Senyals i Sistemes

ESUP, UPF
1
Seminars 1 and 2: Sinusoids and Exponentials


1. Simplify the following expressions:
(a)
4
) 3 3 ( j
(b)
1
) 3 3 (

j
(c)
3 / 1
) 3 3 ( j
(d) { }
3 /
Re
j
je

2. Use trigonometric identity: ( ) sin sin cos cos cos m = , to derive an expression for
( ) 8 cos in terms of ( ) 9 cos , ( ) 7 cos and ( ) cos .
3. Define x(t) as x(t) = 3cos
0
t / 3 ( ). For
0
= 5, make a plot of x(t) over the range
10 t 20.
4. Make a carefully labeled sketch for each of the following functions.
(a) Sketch cos ( ) for values of in the range 0 6 .
(b) Sketch cos 0.2t ( ) for values of t such that three periods of the function are shown.
(c) Sketch cos 0.2t T
0
( ) for values of t such that three periods of the function are shown.
Label the horizontal axis in terms of the parameter T
0
.
(d) Sketch cos 0.2t T
0
+ 2 ( ) for values of t such that three periods of the function are
shown.
5. The figure below is a plot of a sinusoid wave. From the plot, determine values for the amplitude
(A), phase ( ) , and frequency( )
0
needed in the formula: ( ) ( ) + = t A t x
0
cos . Give the
answer as numerical values including the units where applicable.

6. Use complex exponentials (i.e., phasors) to show the following trigonometric identities
(a) cos
1
+
2
( )= cos
1
( )cos
2
( )sin
1
( )sin
2
( )
(b) cos
1

2
( )= cos
1
( )cos
2
( )+sin
1
( )sin
2
( )
Senyals i Sistemes
ESUP, UPF
2
7. The phase of a sinusoid can be related with the time-shift
( ) ( ) ( )
1 0 0
2 cos 2 cos ) ( t t f A t f A t x = + = .
(a) Determine the formula that relates with
1
t .
(b) When ( ) t t x 11 sin ) ( = determine the value of
1
t that would be needed to express x(t) as
( ) ( )
1 0
2 cos ) ( t t f A t x = .
(c) Prove that the maximum of the cosine wave is always at t t =
1
.
8. If ( ) ( ) ( ) 4 . 0 40 2 cos 20 = t t x find G and
1
t so that ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) t t t Gx t y 40 2 cos 5
1
= = , i.e.,
obtain an expression for ( ) ( ) ( ) t t y 40 2 cos 5 = in terms of ( ) t x .
9. Demonstrate that expanding the real part of
( ) j j j
e e e =
+
will give the same indetity as
( ) sin sin cos cos cos m = . It should be evident that the property
( ) sin cos cos sin sin = is obtained from the imaginary part.
10. Consider the three phasors
j
e X =
1
,
j
e X =
2
, and
2 1 3
X X X + = .
(a) Show that
2
3
)
2
cos( 2


+

=
j
e X .
(b) Plot the phasors in the complex plane and explain the result in part (a).
(c) Use the result of part (a) to write
j
e X =1 in polar form.
11. Let x n [ ] be the complex exponential [ ]
( ) 5 . 0 4 . 0
=
n j
e n x . If we define a new signal y n [ ] to be
the first difference: y n [ ] = x n [ ] x n 1 [ ] it is possible to express y n [ ] in the form
[ ]
( ) +
=
n j
Ae n y
0

. Determine the numerical values of A, , and

0
. (Should


0
be equal to
0.4 ?)
12. Show that the following representation can be derived from the real sine signal:
( )
t j j t j j
e e X e Xe t A
0 0
2 *
2
1
2
2
1
0
sin



+ = + , where X = Ae
j
. In this case the interpretation
is that the sine signal is composed of two complex exponentials with the same positive and
negative frequencies, but the complex coefficients multiplying the terms are different from
those of the cosine signals.
13. A signal x(t) is defined as: ( ) ( ) 4 3 200 cos 2 3 200 cos 2 ) ( + + = t t t x .
(a) Obtain phasor representations for both cosine signals in the above sum, and plot both
phasors in the complex plane.
(b) Use the phasors obtained in part (a) to express x(t) in the form ( ) ( ) + = t A t x
0
cos . Plot
any additional phasors needed to solve this part on the plot made in part (a).
(c) Find a complex-valued signal z(t) such that ( ) ( ) { } t z t x Re = .
Senyals i Sistemes
ESUP, UPF
3
14. A signal x(t) is defined as:
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 300 cos 2 5 300 cos 2 5 4 300 cos 20 ) ( + + + = t t t t x
(a) Obtain phasor representations for the three cosine signals and draw the phasors in the
complex plane.
(b) Add the three phasors drawn in part (a).
(c) Express x(t) in the form ( ) ( ) + = t A t x
0
cos .
15. Given ( ) ( ) ( ) t t t x
0 0
cos 3 45 sin 2 4 + + = .
(a) Express ( ) t x in the form ( ) ( ) + = t A t x
0
cos , where is expressed in radians.
(b) Assume that 10
0
= . Draw ( ) t x in the range 1 1 t . How many periods are
included in the drawing?
(c) Find the complex signal x
~
so that ( ) ( ) { } t x t x
~
Re = .
16. We define the general form of a discrete sinusoid as [ ] ,..., 2 , 1 , 0 ,
0
= = n Xz n x
n
, where
4
2

j
e X = ,
8
0
9 . 0

j
e z = .
(a) What is the amplitude of the sinusoid? Which is the phase in radians? What is the
phase in cicles per second? What is the phase in degrees?
(b) Draw { }
n
Xz
0
Re and { }
n
Xz
0
Im with respect to n.
(c) Draw
n
Xz
0
as a colection of dots in the complex plane (imaginary part with
respecto to real part).
17. Solve the following equation for M and . Obtain all possible answers. Use the phasor
method, and provide geometrical diagram to explain the answer.
( ) ( ) ( ) + + = t t M t
0 0 0
cos 5
6
cos cos 5

Hint: Describe the figure in the z-plane given the set z : z = 5e
j
5
{ }
where
0 2 .
18. Demonstrate that a complex exponential signal can also be a solution to the tuning for
differential equation:
d
2
x
dt
2
=
k
m
x t ( ). By substituting x t ( ) and x
*
t ( ) into both sides of the
differential equation show that the equiation is satisfied for all t by both of the signals
x t ( ) = Xe
j
0
t
and x
*
t ( ) = X
*
e
j
0
t
. Determine the value of
0
for which the differential
equation is satisfied.
19. Consider two sinusoids,
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
4
100 2 cos 4
3
100 2 cos 5
2
1

=
+ =
t t x
t t x

Obtain the representation with phasors of the two signals, add the phasors, draw the
phasors i their sum in the complex plane, and show that the sum of the two signals is
( ) ( ) ( ) 2747 . 0 100 2 cos 536 . 5
3
+ = t t x