, poenae, f., penalty, punishment.
praemium, praemi, n., reward.
Proserpina, -ae, f., Proserpina, Proserpine.
Rhadamanthus, -, m., Rhadamanthus.
sede, sedre, sd, sessus, sit.
solium, soli, n., seat, throne.
supplicium, - [supplex, kneeling], n.,
punishment, torture.
Tartarus, Tartar, m., Tartarus.
cross.
varius, varia, varium, various.
vesttus, vestts, m., clothing.
vta, vtae [vv], f., life.
quod cum fcissent, "and when they had done this." connecting
relative A&G 308, f.; and a temporal cum-clause A&G 546.
gests, perfect passive participle of ger. Literally, "having been waged,
or done." Participles in Latin may be translated as subordinate
clauses. Some are adjectival, some adverbial. There are also
many instances when they may be translated in a main clause
coordinate with the main verb.
Stbant, "there stood." What is its subject?
bon, improb are adjectives used as substantives, i.e. the good, the
wicked.

52. HERCULES CROSSES THE STYX
Herculs postquam imperia Eurysthe accpit, in Lacniam ad Taenarum statim s
contulit; ibi enim splunca erat ingent mgnitdine, per quam, ut trditur, homins ad Orcum
dscendbant. E cum vnisset, ex incols quaesvit qu in loc splunca illa sita esset; quod
cum cgnvisset, sine mor dscendere cnstituit. Nec tamen slus hoc iter fcit; Mercurius
enim et Minerva s e socis adinxerant. Ubi ad rpam Stygis vnit, Herculs cnscendit, ut ad
lterirem rpam trnsret. Cum tamen Herculs esset ingent mgnitdine corporis, Charn
solvere nlbat; mgnopere enim verbtur n linter sua tant pondere onerta in medi flmine
mergertur. Tandem tamen mins Herculis territus Charn solvit, et eum incolumem ad
ulterirem rpam trnsvexit.

adiung (3) inx, -inctum, join to, join.
Charn, Charontis, m., Charon (ferryman of
the dead).
+ scand, climb], climb; nvem
board, embark.
dscend, -scendere, -scend, -scnsus [d +
scand], climb down, descend.
e [is], adv., to that place, thither.
imperium, imperi [imper], n., command;
sway, rule.
incola, incolae [incol], m. and f., inhabitant.
Lacnia, -ae, f., Laconia (a country).
size.
Mercurius, Mercur, m., Mercury.
merg, mergere, mers, mersus, dip, plunge,
sink.
minae, minrum, f. pl., threats.
not ... even.
unwilling.
oner, -re, -v, -tus [onus, load], load,
burden.
Orcus, -, m., Orcus.
pondus, ponderis [pend], n., weight.
rpa, rpae, f., bank (of a river).
situs, sita, situm [part. of sin], placed,
situated.
socius, soci [sequor], m., companion,
comrade, ally.
Taenarus, -, f., Taenarus (a promontory).
cross.
trnsveh (3) vex, vectum, carry across or
over.
ulterior, ulterius, comp. adj., farther.
vereor, verr, veritus sum, fear.

e. You should be familiar with this adverb by now. It means there.
ex. Ab also is used with quaer.
quod cum cgnvisset, connecting relative A&G 308, f.; and a
temporal cum-clause A&G 546.
s socis, direct object and predicate accusative respectively.
cnscendit, used here without nvem.
ut ad lterirem rpam trnsret, purpose clause A&G 531.
Cum . . . esset causal cum-clauses A&G 549.
n linter sua mergertur, "lest his boat be sunk" or "that his boat
would be sunk." With verbs expressing fear, n may be
rendered "that," but the Latin expresses a negative idea, as in
the other uses of the word. N indicates that the person who
fears wishes that the thing may not happen. A&G 564.
solvere, also used without nvem.
onerta, if it should be burdened.

53. THE LAST LABOR IS ACCOMPLISHED
Postquam Styga hc mod trnsiit, Herculs in sdem ipsus Pltnis vnit; tum causam
veniend docuit, atque ab e petvit ut Cerberum auferre sibi licret. Pltn, qu d Herculis
fm audverat, eum bengn excpit, et faculttem quam ille petbat libenter dedit. Postulvit
tamen ut Herculs ipse, cum iussa Eurysthe fcisset, Cerberum in Orcum rrsus redceret.
Herculs hoc pollicitus est, et Cerberum, quem nn sine magn percul manibus prehenderat,
summ cum labre ex Orc in lcem et ad urbem Eurysthe trxit. E cum vnisset, tantus timor
animum Eurysthe occupvit ut ex tri statim refugeret; cum autem paulum s ex timre
recpisset, mults cum lacrims Herculem obsecrvit ut mnstrum sine mor in Orcum
redceret. Sc contr omnium opninem duodecim ill labrs qus Pythia praecperat intr
duodecim anns cnfect sunt; quae cum ita essent, Herculs servitte tandem lbertus magn
cum gaudi Thbs rediit.

trium, tri, n., hall.
aufer, auferre, abstul, abltus [ab + fer],
bear away, carry off.
duodecim [duo + decem], indecl. adj., twelve.
excipi, -cipere, -cp, -ceptus [ex + capi],
take out or up, receive, welcome,
entertain.
intr, prep. with acc., within.
issum, iuss [part, of iube], n., order,
command.
gladly.
licet, -re, -uit or -itum est, impers., is lawful
or permitted.
lx, lcis, f., light.
obsecr (1) v, tum, beseech, entreat.
paulum, adv., a little, somewhat.
attack.
polliceor, pollicr, pollicitus sum, promise.
+ capi], take beforehand, anticipate;
order, charge.
oneself, recover.
back; restore.
re-fugi, -fugere, -fg, flee back, run away,
retreat.
rrsus [for reversus, part, of revertor], adv.,
again.
sds, -is [sede], f., seat, abode.
servits, -ttis [servus], f., slavery, servitude.
sc, adv., so, thus.
Styx, Stygis, acc. Stygem and Styga, f., Styx
Thbae, -rum, f. plur., Thebes.
trah, trahere, trx, trctus, draw, drag.
trici, -icere, -ic, -iectus [trns + iaci],
throw across.
cross.
causam veniend, genitive of the gerund. A&G 504.
ut . . . licret. substantive clause of purpose. A&G 569.
auferre, subject of the impersonal verb licret. An impersonal verb
is one that is used without a subject, or with an infinitive or a
clause as its subject, and has therefore only the forms of the
third person singular and the infinitives. In English it is used
with an impersonal verb.
ut . . . redceret, indirect command A&G 563.
E cum vnisset, temporal cum-clause A&G 546.
ut ex tri statim refugeret, result clause A&G 291, c.
cum . . . recpisset, temporal cum-clause A&G 546.
ut . . . redceret, indirect command A&G 563.
quae cum ita essent, "and this being the case" or "and so," literally
"since which things were so." connecting relative A&G 308,
f.
Thbs. See the note in Chapter 16 for Thbs.

54. THE CENTAUR NESSUS
Poste Herculs multa alia praeclra perfcit, quae perscrbere longum est. Tandem iam
aette prvectus Dianram, Oene fliam, in mtrimnium dxit; Tribus post anns accidit cs
ut puerum quendam occderet, cui nmen erat Eunomus. Cum autem ms esset ut s quis
hominem cs occdisset, in exsilium ret, Herculs cum uxre su fnibus cvittis exre
mtrvit. Dum iter faciunt, ad flmen quoddam pervnrunt in qu nllus pns erat. Dum
quaerunt qu mod flmen trnsre possent, accurrit centaurus Nessus, qu vitribus auxilium
obtulit. Herculs uxrem suam in tergum eius imposuit; tum ipse flmen trnvit. At Nessus
paulum in aquam prgressus ad rpam subit revertit, ac Dianram auferre cntus est. Quod
cum animadvertisset Herculs, graviter commtus arcum intendit et pectus Ness sagitt
trnsfxit.

accidit, -cidere, -cidit [ad + cad], fall to or
upon; befall, happen.
accurr (3) cucurr or curr, -cursum, run to,
come up.
aets, aettis, f., age.
some ... others.
animadvert, -vertere, -vert, -versus [animus
+ ad-vert], turn the mind to,
observe.
cs [abl. of csus], adv., by chance,
accidentally.
cvits, cvittis [cvis], f., state, city-state.
cnor, cnr, -cntus, try, attempt.
Dianra, Dianrae, f., Dejanira.
Eunomus, Eunom, m., Eunomus.
exe, exre, exi, exitum, go out.
exsilium, exsili, n., exile.
in-tend, -tendere, -tend, -tentus, stretch out;
stretch, draw, aim.
iter facere, to journey.
longus, longa, longum, long; tedious.
mtrimnium, - [mter], n., marriage; in
mtrimnium dcere, marry.
ripen; hasten.
Nessus, Ness, m., Nessus (a centaur).
Oeneus, Oene, m., Oeneus.
pectus, pectoris, n., breast, chest.
perfici (M) fc, -fectum, make or do
thoroughly, accomplish.
perscrb (3) scps, -scrptum, write in full,
describe fully, recount.
per-veni, -venre, -vn, -ventus, come
through, come, arrive, reach.
pns, pontis, m., bridge.
praeclrus, -a, -um, very bright; splendid,
famous.
prveh (3) vex, vectum, carry forward.
qudam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron., a
certain, certain.
quis (qu), quae or qua, quid (quod), indef.
pron., any; some; anyone, anybody,
anything; some one, somebody,
something.
revertor, -vert, -versus, (the perfect is active
in form revert not reversus sum)[re-
+ vert], turn back, return.
rpa, rpae, f., bank.
s, conj., if.
trn, -nre, -nv [trns + n, swim], swim
across or over.
cross.
through, transfix.
trs, tria, plur. adj., three. (gen. trium, dat. &
abl. tribus).
vitor, vitris [via], m., wayfarer, traveler.
quae, direct object of perscrbere, which is the subject of est.
longum est, literally, "it is tedious," here perhaps"would be tedious."
aette, ablative of respect (ablative of specification). Translate "when
he was now advanced in age" or "late in life."
ut . . . occderet, subject of accidit. Certain verbs expressing
occurrence may have a substantive clause of result as
subject. A&G 567-568 (footnote 2).
cui, dative of possession A&G 373, a.
ut . . . ret, a substantive clause of result, the subject of esset.
Compare pnere, in Chapter 50. The subject of ms esset
and similar phrases may be either an infinitive or a clause
of result. A&G 571.
quis. After s, nisi, n and num this is not the interrogative pronoun,
but the indefinite.
occdisset, subjunctive by attraction. A&G 591, 2.
qu mod flmen trnsre possent, relative clause of purpose A&G
531.2
revertit. Revertor is deponent in the present, past (imperfect), and
future, but has active forms in the perfect, past perfect
(pluperfect), and future perfect.
Quod cum animadvertisset, connecting relative A&G 308, f. and a
temporal cum-clause A&G 546.

55. THE POISONED ROBE
Nessus igitur sagitt Herculis trnsfxus morins hum iacbat; sed n occsinem su
ulcscend dmitteret, ita loctus est: "T, Dianra, verba morientis aud. S amrem mart tu
cnservre vs, hunc sanguinem qu nunc pectore me effunditur sme ac repne; tum, s
Herculs umquam in suspcinem tibi vnerit, vestem eius hc sanguine tingus." Haec loctus
Nessus animam efflvit; Dianra autem nihil mal suspicns eius iussa fcit. Paul post
Herculs bellum contr Eurytum, rgem Oechaliae, suscpit. Cum rgem ipsum cum flis
interfcisset, Ioln eius fliam scum redxit. Sed priusquam domum pervnit, nvem ad
Cnaeum appulit, et in terram gressus ram cnstituit, ut Iov sacrificium faceret. Dum
sacrificium parat, Licham comitem suum domum msit, qu vestem albam referret; ms enim
erat apud antqus, cum sacrificia facerent, albam vestem gerere. At Dianra verita n
Herculs amrem erg Ioln habret, vestem priusquam Lichae dedit, sanguine Ness tnxit.

albus, alba, album, white.
amor, amris, m., love.
anima, animae, f., breath, soul, life.
antquus, -a, -um, ancient; as substantive,
antquus, -, m. an ancient.
drive to, bring to; w/ or w/o nvem,
put in.
ra, rae, f., altar.
Cnaeum, Cnae, n., Cenaeum (a
promontory).
comes, comitis, m. and f., companion.
conserv (1) v, -tum, preserve, keep.
Dianra, -ae, f., Dejanira.
effl, -flre, -flv, -fltus [ex + fl], breathe
out.
effund (3) fd, -fsum, pour out.
gredior, -gred, -gressus [ + gradior], go out
or forth, go ashore, disembark.
erg, prep. with acc., toward, for.
Eurytus, -, m., Eurytus.

hum, locative of humus, on the ground.
iace, -re, -u, lie, be prostrate.
Iol, Iols, f., Iole.
issum, - [part, of iube], n., order, command.
Lichs, Lichae, m., Lichas.
loquor, loqu, loctus sum, speak.
malum, mal, n., evil, mischief.
martus, mart, m., husband.
morior, mor, mortuus sum, die.
not ... even.
Nessus, Ness, m., Nessus (a centaur).
occsi, -nis [occid, fall], f., chance,
opportunity.
Oechalia, Oechaliae, f., Oechalia.
somewhat.
pectus, pectoris, n., breast, chest.

before.
back; restore.
repn (3) posu, -positum, put or set back;
store away.
sacrificium, sacrifici [sacrific], n., sacrifice.
s, conj., if.
sm, smere, smps, smptus [sub + em],
take under or up, take;
undertake.
suspci, suspcinis, f., suspicion.
suspicor (1) suspictus sum, suspect.
tingu (3) tnx, tnctum, wet, soak, dye.
through, transfix.
ulcscor, ulcisc, ultus sum, avenge, revenge.
umquam, adv., ever.
verbum, verb, n., word.
vestis, vestis, f., clothing, dress, robe.
n occsinem . . . dmitteret, negative purpose clause A&G 531.
su ulcscend, "of revenging himself." Ulcscend is the gerundive,
not the gerund. It modifies su. The gerundive has the
construction of an adjective, the gerund that of a noun. When
the gerund would have a direct object, the gerundive is
commonly used instead; but the gerundive in this use is
translated as the gerund would be, if it were used, and the
word which the gerundive modifies is translated as its direct
object. A&G 503-504.
morientis, "of a dying man." Compare mortu, in Chapter 50.
vs, from vol.
in suspcinem tibi vnerit, comes to be suspected by you. For the
tense of vnerit see the note on dab in Chapter 25.
nihil mal, the genitive of certain colorless nouns is used to denote
indefinite value. A&G 417, a.
n Herculs . . . habret, after the verbal verita, the subjunctive
after verbs of fearing is used, n meanong "that," ut and n
nn meaning "that not." A&G 564.

56. THE DEATH OF HERCULES
Herculs nihil mal suspicns vestem quam Lichs attulerat statim induit. Paul post
magnum dolrem snsit, et quae causa esset eius re magnopere mrbtur. Dolre paene
exanimtus vestem dtrahere cntus est; illa tamen in corpore haesit, neque ll mod dtrah
potuit. Tum dmum Herculs quasi furre impulsus in montem Oetam s contulit, atque in
rogum, quem summ celeritte exstrxit, s imposuit. Hoc cum fcisset, es qu circumstbant
rvit ut rogum quam celerrim succenderent. Omns di recsbant; tandem tamen pstor
qudam ad misericordiam inductus gnem subdidit. Tum, dum omnia fm obscrantur,
Herculs dns nbe tctus Iove in Olympum abreptus est.
abripi, -ripere, -ripu, -reptus [ab + rapi],
snatch away, carry off.
ad-fer, adferre, attul, adltus, bear to, bring
(to).
celerits, -ttis [celer, swift], f., swiftness,
quickness, speed.
circumst (1) stet, stand around.
dnsus, dnsa, dnsum, thick.
d-trah, -trahere, -trx, -trctus, draw or
pull off.
ex-anim, -animre, -animv, -animtus, put
out of breath, fatigue, tire, exhaust;
stupefy; kill.
exstru (3) strx, -strctum, pile or heap up,
build, erect.
fmus, fm, m., smoke.
furor, furris [fur, rage], m., rage, fury,

frenzy, madness.
haere, haerre, haes, haesrus, stick;
hesitate; doubt.
impell (3) pul, -pulsum, drive or urge on,
incite, urge.
in-dc, -dcere, dx, -ductus, lead in or on,
move, excite.
malum, mal, n., evil, mischief.
misericordia, -ae, f., pity, compassion.
nbs, nbis, f., cloud.
obscr (1) v, -tum, darken, hide, conceal.
Oeta, Oetae, f., Oeta.

Olympus, -, m., Olympus.
r, -re, -v, -tus [s], speak; beg, pray.
pstor, pstris, m., shepherd.
somewhat.
quam [quis and qu], adv., how? as; than; with
superl., as ... as possible.
quasi [qu + s], conj., as if.
recs (1) v, -tum, refuse.
rogus, rog, m., funeral pile, pyre.
subd (3) did, -ditum, put under, apply.
succend (3) cend, -cnsum, kindle beneath,
set on fire.
suspicor (1) suspictus sum, suspect.
teg (3) tx, tctum, cover, conceal.
llus, lla, llum, any.
quae causa esset, indirect question A&G 330, 2 and 331; also A&G
573-574.
exanimtus, "beside himself."
Hoc cum fcisset, temporal cum-clause A&G 546.
rvit ut . . . succenderent, indirect command A&G 563.
Olympum, the home of the gods.

THE ARGONAUTS
The celebrated voyage of the Argonauts was brought
about in this way. Pelias had expelled his brother Aeson
from his kingdom in Thessaly, and had determined to take
the life of Jason, the son of Aeson. Jason, however, escaped
and grew up to manhood in another country. At last he
returned to Thessaly; and Pelias, fearing that he might
attempt to recover the kingdom, sent him to fetch the Golden
Fleece from Colchis, supposing this to be an impossible feat.
Jason with a band of heroes set sail in the ship Argo (called
after Argus, its builder), and after many adventures reached
Colchis. Here Aets, king of Colchis, who was unwilling to
give up the Fleece, set Jason to perform what seemed an
impossible task, namely to plough a field with certain fire-
breathing oxen, and then to sow it with dragon's teeth.
Mda, however, the daughter of the king, assisted Jason by
her skill in magic, first to perform the task appointed, and
then to procure the Fleece. She then fled with Jason, and to
delay the pursuit of her father, sacrificed her brother
Absyrtus. After reaching Thessaly, Mda caused the death
of Pelias and was expelled from the country with her
husband. They removed to Corinth, and here Mda,
becoming jealous of Glauc, daughter of Creon, caused her
death by means of a poisoned robe. Mda was afterward
carried off in a chariot sent by the sun-god, and a little later
Jason was accidentally killed.

57. THE WICKED UNCLE
Erant quondam in Thessali duo frtrs, qurum alter Aesn, Pelis alter appellbtur.
Aesn prm rgnum obtinuit; poste vr Pelis rgn cupiditte adductus nn modo frtrem
suum expulit, sed etiam in anim habbat Isonem, Aesonis flium, interficere. Qudam tamen
ex amcs Aesonis, ubi sententiam Peliae cognvrunt, puerum tant percul ripere
cnstiturunt. Itaque noct Isonem ex urbe abstulrunt, et cum poster di ad rgem redssent,
e renntivrunt puerum mortuum esse. Pelis cum hoc audvisset, ets r vr magnum
volupttem percipibat, speciem tamen dolris praebuit, et quae causa fuisset mortis quaesvit.
Ill autem cum bene intellegerent dolrem eius falsum esse, nesci quam fbulam d morte
puer fnxrunt.

Aesn, Aesonis, m., Aeson
cupidits, cupidittis [cupidus], f., desire,
longing, eagerness.
falsus, falsa, falsum [part. of fall], feigned,
pretended, false.
fing (3) fnx, finctum, invent, make up.
Isn, Isonis, m., Jason.
nesci (4) scv, not know, be ignorant.
Pelis, Peliae, m., Pelias.
re-nnti, -nntire, -nntiv, -nntitus,
bring back word, report, announce.
sententia, sententiae, f., opinion, purpose.
Thessalia, Thessaliae, f., Thessaly.
volupts, volupttis, f., pleasure.

Erant, forms of sum in the sense of "exist" make a complete
predicate without a predicate noun or adjective. It is then
called the substantive verb, sometimes called the expletive use
of the linking verb. "There were (existed) two brothers." A&G
284, b.
alter . . . alter, "one . . . the other." Alter Aesn, Pelis alter is an
example of the so-called chiastic order.
regn, "for the kingdom." An objective genitive (A&G 347-348.)
The objective genitive would become the object, if the
noun or adjective which it modifies or limits were changed
to a verb expressing the same idea. Here, for instance, the
meaning is that he desired the kingdom.
adductus, perfect passive participle, lit., "having been led, brought,
taken, induced or influenced;" therefore "led, brought, taken,
influenced, etc." A&G 488, 494 and 496.
nn modo . . . sed etiam, "not only . . . but also."
in anim habbat, lit. "he kept having in mind," therefore "he
intended," followed by the infinitive.
tamen, a postpositive and adversative conjunction. Postpositive,
because it always comes second in the sentence, but in
English we translate it first; adversative, because it points
to something contrary to what has come previously. Best
translated but.
ex amcs. This construction is commonly used with qudam, as with
nus, instead of the partitive genitive.
cum . . . redssent, cum + imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is used
to denote the situation or circumstances under which
something occurs. This is called a temporal cum-clause.
A&G 546.
puerum mortuum esse, "that the boy was dead," literally "the boy to
be dead." This is an indirect statement, quoting puer
mortuus est. Indirect statements depend upon verbs
expressing the ideas of saying, thinking, knowing and
perceiving. The subject of an indirect statement is in the
accusative, and the verb in the infinitive. The infinitive is
present, future or perfect to represent an action at, after or
before the time of the verb on which it depends.
cum . . . intellegerent, a clause introduced by cum may express the
cause of the action represented by the principal verb of the
sentence. It is then called a causal cum-clause, and the verb
is in the subjunctive. A&G 549.
quae causa fuisset, an indirect question. A&G 574.
autem, like tamen, autem is postpositive, but not as adversative.
Translate "moreover," or "however."
nesci quam fbulam, "some story or other;" literally "I know not
what story." A&G 575, d.

58. A FATEFUL ACCIDENT
Post breve tempus Pelis, veritus n rgnum suum tant v et fraude occuptum mitteret,
amcum quendam Delphs msit, qu rculum cnsuleret. Ille igitur quam celerrim Delphs s
contulit et quam ob causam vnisset dmnstrvit. Respondit rculum nllum esse in
praesenti perculum; monuit tamen Peliam ut s quis num calceum gerns venret, eum
cavret. Post paucs anns accidit ut Pelis mgnum sacrificium factrus esset; nntis in omns
parts dmserat et certam diem conveniend dxerat. Di cnstitt magnus hominum numerus
undique ex agrs convnit; in hs autem vnit etiam Isn, qu pueriti apud centaurum
quendam habitverat. Dum tamen iter facit, num calces in trnseund nesci qu flmine
msit.

accid, -cidere, -cid [ad + cad], fall to or
upon; befall, happen. Used
impersonally, it happens, happened.
calceus, calce, m., shoe.
cave, cavre, cv, cautum, beware, take
care; be on one's guard against,
beware of.
certus, certa, certum determined, fixed,
certain.
con-veni, -venre, -vn, -ventum, come
together, assemble.
cnsul, -ere, -u, -tum, consult.
Delph, Delphrum, m. pl., Delphi.
fraus, fraudis, f., deception, fraud.
mone, monre, monu, monitus warn, advise.
praesentia, -ae [praesns], f., the present.
pueritia, pueritiae [puer], f., boyhood.
responde, respondre, respond, respnsus
respond, answer.
sacrificium, sacrifici, n., sacrifice.
sides.
breve modifies tempus in a prepositional phrase with the preposition
post. Compare post used as an adverb below with paucs
anns.
veritus modifies Pelis. Perfect participles from deponent verbs are
active in sense and not passive like regular verbs. A&G
190, b. Literally, "having feared," but often in a present
sense, "fearing." A&G 491.
n . . . mitteret, A&G 564. Verbs of fearing take the subjunctive,
with n affirmative and n nn or ut negative: "that he should
lose."
Delphs, the oracle at Delphi was the most well-known in the ancient
world; Apollo, through his priestess the Pythia, dispensed
usually ambiguous advice to those seeking it.
quam celerrim, quam with the superlative means "as . . . as possible,"
translating the superlative as a positive.
vnisset, subjunctive in an indirect question. The direct form would
be hanc ob causam vnit. A&G 573-575.
respondit . . . perculum, rculum is the subject of respondit;
nllum perculum is in the predicate of the indirect
statement clause.
venret, subjunctive in an indirect subordinate clause. The direct
form would be s quis veniet.
cavret, imperfect subjunctive in a substantive clause of purpose or
indirect command after the verb monuit. A&G 563.
ut . . . factrus esset, is a substantive clause of result after the
impersonal verb accidit. A&G 569.2. (factrus is the
future active participle of sum.)
dis is sometimes feminine in the singular, especially in phrases
indicating a fixed time. A&G 97, a.
nesci qu flmine, "some river or other;" lit. "I dont know what
river." A&G 575, d.
parts, what case is this? A&G 65 ff. and esp. A&G 74, c.
facit, the present indicative is used with dum, "while," "as," even
when a past action is represented. It must then be translated
by the past tense.
conveniend, "of assembling," the genitive of the gerund. The gerund
is a form of the verb, but it has the construction of a noun.
In English the gerund ends in ing, and so is identical in
form with the present participle, which is a verb that has the
construction of an adjective. A&G 504.
in trnseund nesci qu flmine, "by crossing some river or
other." The ablative of the gerundive is here used to express
the circumstances surrounding the losing of the shoe. In
Latin when the gerund would take an object, the object is
attracted into the case of the gerund, and the gerund is
attracted to the number and gender of the object. Here in
trnseund is an ablative of attendant circumstances; flmen
would be the direct object of the gerund trnseund, therefore
trnseund becomes neuter and singular, and flmen
becomes ablative. A&G 507.

59. THE GOLDEN FLEECE
Isn igitur cum calceum missum nll mod recipere posset, alter pede nd in
rgiam pervnit. Quem cum Pelis vdisset, subit timre adfectus est; intellxit enim hunc esse
hominem quem rculum dmnstrvisset. Hoc igitur cnsilium iniit. Rx erat qudam Aets,
qu rgnum Colchidis ill tempore obtinbat. Huic commissum erat vellus illud aureum quod
Phrixus lim ibi relquerat. Cnstituit igitur Pelis Ison negtium dare ut hoc vellere potrtur;
cum enim rs esset magn percul, eum in itinere peritrum esse sprbat. Isonem igitur ad s
arcessvit, et eum cohorttus quid fier vellet docuit. Ille ets intellegbat rem esse difficillimam,
negtium libenter suscpit.

adfici, -ficere, -fc, -fectus [ad + faci], do
to, move, affect; visit, afflict.
Aets, Aetae, m., Aeetes.
arcess, -ere, -v, -tum, call, summon, fetch.
golden.
calceus, calce, m., shoe.
co-hortor, -hortr, -horttum, encourage,
exhort.
Colchis, Colchidis, f., Colchis.
com-mitt, -mittere, -ms, -missum, send
difficult.
f, fer, factus sum, be done or made, become,
happen.
in-e, -re, -i, -itum, go into, enter; adopt.
gladly.
difficulty.
ndus, nda, ndum naked, bare.
hold.
lim, adv., once upon a time, once, formerly, of
old.
per-e, -re, -i, -itrum, pass away, perish.
Phrixus, Phrix, m., Phrixus.
potior, -r, -tus [potis, able], become master
of, get possession of.
oneself, recover.
spr, -re, -v, -tum [sps], hope.
suscipi, -cipere, -cp, -ceptum [sub + capi],
undertake, take up.
vellus, velleris, n., fleece.

cum . . . posset. Cum causal takes the subjunctive. A&G 549.
cum . . . vdisset. A temporal clause with cum and the Imperfect or
Pluperfect Subjunctive describes the circumstances that
accompanied or preceded the action of the main verb. A&G
546.
alter pede nd, with one foot bare. This construction corresponds
to the nominative absolute in English, and is called the
ablative absolute. A&G 419-420. It consists of a noun or
pronoun with a participle, noun or adjective in agreement. The
word in agreement is in the nature of a predicate. When this
word is not itself a participle, the insertion of the word "being"
will show its relation to the other word, as here "one foot
being bare."
vellus aureum. Phrixus and his sister Helle were about to be put to
death as a sacrifice, when they were rescued and carried off
through the air by a ram with a fleece of gold. Helle fell into
the strait called by the ancients the Hellespont (Helles sea),
and by us the Dardanelles. Phrixus came safely to Colchis, and
there he sacrificed the ram and gave the fleece to Aeetes.
ut . . . potrtur. A substantive clause of volition (purpose) or an
indirect command. negtium dare is equivalent to a verb
of commanding. A&G 563.
vellere is ablative because potior is one of the deponent verbs which
govern the ablative. A&G 410.
cum . . . esset. cum causal takes the subjunctive. A&G 549.
eum peritrum esse, "that he would perish." Why is the infinitive
future? A&G 584.

60. THE BUILDING OF THE GOOD SHIP ARGO
Cum tamen Colchis multrum dirum iter ab e loc abesset, slus Isn proficsc
nluit. Dmsit igitur nntis in omns parts, qu causam itineris docrent et diem certam
conveniend dcerent. Intere, postquam omnia quae sunt su ad armands nvs comportr
iussit, negtium dedit Arg cuidam, qu summam scientiam nauticrum rrum habbat, ut
nvem aedificret. In hs rbus circiter decem dis cnsmpt sunt; Argus enim, qu oper
praeerat, tantam dligentiam adhibbat ut n nocturnum tempus quidem ad labrem
intermitteret. Ad multitdinem hominum trnsportandam nvis paul erat ltior quam quibus in
nostr mar t cnsuvimus, et ad vim tempesttum perferendam tta rbore facta est.

ab-sum, abesse, fu, futrus, be away, be
absent, be distant; be wanting.
adhibe, -hibre, -hibu, -hibitus [ad +
habe], hold to, employ, show.
aedific (1) [aedis + faci], make a building,
build.
Argus, Arg, m., Argus.
arm (1) [arma], arm, equip.
certus, certa, certum determined, fixed,
certain.
circiter, prep. with acc. about; adv., about.
com-port (1), carry or bring together, collect.
cn-susc, -suscere, -suv, -sutus, become
accustomed; in tenses of completed
action, have become accustomed, be

accustomed or wont.
together, assemble.
decem, indecl. adj., ten.
dligentia, dligentiae [dligns, careful], f.,
care, diligence, industry.
inter-mitt, -mittere, -ms, -mssus, leave off,
interrupt; let pass; pass., be left
between, intervene, elapse.
ltus, lta, ltum, broad, wide.
multitd, multitdinis [multus], f., multitude.
nauticus, -a, -um [nauta], naval, nautical.

business, matter; task, trouble.
nocturnus, -a, -um [nox], of night, nocturnal;
nocturnum tempus,
night-time.
noster, nostra, nostrum [ns], our.
per-fer, -ferre, -tul, -ltus, bear through,
bear, endure; weather.
post-quam, conj., later than, after, when.
prae-sum, -esse, -fu, be before, preside over,
have charge of, command.
rbur, rboris, n., oak.
scientia, scientiae [sci], f., knowledge, skill.
trns-port (1), carry across or over, transport.
sus, -s [tor], m., use; experience.
tor, t, sus, use.

cum, how should cum be translated here? A&G 549.
iter, accusative of extent of space or how long and is limited by
multrum dirum. A&G 425.
omns, what is the case? A&G 73 & 77.
qu causam itineris docrent, relative clause of characteristic,
A&G 534-535. Compare the relative clause with the
indicative below.
su, "of use or useful." dative of purpose (or tendency) A&G 382,1.
ad armands nvs, purpose is often expressed by ad with the
gerundive. A&G 506.
n . . . quidem, "not even the night-time." The emphasized word
regularly stands between n and quidem. A&G 322, f.
Ad multitdinem hominum trnsportandam, A&G 506.
quibus, tor is one of the deponent verbs which govern the ablative.
eae, the antecedent of quibus, is omitted. A&G 410.
quibus in nostr mar t cnsuvimus, a relative clause with the
indicative.
nostr mar, the Mediterranean.
ad vim tempesttum perferendam, A&G 506.
vim, case? A&G 75.a.1.

61. THE ANCHOR IS WEIGHED
Intere is dis appetbat quem Isn per nntis dxerat, et ex omnibus reginibus
Graeciae mult, qus aut re novits aut sps glriae movbat, undque convenibant. Trditum
est autem in hc numer fuisse Herculem, d qu supr multa perscrpsimus, Orpheum,
citharoedum praeclrissimum, Thseum, Castorem, multsque alis qurum nmina sunt
ntissima. Ex hs Isn, qus arbitrtus est ad omnia percula subeunda partissims esse, es
ad numerum qunqugint dlgit et socis sibi adinxit; tum paucs dis commortus, ut ad
omns css subsidia comparret, nvem ddxit, et tempesttem ad nvigandum idneam
nactus mgn cum plaus omnium solvit.

ad-iungo, -iungere, -inx, -inctus, join to,
join.
appet, -petere, -petv, -pettus [ad + pet],
draw near.
arbitror, -r, -tus, consider, think, judge.
aut, conj., or; aut ... aut, either ... or.
Castor, Castoris, m., Castor.
citharoedus, - [cithara], m., citharoedus (one
who sings to the accompaniment of
the cithara).
com-moror, -morr, -mortus, tarry, linger,
delay, stay.
com-par (1), prepare, collect.
together, assemble.
dlig, -ligere, -lg, -lctus [d + leg], choose
out, choose, select.
-dc, -dcere, -dx, -dictus, declare,
proclaim, appoint.
glria, gloriae, f., glory.
nancscor, nancsc, nactus, get, obtain, find.
nvig (1) [nvis + ag], sail.
novits, novittis [novus], f., newness, novelty.
Orpheus, Orphe, m., Orpheus.
partus, -a, -um [part. of par], prepared,
equipped, ready.
per-scrb, -scrbere, -scrps, scrptus, write
through or in full, describe fully,
recount.
plausus, plauss [plaud, clap], m., applause.
prae-clrus, -clra, -clrum, very bright;
splendid, remarkable, famous.
qunqugint [qunque, five], indecl. adj., fifty.
subsidium, - [sub + sede], n., reserve,
reinforcement, support, help.
Thseus, Thse, m., Theseus.
undque [unde + -que], adv., from or on all
sides; from everywhere.

re . . . glriae. The chiastic order contrasts novits and sps.
Orpheum, a mythical musician, who is said to have made such sweet
music on his golden harp that wild beasts, trees and rocks
followed him.
Thseum, a mythical hero, whose exploits resemble and rival those
of Hercules.
Castorem, a mythical hero, famous as a tamer of horses.
qus esse arbitrbtur, "whom he thought to be," "whom he thought
were." The antecedent of qus is es at the end of the line.
The relative clause often comes first in Latin, but the
antecedent must be translated first. A&G 308, d.
ad omnia percula subeunda, the gerundive of purpose. A&G 506.
numer, "in number," ablative of respect (specification), modifying
qunqugint. A&G 418.
ad nvigandum, the gerund of purpose. A&G 506. In what ways is
this different from the gerundive of purpose above?

62. A FATAL MISTAKE
Haud mult post Argonautae (ita enim appellbantur qu in ist nv vehbantur) nsulam
quandam, nmine Cyzicum, attigrunt; et nv gress rge illus reginis hospiti except
sunt. Paucs hrs ibi commort ad slis occsum rrsus solvrunt; sed postquam pauca mlia
passuum prgress sunt, tanta tempests subit corta est ut cursum tenre nn possent, et in
eandem partem nsulae unde nper profect erant mgn cum percul dicerentur. Incolae
tamen, cum nox esset obscra, Argonauts nn gnscbant, et nvem inimcam vnisse arbitrt
arma rapurunt et es gred prohibbant. criter in ltore pgntum est, et rx ipse, qu cum
alis dcucurrerat, ab Argonauts occsus est. Mox tamen, cum iam dlcsceret, snsrunt
incolae s errre et arma abicrunt; Argonautae autem cum rgem occsum esse vidrent,
magnum dolrem percprunt.

abici, -icere, -ic, -iectus [ab + iaci], throw
away.
criter [cer], adv., sharply, fiercely.
gnsc, -gnscere, -gnv, -gnitus [ad + (
g)nsc, come to know], recognize.
Argonautae, -rum [Arg + nauta], m. plur.,
Argonauts.
atting, -tingere, -tig, -tctus [ad + tang],
touch at.
co-orior, -orr, -ortus, arise.
com-moror, -morr, -mortus, tarry, linger,
delay, stay.
cursus, curss [curr], m., running, course.
Cyzicus, Cyzic, f., Cyzicus.
d-curr, -currere, -cucurr, -cursus, run
down.
dici, -icere, -ic, -iectus [d + iaci], throw
down, cast, drive out of one's course.
d-lcsc, -lcscere, -lx, grow light, dawn.
haud, adv., not at all, by no means, not.
hospitium, - [hospes, host], n., hospitality.
inimcus, -a, -um [in-, not + amcus],
unfriendly, hostile.
mlle, indecl. adj., a thousand.
mlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands; mlia
passuum, thousands of paces,
miles.
mox, adv., soon.
mult [multus], adv., by much or far, much,
far.
nper [novus], adv., newly, lately, recently.
obscrus, -a, -um, dark.
occsus, -s [occid, fall], m., setting.
passuum, see mlia.
percipi, -cipere, -cp, -ceptus [per + capi],
feel.
pgn, -re, -v, -tus [pgna], fight.
sl, slis, m., sun.
unde, adv., whence, from where.
veh, vehere, vex, vectus, carry.

mult, ablative of degree of difference w/ post.
qu in ist nv vehbantur, effectively the subject of appellbantur.
gress and commort, perfect active participles from deponent verbs.
ut . . . possent . . . dicerentur, result clauses.
unde nper profect erant, relative clause.
mgn cum percul, ablative of manner.
nvem vnisse, "that a ship had come." What is this construction and
why is the infinitive perfect? A&G 577-592.
gred, "from going ashore." What is the mood? Compare gress
above.
prohibbant, "tried to prevent," imperfect tense use of attempted
action. The use of the imperfect tense to represent habitual,
repeated and attempted action follows naturally from its use
to describe a past action action as going on. A&G 471, c.
pugntum est, "they fought" or "the battle raged," literally "it was
fought." Intransitive verbs are often used impersonally in the
passive. A&G 207-208.
tanta . . . ut . . . nn possent, a result clause, sometimes called a
consecutive clause. A&G 536-538.
cum nox esset obscra, a cum-causal clause A&G 539-549. How
should cum be translated here?

63. THE LOSS OF HYLAS
Postrdi eius di Isn tempesttem satis idneam esse arbitrtus (summa enim
tranquillits iam cnsecta erat), sublts ancors profectus est, et pauca mlia passuum
prgressus ante noctem Mysiam attigit. Ibi paucs hrs in ancors exspectvit; nauts enim
cgnverat aquae cpiam quam scum habrent iam dficere, quam ob causam qudam ex
Argonauts in terram gress aquam quaerbant. Hrum in numer erat Hyls qudam, puer
frm praestantissim. Qu dum fontem quaerit, comitibus paulum scesserat. Nymphae
autem quae fontem colbant, cum iuvenem vdissent, e persudre cntae sunt ut scum
manret; et cum ille negret s hoc factrum esse, puerum v abstulrunt. Comits eius
postquam Hylam missum esse snsrunt, magn dolre adfect di frstr quaerbant.
Herculs autem et Polyphmus, qu vestgia puer longius sect erant, ubi tandem ad ltus
redirunt, Isonem solvisse cgnvrunt.

ancora, ancorae, f., anchor; in ancors, at
anchor.
atting, -tingere, -tig, -tctus [ad + tang],
touch at.
col, colere, colu, cultus, till, cultivate;
inhabit; worship.
comes, comitis [com- + e], m. and f.,
companion.
cn-sequor, -sequ, -sectus, follow up, follow;
overtake.
cnor, cnr, cntus, try, attempt.
dfici, -ficere, -fc, -fectus [d + faci], fail;
to be deficient.
fns, fontis, m., fountain, spring.
frma, frmae, f., form, appearance; beauty.
hra, hrae, f., hour.
Hyls, Hylae, m., Hylas.
long [longus], adv., far; comparative: longius.
passuum, thousands of paces, miles.
Mysia, Mysiae, f., Mysia.
neg (1), say no or not, deny, refuse.
nympha, nymphae, f., nymph.
passuum, see mlia.
Polyphmus, Polyphm, m., Polyphemus.
postrdi [posterus + dis], adv., the day after,
the next day.
praestns, -stantis [participle of praest], adj.,
preminent, remarkable.
satis, adv., enough, sufficiently.
s-cd, -cdere, -cess, -cessus, go apart,
withdraw.
toll, tollere, sustul, subltus, lift, raise; take
away, remove; ancors tollere, to
weigh anchor.
tranquillits, -ttis [tranquillus], f., calm.
vestgium, vestgi [vestg, track], n., track,
foot-print.

Postrdi eius di, "next day," more literally "on the day following
that day." This idea may be expressed by postrdi alone,
but some authors, especially Caesar, use the full expression.
A&G 359, b and Note 2.
tempesttem . . . esse, indirect discourse. A&G 577-592.
arbitrtus, A&G 190, b and A&G 491.
sublts ancors, ablative absolute. The translation here may be
"weighed anchor and set out" or "weighing anchor, set out"
or "having weighed anchor, set out"; but the literal
rendering is "the anchors having been weighed, he set
out." When the ablative absolute contains a perfect passive
participle, a change to the active voice often gives the best
translation. The other word of the construction then
becomes the direct object of the verb. It is because there is
no perfect active participle in Latin (other than from
deponent verbs) that the ablative absolute is so largely
used. A&G 419-420.
prgressus, A&G 190, b.
paucs hrs, A&G 423.
cpiam . . . dficere, indirect discourse. A&G 577-592.
gress, A&G 190, b.
quaerbant, A&G 471, c.
frm praestantissim, A&G 415.
Qu, "he." The relative pronoun is much used in Latin to connect a new
sentence with the one preceding (connecting relative). When
so used, it is to be rendered by a demonstrative or personal
pronoun. In order to bring out the connecting force, "and" or
"but" may be added. A&G 308, f.
dum . . . quaerit, "while looking for." The present indicative with dum
may often be translated by a present participle.
comitibus, A&G 400-402.
cum iuvenem vdissent, A&G 546.
vdissent, we say "saw," but the Latin tense is more exact; for the
seeing came before the attempt to persuade. A&G 483,
and especially A&G 484, b.
ut scum manret, A&G 563.
negret. When the indirect statement is negative, neg is commonly
used, instead of dc . . . nn. Here we translate "said that
he would not do this" or "refused to do this."
v, A&G 409.
Hylam missum esse, indirect discourse. A&G 577-592.
Isonem solvisse, indirect discourse. A&G 577-592.
64. DIFFICULT DINING
Post haec Argonautae ad Thrciam cursum tenurunt, et postquam ad oppidum
Salmydssum nvem appulrunt, in terram gress sunt. Ibi cum ab incols quaesssent quis
rgnum eius reginis obtinret, certirs fact sunt Phneum quendam tum rgem esse.
Cgnvrunt etiam hunc caecum esse et dr qudam supplici adfic, quod lim s
crdlissimum in flis sus praebuisset. Cius supplic hoc erat genus. Missa erant Iove
mnstra quaedam speci horribil, quae capita virginum, corpora volucrum habbant. Hae
volucrs, quae Harpyiae appellbantur, Phne summam molestiam adferbant. Quotins enim
ille accubuerat, venibant et cibum appositum statim auferbant; neque multum fuit qun
Phneus fam morertur.

accumb, -cumbere, -cubu, -cubitus, lie
down (at table).
appn, -pnere, -posu, -positus [ad + pn],
put to or near, set before, serve.
Argonauts.
caecus, caeca, caecum, blind.
certus, -a, -um [participle of cern],
determined, fixed, certain;
certirem facere, to make more
certain, inform.
cibus, cib, m., food.
crdlis, crdle, cruel; superl. crdlissimus.
drus, dra, drum, dreadful.
fams, -is, abl. fam, f., hunger.
genus, generis, n., kind, nature.
Harpyiae, Harpyirum, f. plur., Harpies.
molestia, molestiae [molestus, annoying], f.,
annoyance.
hold.
lim, adv., once upon a time, once, formerly, of
old.
Phneus, Phne, m., Phineus.
qun, conj., so that ... not, but that, but.
quotins [quot, how many], adv., as often as.
Salmydssus, Salmydss, m., Salmydessus.
supplicium, supplici [supplex, kneeling], n.,
punishment, torture.
Thrcia, Thrciae, f., Thrace.
volucris, volucris [vol], f., bird.

appulrunt, dont confuse this 3
rd
conjugation verb with the 1
st

conjugation one above it in the vocabulary (middle)
section.
quaesssent, for quaesvssent. The weak sound of the letter v is
often contracted, especially in poetry.
quis . . . obtinret, an indirect question after quaesssent. A&G
573-574.
Phneum quendam tum rgem esse, indirect discourse. A&G 577-
592.
hunc caecum esse et . . . adfic, indirect discourse. A&G 577-592.
quod . . . praebuisset, the verb is subjunctive in a subordinate clause
of indirect discourse. A&G 580. Also see A&G 585ff.
cius, is a connecting relative, better translated as a demonstrative.
A&G 308, f.
cius supplic hc genus, the genitive of supplicium is used instead of
the genitive of genus, in a phrase something like supplicium
erat ius mod (generis).
Iove, ablative of agent after a passive voice verb. A&G 405.
speci horribil, ablative of quality or description. A&G 415.
Phne, dative of the Indirect Object. A&G 362.
accubuerat. The Greeks and Romans reclined at dinner on couches,
propped up on their left arm. They naturally represented
others as eating in the same way.
appositum, "that had been set before him." Translate as if it were qu
appositus erat. A participle is often eqivalent to a relative
clause. A&G 496.
neque . . . morertur, "and Phineus was close to death by
starvation" or "nearly died from starvation," more literally
"and not much was lacking but that Phineus should die from
hunger." The subjunctive with qun is used after certain
negative expressions. A&G 558.
fam, ablative of cause or reason. Notice that fams has a 5
th

declension ablative, but is otherwise of the 3
rd
declension.
65. THE DELIVERANCE OF PHINEUS
Rs igitur male s habbat cum Argonautae nvem appulrunt. Phneus autem simul
atque audvit es in sus fns gresss esse, magnopere gvsus est. Scibat enim quantam
opninem virttis Argonautae habrent, nec dubitbat qun sibi auxilium ferrent. Nntium
igitur ad nvem msit, qu Isonem socisque ad rgiam vocret. E cum vnissent, Phneus
dmnstrvit quant in percul suae rs essent, et prmsit s mgna praemia datrum esse, s
ill remedium repperissent. Argonautae negtium libenter suscprunt, et ubi hra vnit, cum
rge accuburunt; at simul ac cna apposita est, Harpyiae cnculum intrvrunt et cibum
auferre cnbantur. Argonautae prmum gladis volucrs petirunt; cum tamen vidrent hoc
nihil prdesse, Zts et Calais, qu ls erant nstrct, in ra s sublevvrunt, ut dsuper
impetum facerent. Quod cum snsissent Harpyiae, re novitte perterritae statim aufgrunt,
neque poste umquam redirunt.

accumb, -cumbere, -cubu, -cubitus, lie
down (at table).
r, ris, m., air.
ala, alae, f., wing.
appn, -pnere, -posu, -positus [ad + pn],
put to or near, set before, serve.
Argonauts.
aufugi, -fugere, -fg [ab + fugi], flee or run
away.
Calais, Calais, m., Calais.
cnculum, cncul [cna], n., dining-room.
d-super, adv., down from above.
dubit, -re, -v, -tus [dubius], doubt,
hesitate.
Harpyiae, Harpyirum, f. plur., Harpies.
impetus, impets [in + pet], m., attack;
impetum facere, to charge.
or into; draw up; equip, furnish.
intr (1), [intr], go within or into, enter.
gladly.
male [malus], adv., badly, ill.
negtium, negti [nec + tium, leisure], n.,
business, matter; task.
novits, novittis [novus], f., newness, novelty.
pet, -ere, -v or -i, -tus, seek, ask; attack; go
after.
pr-sum, prdesse, prfu, be of advantage,
profit, avail, assist.
quantus, quanta, quantum, how great or
much?
remedium, remedi [re- + medeor, heal], n.,
remedy.
discover.
sub-lev, -levre, -levv, -levtus, lift from
beneath, lift, raise.
undertake.
virts, -ttis [vir], f., manliness, courage,
bravery.
volucris, volucris [vol], f., bird.
Zts, Ztae, m., Zetes.

rs igitur male s habbat, "therefore the situation was desperate."
What is the literal meaning?
appulrunt, The indicative is used with cum, "when," if the cum-
clause follows the principal clause and expresses a fact,
while the principle clause desribes the situation. So here the
meaning is that the Argonauts came while things were in a
desparate situation.
es in sus fns gresss esse. indirect discourse. A&G 577-592.
quantam opninem . . . habrent, indirect question. A&G 573-574.
opninem virttis, "reputation for bravery."
qun . . . ferrent, "that they were bringing." Negative expressions of
doubt are regularly followed by qun and the subjunctive.
A&G 558, a.
qu . . . vocret, relative clause of purpose. A&G 531.2
e, do not confuse this adverb with the irregular verb e, re, i, itus.
quant in percul suae rs essent, indirect question. A&G 573-574.
repperissent, "found," more literally "should have found." Phineus
said dab, s repperitis, "I will give, if you shall have
found." This is a future more vivid condition in indirect
discourse. A&G 516, c. and 589.3
nihil prdesse, "availed nothing." In this sense nihil is equivalent to
an adverb. It is stronger than nn.
ra, r is Greek, and keeps this Greek form for the accusative
singular.
ut dsuper impetum facerent, purpose (or final) clause. A&G 529-
533.
quod, is a connecting relative, better translated as a demonstrative.
A&G 309.

66. THE SYMPLEGADES
Hc fact Phneus, ut pr tant benefici meritam grtiam referret, Ison dmnstrvit
qu ratine Symplgads vtre posset. Symplgads autem duae erant rps ingent
magnitdine, quae Iove positae erant e cnsili, n quis ad Colchida pervenret. Hae parv
intervll in mar natbant, et s quid in medium spatium vnerat, incrdibil celeritte
concurrbant. Postquam igitur Phne doctus est quid faciendum esset, Isn sublts ancors
nvem solvit, et ln vent prvectus mox ad Symplgads appropinquvit. Tum in prr stns
columbam quam in man tenbat msit. Illa rct vi per medium spatium volvit, et
priusquam rps cnflxrunt, incolumis vsit caud tantum miss. Tum rps utrimque
discessrunt; antequam tamen rrsus concurrerent, Argonautae, bene intellegents omnem spem
saltis in celeritte positam esse, summ v rms contendrunt et nvem incolumem
perdxrunt. Hc fact ds grtis maxims grunt, qurum auxili tant percul rept
essent; omns enim scibant nn sine auxili derum rem tam flciter vnisse.

ancora, ancorae, f., anchor.
benefcium, benefici [bene + faci], n., well-
doing, kindness, service, benefit.
cauda, caudae, f., tail.
celerits, celerittis [celer, swift], f., swiftness,
quickness, speed.
columba, columbae, f., dove.
con-curr, -currere, -curr, -cursus, run, rush,
or dash together.
cn-flg, -flgere, -flx, -flctus, dash together.
-mitt, -mittere, -ms, -missus, send out or
forth.
-vd, -vdere, -vs, -vsus, go forth, get
away, escape.
-veni, -venre, -ven, -ventus, come out; turn
out, happen, befall.
flciter [flx, happy], adv., happily,
fortunately, successfully.
incrdibilis, incrdibile, incredible.
intervllum, intervll, n., interval, space,
distance.
lnis, lne, gentle, light.
mgnitd, mgnitdinis [mgnus], f.,
greatness, size.
meritus, merita, meritum [participle of
mere], deserved, due, just.
mox, adv., soon.
nat (1), [freq. of n, swim], swim, float.
per-dc, -dcere, -dx, -ductus, lead or
bring through, lead, bring.
pr-veh, -vehere, -vex, -vectus, carry
forward.
prra, prrae, f., prow, bow.
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron., any one, anybody,
anything, some one, somebody,
something.
rati, ratinis [reor, think], f., plan, means,
method, manner.
rctus, rcta, rctum [part. of reg, direct],
direct, straight.
rmus, rm, m., oar.
rps, rpis, f., rock, cliff; reef.
sci, scre, scv, sctus, know.
spatium, spati, n., space, interval; space of
time, time.
Symplgads, Symplgadum, f. plur., the
Symplegades.
utrimque [uterque], adv., on either side or
both sides.
vt, -re, -v, -tus, avoid, escape.

Hc fact, "when this had been done," literally "this done" or "this
having been done." See the note on sublts ancors in
Chapter 63, and notice that the ablative absolute is usually
translated in one of three ways: 1) by an adverbial clause, 2)
with an active participle, or 3) with a coordinate verb. The last
two are possible only when the doer of the action represented
in the ablative absolute is the person denoted by the subject of
the clause in which the ablative absolute stands. A&G 419-
420.
ut . . . referret, purpose clause. A&G 529-533.
qu ratine . . . posset, indirect question. A&G 573-574.
n quis, "that no one," literally "lest anyone." purpose clause. A&G
529-533.
parv intervll, "a small distance apart."
in medium spatium, "between them."
faciendum esset, "was to be done" or "must be done." The gerundive
is used with sum to represent an action as obliged,
necessary or proper. The inflection of sum in combination
with the gerundive is called the passive periphrastic
conjugation. Compare the active periphrastic in Chapter 58,
factrus esset. A&G 500, 2, and A&G 498, a.
concurrerent, "should dash together." Compare cnflxrunt
"dashed together," above. The subjunctive is used with
priusquam (or antequam) to represent an action as
anticipated. The perfect indicative is used with priusquam
to represent a past action as fact. A&G 550-551.
intellegents, may be rendered "since they understood."
ds is the usual form of the dative and ablatival plural of deus.
rept essent, subjunctive in an indirect subordinate clause. The writer
does not give the reason as his own, but as that of the
Argonauts. The effect of the subjunctive may be reproduced
by adding "as they felt" or "as they said." The verb is
subjunctive in a subordinate clause of indirect discourse. A&G
580; A&G 585ff.

67. A HEAVY TASK
Brev intermiss spati Argonautae ad flmen Phsidem vnrunt, quod in fnibus
Colchrum erat. Ibi cum nvem appulissent et in terram gress essent, statim ad rgem Aetem
s contulrunt et ab e postulvrunt ut vellus aureum sibi trdertur. Ille cum audsset quam ob
causam Argonautae vnissent, r commtus est et di negbat s vellus trditrum esse.
Tandem tamen, quod scibat Isonem nn sine auxili derum hc negtium suscpisse, mtt
sententi prmsit s vellus trditrum, s Isn labrs dus difficillims prius perfcisset; et
cum Isn dxisset s ad omnia percula subeunda partum esse, quid fier vellet ostendit.
Prmum iungend erant duo taur speci horribil, qu flamms ex re dbant; tum hs incts
ager qudam arandus erat et dents dracnis serend. Hs audts Isn ets rem esse summ
percul intellegbat, tamen, n hanc occsinem re bene gerendae mitteret, negtium
suscpit.

Argonauts.
ar (1), plow.
Colch, Colchrum, m. plur., Colchians.
difficult; superl. difficillimus.
-d, -dere, -did, -ditus, put forth, give out,
utter.
f, fer, factus sum, be done or made, become,
happen.
flamma, flammae, f., flame.
interrupt; let pass; pass., be left
iung, iungere, inx, inctus, join; yoke,
harness.
mt (1) [freq. of move], change.
neg (1), say no or not, deny, refuse.
difficulty.
opportunity.
ostend, -tendere, -tend, -tentus [ob + tend],
stretch out before, show, explain.
Phsis, -idis, m., Phasis.
prius [prior, former], adv., before, first.
sci, -re, -v, -tus, know.
sententia, -ae [senti], f., opinion; purpose.
ser, serere, sv, satus, sow, plant.
spatium, spati, n., space, interval; space of
time, time.
undertake.

brv intermiss spati, ablative absolute, A&G 419-420.
cum nvem appulissent et in terram gress essent, cum temporal
A&G 546.
ab e postulvrunt ut vellus aureum sibi trdertur, a
substantive clause of purpose sometimes referred to as an
indirect command, A&G 563.
cum audsset, cum temporal A&G 546.
audsset, is a contraction of audvisset. When the perfect stem is formed
by the addition of v, the forms are often written without v and
the vowel which follows it, syncope A&G 640.
quam ob causam Argonautae vnissent, indirect question A&G
573-574.
negbat s vellus trditrum esse, indirect statement A&G 577-
592.
scibat Isonem nn sine auxili derum hc negtium suscpisse,
indirect statement A&G 577-592.
mtt sententi, ablative absolute, A&G 419-420.
prmsit s vellus trditrum [esse], indirect statement A&G 577-
592. In infinitives formed with a participle esse is often
omitted.
s Isn labrs dus difficillims prius perfcisset, the protasis of
a condition contrary to fact in past time, whos apodosis is
prius. Notice that Latin is here more precise than English, using the
expressed in the indirect statement. A&G 589. Comparative
because only two actions are implied.
cum Isn dxisset, cum temporal A&G 546.
dxisset s . . . partum esse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
ad omnia percula subeunda, gerundive of purpose A&G 506.
quid fier vellet ostendit, indirect question A&G 573-574.
iungend erant duo taur, passive periphrastic conjugation, A&G
500.
hs incts, ablative absolute, A&G 419-420.
ager qudam arandus erat, passive periphrastic conjugation, A&G
500.
dents dracnis serend, passive periphrastic conjugation, A&G
500. Note that the form of the verb esse, is omitted, and that
may mean it is just the gerundive construction in the genitive
case, A&G 504. The fact that it is expressed so closely with
the previous passive periphrastic makes it appear to be the
same construction. See re bene gerendae below.
Hs audts, ablative absolute, A&G 419-420.
n hanc occsinem re bene gerendae mitteret, negative purpose
clause. A&G 529-533.
re bene gerendae, genitive of the gerundive, A&G 504.

68. THE MAGIC OINTMENT
Mda, rgis flia, Isonem adamvit, et ubi audvit eum tantum perculum subitrum
esse, rem aegr ferbat. Intellegbat enim patrem suum hunc labrem prposuisse e ips
cnsili, ut Isn morertur. Quae cum ita essent, Mda, quae summam scientiam medicnae
habbat, hoc cnsilium iniit. Medi nocte nsciente patre ex urbe vsit, et postquam in monts
fnitims vnit, herbs qusdam carpsit; tum sc express unguentum parvit quod v su
corpus aleret nervsque cnfrmret. Hc fact Ison unguentum dedit; praecpit autem ut e
di qu ist labrs cnficiend essent corpus suum et arma mne oblineret. Isn ets paene
omnibus hominibus mgnitdine et vribus corporis antecellbat (vta enim omnis in
vntinibus atque in studi re mlitris cnsmbtur), tamen hoc cnsilium nn
neglegendum cnsbat.
ad-am, -amre, -amv, -amtus, feel love
for, fall in love with.
aegr [aeger, sick], adv., ill, with difficulty.
al, -ere, -u, -tus, nourish.
antecell, -cellere, surpass, excel.
carp, -ere, -ps, -ptus, pluck.
cnse, cnsre, cnsu, cnsus, think, believe,
consider.
strengthen, establish; declare, assert.
vd, vdere, vd, vsus escape, evade.
exprim, -primere, -press, -pressus [ex +
prem], press out.
fnitimus, fnitima, fnitimum bordering,
neighboring.
herba, herbae, f., herb, plant, grass.
ine, inre, ini, initus enter, go in.
nscins, -scientis [in-, not + participle of sci],
adj., unknowing, unaware.
mgnitud, mgnitudinis, f., size
mne, adv., in the morning, early in the
morning.
medicna, medicnae, f., medicine.
mlitris, mlitre [mles], military, warlike;
rs mlitris, art of war, warfare.
negleg, -legere, -lx, -lctus [nec + leg,
gather], disregard, neglect.
nervus, nerv, m., sinew, muscle.
nn adv., not.
ob-lin, -linere, -lv, -litus, daub over, smear.
order, charge.
studium, studi [stude], n., eagerness, zeal;
study, pursuit.
scus, sc, m., juice.
unguentum, - [ung], n., ointment.
vnti,-nis [vnor, hunt], f., hunting.

audvit eum tantum perculum subitrum esse, indirect statement
A&G 577-592.
Intellegbat enim patrem suum hunc labrem prposuisse,
indirect statement A&G 577-592.
e ips cnsili, ut Isn morertur, substantive clause of purpose.
Quae, connecting relative, better translated as a demonstrative. A&G
308, f.
cum ita essent, and this being the case" or and so, literally
since which things were so. cum causal clause, A&G
549.
Medi nocte, in the middle of the night, in the dead of night, or
at midnight. Some Latin adjectives can be used to denote
a part.
nsciente patre, ablative absolute, A&G 419-420.
sc express, ablative absolute, A&G 419-420.
quod v su corpus aleret nervsque cnfrmret, relative clauses
of purpose
Hc fact, ablative absolute, A&G 419-420.
praecpit autem ut . . . corpus suum et arma mne oblineret,
indirect command A&G 563.
cnficiend essent, passive periphrastic conjugation, A&G 500.
mgnitdine et vribus, ablatives of respect (specification). A&G
418.
hc cnsilium nn neglegendum cnsbat, indirect statement
A&G 577-592.
nn neglegendum [esse], passive periphrastic conjugation, A&G
omitted.
69. THE SOWING OF THE DRAGON'S TEETH
Ubi is dis vnit quem rx ad arandum agrum dxerat, Isn ort lce cum socis ad
locum cnstittum s contulit. Ibi stabulum ingns repperit, in qu taur erant incls; tum ports
aperts taurs in lcem trxit, et summ cum difficultte iugum imposuit. At Aets cum vidret
taurs nihil contr Isonem valre, magnopere mrtus est; nescibat enim fliam suam auxilium
e dedisse. Tum Isn omnibus aspicientibus agrum arre coepit, qu in r tantam dligentiam
praebuit ut ante merdiem ttum opus cnfcerit. Hc fact ad locum ubi rx sedbat adiit et
dents dracnis postulvit; qus ubi accpit, in agrum quem arverat magn cum dligenti
sparsit. Hrum autem dentium ntra erat tlis ut in e loc ubi sments factae essent vir
armt mr qudam mod ggnerentur.

ad-e, -re, -i, -itus, go to, approach.
aperi, aperre, aperu, apertus, open.
armtus, -a, -um [part. of arm], armed.
ar, arre, arv, artus, plow.
aspici, -spicere, -spx, -spectus [ad +
speci], look at or on, behold.
began.
difficults, difficulttis [difficilis], f., difficulty.
dligentia, dligentiae [dligns, careful], f.,
care, diligence, industry.
dc, dcere, dx, dictus, declare,
proclaim, appoint.
ggn, ggnere, genu, genitus, produce, bring
forth.
iugum, iug [iung], n., yoke.
lx, lcis, f., light; ort lce, at dawn.
merdis, - [medius + dis], m., midday,
noon; south.
mror, mrr, mrtus [mrus], wonder,
wonder at.
mrus, mra, mrum, wonderful, strange.
ntra, ntrae [nscor, be born], f., nature,
character.
nesci, nescre, nescv, not know, be ignorant.
porta, portae, f., gate; door.
discover.
smentis, -is [semen, seed], f., seeding, sowing.
sparg, spargere, spars, sparsus, scatter,
sprinkle.
stabulum, stabul [st], n., standing-place,
stall, stable, inclosure.
vale, -re, -u, -itrus, be strong or effectual,
have effect, prevail.

ad arandum agrum, the gerundive of purpose. A&G 506.
ort lce, ablative absolute, A&G 419-420.
cnstittum, the perfect passive participle of cnstit used as an
attributive adjective.
ports aperts, ablative absolute, A&G 419-420.
cum vidret, cum temporal A&G 546.
nihil, equivalent to an adverb a little stronger than nn.
taurs nihil contr Isonem valre, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
fliam suam auxilium e dedisse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
omnibus aspicientibus, ablative absolute, A&G 419-420.
tantam dligentiam praebuit ut ante merdiem ttum opus
cnfcerit, result (or consecutive) clause, A&G 536ff.
Hc fact, ablative absolute, A&G 419-420.
ntra erat tlis ut . . . vir armt . . . ggnerentur, result (or
consecutive) clause, A&G 536ff.

70. A STRANGE CROP
Nndum tamen Isn ttum opus cnfcerat; imperverat enim e Aets ut armts virs
qu dentibus ggnerentur slus interficeret. Postquam igitur omns dents in agrum sparsit,
Isn lassitdine exanimtus quit s trdidit, dum vir ist ggnerentur. Paucs hrs
dormibat, sub vesperum tamen somn subit excittus rem ita vnisse ut praedictum esset
cgnvit; nam in omnibus agr partibus vir ingent mgnitdine corporis gladis galesque
armt mrum in modum terr oribantur. Hc cgnit Isn cnsilium quod dedisset Mda
nn omittendum esse putbat. Saxum igitur ingns (ita enim Mda praecperat) in medis virs
conicit. Ill undique ad locum concurrrunt, et cum quisque sibi id saxum nesci cr habre
vellet, mgna contrversia orta est. Mox stricts gladis inter s pgnre coeprunt, et cum hc
mod plrim occs essent, reliqu vulneribus cnfect Isone nll negti interfect sunt.

armtus, -a, -um [part. of arm], armed.
began.
or dash together.
contrversia, contrversiae, f., quarrel,
dispute, debate.
cr, adv., why.
ex-cit, -citre, -citv, -cittus, call out, rouse.
ggn, ggnere, genu, genitus, produce, bring
forth.
lassitd, -inis [lassus, weary], f., weariness.
Mda, Mdae, f., Medea.
mgnitd, mgnitdinis, f., size.
mrus, mra, mrum, wonderful, strange.
mox, adv., soon.
nn-dum, adv., not yet.
omitt, -mittere, -ms, -missus [ob +
mitt], let go, neglect, disregard,
throw away, lose.
plrimus, -a, -um, superl. of multus, very
many, several.
prae-dc, -dcere, -dx, -dictus, say
beforehand, foretell, predict.
order, charge.
pgn (1) [pgna], fight.
put (1), think.
quis-que, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.,
each.
sprinkle.
string, stringere, strinx, strictus, draw,
unsheathe.
sides.

ggnerentur, should be brought forth. With dum, until, as with
priusquam the subjunctive is used to represent an action as
anticipated.
imperverat . . . ut . . . interficeret, indirect command, A&G 563.
Paucs hrs, accusative of time how long A&G 423.2.
exanimtus and excittus, perfect passive participles used as
attributive adjectives.
rem ita vnisse . . . cgnvit, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
ita vnisse ut praedictum esset, result clause, A&G 536ff.
mrum in modum, is equivalent to mr mod.
Hc cgnit, ablative absolute, A&G 419-420.
nn omittendum esse, passive periphrastic conjugation, A&G 500.
cnsilium . . . nn omittendum esse putbat, indirect statement
A&G 577-592.
sibi, for himself, dative of reference A&G 379.
nesci cr, I know not why; (nesci is thus used with other interrogative
words also).
stricts gladis, ablative absolute, A&G 419-420.
cum hc mod plrim occs essent, cum causal A&G 549.
nll negti, with no trouble or without difficulty.

71. THE FLIGHT OF MEDEA
Rx Aets ubi Isonem labrem prpositum cnfcisse cgnvit, r graviter commtus
est; id enim per dolum factum esse intellegbat; nec dubitbat qun Mda e auxilium tulisset.
Mda autem cum intellegeret s in mgn fore percul s in rgi manret, fug saltem
petere cnstituit. Omnibus rbus igitur ad fugam parts medi nocte nsciente patre cum frtre
Absyrt vsit, et quam celerrim ad locum ubi Arg subducta erat s contulit. E cum vnisset,
ad peds Isonis s pricit, et mults cum lacrims eum obsecrvit n in tant discrmine
mulierem dsereret quae e tantum prfuisset. Ille quod memori tenbat s per eius auxilium
mgn percul vsisse, libenter eam excpit, et postquam causam veniend audvit, horttus
est n patris ram timret. Prmsit autem s quam prmum eam in nv su vectrum.

Absyrtus, Absyrt, m., Absyrtus.
Arg, Argus, f., the Argo.
veh, vehere, vx, vectus, carry away.
d-ser, -serere, -seru, -sertus, desert.
discrmen, discrminis, n., crisis, peril,
danger; distress.
dolus, dol, m., trick, craft.
hesitate.
vd, vdere, vs, vsus, go forth, get
away, escape.
nscins, nscientis [in-, not + part. of sci],
adj., unknowing, unaware.
gladly.
memoria, memoriae [memor, remembering],
f., memory.
mulier, mulieris, f., woman; damsel.
obsecr (1), beseech, entreat.
prici, -icere, -ic, -iectus [pr + iaci],
throw forth or down, cast away.
sub-dc, -dcere, -dx, -ductus, draw up,
beach.

Isonem labrem prpositum cnfcisse cgnvit, indirect
statement A&G 577-592.
id enim per dolum factum esse intellegbat, indirect statement
A&G 577-592.
qun Mda . . . tulisset, that Medea had brought. Negative
expressions of doubt are regularly followed by qun and
the subjunctive. A&G 558, a.
fore is often used as the future infinitive of sum. What other form
might have been used here? A&G 170, a.
intellegeret s in mgn fore percul s in rgi manret, a
present contrary to fact condition in indirect discourse A&G
589ff.
Omnibus rbus . . . parts ablative absolute, A&G 419-420.
medi nocte, in the middle of the night, in the dead of night, or
at midnight. Some Latin adjectives can be used to denote
a part.
nsciente patre, ablative absolute, A&G 419-420.
quam celerrim, quam + superlative A&G 291, c.
E cum vnisset, cum temporal A&G 546.
obsecrvit n . . . dsereret, indirect command, A&G 563.
memori tenbat, remembered, literally held by memory.
memori tenbat s . . . vsisse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
veniend genitive of the gerund, A&G 504.
horttus est n . . . timret, indirect command, A&G 563.
Prmsit . . . s . . . vectrum [esse], indirect statement A&G 577-
omitted.
quam prmum, quam + superlative A&G 291.c; "as soon as
possible."

72. THE SEIZURE OF THE FLEECE
Postrdi ius di Isn cum socis sus ort lce nvem ddxit, et tempesttem idneam
nact ad eum locum rms contendrunt, qu in loc Mda vellus cltum esse dmnstrbat.
Cum e vnissent, Isn in terram gressus est, et socis ad mare relicts, qu praesidi nv
essent, ipse cum Md in silvs s contulit. Pauca mlia passuum per silvam prgressus vellus
quod quaerbat ex arbore suspnsum vdit. Id tamen auferre erat summae difficulttis; namque
nn slum locus ipse gregi et ntr et arte erat mntus, sed etiam drac qudam speci
terribil arborem custdibat. Tum Mda, quae, ut supr dmnstrvimus, medicnae summam
scientiam habuit, rmum quem d arbore proxim dripuerat venn nfcit. Hc fact ad locum
appropinquvit, et dracnem, qu faucibus aperts ius adventum exspectbat, venn sparsit;
deinde, dum drac somn oppressus dormit, Isn vellus aureum d arbore dripuit et cum
Md quam celerrim pedem rettulit.

adventus, advents [adveni], m., approach,
arrival.
aperi, aperre, aperu, apertus, open.
arbor, arboris, f., tree.
cl (1) , hide, conceal.
con-tend, -tendere, -tend, -tentus, stretch,
hasten, march.
dripi, -ripere, -ripu, -reptus [d + rapi],
snatch away, tear off, pull down.
difficults, difficulttis [difficilis], f., difficulty.
gregi [gregius, excellent], adv., excellently,
splendidly, admirably.
faucs, faucium, f. plur., throat.
nfici, -ficere, -fc, -fectus [in + faci], stain,
dye.
medicna, medicnae [medicus, physician], f.,
art of healing, medicine.
passuum, thousands of paces, miles.
mni, mnre, mnv, mntus [moenia],
fortify.
character.
opprim, -primere, -press, -pressus [ob +
prem], press against, overpower,
crush.
passuum, see mlia.
postrdi [posterus + dis], adv., the day after,
the next day.
praesidium, praesidi [praeses], n., protection;
guard, escort.
next.
rmus, rm, m., branch, bough.
rmus, rm, m., oar.
somnus, -, m., sleep, drowsiness.
sprinkle.
suspend, -pendere, -pend, -pnsus [sub +
pend], hang up, hang.
terribilis, terribile [terre], dreadful, terrible.

Postrdi ius di, the genitive is often used after postrdi. A&G
359, b and Note 2. See Chapter 63.
cum socis sus, ablative of accompaniment A&G 413.
ort lce, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
nact, perfect participle of a deponent verb. A&G 493 and 496.
rms, ablative of means or instrument A&G 409.
loc, need not be translated. The antecedent is frequently repeated in
the relative clause.
vellus cltum esse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
Cum e vnissent, cum temporal A&G 546.
socis . . . relicts, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
qu . . . essent, relative clause of purpose A&G 531, 2.
praesidi nv double dative: dative of purpose = praesidi; dative
of reference (the person or thing affected) = nv. A&G
382. Cf. auxili Hydrae in Chapter22.
ipse frequently, as here, distinguishes a person, a) from that which
belongs to him; or, b) from his subordinates.
prgressus, perfect participle of a deponent verb. A&G 493 and 496.
suspnsum, perfect participle A&G 494.
summae difficulttis, genitive of quality A&G 345.
slum, the adverb with nn slum . . . sed etiam, not the adjective.
et ntr et arte, ablative of means A&G 409.
mntus, perfect participle A&G 496.
speci terribil, ablative of description A&G
Hc fact, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
aperts, perfect participle A&G 494. Note the slightly different
usage of this participle with the other perfect participles in
this passge.
oppressus, perfect participle A&G 496.
quam celerrim, quam + superlative A&G 291.c.
73. THE RETURN TO THE ARGO
Dum autem ea geruntur, Argonautae, qu ad mare relict erant, nxi anim reditum
Isonis exspectbant; id enim negtium summ esse percul intellegbant. Postquam igitur ad
occsum slis frstr exspectvrunt, d eius salte dsprre coeprunt, nec dubitbant qun
aliqu csus accidisset. Quae cum ita essent, mtrandum sibi cnsurunt, ut duc auxilium
ferrent; sed dum proficsc parant, lmen quoddam subit cnspiciunt mrum in modum intr
silvs lcns, et mgnopere mrt quae causa esset eius re ad locum concurrunt. Qu cum
vnissent, Ison et Mdae advenientibus occurrrunt, et vellus aureum lminis eius causam
esse cgnvrunt. Omn timre sublt mgn cum gaudi ducem suum excprunt, et ds
grtis mxims grunt quod rs tam flciter vnisset.

ad-veni, -venre, -vn, -ventus, come to or
toward, approach, arrive.
ali-qu, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. / adj., some,
any.
nxius, nxia, nxium, anxious, uneasy.
Argonauts.
golden.
cnse, cnsre, cnsu, cnsus, think, believe,
consider.
began.
or dash together.
cnspici, -spicere, -spx, -spectus [com- +
speci, look], behold, perceive, see.
d-spr, -sprre, -sprv, -sprtus,
despair, lose hope.
hesitate.
dux, ducis, m. and f., leader, commander.
-lce, -lcre, -lx, shine out, shine.
flciter [flx, happy], adv., happily,
fortunately, successfully.
intr [inter], prep. with acc., within.
mrus, -a, -um, wonderful, strange.
occsus, -s [occid, fall], m., setting.
occurr, -currere, -curr, -cursus [ob +
curr], run against, meet.
put (1), think.
reditus, -s [rede], m., return.
behind, leave.
sl, slis, m., sun.

aliqu, this form is regularly used as an adjective, aliquis as a
substantive.
mtrandum sibi, literally, "it ought to be hastened by themselves."
"They ought to hasten" or "they should hasten."
mtrandum (esse) is the impersonal use of the passive
periphrastic conjugation A&G 196 and 500, 2 and sibi
the dative of agent A&G 374, a. With the passive
periphrastic conjugation the person by whom the thing is to
be done is regularly denoted by the dative, not by ab and
the ablative (ablative of agent). Clauses in which this
construction occur are often best translated with an active
verb. The dative of agent then becomes the subject.
quoddam, this form is regularly used as an adjective, quiddam as a
substantive.
cnspiciunt, More frequently in Latin than in English. The present
tense is used of a past action, to represent the action
vividly, as if it were going on now. In this use it is called
the historical present. The past tense should generally be
used in translating it. A&G 469.
Omn timre sublt, ablative absolute A&G 419-420, used with a
causal sense.
vnisset, subjunctive in an indirect subordinate clause. The writer
does not give the reason as his own, but as that of the
Argonauts. The effect of the subjunctive may be
reproduced by adding as they felt or as they said. the
verb is subjunctive in a subordinate clause of indirect
discourse. A&G 580; A&G 585ff.

74. THE PURSUIT
Hs rbus gests omns sine mor nvem rrsus cnscendrunt, et sublts ancors prm
vigili solvrunt; neque enim satis ttum esse arbitrt sunt in e loc manre. At rx Aets, qu
iam ante inimc in es fuerat anim, ubi cgnvit fliam suam nn modo ad Argonauts s
recpisse sed etiam ad vellus auferendum auxilium tulisse, hc dolre gravius exrsit. Nvem
longam quam celerrim ddc iussit, et mlitibus imposits fugients nsectus est. Argonautae,
qu rem in discrmine esse bene scibant, omnibus vribus rms contendbant; cum tamen nvis
qu vehbantur ingent esset mgnitdine, nn edem celeritte qu Colch prgred poterant;
neque multum fuit qun Colchs sequentibus caperentur, neque enim longius intererat quam
qu tlum adic posset. At Mda cum vdisset qu in loc rs essent, paene omn sp dposit
nfandum hoc cnsilium cpit.

adici, -icere, -ic, -iectus [ad + iaci], throw
to, throw, hurl.
ancora, ancorae, f., anchor.
Argonauts.
Colch, Colchrum, m. plur., Colchians.
+ scand, climb], climb; nvem
board, embark.

discrmen, discrminis, n., crisis, peril,
danger; distress.
ex-rdsc, -rdscere, -rs, -rsus, blaze out,
be inflamed, rage.
fugi, fugere, fg, fugitrus [fuga], flee, run
away.
graviter, heavily; severely, seriously; comp.
gravius.
dem, eadem, idem (the) same.
n-sequor, -sequ, -sectus, follow upon or up,
pursue.
nfandus, -a, -um [in-, not + gerund of for,
speak], unspeakable, monstrous.
inimcus, -a, -um [in-, not + amcus],
unfriendly, hostile.

inter-sum, -esse, -fu, -futrus, be or lie
between.
longus, longa, longum long.
mles, mlitis, m., soldier.
multitd, multitdinis [multus], f., multitude.
prmus, prma, prmum first.
oneself. rmus, rm, m., oar.
tlum, tl, n., missile, spear, weapon.
vigilia, -ae [vigil, awake], f. a watch.

Hs rbus gests, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
sublts ancors, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
prm vigili, ablative of time when A&G 423, 1.
vigili, one of the four parts into which the Romans divided the night,
from sunset to sunrise; from sunrise to sunset, they divided
the day into 12 parts called hrae.
satis ttum esse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
in e loc, ablative of place where A&G 426, 3.
inimic anim, "of an unfriendly disposition" or "ill-disposed,"
ablative of description A&G 415.
fliam . . . recpisse . . . tulisse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
ad vellus auferendum, gerundive of purpose A&G 506 and 533,
(4).
hc dolre, ablative of cause A&G 404.
Nvem longam, "war-ship" or "man-of-war." The adjective contrasts
the shape of the man-of-war with that of the merchant-man.
quam celerrim, quam + superlative A&G 291, c.
mlitibus imposits, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
fugients, "the fugitives." Masc. pl. acc. of the present active
participle used as a substantive.
rem . . . esse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
in discrmine, ablative of specification A&G 418.
omnibus vribus, ablative of manner A&G 412.
rms, ablative of means or instrument A&G 409.
qu, ablative of means or instrument A&G 409.
ingent . . . mgnitdine, ablative of description A&G 415.
edem celeritte, ablative of manner A&G 412.
qu, "as," literally "with which." It is the same construction as
edem celeritte.
neque . . . caperentur, The subjunctive with qun is used after
certain negative expressions, A&G 558.
quam . . . posset, "than a spear could be thrown." We may call
quam . . . posset a relative clause of result A&G 537, 2.
The distance was not so great that a spear could not be
thrown from one ship to the other.
At Mda cum vdisset, cum causal clause, A&G 549.
qu in loc rs essent, indirect question A&G 573-574.
omn sp dposit, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.

75. A FEARFUL EXPEDIENT
Erat in nv Argonautrum flius qudam rgis Aetae, nmine Absyrtus, quem, ut supr
dmnstrvimus, Mda ex urbe fugins scum abdxerat. Hunc puerum Mda interficere
cnstituit e cnsili, ut membrs eius in mare coniects cursum Colchrum impedret; cert
enim scibat Aetem, cum membra fli vdisset, nn longius prsectrum esse. Neque opni
Mdam fefellit, omnia enim ita vnrunt ut sprverat. Aets ubi prmum membra vdit, ad
ea conligenda nvem tenr iussit. Dum tamen ea geruntur, Argonautae nn intermiss
rmigand labre mox cnspect hostium auferbantur, neque prius fugere dstitrunt quam
ad flmen ridanum pervnrunt. Aets nihil sibi prfutrum esse arbitrtus s longius
prgressus esset, anim dmiss domum revertit, ut fli corpus ad sepultram daret.

Absyrtus, -, m., Absyrtus.
ab-dc, -dcere, -dx, -ductus, lead or take
away.
Aets, -ae, m., Aeetes.
Argonauts.
cert [abl. of certus], adv., with certainty, for
certain, certainly.
Colch, -rum, m. plur., Colchians.
conlig, -ligere, -lg, -lctus [com- + leg],
gather together, collect.
d-sist, -sistere, -stit, -stitus, set down; leave
off, desist, cease, stop.
ridanus, ridan, m., Eridanus.
fall, fallere, fefell, falsus, deceive.
impedi, -pedre, -pedv, -pedtus [in + ps],
hinder, prevent, impede.
interrupt; let pass;passive, be left
long, adv., far; compar., longius, farther.
membrum, membr, n., limb, member.
opni, opninis [opnor, think], f., opinion,
before.
pr-sequor, -sequ, -sectus, follow forward,
follow.
rmig (1) [rmex, rower], row.
revertor, -vert, -versus, (the perfect is active
in form revert not reversus sum)
[re- + vert], turn back, return.
sepultra, sepultrae [sepeli], f., burial.
spr (1) [sps], hope.

quem, is the object of abdxerat in its own relative clause
ex urbe, ablative of place from which A&G 426, 1.
fugins, "when she fled." Notice the present participle, as well as the
perfect, is often best translated by an adverbial clause.
A&G 496.
ut . . . impedret, purpose clause with e cnsili correlative to ut.
A&G 531, 1, Note 1.
Aetem . . . prsectrum esse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
What is the tense of the infinitive?
cum membra fli vdisset, cum temporal A&G 546.
Neque opni eam fefellit, "and she was not mistaken," more
literally "and the opinion did not deceive her."
ita . . . ut, correlatives A&G 323, g.
ubi prmum, "as soon as," literally "when first."
ad ea conligenda, gerundive of purpose A&G 506 and 533, (4).
rmigand, genitive of the gerund A&G 504.
cnspect, ablative of separation A&G 400-402.
prius, is not to be translated until quam is reached. The two parts of
priusquam are often separated, prius standing in the
principal clause. A&G 434.
nihil sibi prfutrum esse, indirect statement A&G 577-592. What
is the tense of the infinitive?
arbitrtus, perfect participle of a deponent verb. A&G 493 and 496.
anim dmiss, "with his mind downcast." ablative absolute A&G
419-420.

76. THE BARGAIN WITH PELIAS
Tandem post multa percula Isn in eundem locum pervnit unde profectus erat. Tum
nv gressus ad rgem Peliam, qu rgnum adhc obtinbat, statim s contulit, et vellere aure
mnstrt ab e postulvit ut rgnum sibi trdertur; Pelis enim pollicitus erat, s Isn vellus
rettulisset, s rgnum e trditrum. Postquam Isn quid fier vellet ostendit, Pelis prm nihil
respondit, sed di in edem trstiti tacitus permnsit; tandem ita loctus est: "Vids m aette
iam esse cnfectum, neque dubium est qun dis suprmus mihi appropinquet. Liceat igitur
mihi, dum vvam, hoc rgnum obtinre; cum autem tandem dcesser, t mihi succds." Hc
rtine adductus Isn respondit s id factrum quod ille rogsset.

ad-hc, adv., to this point, up to this time, yet,
still.
golden.
d-cd, -cdere, -cess, -cessus, go away,
depart.
dubius, dubia, dubium, doubtful, uncertain.
become, happen.
dem, eadem, idem [is], dem. pron., the same;
sometimes to be translated likewise,
also.
licet, -re, -uit or -itum est, impers., is lawful,
permitted, or allowed.
mnstr (1) [mnstrum], point out, show.
hold, possess; maintain.
rti, -nis [r], f., speech; rtinem
habre, to deliver an oration, speak.
ostend, -tendere, -tend, -tentus [ob + tend],
stretch out before, show, explain.
per-mane, -manre, -mns, -mnsus,
remain.
per-veni, -venre, -vn, -ventus, come
through, come, arrive, reach.
polliceor, pollicr, pollicitus, promise; (make
an) offer, proffer.
responde, respondre, respond, responsus
answer, respond.
rog (1), ask.
succd, -cdere, -cess, -cessus [sub + cd],
go or come under, follow after,
succeed.
suprmus, -a, -um [superl. of superus, upper],
highest, last.
tace, -re, -u, -itus, be silent; perfect
participle tacitus silent.
trstitia, -ae [trstis, sad], f., sadness.
vv, vvere, vx, vctus, live.

gressus, perfect participle of a deponent verb. A&G 493 and 496.
vellere aure mnstrt, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
ut . . . trdertur, indirect command, A&G 563.
s Isn vellus rettulisset, a subordinate clause in indirect statement
A&G 583.
s rgnum e trditrum [esse], indirect statement A&G 577-592,
after the verb of promising, pollicitus erat.
quid fier vellet, indirect question A&G 573-574.
m aette iam esse cnfectum, indirect statement A&G 577-592, after
the verb of perceiving, vids.
neque dubium est, "and there is no doubt."
qun . . . appropinquet, negative expressions of doubt are regularly
followed by qun and the subjunctive, A&G 558, a.
mihi, the dative of reference A&G 376-378, is often used instead of a
genitive or a possessive adjective.
Liceat mihi, "let me be allowed" or "allow me;" literally, "let it be
allowed to me." The subjunctive is used here in an
independent construction the hortatory subjunctive A&G
439.
dum vvam, dum temporal clause A&G 555. When dum can be
translated "as long as," the verb is not restricted to the present,
but other tenses of the indicative may be used. Compare the
notes on dum in Chapters 5 and 70.
dcesser, the indicative is used with cum, "when," to represent a
present or future action. The future perfect in the protasis
along with the future tense in the apodosis is akin to a future
more vivid condition.
t, the nominative of the personal pronouns is used only for emphasis
or contrast. Here t makes the promise more definite.
rogsset, is a contraction of rogvisset. Compare audsset in Chapter
67. When the perfect stem is formed by the addition of v, the
forms are often written without v and the vowel which follows
it syncope A&G 640.

77. MAGIC ARTS
Hs rbus cgnits Mda rem aegr tulit, et rgn cupiditte adducta mortem rg per
dolum nferre cnstituit. Hc cnstitt ad flis rgis vnit atque ita locta est: "Vidtis patrem
vestrum aette iam esse cnfectum neque ad labrem rgnand perferendum satis valre.
Vultisne eum rrsus iuvenem fier?" Tum fliae rgis ita respondrunt: "Num hoc fier potest?
Quis enim umquam sene iuvenis factus est?" At Mda respondit: "M medicnae summam
habre scientiam sctis. Nunc igitur vbis dmnstrb qu mod haec rs fier possit."
Postquam fnem loquend fcit, arietem aette iam cnfectum interfcit et membra eius in vse
ane posuit, atque gn supposit in aquam herbs qusdam infdit. Tum, dum aqua
effervsceret, carmen magicum cantbat. Mox aris vse exsiluit et vribus refects per agrs
currbat.

aneus, -a, -um [aes], of copper or bronze.
aris, arietis, m., ram.
cant (1), [freq. of can], sing.
carmen, carminis [can, sing], n., song,
charm.
cnstitu, -stituere, -stitu, -stittus [com- +
statu], set together or up; appoint;
determine, decide.
longing, eagerness.
curr, currere, cucurr, cursus, run.
effervsc, -fervscere, -ferbu [ex +
fervsc], boil up or over, boil.
exsili, -silre, -silu [ex + sali], leap out or
forth.
become, happen.
herba, herbae, f., herb, plant.
n-fund, -fundere, -fd, -fsus, pour in or
upon.
nfer, nferre, intul, inltus, bring in or
against, wage against; inflict.
magicus, magica, magicum, magic.
mox, adv., soon.
num, adv., introducing a question to which a
negative answer is expected,
untranslatable.
nunc, adv., now.
per-fer, -ferre, -tul, -ltus, bear through,
bear, endure; weather.
pn, pnere, posu, positus, place, put; pn
with in and abl., to be placed in, rest
or depend on.
refici, -ficere, -fc, -fectus [re- + faci],
make anew, renew, repair.
rgn (1) [rgnum], reign, rule.
responde, respondre, respond, responsus
answer, respond.
rrsus [for reversus, part, of revertor], adv.,
again.
senex, senis, m., old man.
suppn, -pnere, -posu, -positus [sub +
pn], place or put under.
vale, -re, -u, -itrus, be strong or effectual,
have effect, prevail.
vs, vsis, n., plur. vsa, -rum, vessel.
vester, vestra, vestrum [vs], your.
vs, vestr/vestrum, vbs, vs, vbis, plur. of
t, 2
nd
pl. pers. pron., you.

Hs rbus cgnits, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
rem aegr tulit, "was displeased." Compare Chapter 68.
Hc cnstitt, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
patrem . . . esse cnfectum, indirect statement A&G 577-592, after
the verb of perceiving, vidtis.
ad labrem . . .perferendum, gerundive of purpose A&G 506 and
533, (4).
rgnand, genitive of the gerund A&G 504.
Vultisne, This is made up of the verb vultis and -ne, which is used to
denote a question. The enclitic -ne is not itself translated,
since a question of this kind is denoted in English by the order
of words. It is usually joined to the first word in the question.
Num, is used to introduce a question to which a negative answer is
expected. Like -ne, it is not translated, but its effect is
reproduced by the English form of the question ("This cannot
be done, can it?) or by a tone of incredulity ("Can this be
done?").
M medicnae summam habre scientiam, indirect statement A&G
577-592, after the verb of knowing, sctis.
qu mod haec rs fier possit, indirect question A&G 573-574.
loquend, genitive of the gerund A&G 504.
gn supposit, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
vribus refects, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
effervsceret, See ggnerentur in Chapter 70 and note. With dum,
until, as with priusquam the subjunctive is used to
represent an action as anticipated.

78. A DANGEROUS EXPERIMENT
Dum fliae rgis hoc mrculum stupents intuentur, Mda ita locta est: "Vidtis
quantum valeat medicna. Vs igitur, s vultis patrem vestrum in adulscentiam redcere, id
quod fc ipsae facitis. Vs patris membra in vs conicite; ego herbs magics praebb."
Quod ubi audtum est, fliae rgis cnsilium quod dedisset Mda nn omittendum putvrunt.
Patrem igitur Peliam necvrunt et membra eius in vs neum conicrunt; nihil autem
dubitbant qun hoc mxim e prfutrum esset. At rs omnn aliter vnit ac sprverant,
Mda enim nn esdem herbs dedit quibus ipsa sa erat. Itaque postquam di frstr
exspectvrunt, patrem suum r vr mortuum esse intellxrunt. Hs rbus gests Mda s
cum coniuge su rgnum acceptram esse sprbat; sed cvs cum intellegerent qu mod
Pelis periisset, tantum scelus aegr tulrunt. Itaque Isone et Md rgn expulss Acastum
rgem crevrunt.

Acastus, Acast, m., Acastus.
adulscentia, adulscentiae [adulscns], f.,
youth.
aneus, anea, aneum [aes], of copper or
bronze.
aliter [alius], adv., in another way, otherwise,
differently.
coninx, coniugis [coniung], m. and f.,
spouse, husband, wife.
cre (1), elect, appoint.
dubit (1), [dubius], doubt, hesitate.
ex-pell, -pellere, -pul, -pulsus, drive out,
expel.
herba, herbae, f., herb, plant, grass.
sometimes to be translated likewise,
also.
in-tueor, -tur, -tuitus, look upon, behold.
magicus, magica, magicum, magic.
mrculum, mrcul [mror], n., wonder,
marvel, miracle.
nec (1), put to death, slay, kill.
omitt, -mittere, -ms, -missus [ob + mitt],
let go, neglect, disregard, throw
away, lose.
entirely.
per-e, -re, -i, -itrus, pass away, perish.
praebe, -re, -u, -itus [prae, before + habe],
hold forth, supply, furnish, give;
show, present, exhibit.
put (1), think.
quantum [quantus], adv., how much? how?
back; restore.
scelus, sceleris, n., wickedness, crime.
spr (1), [sps], hope.
stupe, stupre, stupu, be stunned, astounded,
or amazed.
tor, t, sus, use.
vale, valre, valu, be strong or effectual, have
effect, prevail.
vrus, vra, vrum, true; r vr, in truth, in
fact.
vester, vestra, vestrum your (pl.).
vol, velle, volu, wish, be willing, want.
vs, vestr/vestrum, vbs, vs, vbis, plur. of
t, 2
nd
pl. pers. pron., you.

stupents, "in amazement."
quantum valeat medicna, indirect question A&G 573-574.
Vs, is contrasted with ego.
audtum est, is used impersonally, "it was heard."
cnsilium . . . nn omittendum (esse), the passive periphrastic A&G
500, 2, construction in an indirect statement A&G 577-592.
quod dedisset Mda, a subordinate clause in indirect statement, A&G
583.
qun . . . prfutrum esset, negative expressions of doubt are regularly
followed by qun and the subjunctive, A&G 558, a.
ac, "than." Atque or ac may be used with adjectives and adverbs
expressing the idea of likeness.
quibus, is ablative with the deponent verb tor, A&G 410.
patrem suum . . . mortuum esse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
cum coniuge su, ablative of accompaniment A&G 413.
s . . . acceptram esse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
qu mod Pelis periisset, indirect question A&G 573-574.
Isone et Md . . . expulss, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
rgn, ablative of separation A&G 400-401.
rgem, predicate accusative A&G 392-393.

79. A FATAL GIFT
Isn et Mda Thessali expuls ad urbem Corinthum vnrunt, cuius urbis Cren
qudam rgnum tum obtinbat. Erat autem Creont flia na, nmine Glauc. Quam cum
vdisset, Isn cnstituit Mdae uxr suae nntium remittere e cnsili, ut Glaucn in
mtrimnium dceret. At Mda ubi intellxit quae ille in anim habret, r graviter commta
ire irand cnfrmvit s tantam iniriam ultram. Hoc igitur cnsilium cpit. Vestem parvit
summ arte textam et varis colribus nfectam; hanc mortifer qudam venn tinxit, cuius vs
tlis erat ut s quis eam vestem induisset, corpus eius quasi gn rertur. Hc fact vestem ad
Glaucn msit; illa autem nihil mal suspicns dnum libenter accpit, et vestem novam mre
fminrum statim induit.

color, colris, m., color.
strengthen, establish; declare, assert.
Corinthus, Corinth, m., Corinth.
dnum, dn [d], n., gift.
ex-pell, -pellere, -pul, -pulsus, drive out,
expel.
fmina, fminae, f., woman.
Glauc, Glaucs, f., Glauce.
nfer, nferre, intul, inltus, bring in or
against, wage against; inflict.
intelleg, -legere, -lx, -lctus, perceive,
understand.
iniria, iniriae [in-, not + is], f., injury,
wrong, hurt, harm.
is, iris, n., right, justice, law; is dcere, to
pronounce judgment; is irandum,
iris irand [gerundive of ir,
swear], oath.
gladly.
mtrimnium, mtrimni [mter], n.,
marriage; in mtrimnium dcere,
marry.
mortifer, mortifera, mortiferum [mors +
fer], death-bringing, deadly.
hold, possess; maintain.
re-mitt, re-mittere, re-ms, re-missus, send
back, send.
suspicor, -spicr, -spictus [suspici, look
askance at], suspect.
tex, texere, texu, textus, weave.
ting, tingere, tinx, tinctus, wet, soak, dye.
ulcscor, ulcsc, ultus, avenge.
r, rere, ss, stus, burn.
varius, varia, varium, various.

Thessali, ablative of separation A&G 400-401.
expuls, perfect passive participle, lit., having been driven out,
or expelled; therefore driven out or expelled, A&G 488, 494
and 496.
Creont, dative of possession A&G 373.
Mdae uxr suae nntium remittere, "to give his wife Medea notice
of divorce" or "to divorce his wife Medea."
ut Glaucn in mtrimnium dceret, purpose clause with e cnsili
correlative to ut. A&G 531, 1, Note 1.
quae ille . . . habret, indirect question A&G 573-574.
ire irand, ablative of the gerundive, a stock phrase, A&G 507.
s . . . ultram (esse), indirect statement A&G 577-592.
ut . . . rertur, result clause, A&G 537.
mre, "according to the custom" or "in the way." ablative of
specification (accordance) A&G 418, a; and Note.

80. MEDEA KILLS HER SONS
Vix vestem induerat Glauc cum dolrem gravem per omnia membra snsit, et paul post
crdl crucit adfecta vt excessit. Hs rbus gests Mda furre atque menti impulsa
flis sus necvit; tum mgnum sibi fore perculum arbitrta s Corinth manret, ex e regine
fugere cnstituit. Hc cnstitt Slem rvit ut in tant percul auxilium sibi praebret. Sl
autem hs precibus commtus currum msit cui erant inct dracns ls nstrct. Mda nn
omittendam tantam occsinem arbitrta currum ascendit, itaque per ra vecta incolumis ad
urbem Athns pervnit. Isn ipse brev tempore mr mod occsus est. Accidit sve cs sve
cnsili derum ut sub umbr nvis suae, quae in ltus subducta erat, dormret. Mox nvis,
quae adhc rcta steterat, in eam partem ubi Isn iacbat subit dlapsa virum nflcem
oppressit.

ad-hc, adv., to this point, up to this time, yet,
still.
r, eris, m., air.
ala, alae, f., wing.
mentia, mentiae [ + mns, mind], f.,
madness.
arbitror, arbitrr, -arbitrtus, consider,
think, judge.
ascend, -scendere, -scend, -scnsus [ad +
scand], climb to, ascend, mount.
Athnae, Athnrum, f. plur., Athens.
crucitus, crucits [cruci, torture], m.,
torture.
crdlis, crdle, cruel.
currus, currs, m., chariot.
d-lbor, -lb, -lapsus, slip or fall down.
dolor, dolris [dole, be in pain], m., pain,
grief; anger.
rig, -rigere, -rx, -rctus [ + reg], raise or

set up, raise, lift; cheer, encourage.
ex-cd, -cdere, -cess, -cessus, go out or
forth, depart.
fore (see note).
furor, furris [fur, rage], m., rage, fury,
frenzy, madness.
Glauc, Glaucs, f., Glauce.
iace, -re, -u, lie, be prostrate.
impell, -pellere, -pul, -pulsus [in + pell],
drive or urge on, incite.
n-flx, -flcis, adj., unhappy, unfortunate.
or into; draw up; equip.
iung, iungere, inx, inctus, join; yoke,
harness. Mda, Mdae, f., Medea.
mox, adv., soon.

nec (1), put to death, slay, kill.
opportunity.
omitt, -mittere, -ms, -missus [ob + mitt],
let go, neglect, lose.
opprim, -primere, -press, -pressus [ob +
prem], press against, overpower,
crush.
r, rre, rv, rtus [s], speak; beg, pray.
precs, precum, f. plur., prayer, entreaty.
country, region.
sl, slis, m., sun.
sub, prep. with acc. and abl., under; sub
vesperum, towards evening.
sub-dc, -dcere, -dx, -ductus, draw up,
beach.
umbra, umbrae, f., shadow, shade.

membra, a membrum is a limb, so omnia membra is literally "all
[his] limbs," so "[his] whole body."
mgnum sibi fore perculum, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
fore, often used as an alternate form of futrum esse, the future
infinitive of sum.
s Corinth manret, a subordinate clause in indirect statement, A&G
583.
Corinth, the locative case A&G 35, h; A&G 49a; A&G 427, 3 and
fn. 1.
Hc cnstitt, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
Slem, the sun is here personified.
ut . . . praebret, indirect command, A&G 563.
omittendam (esse) tantam occsinem, the passive periphrastic A&G
500, 2, in indirect statement A&G 577-592.
itaque, "and thus." It is not the conjunction itaque, but the adverb ita
with the enclitic conjunction que.
Accidit, used impersonally here, as it often is.
ut . . . dormret, purpose clause with e cnsili correlative to ut. A&G
531, 1, Note 1.

ULYSSES
Ulysses, a famous Greek hero, took a prominent part in
the long siege of Troy. After the fall of the city, he set out
with his followers on his homeward voyage to Ithaca, an
island of which he was king; but being driven out of his
course by northerly winds, he was compelled to touch at the
country of the Lotus-eaters, who are supposed to have lived
on the north coast of Africa. Some of his comrades were so
delighted with the lotus fruit that they wished to remain in
the country, but Ulysses compelled them to embark again
and continued his voyage. He next came to the island of
Sicily, and fell into the hands of the giant Polyphemus, one
of the Cyclopes. After several of his comrades had been
killed by this monster, Ulysses made his escape by stratagem
and reached the country of the winds. Here he received the
help of Aeolus, king of the winds, and having set sail again,
arrived within sight of Ithaca; but owing to the folly of his
companions, the winds became suddenly adverse and he was
again driven back. He then touched at an island which was
the home of Circe, a powerful enchantress, who exercised
her charms on his companions and turned them into swine.
By the help of the god Mercury, Ulysses not only escaped
this fate himself, but also forced Circe to restore her victims
to human shape. After staying a year with Circe, he again set
out and eventually reached his home.

81. HOMEWARD BOUND
Urbem Triam Graecs decem anns obsessam esse satis cnstat; d hc enim bell
Homrus, mximus potrum Graecrum, liadem opus ntissimum scrpsit. Tri tandem per
nsidis capt, Graec long bell fess domum redre mtrvrunt. Omnibus rbus igitur ad
profectinem parts nvs ddxrunt, et tempesttem idneam nact mgn cum gaudi
solvrunt. Erat inter prms Graecrum Ulixs qudam, vir summae virttis ac prdentiae,
quem dcunt nnnll dolum istum excgitsse qu Triam captam esse cnstat. Hic rgnum
nsulae Ithacae obtinuerat, et paul priusquam cum reliqus Graecs ad bellum profectus est,
puellam frmsissimam, nmine Pnelopn, in mtrimnium dxerat. Nunc igitur cum iam
decem anns quasi in exsili cnsmpsisset, mgn cupiditte patriae et uxris videndae
rdbat.

rde, rdre, rs, rsus, be on fire, burn.
cnst, cnstre, cnstit, cnsttrus, stand
together, agree; consist; cnstat, it is
agreed, is well known.
longing, eagerness.
decem, indecl. adj., ten.
excgit, excgitre, excgitv, excgittus,
think out, contrive, devise.
exsilium, exsili [exsul, exile], n., exile.
fessus, fessa, fessum, exhausted, worn out,
weary.
frmsus, frmsa, frmsum [frma],
beautiful; superl. frmsissimus.
Graecus, Graeca, Graecum, Greek.
Ithaca, Ithacae, f., Ithaca.
lias, liadis, f., the Iliad.
nsidiae, nsidirum, f. plur., ambush; plot,
stratagem.
mtrimnium, mtrimni [mter], n.,
marriage; in mtrimnium dcere,
marry.
nn-nllus, -nlla, -nllum, not none, some,
several.
ntus, nta, ntum [part. of nsc, come to
know], known, well-known, famous.
obside, obsidre, obsd, obsessus [ob +
sede], beset, besiege.
hold.
patria, patriae [pater], f., fatherland, country.
Pnelop, Pnelops, f., Penelope.
pota, potae, m., poet.

profecti, profectinis [proficscor], f.,
departure, start.
prdentia, prdentiae [prdns, prudent], f.,
prudence.
reliquus, reliqua, reliquum [relinqu], left,
the remaining, the other, the rest of.
Tria, Triae, f., Troy.
Ulixs, Ulixis, m., Ulysses.

Urbem . . . obsessam esse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
Graecs, ablative of agent A&G 405.
decem anns, accusative of time how long A&G 423, 2.
Tri . . . capt, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
nsidis, refers to the story of the wooden horse. Concealed in this,
Greek warriors entered Troy and opened the gates for their
comrades.
long bell fess, may be rendered by a relative clause, a concessive
clause, a causal clause, etc., e.g.,"who were weary from a long
war" or "since they were weary from a long war." These
alternatives are regularly used when translating participles
(verbal adjectives) A&G 496, but work fine for simple
adjectives also, when the sense would be improved.
Omnibus rbus . . . parts, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
nvs, accusative plural of an -i stem. A&G 74, c.
nact, perfect participle of a deponent verb. A&G 493 and 496.
mgn cum gaudi, ablative of manner A&G 412.
vir summae virttis ac prdentiae, genitive of quality A&G 345.
quem, is the subject of the infinitive in indirect statement A&G 577-
592. excgitsse. The English idiom is "who, some say,
devised." A&G 397, e.
nnnll, is an instance of the use of two negative words to express an
affirmative idea. A&G 326, a.
qu, ablative of means A&G 409.
Triam captam esse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
paul, ablative of degree of difference A&G 414.
cum reliqus Graecs, ablative of accompaniment A&G 413.
cum . . . cnsmpsisset, cum causal clause, A&G 549.
in exsili, ablative of attendant circumstances.
mgn cupiditte, ablative of manner A&G 412.
patriae et uxris videndae, objective genitive of the gerundive A&G
504.
82. THE LOTUS-EATERS
Postquam Graec pauca mlia passuum ltore Triae prgress sunt, tanta tempests
subit coorta est ut nlla nvium cursum tenre posset, sed aliae aliam in partem disicerentur.
Nvis autem qu ipse Ulixs vehbtur v tempesttis ad merdiem dlta decim di ad ltus
Libyae appulsa est. Ancors iacts Ulixs cnstituit nnnlls socis in terram expnere, qu
aquam ad nvem referrent et qulis esset ntra eius reginis cgnscerent. H nv gress
imperta facere parbant. Sed dum fontem quaerunt, qusdam ex incols invnrunt atque ab
is hospiti accept sunt. Accidit autem ut mior pars vcts erum hominum in mr qudam
frct quem ltum appellbant cnsisteret. Quem cum Graec gustssent, patriae et socirum
statim oblt cnfrmvrunt s semper in e terr mnsrs, ut dulc ill cib in perpetuum
vscerentur.

anchor.
cn-frm (1), strengthen, establish; declare,
assert.
cn-sist, -sistere, -stit, -stitus, station oneself,
take a stand; consist.
co-orior, -orr, -ortus, arise.
decimus, decima, decimum [decem], tenth.
d-fer, -ferre, -tul, -ltus, bear or carry away
or off.
disici, -icere, -ic, -iectus [dis- + iaci],
throw apart, scatter.
dulcis, dulce, sweet.
gredior, -gred, -gressus [ + gradior], go out
or forth, go ashore.
ex-pn, -pnere, -posu, -positus, put out; put
on shore, land.
fns, fontis, m., fountain, spring.
frctus, frcts [fruor, enjoy], m., enjoyment;
fruit.
gust (1), taste.
Libya, Libyae, f., Libya, Africa.
ltus, lt, f., lotus.
merdis, merdi [medius + dis], m.,
midday, noon; south.
passuum, thousands of paces,
miles.
character.
several.
oblvscor, oblvsc, obltus, forget.
passus, passs [pand, stretch], m., pace;
mlia passuum, see mlia.
patria, patriae [pater], f., fatherland, country.
perpetuus, perpetua, perpetuum [per + pet],
continuous, perpetual;
in perpetuum, for all time, forever.
qulis, qule, of what sort? what kind of?
vscor, vesc, feed on, eat.
vctus, vcts [vv], m., sustenance, food.

ut nlla nvium . . . posset, result clause, A&G 537.
aliae aliam in partem, "some in one direction, others in another." Two
forms of alius are often used together to express a distributive
idea, the full expression of which would require the repetition
of both.
Ancors iacts, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
qu . . . referrent et . . . cgnscerent, relative clauses of purpose A&G
531, 2.
qulis esset ntra, indirect question A&G 573-574.
gress, perfect participle of a deponent verb. A&G 493 and 496.
imperta, participles often become complete adjectives, and may be
compared, or used as nouns, A&G 494, a.
ut mior pars vcts . . . cnsisteret, substantive clause of result A&G
569, 2.
Quem cum Graec gustssent, connecting relative A&G 308, f and a
cum temporal clause, A&G 546.
gustssent, is a contraction of gustvisset. Compare audsset in
Chapter 67 and rogssent in Chapter 76. When the perfect
stem is formed by the addition of v, the forms are often written
without v and the vowel which follows it syncope A&G 640.
s . . . mnsrs (esse), indirect statement A&G 577-592.
ut . . . vscerentur, purpose clause A&G 531, 1.
vscerentur, The deponent verb vescor is intransitive and governs the
ablative; but "eat" in English is transitive. A&G 410.

83. THE RESCUE
Ulixs cum ab hr septim ad vesperum exspectsset, veritus n soci su in percul
versrentur, nnnlls reliqus msit, ut quae causa esset morae cgnscerent. H igitur in
terram exposit ad vcum qu nn long aberat s contulrunt; qu cum vnissent, socis sus
quasi vn bris repperrunt. Tum ubi causam veniend docurunt, is persudre cnbantur ut
scum ad nvem redrent. Ill tamen resistere ac man s dfendere coeprunt, saepe
clmitants s numquam ex e loc abitrs. Quae cum ita essent, nnti r nfect ad Ulixem
redirunt. Hs rbus cgnits ipse cum omnibus qu in nv relict erant ad locum vnit; et socis
sus frstr horttus ut su sponte redrent, manibus erum post terga vincts invts ad nvem
reportvit. Tum ancors sublts quam celerrim port solvit.

anchor.
clmit (1), [freq. of clm, call out], call out.
began.
d-fend, -fendere, -fend, -fnsus, ward off;
defend.
brius, bria, brium, drunk.
ex-pn, -pnere, -posu, -positus, put out; put
on shore, land.
hortor, hortr, horttus, exhort, encourage,
urge.
nfectus, nfecta, nfectum [in-, not + part. of
faci], not done, undone,
unaccomplished.
invtus, invta, invtum, unwilling.
long [longus], adv., far.
several.
portus, ports, m., harbor, haven, port.
behind, leave, abandon.
reliquus, reliqua, reliquum [relinqu], left,
the remaining, the other, the rest of.
discover.
re-port (1), carry or bring back.
re-sist, resistere, restit, stand back, resist.
saepe, adv., often, frequently.
septimus, septima, septimum [septem,
seven],seventh.
sponte, f. abl. sing., modified by me, tu, su,
of one's own accord, voluntarily.
vereor, verr, veritus, fear.
versor, versr, verstus [freq. of vert], keep
turning, be busy or employed, be
involved; be.
vcus, vc, m., village.
vinci, vincre, vinx, vinctus, bind.

cum . . . exspectsset, cum causal clause, A&G 549.
exspectsset, syncope A&G 640.
n . . . versrentur, A&G 564. Verbs of fearing take the subjunctive,
with n affirmative and n nn or ut negative: "that they were
involved in."
ut . . . cgnscerent, purpose clause A&G 531, 1.
quae causa esset, indirect question A&G 573-574.
exposit, perfect passive participle, lit., "having been put on shore,"
A&G 488, 494 and 496.
qu cum vnissent, connecting relative A&G 308, f and a cum
temporal clause, A&G 546.
veniend, genitive of the gerund A&G 504.
ut . . . redrent, indirect command, A&G 563.
s . . . abitrs (esse), indirect statement A&G 577-592.
Quae cum ita essent, connecting relative A&G 308, f and a cum
causal clause, A&G 549.
Hs rbus cgnits, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
horttus, perfect participle of a deponent verb. A&G 493 and 496.
ut . . . redrent, indirect command, A&G 563.
manibus . . . vincts, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
ancors sublts, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.

84. THE ONE-EYED GIANT
Postquam e tt nocte rms contendrunt, postrdi ad terram gntam nvem
appulrunt. Tum, quod ntram eius reginis gnrbat, ipse Ulixs cum duodecim socis in
terram gressus loca explrre cnstituit. Paulum ltore prgress ad spluncam ingentem
pervnrunt, quam habitr snsrunt; eius enim introitum et ntr loc et man mntum esse
animadvertrunt. Mox, ets intellegbant s nn sine percul id factrs, spluncam
intrvrunt; quod cum fcissent, mgnam cpiam lactis in vss ingentibus conditam
invnrunt. Dum tamen mrantur quis in e sde habitret, sonitum terribilem audvrunt, et
oculs ad portam torts mnstrum horribile vdrunt, hmn quidem speci et figr, sed
ingent mgnitdine corporis. Cum autem animadvertissent mnstrum num oculum tantum
habre in medi fronte positum, intellxrunt hunc esse num Cyclpibus, d quibus fmam
iam accperant.

animadvert, -vertere, -vert, -versus [animus + ad-vert], turn the
mind to, observe.
appell, -pellere, -pul, -pulsus [ad + pell], drive to, bring to; with or
without nvem, put in.
con-d, -dere, -did, -ditus, put together, found; store away.
Cyclps, -is, m., Cyclops.
gredior, -gred, -gressus [ + gradior], go out or forth, go ashore.
frns, frontis, f., forehead.
gnr, -re, -v, -tus, be ignorant of.
gntus, -a, -um [in-, not + ntus], unknown.
intelleg, -legere, -lx, -lctus, perceive, understand.
introitus, -s [introe, go within], m., entrance.
lc, lactis, n., milk.
mni, -re, -v, -tus [moenia], fortify.
per-veni, -venre, -vn, -ventus, come through, come, arrive, reach.
pn, pnere, posu, positus, place, put; positus esse with in and abl.,
to be placed in, rest or depend on.
prgredior, -gred, -gressus [pr + gradior], go forward, advance.
quidem, adv., in fact, indeed, certainly; n ... quidem, not ... even.
quis (qu), quae, quid (quod), interrog. pron., who? which? what?
rmus, -, m., oar.
senti, sentre, sns, snsus, perceive, feel.
sonitus, -s [son, sound], m., sound, noise.
torque, torqure, tors, tortus, turn, twist.

e tt nocte, ablative of duration of time A&G 424, b.
rms, ablative of instrument A&G 409.
cum duodecim socis, ablative of accompaniment A&G 413.
socis, cardinal numbers (except mlia) regularly take the Ablative
with /ex or d instead of the partitive genitive A&G 346, c.
gressus, perfect participle of a deponent verb. A&G 493 and 496.
prgress, perfect participle of a deponent verb. A&G 493 and 496.
eius . . . introitum . . . mntum esse, indirect statement A&G 577-
592.
s . . . factrs (esse), indirect statement A&G 577-592.
quod cum fcissent, connecting relative A&G 308, f and a cum
conditam, perfect passive participle, lit., "having been stored away,"
A&G 488, 494 and 496.
quis . . . habitret, indirect question A&G 573-574.
oculs . . . torts, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
hmn . . . speci et figr, sed ingent mgnitdine, ablatives of
quality A&G 415.
quidem, regularly follows the word it emphasizes. It often has
concessive force, as here, "even though."
Cum autem animadvertissent, cum causal clause, A&G 549.
mnstrum . . . habre, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
hunc esse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
Cyclpibus, see the note on socis above.

85. THE GIANT'S SUPPER
Cyclps autem pstrs erant qudam qu nsulam Siciliam et praecipu montem
Aetnam incolbant; ibi enim Volcnus, praeses fabrrum et gnis repertor, cuius serv Cyclps
erant, officnam suam habbat. Graec igitur simul ac mnstrum vdrunt, terrre paene
exanimt in interirem partem spluncae refgrunt et s ibi abdere cnbantur. Polyphmus
autem (sc enim Cyclps appellbtur) pecus suum in spluncam compulit; deinde, cum sax
ingent portam obstrxisset, gnem in medi splunc fcit. Hc fact, ocul omnia perlstrbat,
et cum snsisset homins in interire parte spluncae esse abdits, magn vce exclmvit:
"Qu homins estis? Merctrs an latrns?" Tum Ulixs respondit s neque merctrs esse
neque praedand caus vnisse; sed Tri redeunts v tempesttum rct curs dpulss
esse. rvit etiam ut sibi sine iniri abre licret. Tum Polyphmus quaesvit ubi esset nvis
qu vect essent; sed Ulixs cum sibi mxim praecavendum esse bene intellegeret, respondit
nvem suam in rps coniectam omnn frctam esse. Polyphmus autem nll respns dat
duo socis man corripuit, et membrs erum dvulss carnem dvorre coepit.

ab-e, -re, -i, -itrus, go away, depart.
abd, -dere, -did, -ditus, put away, hide.
Aetna, -ae, f., Etna.
appell, -pellre, -pellv, -pelltus, call, name.
bene [bonus], adv., well; successfully.
coep, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action), have
begun, began.
com-pell, -pellere, -pul, -pulsus, drive together, drive.
conici, -icere, -ic, -iectus [com- + iaci], throw together; throw,
cast, hurl.
corripi, -ripere, -ripu, -reptus [com-+ rapi], seize, snatch (up).
cursus, -s [curr], m., running, course.
Cyclps, -is, m., Cyclops.
d-pell, -pellere, -pul, -pulsus, drive off or away, drive.
d-vor, -vorre, -vorv, -vortus, swallow down, swallow, devour.
d-vell, -vellere, -vell, -vulsus, tear apart, tear in pieces.
d, dare, ded, datus, give.
ex-anim, -animre, -animv, -animtus, put out of breath, fatigue,
tire, exhaust; stupefy; kill.
faber, fabr, m., smith, craftsman.
frang, frangere, frg, frctus, break; dash to pieces, wreck.
gnis, -is, m., fire.
latr, -nis, m., robber.
licet, -re, -uit or -itum est, impers., is lawful or permitted.
membrum, -, n., limb, member.
merctor, -ris [mercor, trade], m., trader, merchant.
ob-stru, -struere, -strx, -strctus, build against, block up.
officna, -ae, f., workshop, smithy.
r, -re, -v, -tus [s], speak; beg, pray.
pecus, pecoris, n., herd, flock, cattle.
per-lstr, -lstrre, -lstrv, -lstrtus, look over, examine, survey.
prae-cave, -cavre, -cv, -cautus, beware (beforehand), be on guard.
praecipu [praecipuus, especial], adv., especially.
praedor, -r, -tus [praeda], plunder.
praeses, praesidis, m., protector.
re-fugi, -fugere, -fg, flee back, run away, retreat.
rctus, -a, -um [part. of reg, direct], direct, straight.
repertor, -ris [reperi], m., discoverer, inventor.
rps, -is, f., rock, cliff; reef.
saxum, -, n., rock, stone.
sc, adv., so, thus.
senti, sentre, sns, snsus, perceive, feel.
tempests, -ttis [tempus], f., weather; storm, tempest.
Volcnus, -, m., Vulcan.

Polyphmus, the name of the Cyclops.
homins . . . esse abdits, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
Qu, "What?" or "What sort of?"
s . . . merctrs esse . . . vnisse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
praedand caus, "for the purpose of robbing" or "to rob." Purpose
may be expressed by the genitive of the gerund or the
gerundive with caus. What other ways of expressing purpose
have you noticed? gerundive of purpose A&G 504, b; and
533, b.
redeunts . . . dpulss esse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
ut . . . licret, indirect command, A&G 563.
ubi esset nvis, indirect question A&G 573-574.
qu vect essent, subjunctive of integral part (attraction) A&G 593.
praecavendum esse, the infinitive of the passive periphrastic A&G
500, 2 used impersonally in indirect statement A&G 577-
592.
sibi, dative of agent A&G 374 with the passive periphrastic.
nvem suam . . . frctam esse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
coniectam, perfect passive participle, lit., "having been hurled,"
A&G 488, 494 and 496.
nll respns dat, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
socis, cardinal numbers (except mlia) regularly take the Ablative
with (ex) or d instead of the partitive genitive A&G 346,
c.
man, ablative of instrument A&G 409.
membrs . . . dvulss, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.

86. A DESPERATE SITUATION
Dum haec geruntur, Graecrum anims tantus terror occupvit ut n vcem quidem dere
possent, sed omn sp saltis dposit mortem praesentem exspectrent. At Polyphmus,
postquam fams hc tam horribil cn dpulsa est, hum prstrtus somn s dedit. Quod cum
vdisset Ulixs, tantam occsinem re bene gerendae nn omittendam arbitrtus, pectus
mnstr gladi trnsfgere voluit. Cum tamen nihil temer agendum exstimret, cnstituit
explrre, priusquam hoc faceret, qu ratine ex splunc vdere possent. Cum saxum
animadvertisset qu introitus obstrctus erat, nihil sibi prfutrum intellxit Polyphmum
interficere. Tanta enim erat eius sax mgnitd ut n decem quidem hominibus movr
posset. Quae cum ita essent, Ulixs hc cnt dstitit et ad socis rediit; qu cum intellxissent
qu in loc rs essent, nll sp saltis oblt d fortns sus dsprre coeprunt. Ille tamen
vehementer horttus est n anims dmitterent; dmnstrvit s iam ante mults et mgns
perculs vsisse, neque dubium esse qun in tant discrmine d auxilium ltr essent.

-move, -movre, -mv, -mtus, move away.
ag, agere, g, ctus, drive; do; pass, lead;
cna, -ae, f., dinner.
d-pn, -pnere, -posu, -positus, put down; lay aside, give up;
d-sist, -sistere, -stit, -stitus, set down; leave off, desist, cease, stop.
discrmen, -crminis, n., crisis, peril, danger.
-d, -dere, -did, -ditus, put forth, give out, utter.
-vd, -vdere, -vs, -vsus, go forth, get away, escape.
ex-plr, -plrre, -plrv, -plrtus, search out, explore.
exstim, -stimre, -stimv, -stimtus [ex + aestim, value],
consider, believe, think.
fams, -is, abl. fam, f., hunger.
fer, ferre, tul, ltus, bear, bring.
ger, gerere, gess, gestus, carry, wear; carry on, do.
hortor, -r, -tus, exhort, encourage, urge.
hum [loc. of humus, ground], adv., on the ground.
offer, offerre, obtul, obltus [ob + fer], bear to, proffer, offer.
omitt, -mittere, -ms, -missus [ob + mitt], let go, neglect, disregard,
throw away, lose.
pectus, pectoris, n., breast.
praesns, -sentis [part. of praesum], adj., present, immediate,
imminent.
pr-stern, -sternere, -strv, -strtus, strew or spread before, throw
or knock down.
pr-sum, prdesse, prfu, be of advantage, profit, avail, assist.
rati, -nis [reor, think], f., plan, means, method, manner.
sals, saltis [salvus, safe], f., safety, deliverance, escape.
sps, spe, f., hope.
temer, adv., rashly.
trns-fg, -fgere, -fx, -fxus, thrust or pierce through, transfix.

ut . . . possent, result clause, A&G 537.
n . . . quidem, "not even a word." The emphasized word regularly
stands between n and quidem. A&G 322, f.
omn sp . . . dposit, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
somn, dative of purpose A&G 382.
Quod cum vdisset Ulixs, connecting relative A&G 308, f and a cum
tantam occsinem . . . nn omittendam (esse), indirect statement
A&G 577-592.
omittendam (esse), passive periphrastic A&G 500, 2
re . . . gerendae, objective genitive of the gerundive A&G 504.
Cum . . . exstimret, cum causal clause, A&G 549.
nihil . . . agendum (esse), indirect statement A&G 577-592.
priusquam hoc faceret, priusquam with the imperfect subjunctive
A&G 551, b.
qu ratine . . . possent, indirect question A&G 573-574.
Cum . . . animadvertisset, cum causal clause, A&G 549.
ut . . . posset, result clause, A&G 537.
Quae cum ita essent, connecting relative A&G 308, f and a cum
causal clause, A&G 549.
qu cum intellxissent, connecting relative A&G 308, f and a cum
qu in loc rs essent, indirect question A&G 573-574.
nll sp . . . oblt, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
n anims dmitterent, indirect command, A&G 563.
s . . . vsisse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
et. Mult is often joined by et to another adjective modifying the same
noun.
qun . . . essent, negative expressions of doubt are regularly followed by
qun and the subjunctive, A&G 558, a.
ltr essent, "would bring," more literally "were going to bring." Since
the subjunctive has no future tense, the active periphrastic
(A&G 498, a.) form is necessary to indicate future time
clearly in some subjunctive constructions. Compare, however,
dmitterent above, where the periphrastic form is not
required for clearness, because an indirect command must
represent an action after the time of the principal verb.

87. A PLAN FOR VENGEANCE
Ort lce Polyphmus iam somn excittus idem quod hestern di fcit; correpts enim
dubus reliqus virs carnem erum sine mor dvorvit. Tum, cum saxum mvisset, ipse
cum pecore su ex splunc prgressus est; quod cum Graec vidrent, mgnam in spem s post
paulum vsrs vnrunt. Mox tamen ab hc sp repuls sunt; nam Polyphmus, postquam
omns ovs exirunt, saxum in locum restituit. Reliqu omn sp saltis dposit lments
lacrimsque s ddidrunt; Ulixs vr, qu, ut supr dmnstrvimus, vir magn fuit cnsil,
ets intellegbat rem in discrmine esse, nndum omnn dsprbat. Tandem, postquam di
haec tt anim cgitvit, hoc cnsilium cpit. lgns quae in splunc reposita erant plum
magnum dlgit. Hunc summ cum dligenti praeactum fcit; tum, postquam socis quid fier
vellet ostendit, reditum Polyphm exspectbat.

-move, -movre, -mv, -mtus, move away.
d-d, -dere, -did, -ditus, give away or up.
dlig, -ligere, -lg, -lctus [d + leg], choose out, choose, select.
d-pn, -pnere, -posu, -positus, put down; lay aside, give up;
d-vor, -vorre, -vorv, -vortus, swallow down, swallow, devour.
-vd, -vdere, -vs, -vsus, go forth, get away, escape.
ex-cit, -citre, -citv, -cittus, call out, arouse, wake up.
f, fer, factus sum, be done or made, become, happen.
hesternus, -a, -um [her, yesterday], of yesterday, yesterday's,
hesternus dis, yesterday.
dem, eadem, idem [is], dem. pron., the same; sometimes to be
translated likewise, also.
lacrima, -ae, f., tear.
lmenta, -rum, n. plur., lamentation, wailing.
lgnum, -, n., wood.
omnn [omnis], adv., altogether, wholly, entirely.
orior, -r, -tus, arise, come forth, spring up; ort lce, at dawn.
plus, -, m., stake.
prae-actus, -a, -um, sharp at the end, pointed, sharp.
reditus, -s [rede], m., return.
re-pell, repellere, reppul, repulsus, drive back or away, repulse,
repel.
re-pn, -pnere, -posu, -positus, put or set back; store up or away.
restitu, -stituere, -stitu, -stittus [re- + statu], set up again, put
back, restore.
sps, spe, f., hope.
vr [vrus], adv., in truth, truly, indeed; however.

Ort lce, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
quod, "that he had done" or only "as," direct object of an unexpressed
fcerat.
correpts enim dubus, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
reliqus virs, cardinal numbers (except mlia) regularly take the
Ablative with (ex) or d instead of the partitive genitive
A&G 346, c.
cum saxum mvisset, cum temporal clause, A&G 546.
cum pecore su, ablative of accompaniment A&G 413.
quod cum Graec vidrent, connecting relative A&G 308, f and a
cum causal clause, A&G 549.
s . . . vsrs (esse), indirect statement A&G 577-592.
omn sp . . . dposit, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
magn . . . cnsil, genitive of quality A&G 345.
rem . . . esse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
in discrmine, ablative of specification A&G 418.
summ cum dligenti, ablative of manner A&G 412.
quid fier vellet, indirect question A&G 573-574.

88. A GLASS TOO MUCH
Sub vesperum Polyphmus ad spluncam rediit, et edem mod qu ante cnvit. Tum
Ulixs trem vn prmpsit, quem forte (id quod e erat salt) scum attulerat; et postquam
magnum pculum vn complvit, monstrum ad bibendum prvocvit. Polyphmus, qu
numquam ante vnum gustverat, ttum pculum statim exhausit; quod cum fcisset, tantam
volupttem percpit ut iterum et tertium pculum replr iusserit. Tum, cum quaesvisset qu
nmine Ulixs appellrtur, ille respondit s Nminem appellar; quod cum audvisset,
Polyphmus ita loctus est: "Hanc, tibi grtiam pr tant benefici referam; t postrmum
omnium dvorb." Hoc cum dxisset, cib vnque gravis recubuit et brev tempore somn
oppressus est. Tum Ulixs socis convocts, "Habmus," inquit, "quam petiimus faculttem; n
igitur tantam occsinem re gerendae omittmus."

com-ple, -plre, -plv, -pltus, fill full, fill up.
ex-hauri, -haurre, -haus, -haustus, drink up or off, drain.
facults, -ttis [facilis, easy], f., possibility, opportunity, chance, means.
forte [fors, chance], adv., by chance, accidentally.
grtia, -ae [grtus], f., favor; gratitude, thanks; plur., thanks; grtis
agere, to give thanks, thank; grtiam referre, to return a
favor, show gratitude, requite.
gust, gustre, gustv, gusttus, taste.
iterum, adv., again, a second time.
iube, iubre, iuss, issus, bid, order, command.
loquor, loqu, loctus sum, speak.
nm, nminis [ne-, not + hom], m. and f., no one, nobody.
occsi, -nis [occid, fall], f., chance, opportunity.
omitt, -mittere, -ms, -missus [ob + mitt], let go, neglect, disregard,
throw away, lose.
opprim, -primere, -press, -pressus [ob + prem], press against,
overpower, crush.
pet, petere, peti (or petv), pettus, seek, ask; attack.
pculum, - [pt, drink], n., cup.
Polyphmus, -, m., Polyphemus.
postrmus, -a, -um, superl. of posterus, last.
prm, prmere, prmps, prmptus [pr + em], take or bring out,
produce.
quaer, quaerere, quaesv, quaestus, seek; ask, inquire.
re-cumb, -cumbere, -cubu, lie back or down.
reple, replre, replv, repltus, fill again or up, fill.
tertium [tertius], adv., the or a third time.
ter, tris, m., wine-skin.
vesper, vesperis, m., evening.
volupts, -ttis [vol], f., pleasure.

Sub vesperum, the preposition takes the accusative when it means right
up next to something. So here it means something like just as
evening was beginning.
edem mod qu ante cnvit, there is an an ellipsis of expression
here. Instead of repeating cnvit again after qu ante, it is
left to the reader to understand.
trem, The ancients transported wine in goat-skins.
e . . . salt, double dative construction. See note in Chapter 22 on
auxili Hydrae.
ad bibendum, gerund of purpose.
quod cum fcisset, connecting relative A&G 308, f, and cum
temporal, A&G 546.
ut . . . iusserit, result clause.
cum quaesvisset, cum temporal clause, A&G 546.
qu nmine Ulixs appellrtur, indirect question A&G 573-574.
s Nminem appellar, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
quod cum audvisset, connecting relative and cum temporal.
cum dxisset, cum temporal clause, A&G 546.
inquit, historical present. This verb is used with direct quotations, and
follows one or more words of the quotation. A&G 469.
quam faculttem, for faculttem quam. The antecedent is often put in
the relative clause in Latin. See qu flmine in Chapter 50.
n . . . omittmus, let us not lose. The subjunctive is used here in an
independent construction the hortatory subjunctive A&G
439. See liceat mihi in Chapter 76.
re gerendae, genitive of the gerundive.

89. THE BLINDING OF POLYPHEMUS
Hc rtine habit, postquam extrmum plum gn calefcit, oculum Polyphm
dormientis fervent lgn perfdit; qu fact omns in dverss spluncae parts s abdidrunt.
At ille subit ill dolre ocul somn excittus clmrem terribilem sustulit, et dum per
spluncam errat, Ulixem man prehendere cnbtur; cum tamen iam omnn caecus esset,
nll mod hoc efficere potuit. Intere reliqu Cyclps clmre audt undique ad spluncam
convnrunt, et ad introitum adstants quid Polyphmus ageret quaesvrunt, et quam ob
causam tantum clmrem sustulisset. Ille respondit s graviter vulnertum esse et magn dolre
adfic. Cum tamen poste quaesvissent quis e vim intulisset, respondit ille Nminem id
fcisse; quibus rbus audts nus Cyclpibus: "At s nm," inquit, "t vulnervit, haud
dubium est qun cnsili derum, quibus resistere nec possumus nec volumus, hc supplici
adficiris." Hoc cum dxisset, abirunt Cyclps eum in nsniam incidisse arbitrt.

abd, -dere, -did, -ditus, put away, hide.
adfici, -ficere, -fc, -fectus [ad + faci], do to, move, affect; afflict.
caecus, -a, -um, blind.
calefaci, -facere, -fc, -factus [cale, be hot + faci], make hot.
cnor, cnr, conatus sum, try, attempt.
effici, -ficere, -fc, -fectus [ex + faci], make or work out,
accomplish, effect.
err, errre, errv, errtus, wander, stray; be mistaken.
extrmus, extrma, extrmum, last, extreme, furthest.
ferve, fervre, ferbu, boil; glow, burn; be hot, seethe.
haud, adv., not at all, by no means, not.
incid, -cidere, -cid [in + cad], fall into or upon.
lgnum, lgn, n., wood.
plus, -, m., stake.
per-fodi, -fodere, -fd, -fossus, dig or pierce through, transfix.
quaer, quaerere, quaesv, quaestus, seek; ask, inquire.
supplicium, - [supplex, kneeling], n., punishment, torture.
toll, tollere, sustul, subltus, lift, raise; take away, remove.
undique [unde + -que], adv., from or on all sides.

Hc rtine habit, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
extrmum plum, the end of the stick. Like medius and summus,
extrmus is used for a part of what it modifies.
qu fact, connecting relative A&G 308, f; and, ablative absolute
A&G 419-420.
cum caecus esset, cum causal clause, A&G 549.
clmre audt, ablative absolute A&G 419-420.
quid Polyphmus ageret, indirect question A&G 573-574.
quam ob causam . . . sustulisset, indirect question A&G 573-574.
s graviter vulnertum esse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
magn dolre adfic, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
Nminem id fcisse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
quibus, resist is one of the transitive verbs which govern the dative.

90. THE ESCAPE
Polyphmus ubi socis sus abiisse snsit, furre atque menti impulsus Ulixem iterum
quaerere coepit; tandem cum portam invnisset, saxum qu obstrcta erat mvit, ut pecus in
agrs exret. Tum ipse in introit cnsdit, et ut quaeque ovis ad hunc locum vnerat, eius
tergum manibus trctbat, n vir inter ovs exre possent. Quod cum animadvertisset Ulixs,
intellxit omnem spem saltis in dol magis quam in virtte pn. Itaque hoc cnsilium iniit.
Prmum trs qus vidit pinguissims ex ovibus dlgit, qus cum inter s vminibus
coninxisset, num ex socis sus ventribus erum ita subicit ut omnn latret; deinde ovs
hominem scum ferents ad portam git. Id accidit quod fore suspictus erat. Polyphmus enim
postquam terga ovium manibus trctvit, es praeterre passus est. Ulixs ubi rem tam flciter
vnisse vdit, omns socis sus ex rdine edem mod msit; qu fact ipse novissimus
vsit.

accid, -cidere, -cid [ad + cad], fall to or upon; befall, happen.
mentia, -ae [ + mns, mind], f., madness.
coep, coepisse, coeptus have begun, began.
con-iung, -iungere, -inx, -inctus, join together, join.
deinde, adv., then, next.
dlig, -ligere, -lg, -lctus [d + leg], choose out, choose, select.
dolus, -, m., trick, craft.
flciter [flx, happy], adv., happily, fortunately, successfully.
impell, -pellere, -pul, -pulsus [in + pell], drive or urge on, incite.
ita [is], adv., in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as.
late, latre, latu, lie hid, be concealed.
rd, rdinis, m., arrangement, order, rank; ex rdine, in order.
ovis, ovis, f., sheep.
patior, pat, passus sum, bear, suffer, allow.
pinguis, pingue, fat.
Polyphmus, -, m., Polyphemus.
pn, pnere, posu, positus, place, put; pn with in and abl., to be
placed in, rest or depend on.
praeter-e, -re, -i, -itus, pass by.
quaer, quaerere, quaesv, quaestus, look for, seek; ask, inquire.
quis-que, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron., each.
subici, -icere, -ic, -iectus [sub + iaci], throw or place under.
suspicor, -spicr, -spictus [suspici, look askance at], suspect.
trct, tractre, tractv, tracttus [freq. of trah], handle, touch,
feel.
venter, ventris, m., belly.
vmen, vminis, n., osier, willow, or dogwood twig.
virts, -ttis [vir], f., manliness, courage, bravery.

socis sus abiisse snsit, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
furre atque menti impulsus, , perfect passive participle, lit.,
"having driven by fury and madness," A&G 488, 494 and
496.It may be rendered by a relative clause, a concessive
clause, a causal clause, etc., e.g.,"who was driven by fury and
madness " or "since he was driven by . . . " etc. These
alternatives are regularly used when translating participles
(verbal adjectives).
cum portam invnisset, cum temporal clause, A&G 546.
ut pecus in agrs exret, purpose clause A&G 531, 1.
pecus, pecora is used of herds of cattle, pecuds of individual animals,
especially sheep.
ut . . . vnerat, ut with the indicative regularly means as.
n vir . . . possent, negative purpose clause A&G 531, 1.
Quod cum animadvertisset, connecting relative A&G 308, f, and
cum temporal, A&G 546.
omnem spem . . . pn, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
cum . . . coninxisset, cum temporal clause, A&G 546.
inter s, "to one another" or "together." Literally "between or among
themselves."
ut . . . latret, result clause, A&G 537.
ventribus, a dative may be regarded as governed by a compound verb,
if it can be rendered in a prepositional phrase with the prefix
of the verb: here "placed under their bellies."
ferents, present active participle, used in the same construction
impulsus is above.
fore, this is an alternate form of futrus esse, the future infinitive of
sum, esse, fu, "would happen." See note in Chapter 71.
rem tam flciter vnisse, indirect statement A&G 577-592.
qu fact, connecting relative A&G 308, f; and, ablative absolute
A&G 419-420.

91. OUT OF DANGER
Is rbus ita cnfects, Ulixs veritus n Polyphmus fraudem sentret, cum socis quam
celerrim ad ltus contendit; qu cum vnissent, ab is qu nv praesidi relict erant magn
cum laetiti except sunt. H enim cum nxis anims iam trs dis continus reditum erum
exspectvissent, es in aliquod perculum magnum incidisse (id quidem quod erat) suspict,
ips auxiliand caus gred parbant. Tum Ulixs nn satis ttum arbitrtus in e loc manre,
quam celerrim proficsc cnstituit. Iussit igitur omns nvem cnscendere, et ancors sublts
paulum ltore in altum prvectus est. Tum magn vce exclmvit: "T, Polyphme, qu ira
hospit spernis, istam et dbitam poenam immnittis tuae solvist." Hc vce audt
Polyphmus r vehementer commtus ad mare s contulit, et ubi nvem paulum ltore
remtam esse intellxit, saxum ingns man correptum in eam partem conicit unde vcem
venre snsit. Graec autem, ets nn multum fuit qun submergerentur, nll damn accept
cursum tenurunt.

arbitror, arbitrr, arbitrates sum, consider, think, judge.
auxilior, auxiliar, auxilitus sum [auxilium], help.
causa, -ae, f., cause, reason; abl. caus, for the sake of.
celeriter [celer, swift], adv., swiftly, quickly; superlative celerrim.
cnfici, -ficere, -fc, -fectus [com- + faci], make or do completely,
complete, finish, accomplish, make; wear out.
cnscend, -scendere, -scend, -scnsus [com- + scand, climb],
climb; nvem cnscendere, to climb the ship, go on board,
embark.
con-tend, -tendere, -tend, -tentus, stretch, hasten, march.
continuus, -a, -um [contine], continuous, successive.
corripi, -ripere, -ripu, -reptus [com-+ rapi], seize, snatch, snatch
up.
damnum, damn, n., harm, injury.
excipi, -cipere, -cp, -ceptus [ex + capi], take out or up, receive,
welcome, entertain.
fraus, fraudis, f., deception, fraud.
immnits, immnittis [immnis, cruel], f., cruelty, barbarity.
incid, incidere, incid [in + cad], fall into or upon.
is, iris, n., right, justice, law; is dcere, to pronounce judgment; is
irandum, iris irand [gerundive of ir, swear], oath.
laetitia, laetitiae [laetus, joyful], f., joy.
poena, poenae, f., penalty, punishment.
praesidium, - [praeses], n., protection; guard, escort.
proficscor, -ficsc, -fectus [prfici, make progress], set out, depart,
start, march.
pr-veh, -vehere, -vex, -vectus, carry forward.
reditus, redits [rede], m., return.
re-linqu, -linquere, -lqu, -lictus, leave behind, leave.
spern, spernere, sprv, sprtus, despise, scorn.
suspicor, -spicr, -spictus [suspici, look askance at], suspect.
toll, tollere, sustul, subltus, lift, raise; take away, remove; ancors
tollere, to weigh anchor.
ttus, -a, -um [part. of tueor, watch over], safe.

id quidem quod erat, "as was indeed the case."
aliquod, this form is regularly used as an adjective, aliquid as a
substantive. Compare the notes on aliqu and quoddam in
Chapter 73.

Identify:
ablatives absolute
ablatives of accompaniment
ablatives of agent
ablatives of degree of difference
ablatives of description
ablatives of manner
ablatives of means or instrument
ablatives of separation
accusatives of how long
complementary infinitives
connecting relative pronouns
contrary-to-fact conditional
sentences
cum clauses (temporal, causal &
concessive)
dative of agent
dative w/ adjectives
dative w/ compound verbs
direct address
double dative constructions
future conditional sentences
gerunds, gerundives and passive
periphrastics
indirect commands
indirect questionsindirect statements
objective genitive
objective infinitives
places from which
places to which
present, perfect and future participles
purpose clauses
quam w / the superlative
qun w / subjunctive
relative clauses
result clauses
simple conditional sentences
the subjunctive after verbs of fearing
the tense, voice and mood of all
verbs

92. THE COUNTRY OF THE WINDS
Pauca mlia passuum ab e loc prgressus Ulixs ad nsulam Aeoliam nvem appulit.
Haec patria erat ventrum, "Hc vst rx Aeolus antr luctants vents tempesttsque sonrs
imperi premit ac vincls et carcere frnat." Ibi rx ipse Graecs hospiti excpit, atque is
persusit ut ad recuperands vrs paucs dis in e regine commorrentur. Septim di cum
soci labribus s recpissent, Ulixs, n ann tempore nvigtine excldertur, sibi sine
mor proficscendum statuit. Tum Aeolus, qu scibat Ulixem cupidissimum esse patriae
videndae, e iam profectr magnum saccum cori cnfectum dedit, in qu vents omns
praeter num inclserat. Zephyrum tantum solverat, quod ille ventus ab nsul Aeoli ad
Ithacam nvigant est secundus. Ulixs hoc dnum libenter accpit, et grtis pr tant benefici
cts saccum ad mlum adligvit. Tum omnibus rbus ad profectinem parts merdin fer
tempore port solvit.

ad-lig, -ligre, -ligv, -ligtus, bind to, bind.
antrum, antr, n., cave.
commoror, commorr, commortus sum, tarry, linger, delay, stay.
corium, cori, n., hide, leather.
cupidus, cupida, cupidum [cupi], desirous, eager.
fer, adv., nearly, about, almost, for the most part.
frn, frnre, frnv, frntus [frnum, bridle], bridle, restrain.
hospitium, hospiti [hospes, host], n., hospitality.
imperium, imperi [imper], n., command; sway, rule.
mlus, ml, m., mast.
merdinus, merdina, merdinum [merdis], midday, noonday;
merdinum tempus, midday, noon.
praeter [prae, before], prep. with acc., before, past, by; besides, except.
prem, premere, press, pressus, press, check, restrain.
profecti, profectinis [proficscor], f., departure, start.
start, march.
secundus, -secunda, secundum [sequor], following, favorable.
solv, solvere, solv, soltus, loosen, unbind, release; pay; with or
without nvem, cast off, set sail, put to sea.
sonrus, sonra, sonrum [son, sound], sounding, loud, noisy.
statu, statuere, statu, stattus [st], cause to stand; decide, resolve.
tantum [tantus], adv., so much or far, only.
tempests, tempesttis [tempus], f., weather; storm, tempest.
vinc(u)lum, vinc(u)l [vinci], n., bond, chain.

"Hc . . . frnat." These verses, and those in Chapters 93 and 97, are
quoted from Vergil's Aeneid, one of the greatest of epic
poems.
vst . . . antr, the omission of the preposition in is poetic.
vincls, is another spelling for vinculs.
nvigant, "for one who is sailing."
Ithacam, the accusative of names of small islands is used without a
preposition to express place to which. Of what other words is
this true?

Identify:
ablatives absolute
ablatives of agent
ablatives of manner
concessive)
direct address
periphrastics
indirect statements
objective genitive
places from which
places to which
qun w / subjunctive
relative clauses
verbs

93. THE WIND-BAG
Novem dis secundissim vent cursum tenurunt, iamque in cnspectum patriae suae
vnerant, cum Ulixs lassitdine cnfectus (ipse enim gubernbat) ad quitem capiendam
recubuit. At soci, qu iam ddum mrbantur quid in ill sacc inclsum esset, cum ducem
somn oppressum vidrent, tantam occsinem nn omittendam arbitrt sunt; crdbant enim
aurum et argentum ibi esse clta. Itaque sp lucr adduct saccum sine mor solvrunt, qu
fact vent "velut gmine fact qu data porta ruunt, et terrs turbine perflant." Hc tanta
tempests subit corta est ut ill cursum tenre nn possent sed in eandem partem unde erant
profect referrentur. Ulixs somn excittus qu in loc rs esset statim intellxit; saccum
soltum, Ithacam post tergum relictam vdit. Tum vr r vehementer exrsit socisque
obirgbat quod cupiditte pecniae adduct spem patriae videndae pricissent.

gmen, gminis [ag], n., band, column.
cl, clre, clv, cltus, hide, conceal.
cnspectus, -s [cnspici], m., sight.
corior, corr, cortus, arise.
ddum, adv., formerly, of old; iam ddum, for a long time now
dux, ducis, m. and f., leader, commander.
exrdsc, exrdscere, exrs, exrsus, blaze out, be inflamed, rage.
gubern, gubernre, gubernv, guberntus, steer (a ship)
lassitd, lassitdinis [lassus, weary], f., weariness.
lucrum, lucr, n., gain.
mror, mrr, mrtus sum [mrus], wonder, wonder at.
obirg, obirgre, obirgv, obirgtus, chide, scold, reproach.
omitt, omittere, oms, omissus [ob + mitt], let go, neglect,
disregard, throw away, lose.
pecnia, pecniae [pecus], f., money (the possession of cattle
constituting wealth in early times).
perfl, perflre, perflv, perfltus, blow through or over.
proficscor, proficsc, profectus [prfici, make progress], set out,
depart, start, march.
prici, -icere, -ic, -iectus [pr + iaci], throw forth or down, cast
away, throw.
recumb, recumbere, recubu, lie back or down.
saccus, sacc, m., bag, sack.
secundus, -secunda, secundum [sequor], following, favorable.
solv, solvere, solv, soltus, loosen, unbind, release; pay; with or
without nvem, cast off, set sail, put to sea.
vr [vrus], adv., in truth, truly, indeed; however.

mrbantur, "had been wondering." With iam di and similar
expressions of duration of time, the imperfect indicative is
used to represent an action or state that began previously to a
given past time, and was still continuing at that time. Compare
the note in Chapter 3 on es.
vent, is the subject of ruunt and perflant.
velut agmine fact, "as if formed in a column."
qu, is the adverb.
data, est is omitted.
abicissent, See the note on rept essent in Chapter 66. The verb is
subjunctive in a subordinate clause of indirect discourse. A&G
580; A&G 585ff.

Identify:
ablatives absolute
ablatives of agent
ablatives of manner
concessive)
direct address
periphrastics
indirect statements
objective genitive
places from which
places to which
qun w / subjunctive
relative clauses
verbs

94. A DRAWING OF LOTS
Brev spati intermiss Graec nsulae cuidam appropinquvrunt in qu Circ, flia
Slis, habitbat. Qu cum nvem appulisset, Ulixs in terram frmentand caus grediendum
esse statuit; nam cgnverat frmentum quod in nv habrent iam dficere. Socis igitur ad s
convocts qu in loc rs esset et quid fier vellet ostendit. Cum tamen omns memori
tenrent quam crdl morte nect essent i qu nper nv gress essent, nm repertus est
qu hoc negtium suscipere vellet. Quae cum ita essent, rs ad contrversiam dducta est.
Tandem Ulixs cnsns omnium socis in dus parts dvsit, qurum alter Eurylochus, vir
summae virttis, alter ipse praeesse. Tum h inter s sortt sunt uter in terram gredertur. Hc
fact, Euryloch sorte vnit ut cum dubus et vgint socis rem susciperet.

appell, -pellere, -pul, -pulsus [ad + pell], drive to, bring to; with or
without nvem, put in.
appropinqu, -propinqure, -propinquv, -propinqutus [ad +
propinqu], approach to, approach.
Circ, Circs, f., Circe.
crdlis, crdele, cruel.
dfici, dficere, dfc, dfectus [d + faci], fail; be wanting.
gredior, -gred, -gressus [ + gradior], go out or forth, go ashore,
disembark.
veni, venre, ven, ventus, come out; turn out, happen, befall.
f, fer, factus sum, be done or made, become, happen.
frmentor, -r, -tus [frmentum], fetch grain, forage.
frmentum, frment [fruor, enjoy], n., grain.
inter-mitt, -mittere, -ms, -mssus, leave off, interrupt; let pass;pass.,
be left between, intervene, elapse.
mors, mortis [morior], f., death.
nec, necre, necv, nectus, put to death, slay, kill.
nm, nminis [ne-, not + hom], m. and f., no one, nobody.
nper [novus], adv., newly, lately, recently.
ostend, -tendere, -tend, -tentus [ob + tend], stretch out before,
show, explain.
prae-sum, -esse, -fu, be before, preside over, have charge of,
command.
reperi, reperre, repper, repertus, find, discover.
sl, slis, m., sun.
sors, sortis, f., lot.
sortior, -sortr, -sorttus sum [sors], cast or draw lots; choose.
spatium, spati, n., space, interval; space of time, time.
suscipi, suscipere, suscp, susceptus [sub + capi], undertake.
uter, utra, utrum, which (of two)?
vgint, indecl. adj., twenty.

in terram grediendum esse, "that a landing must be made."
quam, is the adverb.
vellet, the subjunctive is used in relative clauses describing the person or
thing denoted by an indefinite antecedent. In this use, the
relative clause is necessary to complete the meaning of the
sentence. Here, for instance, the thought is not "no one was
found," but "no one willing to undertake this task was found."
dducta est, "came."
praeesset, "was to command."
ut . . . susciperet, subject of vnit. Certain verbs expressing occurrence
may have a substantive clause of result as subject. A&G 567-568
(footnote 2).

Identify:
ablatives absolute
ablatives of agent
ablatives of manner
concessive)
direct address
periphrastics
indirect statements
objective genitive
places from which
places to which
qun w / subjunctive
relative clauses
verbs

95. THE HOUSE OF THE ENCHANTRESS
Hs rbus ita cnstittis i qu sortt erant in interirem partem nsulae profect sunt.
Tantus tamen timor anims erum occupverat ut nihil dubitrent qun mort obviam rent. Vix
quidem poterant i qu in nv relict erant lacrims tenre; crdbant enim s socis sus
numquam post hoc tempus vsrs. Ill autem aliquantum itineris prgress ad vllam quandam
pervnrunt summ mgnificenti aedifictam, cius ad stium cum adiissent, cantum
dulcissimum audvrunt. Tanta autem fuit eius vcis dulcd ut nll mod retinr possent
qun inuam pulsrent. Hc fact ipsa Circ fors exiit, et summ cum bengnitte omns in
hospitium invtvit. Eurylochus nsidis sibi comparr suspictus fors exspectre cnstituit,
sed reliqu re novitte adduct intrvrunt. Cnam mgnificam omnibus rbus nstrctam
invnrunt et iss dominae libentissim accuburunt. At Circ vnum quod serv apposurunt
medicment qudam miscuerat; quod cum Graec bibissent, grav somn subit oppress sunt.

accumb, -cumbere, -cubu, -cubitus, lie down (at table).
ali-quantum, -quant, n., somewhat.
appn, -pnere, -posu, -positus [ad + pn], put to or near, set
before, serve.
bengnits, bengnittis [bengnus, kind], f., kindness.
cantus, cants [can, sing], m., singing, song.
com-par, -parre, -parv, -partus, prepare, collect.
cnstitu, -stituere, -stitu, -stittus [com- + statu], set together or
up; appoint; determine, decide.
dulcd, dulcdinis [dulcis], f., sweetness.
dulcis, dulce, sweet; superl. dulcissimus, -a, -um.
fors [foris], adv., out of doors, forth, out.
fors [foris], adv., out of doors, without.
nsidiae, nsidirum, f. plur., ambush; plot, stratagem.
n-stru, -struere, -strx, -strctus, build in or into; draw up; equip,
furnish.
iter, itineris [e], n., a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey,
march.
issus, -s [iube], m., bidding, command.
libenter [libns, willing], adv., willingly, gladly; superl., libentissim.
medicmentum, - [medic, heal], n., drug; poison, potion.
misce, miscre, miscu, mxtus, mix, mingle.
morior, mor, mortuus, die.
novits, -ttis [novus], f., newness, novelty.
obviam [ob + via], adv., in the way, opposite, face to face; obviam
fier, to meet; obviam re, to go to meet.
opprim, -primere, -press, -pressus [ob + prem], press against,
overpower, crush.
stium, sti [s], n., mouth, doorway, door.
start, march.
puls, -re, -v, -tus [freq. of pell], push or strike against, knock.
retine, -tinre, -tinu, -tentus [re- + tene], hold or keep back, keep,
restrain; hold fast.
sortior, -sortr, -sorttus sum [sors], cast or draw lots; choose.
suspicor, suspicr, suspictus [suspici, look askance at], suspect.
vix, adv., with difficulty, scarcely, hardly, barely.

aliquantum itineris, "some distance on the journey," accusative of
extent of space and partitive genitive.
qun pulsrent, "from knocking." Qun with the subjunctive may be
used after negative expressions of hindrance.
sibi, "against them," dative of refence.
fors, this adverb was originally a locative, and is therefore used with
verbs of rest; but fors was originally an accusative, and is
used with verbs of motion.
accuburunt, the Greeks and Romans reclined at dinner on couches,
propped up on their left arm. They naturally represented others
as eating in the same way.

Identify:
ablatives absolute
ablatives of agent
ablatives of manner
concessive)
direct address
periphrastics
indirect statements
objective genitive
places from which
places to which
qun w / subjunctive
relative clauses
verbs

96. THE CHARM
Tum Circ, quae artis magicae summam scientiam habbat, bacul aure quod gerbat
capita erum tetigit; qu fact omns in porcs subit convers sunt. Intere Eurylochus gnrus
quid in aedibus agertur ad stium sedbat; postquam tamen ad slis occsum nxi anim et
sollicit exspectvit, slus ad nvem regred cnstituit. E cum vnisset, sollicitdine ac timre
tam perturbtus fuit ut quae vdisset vix dlcid nrrre posset. Ulixs autem satis intellxit
socis sus in percul versr, et gladi corrept Euryloch impervit ut sine mor viam ad
istam domum dmnstrret. Ille tamen mults cum lacrims Ulixem complexus obsecrre coepit
n in tantum perculum s committeret; s quid gravius e accidisset, omnium saltem in summ
discrmine futram. Ulixs autem respondit s nminem invtum scum adductrum; e licre, s
mllet, in nv manre; s ipsum sine ll praesidi rem susceptrum. Hoc cum magn vce
dxisset, nv dsiluit et nll sequente slus in viam s dedit.

baculum, bacul, n., stick, wand.
coep, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action), have
begun, began.
complector, complect, complexus sum, embrace.
dsili, dsilre, dsilu, dsultus [d + sali], leap down.
dlcid [dlcidus, distinct], adv., distinctly, plainly.
discrmen, discrminis, n., crisis, peril, danger.
ger, gerere, gess, gestus, carry, wear; carry on, do.
invtus, invta, invtum, unwilling.
licet, -re, -uit or -itum est, impers., is lawful or permitted.
ml, mlle, mlu [magis + vol], wish rather, prefer.
obsecr, obsecrre, obsecrv, obsecrtus, beseech, entreat.
praesidium, praesidi [praeses], n., protection; guard, escort.
sequor, sequ, sectus sum, follow.
sollicitd, sollicitdinis [sollicitus], f., anxiety, care, apprehension.
sollicitus, -a, -um, troubled, anxious.
suscipi, suscipere, suscp, susceptus [sub + capi], undertake.
tang, tangere, tetig, tctus, touch.
versor, -r, -tus [freq. of vert], keep turning, be busy or employed,
be involved; be.

s . . . futram, depends on the idea of saying in obsecrre. If you have
difficulty in understanding the indirect constructions of Latin,
try to determine what words would be used to express the idea
in the direct form. Here, for instance, Eurylochus is supposed
to have said: "s quid gravius tibi acciderit (future perfect),
omnium sals in summ discrmine erit."
gravius, "more serious."
s . . . susceptrum, Ulysses is supposed to have said: "nminem
invtum addcam; tibi licet, s mvs, in nv manre; ego ipse
sine ll praesidi rem suscipiam."
nll is here used as a substantive. Nllus and nll are regularly used
instead of the genitive and ablative of nm.

Identify:
ablatives absolute
ablatives of agent
ablatives of manner
concessive)
direct address
periphrastics
indirect statements
objective genitive
places from which
places to which
qun w / subjunctive
relative clauses
verbs

97. THE COUNTERCHARM
Aliquantum itineris prgressus ad vllam magnificam pervnit, quam cum oculs
perlstrsset, statim intrre statuit; intellxit enim hanc esse eandem domum d qu Eurylochus
mentinem fcisset. At cum lmen intrret, subit e obviam stetit adulscns frm pulcherrim
aureum baculum gerns. Hc Ulixem iam domum intrantem man corripuit et, "Qu ruis?"
inquit. "Nnne scs hanc esse Circs domum? Hc incls sunt amc tu ex hmn speci in
porcs convers. Num vs ipse in eandem calamittem venre?" Ulixs simul ac vcem audvit,
deum Mercurium gnvit; nlls tamen precibus ab nstitt cnsili dterrr potuit. Quod cum
Mercurius snsisset, herbam quandam e dedit, quam contr carmina multum valre dcbat.
"Hanc cape," inquit, "et ubi Circ t bacul tetigerit, t strict gladi impetum in eam vid ut
facis." Mercurius postquam fnem loquend fcit," mortls vss medi sermne relquit, et
procul in tenuem ex oculs vnuit auram."

gnsc, -gnscere, -gnv, -gnitus [ad + (g)nsc, come to know],
recognize.
ali-quantum, -quant, n., somewhat.
d-terre, -terrre, -terru, -territus, frighten off, deter.
-vnsc, -vnscere, -vnu, vanish away.
nstitu, -stituere, -stitu, -stittus [in + statu], decide upon,
determine.
iter, itineris [e], n., a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey,
march.
loquor, loqu, loctus, speak.
multum [multus], adv., much, greatly, far.
obviam [ob + via], adv., in the way, opposite, face to face; obviam
fier, to meet; obviam re, to go to meet.
per-lstr, -lstrre, -lstrv, -lstrtus, look over, examine, survey.
prex, precis, f., prayer, entreaty; good wishes.
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful; superl., pulcherrimus, -a, -um.
qu [quis and qu], adv., to what place? whither? to which place,
whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; qu sque,
till when? how long?
ru, ruere, ru, ruitrus, rush.
simul, adv., at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as.
tenuis, tenue, thin.
vale, -re, -u, -itrus, be strong or effectual, have effect, prevail.
vsus, -s [vide], m., sight.

Nnne, is used to introduce a question to which an affirmative answer is
expected. Compare the not on num in Chapter 77.
tetigerit, the indicative is used with ubi, "when," to represent a present
or future action. Compare the note on dcesser in Chapter
76.
t . . . facis, "see that you draw your sword and make an attack upon
her." impetum . . . facis is a substantive clause of volition
(purpose).
vss, "sight." The use of the word is poetic.
medi sermne, "even while he spoke."

Identify:
ablatives absolute
ablatives of agent
ablatives of manner
concessive)
direct address
periphrastics
indirect statements
objective genitive
places from which
places to which
qun w / subjunctive
relative clauses
verbs

98. THE ENCHANTRESS IS FOILED
Brev intermiss spati Ulixs ad omnia percula subeunda partus inuam pulsvit, et
foribus patefacts ab ips Circ bengn exceptus est. Omnia edem mod atque ante facta
sunt. Cnam magnific nstrctam vdit et accumbere issus est. Mox, ubi fams cib dpulsa
est, Circ pculum aureum vn repltum Ulix dedit. Ille ets suspictus est vennum sibi
partum esse, pculum exhausit; qu fact Circ postquam caput eius bacul tetigit, ea verba
locta est quibus socis eius ante in porcs converterat. Rs tamen omnn aliter vnit atque
illa sprverat. Tanta enim vs erat eius herbae quam Ulix Mercurius dederat ut neque vennum
neque verba quicquam efficere possent. Ulixs autem, ut e praeceptum erat, gladi strict
impetum in eam fcit et mortem minitbtur. Circ cum artem suam nihil valre snsisset,
mults cum lacrims eum obsecrre coepit n sibi vtam adimeret.

accumb, accumbere, accubu, accubitus, lie down (at table).
adim, -imere, -m, -mptus [ad + em], take to oneself, take away.
ante [ante], adv., before.
aureus, aurea, aureum [aurum], of gold, golden.
ex-hauri, -haurre, -haus, -haustus, drink up or off, drain.
excipi, -cipere, -cp, -ceptus [ex + capi], take out or up, receive,
welcome, entertain.
fams, famis, abl. fam, f., hunger.
foris, foris, f., door.
inua, inuae, f., door.
n-stru, -struere, -strx, -strctus, build in or into; draw up; equip,
furnish.
inter-mitt, -mittere, -ms, -mssus, leave off, interrupt; let pass;pass.,
be left between, intervene, elapse.
loquor, loqu, loctus, speak.
mgnific [mgnificus], adv., splendidly.
minitor, minitr, minittus sum[minae], threaten.
patefaci, -facere, -fc, -factus [pate, be open + faci], throw, or lay
open, open.
pculum, pcul [pt, drink], n., cup.
praecipi, -cipere, -cp, -ceptus [prae, before + capi], take
beforehand, anticipate; order, charge.
puls, -re, -v, -tus [freq. of pell], push or strike against, knock.
re-ple, -plre, -plv, -pltus, fill again or up, fill.
spatium, spati, n., space, interval; space of time, time.
spr, sprre, sprv, sprtus [sps], hope.
sub-e, -re, -i, -itus, go under; undergo, submit to, sustain, bear,
endure.
suspicor, suspicr, suspictus [suspici, look askance at], suspect.

foribus, this word is usually plural, denoting the two leaves of a double
door.
atque, "as." Atque or ac may be used with adjectives and adverbs
expressing the idea of likeness.
ut erat e praeceptum, "as it had been directed him." Intransitive verbs
can only be used impersonally in the passive; for it is the
direct object of the active verb that becomes the subject of the
passive. Intransitive verbs which take the dative in the active
construction retain the dative in the passive. Since the
corresponding English verbs are transitive, the dative is
rendered as the direct object in the active construction and as
the subject in the passive.
nihil valre, "had no effect." In this sense nihil is equivalent to an
adverb. It is stronger than nn.
sibi vtam adimeret, "take her life." The dative of reference may be
used with certain verbs to denote the person from whom a
thing is given. This construction is sometimes called the dative
of separation.

Identify:
ablatives absolute
ablatives of agent
ablatives of manner
concessive)
direct address
periphrastics
indirect statements
objective genitive
places from which
places to which
qun w / subjunctive
relative clauses
verbs

99. MEN ONCE MORE
Ulixs autem ubi snsit eam timre perterritam esse, postulvit ut socis sus sine mor
in hmnam speciem redceret (certior enim factus erat de Mercuri es in porcs converss
esse); nisi id factum esset, s dbits poens smptrum ostendit. Circ hs rbus graviter
commta e ad peds s pricit, et mults cum lacrims ire irand cnfrmvit s quae ille
impersset omnia factram. Tum porcs in trium immitt iussit. Ill dat sgn inrurunt, et
cum ducem suum gnvissent, magn dolre adfect sunt quod nll mod eum d rbus sus
certirem facere poterant. Circ tamen unguent qudam corpora erum nxit; qu fact sunt
omns statim in hmnam speciem restitt. Magn cum gaudi Ulixs sus amcs gnvit, et
nntium ad ltus msit, qu reliqus Graecs socis recepts esse dceret. Ill autem hs rbus
cgnits statim in domum Circs s contulrunt; qu cum vnissent, nivers laetitiae s
ddidrunt.

gnsc, -gnscere, -gnv, -gnitus [ad + (g)nsc, come to know],
recognize.
certus, -a, -um [part. of cern], determined, fixed, certain; certirem
facere, to make more certain, inform.
cn-frm, -frmre, -frmv, -frmtus, strengthen, establish;
declare, assert.
d-d, -dere, -did, -ditus, give away or up; surrender.
imper, imperre, imperv, impertus, command, order, enjoin.
in-ru, -ruere, -ru, rush in.
is, iris, n., right, justice, law; is dcere, to pronounce judgment; is
irandum, iris irand [gerundive of ir, swear], oath.
laetitia, laetitiae [laetus, joyful], f., joy, happiness.
show, explain.
postul, postulre, postulv, postultus, ask, request, demand.
prici, -icere, -ic, -iectus [pr + iaci], throw forth or down, cast
away, throw.
sm, smere, smps, smptus [sub + em], take under or up, take;
poenam smere, to exact or inflict punishment.
ung, ungere, nx, nctus, smear, anoint.
unguentum, unguent [ung], n., ointment.
niversus, -a, -um [nus + vert], all together, whole, entire, all.

e peds, "his feet." The dative of reference A&G 376-378, is often
used instead of a genitive or a possessive adjective.
sunt, belongs to restitt.
in domum, when domum is modified by a genitive, a preposition may
be used with it in the expression of place to which.

Identify:
ablatives absolute
ablatives of agent
ablatives of manner
concessive)
direct address
periphrastics
indirect statements
objective genitive
places from which
places to which
qun w / subjunctive
relative clauses
verbs

100. AFLOAT AGAIN
Postrdi eius di Ulixs ex hc nsul quam celerrim discdere in anim habbat. Circ
tamen cum haec cgnvisset, ex odi ad amrem conversa omnibus precibus eum rre et
obtestr coepit ut paucs dis apud s morrtur; qu r tandem impetrt tanta beneficia in
eum contulit ut facile e persudrtur ut ditius manret. Postquam tamen ttum annum apud
Circn cnsmpserat, Ulixs magn dsderi patriae suae mtus est. Socis igitur ad s
convocts quid in anim habret ostendit. Ubi tamen ad ltus dscendit, nvem suam
tempesttibus tam adflctam invnit ut ad nvigandum paene intilis esset. Hc r cgnit
omnia quae ad nvs reficiends su essent comparr iussit, qu in r tantam dligentiam
omns adhibbant ut ante tertium diem opus perfcerint. At Circ ubi omnia ad profectinem
parta esse vdit, rem aegr ferbat et Ulixem vehementer obsecrbat ut e cnsili dsisteret.
Ille tamen, n ann tempore nvigtine excldertur, mtrandum sibi exstimvit, et
tempesttem idneam nactus nvem solvit. Multa quidem percula Ulix subeunda erant
antequam in patriam suam pervenret, quae tamen hc loc longum est perscrbere.

adhibe, -hibre, -hibu, -hibitus [ad + habe], hold to, employ, show.
com-par, -parre, -parv, -partus, prepare, collect.
exstim, -stimre, -stimv, -stimtus [ex + aestim, value],
consider, believe, think.
idneus, idnea, idneum, suitable, fit; favorable.
impetr, -petrre, -petrv, -petrtus, gain one's end, obtain (a
request).
in-tilis, in-tile, not useful, useless.
mtr, -re, -v, -tus [mtrus, ripe], ripen; hasten.
ob-testor, -testr, -testtus, call to witness; beseech, implore.
obsecr, obsecrre, obsecrv, obsecrtus, beseech, entreat.
odium, odi [d], n., hatred.
r, rre, rv, rtus [s], speak; beg, pray.
show, explain.
perfici, -ficere, -fc, -fectus [per + faci], do or make through,
accomplish.
prex, precis, f., prayer, entreaty; curse; pl., good wishes.
profecti, profectinis [proficscor], f., departure, start; a setting out.
refici, -ficere, -fc, -fectus [re- + faci], make anew, renew, repair.
sub-e, -re, -i, -itus, go under; undergo, submit to, sustain, bear,
endure.
tertius, tertia, tertium [trs], third.

Postrdi eius di, "next day," more literally "on the day following that
day." This idea may be expressed by postrdi alone.
e persudrtur, see the note on ut erat e praeceptum in Chapter 98.
The clause ut . . . manret is called the subject of
persudrtur, as ut . . . commorrentur (Chapter 92), is
called the object of persusit. An intransitive verb, then, can
have a clause as its subject or object.
patriae suae, objective genitive. Notice that the genitive in this
construction is often best rendered with "for."
su, "of use or useful." dative of purpose (or tendency) A&G 382,1.
Ulix, dative of agent with the passive periphrastic construction.
pervenret, "he should come." The subjunctive is used with antequam
to represent an action as expected or anticipated. A&G 551,
b.
hc loc, "here." Locus is often used in the ablative of place where
without the preposition in.
longum est, literally, "it is tedious," here perhaps"would be tedious."

Identify:
ablatives absolute
ablatives of agent
ablatives of manner
concessive)
direct address
periphrastics
indirect statements
objective genitive
places from which
places to which
qun w / subjunctive
relative clauses
verbs

abe, abre, abi, abitum, go away, depart.
accipi, accipere, accp, acceptum, receive, accept.
ad, prep. with acc., to, toward, at near, for.
affect; afflict.
ag, agere g, actum, drive; do; pass; lead; grtis
agere to give thanks.
animus, anim, m., mind, ; heart; spirit, courage.
appell, appellre, appellv, appelltus, name, call.
apud, prep. with acc., among, with.
at, conj., but.
atque, ac, conj., and.
audi, audre, audv, audtum, hear, listen or attend
to.
causa, causae, f., cause, reason; abl., for the sake of.
cter, cterae, cterae, pl. adj., the remaining, the
rest.
circum, prep. with acc., about, around, round.
cvis, cvis, m. and f., citizen, fellow-citizen, subject.
commove, commovre, commv, commtum,
move, rouse, disturb.
cnfer, cnferre, cntul, clltum, grant; with s, to
betake oneself.
conici, conicere, conic, coniectum, throw, cast,
hurl.
cnsilium, cnsili, n., advice; plan, design, purpose.
cnstitu, cnstituere, cnstitu, cnstittum, decide,
determine.
contend, contendere, contend, contentum, stretch,
hasten, march.
corpus, corporis, n., body.
cum, prep. with abl., with; as conj. when, since.
cupi, cupere, cupv, cupitum, desire, long for, wish,
want.
d prep. with abl., down from, from, out of; about.
dmonstr (1), point out, show; make known.
deus, de, m., god.
dc, dcere, dx, dictus, say, speak; diem ~, to
appoint or set a day.
dis, di, m. and f., day.
discd, discdere, discess, discessus, go apart,
withdraw, depart, leave.
domus, doms, f., house, home.
dormi, dormre, dormv, dormtum sleep.
dc, dcere, dx, ductum, lead, draw, bring; make.
ego, me, mihi, m, m, 1st sg. pers. pron., I, me.
e, re, i, itus go. Compare rede, ade, exe, ine,
etc.
etiam [et + iam], adv., and now, also, too, even.
excipi, excipere, excp, exceptum, take out or up,
receive, welcome.
exspect (1), look out for, wait for, await, expect; wait.
fer, ferre, tul, ltus, bear, bring, carry.
filia, fliae, f., daughter.
flius, fli, m., son.
fnis, fnis, m., end, boundary; pl., borders, territory.
frstr, adv., in vain.fugi, fugere, fg, fugitrus
[fuga], flee, run away.
gaude, gaudre, gvsus, be glad, rejoice.
ger, gerere, gess, gestum, carry, wear; carry on, do.

gratia, gratiae, f., favor, gratitude, thanks; pl., thanks;
with agere to give thanks.
habe, -re, -u, -itus, have, hold; consider.
habit, habitre, habitv, habittum, dwell, live.
hc, hinc and hc are adverbs.
honor, honris, m., honor.
iam, adv., already, now. iamque, adv., and now, and
already.
ibi, [is], adv., in that place, there.
in, prep. with abl., in, on, among; with acc., into, onto,
against, at.
inter, prep. with acc., between; among.
intere, adv., in the meantime, meanwhile.
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron., -self, (himself); very.
ita, adv., in this manner, thus, so
iterum, adv., a second time, again.
iube, iubre, iuss, iussum, bid, order, command.
locus, loc, m., (pl. loca, locrum, n.), place, situation.
ldus, ld, m., game, sport; school.
magnopere, adv., greatly, exceedingly.
magnus, magna, magnum, large, big, great, mighty;
loud.
mane, manre, mans, mansrum, remain.
manus, mans, f., hand; band, group.
mter, mtris, f., mother.
maximus, maxima, maximum, biggest, largest,
greatest; superl. of magnus.
medius, media, medium, middle (of).
mitt, mittere, ms, missum, send.
mors, mortis, f., death.
multus, multa, multum, much, great; pl., many.
nam, namque,conj., for.
nrr, (1), tell, relate, narrate.
nvis, nvis, f., ship.
nec, neque, conj., and not, nor.
nmen, nminis, n., name.
nox, noctis, f., night.
nllus, -a, -um [ne-, not + llus], not any, none, no.
nuntius, nunti, m., messenger; message.
occd, occidere, occd, occsum, cut down, kill.
occup, occupre, occupv, occuptum seize; fill.
omnis, omne, all, every.
oppidum, oppid, n., town.
paene, adv., almost, nearly.
par, parre, parv, partum, make ready, prepare.
parvus, parva, parvum, little, small.
pater, patris, m., father.
per, prep. with acc., through, by means of, throughout.
per-veni, -venre, -vn, -ventus, come through,
come, arrive, reach, with ad.
ps, pedis, m., foot.
post, adv., later; afterwards; preposition w. acc., after.
praetere, adv., moreover, besides, besides this.
prmum, adv., first, in the first place.
pr, prep. with abl., in front of; for, on behalf of.
propter, prep. with acc., on account of, because of, for.
puer, puer, m., boy.
quaer, quaerere, quasv, quaestum, seek; ask,
inquire, look for.
-que, enclitic conjunction, and.
qu, quae, quod, relat. pron., who, which, that; what.
qudam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron., (a) certain.
qu, adv., to what or which place? whither?
quod, conj., that, in that, because.
quondam, adv., once upon a time, formerly, once.
rede, -re, -i, -itus [re- + e], go back, return.
refero, referre, rettul, reltum, bring or carry back.
regnum, regn, n., royal power, rule, throne; kingdom.
rs, r, f., thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation.
rx, rgis, m., king.
rrsus, adv., again.
sed, conjunction, but.
semper, adv., always.
senti, sentre, sns, snsum, perceive, feel.
serv, servre, servv, servtum, save, preserve.
simul, adv., at the same time.
solv, solvere, solv, soltum, loosen, unbind,
release;open.
somnus, somn, m., sleep, drowsiness.
soror, sorris, f., sister.
sps, sp, f., hope.
suddenly.
--, su, sibi, s, s reflexive pronoun him-, her-, it,
themselves.
tempests, tempesttis, f., weather, storm, tempest.
tene, tenre, tenu, tentus, hold, keep; hold back,
restrain, stop.
terre, terrre, terru, territum, frighten, terrify.
terror, terrris [terre], m., terror, fright.
timor, timris [time], m., fear.
toll, tollere, sustul, subltum, lift, raise; take away.
t, tu, tibi, t, t, 2nd sg. pers. pron., you.
tum, adv., then, at that time; etiam tum, even then,
still.
ttus, tta, ttum, safe.
unda, undae, f., wave.
nus, na, num, one; only one, only, alone.
urbs, urbis, f., city.
vert, vertere, vert, versum, turn.
via, viae, f., road, street, way.
vide, vidre, vd, vsum, see; pass., seem.
vir, vir, m., man.
virts, virttis, f., manliness, courage, bravery
vs, vs, f., violence, force; virtue, potency; plur. vrs,
virium, strength;
vta, vtae, f., life; with ag, to lead or live a life.
voc, vocre, vocv, voctum, call, summon.
vulner, -re, -v, -tus [vulnus], wound.
vulnus, vulneris, n., wound.

1a) Purpose Clause: ut / n + subjunctive when something is done so something else may or may not happen.
(in order) to (not) do something / (in order) that something (not) be done
1b) Relative Purpose Clause: like the above, but instead of ut / n, a relative pronoun is used with the subjunctive.
who, which are to (not) do something / who, which are to have something be done [to them]
2) Indirect Command: ut / n + subjunctive (after verbs of asking, commanding, persuading, advising, encouraging, etc.)
(in order) to (not) do something / (in order) that something (not) be done
3) Result Clause: ut / ut nn + subjunctive (usually following main clause words as tot, tantus, totins, tam, sc, ita, ade, etc.)
so something, insuch a way, etc, that something is / does / has done to [them]
4) Indirect Question: question word + subjunctive
[I know] what you did last summer / [tell me] where you put my book / do you know how to translate an indirect question?
5a) Cum-Temporal Clause: cum with imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive denoting a sense of time (when, after)
when it was doing / being done, had been doing / had been done
5b) Cum-Causal Clause: cum with imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive denoting a sense of cause (because, since)
since, because it was doing / being done, had been doing / had been done
5c) Cum-Concessive Clause: cum with imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive denoting a sense of concession (although, even though)
even though it was doing / being done, had been doing / had been done
6) Indirect Statement: subject accusative . . . verb infinitive (after verbs of saying, knowing, thinking, believing, perceiving, etc.)
that he was doing, had done, going to do / was being done, had been done, going to be done
7) Ablative Absolute: noun (adjective, pronoun) in the ablative + participle (adjective, noun, pronoun) in the ablative
when / after the noun is, was, will be in such a way
8a) Gerund: present stem with ending -nd, -nd, or -ndum used by itself in the construction of a noun.
of, to / for, by / with / from doing
8b) Gerundive: gerund with an object, both in the case of the gerund, but gender and number of the object used as an adjective.
of, to / for, by / with / from doing something
8c) Passive Periphrastic: gerundive with a form of esse expressing obligation, propriety or necessity w/ or w/o the dative of agent.
something must be , had to be, properly be done
9a) Simple Condition in Present Time: s with present tense indicatives in protasis and apodosis.
if something is so, then this is so
9b) Simple Condition in Past Time: s with past tense indicatives in protasis and apodosis.
if something was so, then this was so
9c) Future More Vivid Condition: s with future tense indicatives in protasis and apodosis.
if someone does something, this will happen
9d) Future Less Vivid Condition: s with present tense subjnctives in protasis and apodosis.
if someone should do something, I would do this
9e) Contrary-to-Fact Condition in Present Time: s with imperfect subjunctives in protasis and apodosis.
if this were so {but it's not}, this would be
9f) Contrary-to-Fact Condition in Past Time: s with pluperfect subjunctives in protasis and apodosis.
if this had been so {but it's not}, this would have been

Main or Independent Clause Tense Time of Subordinate or Dependent Clause Dependent Subjunctive Clause Tense
Primary Sequence: present; future; perfect Time at the same time or after the main verb Present
(w/ have); future perfect --------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
Time before the main verb Imperfect
Secondary Sequence: imperfect; perfect (w/o Time at the same time or after the main verb Perfect
have); pluperfect --------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
Time before the main verb Pluperfect

DECLENSIONAL ENDINGS BY CASE
1
st
declension 2
nd
declension 3
rd
declension 4
th
declension 5
th
declension
Nominative. sg. -a -us, -er, (vir) -_____ -us -s
Nominative. pl. -ae - -s -s -s
Neuter Nom. sg. -um -_____ -
Neuter Nom. pl -a -(i)a -ua
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Accusative sg. -am -um -em -um -em
Accusative. pl. -s -s -s -s -s
Neuter Acc. sg. -um -_____ -
Neuter Acc. Pl -a -(i)a -ua
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Genitive. sg. -ae - -is -s -
Genitive. pl. -rum -rum -(i)um -uum -rum
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ablative. sg. - - -e, - - -
Ablative. pl. -s -s -ibus -ibus -ibus
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dative. sg. -ae - - -u -
Dative. pl. -s -s -ibus -ibus -bus
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vocative sg. -e, -

Roddes Fbulae Facilirs
1. CLOELIA (Livy 2.13.5-11)

Cloelia est puella Rmna. Est puella Rmae. Bona puella est. Itaque Rmam amat
Cloelia. Alis puells Rmns bene crat. Es mal circumstanti servat. Dat es
lberttem. Portat s et alis fmins trns aquam ad terram Rmnam. Natant per aquam
ad terram Rmnam et patri Porsinnae. Porsinna in Etrri habitat. R vr Porsinna
cum Rmns pugnat. Porsinna habet fmins Rmns in su terr. Hae fminae
captvae sunt Porsinnae. n nocte, Cloelia fbulam fmins nrrat. Fminae laetae sunt.
D libertte nunc cogitre possunt. Captvae iam di sunt. Cloeliae mults gratis
fminae dant. Laettia fminrum est magna. Nunc fminae sunt lberae. Cloelia fact est
bene nta.

Agrippa est nauta. Marcus est thlta. Cincinnatus est agricola Rmnus

2. AENEAS

Aeneas est Troianus vir. Haec pot d Aen nrrantur. Aens cum famili in Tri
habitat. Tri in Asi Minre est. Aens flius est Prim et deae Veneris. Aens et
familiam et patriam et des crat. Aens etiam Creusam amat. Aens et Creusa flium
nomine Ilum habent. Aens et Creusa Iulum amant. Tria Graeci auxili deae
Innis oppugnbtur. Aens et Trin Graecs pugnre temptant. Bene pugnant sed
Graecs vincere nn possunt. Aens et Trin trns aquam nvigre parant quod novam
Triam invenre temptant. In Troi habitat. Helena est fmina Spartae.

pres. act. indic.
e
s
it
mus
tis
eunt
imperf. act. indic.
bam
bs
bat
bmus
btis
bant
fut. act. indic.
b
bis
bit
bimus
bitis
bunt
perf. act. indic.
i (v)
ist (st)
iit
iimus
istis (stis)
irunt
ieram
iers
ierat
iermus
iertis
ierant
ier
ieris
ierit
ierimus
ieritis
ierint

pres. subjunc.
eam
es
eat
emus
etis
eant
imperf. subjunc.
rem
rs
ret
rmus
rtis
rnt
perf. subjunc.
ierim
ieris
ierit
ierimus
ieritis
ierint
pluperf. subjunc.
iissem
iisss
iisset
iissmus
iisstis
iissent

pres. act, imper.
sg.

pres. act. infin.
re

perf. act. infin.
iisse (sse)

fut. act. infin.
itrum esse

pres. act. partic.
ins, euntis

fut. act. partic.
itrus, -a, -um

gerundive
eundus, -a, -um
pl. te

Ritchies Fabulae Faciles

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Ritchies Fabulae Faciles

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PERSEUS

Acrisius, an ancient king of Argos, had been warned

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