This document outlines 12 buildability attributes that can be implemented during the design phase of building construction projects in Malaysia. It summarizes previous research on buildability concepts, attributes, principles, and how they relate to and contribute to buildability during the design phase. An extensive survey was conducted among Malaysian construction industry practitioners to measure the level of importance of each attribute. The survey found that "Provide Clear and Complete Design Information" was rated as the most important attribute, while "Less Work Below Ground" was rated as the least important. Most attributes were found to be significantly important and should be considered in future building design.
This document outlines 12 buildability attributes that can be implemented during the design phase of building construction projects in Malaysia. It summarizes previous research on buildability concepts, attributes, principles, and how they relate to and contribute to buildability during the design phase. An extensive survey was conducted among Malaysian construction industry practitioners to measure the level of importance of each attribute. The survey found that "Provide Clear and Complete Design Information" was rated as the most important attribute, while "Less Work Below Ground" was rated as the least important. Most attributes were found to be significantly important and should be considered in future building design.
This document outlines 12 buildability attributes that can be implemented during the design phase of building construction projects in Malaysia. It summarizes previous research on buildability concepts, attributes, principles, and how they relate to and contribute to buildability during the design phase. An extensive survey was conducted among Malaysian construction industry practitioners to measure the level of importance of each attribute. The survey found that "Provide Clear and Complete Design Information" was rated as the most important attribute, while "Less Work Below Ground" was rated as the least important. Most attributes were found to be significantly important and should be considered in future building design.
International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology
Vol 2, Issue 1, June 2011
24 Published by!ni"ersiti Tun #ussein $nn %alaysia &!T#%' and Concrete Society of %alaysia &CS%' http: //pen e rbi t. u th m .edu. m y /e jo u rnal/in d e x.ph p /journal/ijscet Buildability Attributes at Design Phase in Malaysian Building Construction Shaik Hussein Mydin 1 , osli Mohamad !in" 2 , Muhd !aimi #bd Majid $ , Mardiyah !ahidi 4 and #%tab Hameed Memon & 1, 2,$, 4 'onstruction (echnolo)y * Mana)ement 'entre +'(M',, -aculty o% 'i.il /n)ineerin) +-0#,, 1ni.ersiti (eknolo)i Malaysia +1(M, Skudai, 2ohor & -aculty o% 'i.il and /n.ironmental /n)ineerin), 1ni.ersiti (un Hussein 3nn Malaysia, 45466 7arit aja 8 9atu 7ahat, 2ohor, Malaysia " 'orrespondin) author, e8mail: rosli:in12$;yahoo.com ABSTRACT <n Malaysian construction industry, construction problem is a common occurrence that hinders the project to run smoothly, notably in traditional contractin) system =here the desi)n and construction process are separated. 7re.ious research re.ealed that buildability is able to minimise these problems as it link the desi)n and construction. (his study outlines the buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n. /xtensi.e re.ie=s ha.e been carried out on pre.ious researches on buildability concepts, attributes, principles and other areas related to, and contributin) to buildability mainly in the desi)n phase. (he term >buildability attribute? has been selected in this study to describe those characteristics =hich directly or indirectly optimi:e inte)ration o% construction kno=led)e in the buildin) process and balancin) the .arious project and en.ironment constraints to maximi:e project )oals and buildin) per%ormance. 'lose examinations o% a.ailable re%erences re.ealed that alto)ether there are 1@ buildability attributes that can be implemented durin) the desi)n phase. (he results o% sur.ey conducted in the study sho= that Malaysian construction industry practitioners rate the attributes 7ro.ide 'lear and 'omplete Aesi)n <n%ormation and Bess Cork 9elo= Dround as the most important and least important buildability attributes respecti.ely. (he client, consultant and contractor share the same opinion re)ardin) the le.el o% importance o% the identi%ied buildability attributes. 3ut o% 1@ attributes, 11 attributes ha.e si)ni%icantly hi)h mean .alues indicatin) that these buildability attributes ha.e to be considered in %uture buildin) desi)n. (his study has success%ully measured the le.el o% importance o% desi)n buildability attributes %or buildin) construction in Malaysia Keywords: (uildability )ttribute, *esign Phase +Corres,onding )uthor 1.0 INTRD!CTIN (here are a lot o% problems occurred durin) construction =here buildin)s or %acilities could not be built as desi)ned or could not be constructed e%%iciently. 7articularly in traditional contractin) system, the desi)n and construction are separated. Ee.ertheless, buildability is seen to be able to sol.e some o% the problems in the construction industry. <t is a concept that has been extensi.ely bein) de.eloped and applied in .arious countries such as the 1S#, 10 and later in #ustralia, =here their studies ha.e demonstrated that impro.ed buildability has lead to si)ni%icant sa.in)s in both cost and time reFuired %or completin) construction projects G184H. 9uildability, as kno=n in the 1.0., is the extent to =hich the desi)n o% a buildin) %acilitates ease o% construction subject to the o.erall reFuirements %or the completed buildin) G&H. <n the 1.S., it is kno=n as constructability, is de%ined as the optimum use o% construction kno=led)e and experience in plannin), en)ineerin), procurement and %ield operations to achie.e o.erall project objecti.es G5H. Aesi)ners, to)ether =ith other project participants in.ol.ed in the desi)n sta)e, should stay alert to the impact o% buildin) desi)ns on the do=nstream acti.ities. (he inte)ration o% )ood buildability into )ood o.erall desi)n is the responsibility o% the desi)n team. (he processes are executed by alterin) the attributes o% the desi)n, such as structure layout or the element si:e, that contribute to constructability problems based on construction aspects such as dimensional tolerances, rebar con)estion etc. 9uildability attribute is the term used in this study to describe buildability characteristic in optimisin) inte)ration o% construction kno=led)e in the buildin) process. 7roper and timely consideration o% buildabilty =ill ensure that the %inal desi)n outcome =ill meet all the per%ormance criteria that ha.e been set. Ee= de.elopments in the construction industry hi)hli)ht the importance and continued rele.ance o% buildability. <% adeFuate considerations are made durin) the desi)n sta)e in buildability aspects, it =ould help sa.e =aste%ul e%%orts throu)hout the =hole process o% buildin) de.elopment and increase e%%iciency. GIH stated that the early e%%orts o% buildability implementation can obli)e the en)ineer to make the best e%%orts at each sta)e o% the project. Ho=e.er, in Malaysia construction industry, research into buildability is still relati.ely not =ell de.eloped. (here is lack o% a.ailable sources and reliable documentation that detail those buildability concepts and )uide their application. Hence, Malaysian en)ineers ha.e a disad.anta)e by not kno=in) =hat, =hen and ho= they should enhance the project buildability compared =ith the en)ineers in more de.eloped countries G$H. 9esides, the concepts %or impro.in) buildability o% projects .ary bet=een one country to the other =here it depends on the nature o% the construction industry. (his study has been carried out =ith the %ollo=in) objecti.es: i. (o identi%y buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n phase %or Malaysian construction industryJ and ii. (o measure the le.el o% importance the buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n phase amon) Malaysian construction practitioner International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology Vol 2, Issue 1, June 2011 ".0 BAC#$R!ND % T&' ST!D( 2.1 Buildability in Building Construction 9uildin)s constructed =ith the least .ariation to desi)n are kno=n to )i.e satis%action to all the major parties o% a buildin) project 8 client, desi)n team and construction team. <t is belie.ed that the use o% experienced construction kno=led)e %rom the outset to the completion o% a project that inte)rate the methods o% construction in to the desi)n process, pro.idin) bene%its and solutions to achie.e the desi)n intent in a cost e%%ecti.e and timely manner. <n the construction process it is used to dri.e out =aste and enhance cost and pro)ram certainty, throu)h properly plannin) the =orks and construction lo)istics and usin) modern construction techniFues. 9uildability is increasin)ly becomin) a major reFuirement in buildin) construction practice. (he aim o% buildability is to impro.e e%%iciency o% the o.erall buildin) process by de.elopin) construction sensiti.e desi)ns G4H. (he expected results %rom implementin) constructability are e%%icient and e%%ecti.e construction o% a buildin), =ith an economical project cost and at a)reed Fuality speci%ied by the clients. G@H hi)hli)hted that buildability must be considered %rom the %irst notional idea su))ested by the client, and is Fuite simply a prereFuisite throu)hout =hat may be considered to be a sta)ed process +see -i)ure 1,. %igure 1) (he =ider %rame=ork o% buildability G16H <t is essential to consider buildability at an early sta)e in the total construction process, because the ability to in%luence project cost, and so .alue %or money %rom the client?s .ie=point, diminishes as the project pro)resses in time. Aurin) the project li%ecycle, buildability consideration should %ocus on the buildability attributes %or each sta)e throu)hout the project li%ecycle. "." Buildability Attributes in Design Phase (his study outlines the discussion on buildability concepts in desi)n phase. -or this purpose, extensi.e re.ie=s ha.e been carried out on pre.ious researches on buildability concepts, attributes, principles and other areas related to, and contributin) to buildability mainly in the desi)n phase. /.en thou)h di%%erent terms ha.e been used to describe the so called buildability characteristics, )enerally the term >buildability attribute? has been selected in this study to describe those characteristics =hich directly or indirectly No. Buildability Attribute C I R I A
* + , T a t u -
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a l
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* " / , % e r g u s o n
* " . , C I I
* / , C I I
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* 1 0 , B C A
2 B D A S 3
* 1 + , C I R C 4 R i
e 5 * . o , r t
* 1 / , R o s l T i
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* 0 , $ a n a h
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* 1 " , 9#1 'onsider <nno.ati.e/e%%icient 'onstruction Methods K K K 9#2 7ro.ide 'lear and 'omplete Aesi)n <n%ormation K 9#$ Maximise 7re%abrication K K K K 9#4 Maximise Standardi:ation K K K K K K K 9#& Bess Cork 9elo= Dround K K K 9#5 Simple Aetailin) K K K 9#I #llo= -lexibility K K K 9#4 Simple <nstallation K K K K K K K 9#@ /mploy Lisuali:ation (ools K K 9#16 3ptimise Babour/Skills 1sa)e K K K K K 9#11 3ptimise Materials 1sa)e K K K K K K 9#12 3ptimise 7lant and /Fuipment 1sa)e K K K K 9#1$ /%%ecti.e Site Bayout K K K 9#14 Minimise/#.oid eturn Lisit K K 9#1& 'onsider 'onstruction SeFuence K K K K K 9#15 Su%%icient (olerance K K K International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology Vol 2, Issue 1, June 2011 optimi:e inte)ration o% construction kno=led)e in the buildin) process and balancin) the .arious project and en.ironment constraints to maximi:e project )oals and buildin) per%ormance. (he studies o% buildability and constructability in di%%erent countries ha.e demonstrated their di%%erent %ocuses o% interest. -or example in Sin)apore the )o.ernment has en%orced the la= to reFuire minimum buildability o% submitted buildin) plans be%ore )rantin) appro.al. <n 10, researchers emphasised the inte)ration o% desi)n and construction, introducin) construction experts into the desi)n phase as =ell as de.elopin) procurement structures to achie.e impro.ement o% buildability. <n Hon) 0on), =here most construction sites are con)ested =ith restricti.e surroundin) conditions in busy urban areas, buildability becomes critical in ensurin) smooth projects deli.ery. So, there is a real and immediate need %or local construction industry to impro.e its o.erall buildability per%ormance. <n 1S and #ustralia, more practical approaches =ere adopted. (he '<< 1nited State +1S, and the '<< #ustralia published )uidelines %or implementin) the concepts o% constructability. G11H, G$H and G12H summari:ed most o% the studies on buildability attributes %or the =hole project li%ecycles. 'lose examinations o% a.ailable re%erences re.ealed that alto)ether there are 1@ buildability attributes that can be implemented durin) the desi)n phase. (able 1 sho=s the summary o% buildability attributes as identi%ied by researchers in di%%erent countries. Table 1) 9uildability attributes identi%ied by researchers in di%%erent countries International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology Vol 2, Issue 1, June 2011 9#1I 'onsider <mpact o% Ceather K K 9#14 'onsider Sa%ety K K 9#1@ /ncoura)e Sustainable 'onstruction K <n order to pro.ide a more clear representation o% buildability %or ease o% understandin) by practitioners, the identi%ied buildability attributes listed in (able 1 is %urther explored and described as %ollo=s +also as in (able 2,: BA1 7 Consider Inno8ati8e9e::icient Construction Methods (he desi)n solution encoura)es the usa)e o% e%%icient and inno.ati.e construction methods. <teratin) desi)n approaches =ith the construction method can impro.e the project Fuality and sa%ety per%ormances G1IH. Su))estions %or non8obli)atory construction methods %or contractor are considered in this attribute. BA" 7 Pro8ide Clear and Co-5lete Design In:or-ation (his attribute consider the co8ordinatin) o% dra=in)s and speci%ications and updatin) speci%ications and remo.in) ambi)uities or misunderstandin)s. <n%ormation related to site8speci%ic such as site conditions and terrain characteristics should also be accurate and readily a.ailable durin) the desi)n process. (he underlyin) premise %or this aspect is that e.ery construction site is uniFue and special attention needs to be de.oted to the desi)n to %acilitate construction. BA. 7 Ma;i-ise Pre:abrication 7recast or pre%abricated sel%8contained bathrooms and kitchens, etc. reduce the amount o% =et trade acti.ities on site. Since buildin) elements are then made under the controlled %actory en.ironment, messy and pollutin) =orks .ulnerable to ad.erse =eather conditions are eliminated. Chen standardisation and pre%abrication are used to)ether, %acilitatin) a better mana)ement G14H. BA0 7 Ma;i-ise Standardi<ation Standardi:ation can be mani%ested throu)h the repetition o% )rids, si:es o% components and connection details. <t enhanced ease o% construction by increasin) project per%ormance and reduction o% the project cost G1I, 1@821H. Site personnel %ind it easier to acFuaint themsel.es =ith the repeated =orkin) lo)istics, as it reduces learnin) time G22H. Standard si:e components, e.). columns, doors and construction details, also allo= sa.in) o% time and e%%orts because o% less .ariation in %orm=ork based on common dimensions. BA+ 7 6ess =or> belo? $round <n condition =here the )round is ha:ardous, poor or =et, it =ill slo= do=n the speed and %lo= o% the project G$H. <t is crucial to obtain a clear understandin) o% the conditions likely to be met be%orehand. (he desi)ner must al=ays bear in mind that =ork belo= )round is al=ays di%%icult to carry out (hey must ha.e kno=led)e on .arious desi)n alternati.es to suit the condition on site. 7re.ious experience in desi)n and super.ision on =orks belo= )round such as %oundation and exca.ation =orks =ill de%initely assist the desi)ners. BA/ 7 Si-5le Detailing Aetails should be kept as simple =here possible to reduce the learnin) cur.e e%%ect o% site tradesmen. easonable tolerances should be speci%ied G2282$H. <n the case o% International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology Vol 2, Issue 1, June 2011 inno.ati.e details or combinations o% materials, =hich are bein) used %or the %irst time, it is bene%icial to ha.e mock8up models or prototypes erected to study the installation process and iron out possible problems be%ore %ull scale production. BA@ 7 Allo? %le;ibility (he hi)h adaptability o% buildin) elements help sa.e resources and increase the %lexibility %or chan)e accordin) to actual site conditions bein) encountered. <nterchan)eable components, e.). optional le%t/ri)ht orientation o% cabinets, sanitary =are or uni.ersal assemblies that can be %itted in positions other than the desi)nated ones sho=n on dra=in)s, should be adopted. BA1 7 Si-5le Installation <rre)ular shapes, complex )eometrical pro%iles, complicated installation details and multi8disciplinary desi)ns could burden contractors =ith additional resources %or co8 ordination and site assembly. #s such, buildin) desi)ns =ith simple con%i)urations enable =orks to be executed in a strai)ht%or=ard manner and %acilitate ease o% construction G14H. Ho=e.er, this aspect must be balanced =ith the aesthetic reFuirements o% clients and artistic aspiration o% desi)ners. <% complexity is necessarily reFuired, the desi)n process should be coordinated properly to ensure that minimum cross8re%erencin) o% documents is reFuired, other=ise expensi.e errors are prone to occur on site. BAA 7 '-5loy Bisuali<ation Tools (he rapid de.elopment o% in%ormation technolo)y has enabled ad.anced so%t=are to be used %or preparin) desi)n that inte)rates .isuali:ation %eatures G24H. Lisualisation has been cited impro.e the collaboration bet=een site and desi)n teams in sol.in) buildailty problems that may arise durin) construction G$H. <t irons out di%%iculties that may occur be%ore construction commences on site. 'ommon buildability problems that can be sol.ed by employin) .isualisation tools are inter%aces bet=een components and di%%icult assembly G2&H. BA10 7 5ti-ise 6abour9S>ills !sage G25H pointed out that any desi)n is only )ood as skills a.ailable to execute it, either o%%8site or on8site. Babour and skills reFuirements .ary bet=een one project to another, bet=een one locality to another. Aesi)n must include a realistic assessment o% the le.el o% skill likely to be a.ailable %rom appropriately chosen contractors and specialists. BA11 7 5ti-ise Materials !sage 7roducts and materials to be speci%ied durin) desi)n should be selected =ith care, particularly, any =hich ha.e not lon) been established and accepted =ithin the industry. <t is recommended that only products and materials, =hich ha.e been pro.en suitable to be used are selected. #t the same time more economical bene%it can be )ained i% local materials are used as in many cases materials produced locally are cheaper and easy to )et. BA1" 7 5ti-ise Plant and 'Cui5-ent !sage Aesi)nin) %or optimum use o% plant and eFuipment and ha.in) the kno=led)e o% them, also desi)nin) %or temporary plant and eFuipment anchora)e in permanent structures are some important issues =hich are discussed here. International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology Vol 2, Issue 1, June 2011 BA1. 7 '::ecti8e Site 6ayout (he en.ironment around the construction site has si)ni%icant in%luence on the =hole de.elopment process G11, 2582IH. 'on%ined sites possess characteristics concernin) the imposed restrictions =hich substantially hinder the construction process. (he smoothness o% construction is susceptible to nearby tra%%ic conditions, especially =hen exits and in)ress o%ten encroach upon pedestrian pa.ements and .ehicular routes. BA10 7 Mini-ise9A8oid Return Bisit (his attribute =ill optimise the usa)e o% certain trade by enablin) the trade to =ork =ith as %e= return .isits as possible. G25H presented an example related to this attribute. <n this desi)n, the )able end structure =as desi)n usin) similar materials as =ith other intermediate steel %rame structures instead o% )able =all simply because to ensure the steel =orkers complete the =hole =ork =ith minimum interruption. (he bene%it is )ained %rom material sa.in) throu)h )able =all desi)n did not out=ei)h the cost o% erectin) steel )able end. BA1+ 7 Consider Construction SeCuence (he seFuence o% installation should not be dictated in desi)n document but le%t %or the contractor to decide on the seFuence %or the entire =orks. -or example, )round %loor slabs can be constructed be%ore or a%ter superstructure construction to allo= %lexibility in the timin) o% under)round draina)e =orks. BA1/ 7 Su::icient Tolerance (he tolerances =hich are normally achie.able in site conditions should be properly considered in the desi)n especially inter%acin) bet=een di%%erent buildin) components such as di%%erent products, methods o% construction, materials and method o% manu%acture. -or example su%%icient tolerance needs to be speci%ied to allo= =indo= %rame to be %ixed onto =indo= openin) =ithout ha.in) to do any adjustment or modi%ication. BA1@ 7 Consider I-5act o: =eather 'onsiderin) possible timin) to a.oid carryin) out structural =ork, external %inishes, etc., durin) rainy days, typhoon seasons %or hi)h rise buildin)s is an important issue. BA11 7 Consider Sa:ety <n hi)h rise buildin), allo=in) sa%e seFuence o% trades is an issue. Aesi)ners should look into the impact o% the desi)n solution on sa%ety o% manpo=er durin) handlin) o% materials and components or =here.er reFuirement %or access is necessary. G$H added the desi)n should be arran)ed so as to %acilitate sa%e =orkin) in area prone to accidents such as under)round and hi)h ele.ation =orks. BA1A 7 'ncourage Sustainable Construction Cith hei)htened a=areness o% en.ironmental pollution, natural resource depletion and accompanyin) social problems, sustainable de.elopment and sustainable construction ha.e become a )ro=in) concern throu)hout the =orld G24H. 9uildin)s are one o% the hea.iest consumers o% natural resources and account %or a si)ni%icant portion o% the )reenhouse )as emissions. 'on.entional on8site construction methods ha.e lon) been critici:ed %or lo= producti.ity, poor Fuality and sa%ety records, lon) construction time, and lar)e Fuantities o% =aste in the industry. Buildability Attribute Considerations 9#1 1se o% <ndustrialised 9uildin) System +<9S, Bess in8situ =orks 9#2 'oordination o% dra=in)s and speci%ications #.oidance o% missin) in%ormation 9#$ #llo=in) o%%site =ork %or typical %loor buildin)s and %or non8typical %loor buildin)s /nablin) the adoption o% sin)le inte)rated elements +e.)., =hole toilet completed =ith sanitary =are, pipin) * %inishes, at the discretion o% contractor 3ptimisin) the mix o% o%%site =ork +e.)., precastin), and onsite =ork +e.)., %inal le.ellin), 9#4 #llo=in) modular layout o% components #llo=in) a hi)h de)ree o% standardisation and repetition %or %loor buildin)s #llo=in) use o% standard details =ith lots o% repetitions 9#& Aesi)nin) %or minimum construction time belo= )round Aesi)nin) %or sa%e construction belo= )round 'onsiderin) e%%ects o% belo= )round =ork on surroundin) buildin)s, e.)., destabilisin) %oundations 9#5 Aesi)nin) to aid .isualisation o% %inished =ork e%errin) to typical/standard details %or repetiti.e items 1sin) blo= up details to examine possible clashes in the desi)n, e.)., buildin) ser.ices clashin) =ith rein%orcements. 9#I 1sin) interchan)eable components, e.). optional le%t/ri)ht orientation o% cabinets, sanitary =are or uni.ersal assemblies 9#4 #llo=in) adaptation +e.). pipin) around obstacles instead o% penetrations, by contractor on site =ithout extensi.e re8=ork #llo=in) %lexibility in erection/trade seFuences +e.). D/- slab laid a%ter all upper %loors, #llo=in) %or early remo.al o% temporary support to lea.e clear =orkin) space 9#@ /nablin) desi)n reFuirements to be easily .isuali:ed and ordinated by site sta%% 9#16 #llo=in) use o% kno=8ho= and labour skills a.ailable locally #llo=in) economical use o% labour +e.). balancin) bet=een labour and plant use d, #.oidin) as %ar as possible multiple handlin) and .isits by di%%erent trades 9#11 #llo=in) use o% =ide ran)e o% materials to %ul%il reFuired per%ormance Di.in) rise to lo=er cuttin) =asta)es +e.). tiles, rebars, 9#12 Aesi)nin) %or optimum use o% plant and eFuipment Aesi)nin) =ith kno=led)e o% plant and eFuipment capacities #llo=in) use o% local plant and eFuipment a.ailable 9#1$ #llo=in) su%%icient =orkin) space %or labour and plant 'ausin) less en.ironmental nuisance +e.). noise, .ibration, =aste =ater, International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology Vol 2, Issue 1, June 2011 Table ") (he considerations in enhancin) desi)n buildability International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology Vol 2, Issue 1, June 2011 chemical =aste and dust, to surroundin)s %or urban sites #llo=in) %or early enclosures %rom =eather %or hi)h rise buildin)s #llo=in) %or construction tra%%ic on permanent structure early a%ter erection +e.). le%t8in steel deckin) on structural steel, 9#14 #.oidin) as %ar as possible multiple .isits by di%%erent trades 9#1& Bettin) 'ontractor decide on the seFuence %or the entire =orks. 9#15 Speci%yin) tolerances %or as many items as possible 'o8ordinatin) tolerances speci%ications %or inter%acin) items +e.). =indo= %rame .is8M8.is =indo= openin), 9#1I 'onsiderin) possible timin) to a.oid carryin) out structural =ork, external %inishes, etc., durin) rainy/typhoon season %or hi)h rise buildin)s 9#14 #llo=in) sa%e seFuence o% trades +e.). hea.y M*/ plant hoisted into position be%ore buildin) is %ully enclosed, %or hi)h rise buildin)s Si:es and =ei)hts o% materials and components are sa%e %or =orkers to handle usin) commonly a.ailable plant %or hi)h rise buildin)s 9#1@ Aesi)n %or sustainable material in the project Aesi)n %or method o% construction that preser.es the en.ironment. ..0 M'T&D6$( -i)ure 2 illustrates the schematic o% research methodolo)y that has been adopted. <denti%y 7roblem, 3bjecti.e * Scope 2ournals (hesis Biterature e.ie= 9ooks 7aper 1sin) Bikert?s scale 7ilot sur.ey Nuestionnaire Sur.ey /stablish online at k=iksur.eys.com 1sin) S7SS so%t=are Aata #nalysis * Aiscussion -reFuency Statistic Aescripti.e Statistic 'ompare Means 'onclusion * ecommendation Eonparametric (est %igure ") Schematic o% the research methodolo)y (o achie.e the objecti.es o% the study, the methodolo)ies adopted =ere throu)h literature re.ie= and online Fuestionnaire sur.eys. #t the be)innin), the study in.ol.ed extensi.e re.ie= on desi)n8phase buildability concepts. (he literature search enables the buildability attributes in desi)n sta)e to be identi%ied. #%ter the buildability attributes =ere extracted, the Fuestionnaire =as constructed. # brie% meetin) =as conducted to ensure that the Fuestionnaire is applicable be%ore postin) it online. (he online sur.eys =ere conducted %or about $ months. (he Fuestionnaire =as tar)eted to pro%essionals =ho =orked =ith the clients, contractor, consultant or other or)anisationsJ and ha.e direct in.ol.ement in buildin) project construction. Larious or)anisation had been contacted personally to in.ite them participatin) in the sur.ey. <n order to determine the de)ree o% importance o% the buildability attributes considered in this study, the classi%ication o% the ratin) scales had been used. (he responses to the Fuestionnaire are based on Bikert scale o% %i.e ordinal measures =hich is %rom one to %i.e accordin) to the le.el o% e%%ects o% .ariation orders attributed to the Fuestion. Bikert scale is a =idely used instrument in measurin) opinions, belie%s and attitudes. (he classi%ications o% the ratin) scales are as %ollo=s: & O Most <mportant 4 O <mportant $ O Moderately <mportant 2 O Bittle <mportant 1 O Beast <mportant -or the purpose o% data analysis collected throu)h Fuestionnaire sur.ey, the Statistical 7acka)e %or Social Science +S7SS, so%t=are .ersion 14.6 =as adopted. (he data %rom Fuestionnaires =ere extracted into the S7SS so%t=are. Cith the aid o% the S7SS, the %ollo=in) statistical methods ha.e been usedJ +a, -reFuency Statistic 8 %or obtainin) summaries o% indi.idual data .ariablesJ +b, Aescripti.e Statistic 8 %or obtainin) summary comparisons o% approximately normally distributed scale data .ariables and %or easily identi%yin) unusual cases across those data .ariables by computin) : scoreJ +c, 'ompare Means 8 to characteri:e the central tendency and dispersion o% data .ariable. <t tests %or di%%erences bet=een )roup means usin) one8=ay #E3L#. (he one8=ay #E3L# in Means pro.ides =ith linearity tests and association measures to help understand the structure and stren)th o% the relationship bet=een the )roups and their means. +d, Eonparametric (est +0ruskall8Callis (est, 8 %or determinin) =hether or not the .alues o% a particular data .ariable di%%er bet=een t=o or more )roups. (his study has multiple independent samplesJ hence the 0ruskal8Callis test is adopted. <t tests the null hypothesis that multiple independent samples come %rom the same population. (he 0ruskal8Callis statistic measures ho= much the )roup ranks di%%er %rom the a.era)e rank o% all )roups but it does not tell ho= the )roups are di%%erent, only that some di%%erence is present. 0.0 R'S!6TS AND DISC!SSIN 0.1 De-ogra5hic o: Res5ondent Section # o% the Fuestionnaire is related to demo)raphic o% respondent. (able $ sho=s the type o% company or or)ani:ation that participated in the sur.ey =ith a total number o% 261 respondents. (hey are client, consultant, contractor and also hi)her institution +uni.ersity,. -rom -i)ure $, it illustrates that the client dominate the sur.ey =ith 4I out o% 26$. (hen, it is %ollo=ed by the consultant =ith I2 respondents, the contractor =ith 42 respondents and lastly 2 respondents %rom the hi)her institution. 9ased on the hu)e respond, it sho=s that the practitioners in Malaysian construction industry are open %or impro.ement in their %uture project especially %rom the client. Roles %reCuency Percent #rchitect 5 $.6 /n)ineer 156 I@.5 Becturer 2 1.6 7roject Mana)er 2& 12.4 Nuantity Sur.eyor 5 $.6 Site Super.isor 2 1.6 (otal 261 166.6 Table .) (he type o% company or or)anisation in.ol.ed in the sur.ey Co-5any %reCuency Percent 'lient 4& 42.$ 'onsultant I2 $&.4 'ontractor 42 26.@ <nstitution 2 1.6 (otal 261 166.6 %igure .) (he type o% company or or)anisation in.ol.ed in the sur.ey <n (able 4, it tabulates the role o% respondent in their company or or)anisation. (hey comprise o% architect, en)ineer, lecturer, project mana)er, Fuantity sur.eyor and site super.isor. -i)ure 4 demonstrates the result in percenta)e .alue. <t clearly can be seen that the major in.ol.ement are %rom the en)ineer =ith I@.$P. (he second hi)hest are project mana)er =ith 12.4P. (he architect and the Fuantity sur.eyor share the same percenta)e =ith $.6P andJ also the lecturer and super.isor =ith 1.6P. Table 0) (he role o% respondent in their company or or)anisation %igure 0) (he role o% respondent in their company or or)anisation (he year o% experience in construction =ork %or the respondents are tabulated and exhibited in (able & and -i)ure &. Mean=hile, the year o% experience in desi)n =ork o% the respondents are sho=n in (able 5 and -i)ure 5. Majority o% the respondent ha.e less than 4 years o% experience in construction =ork and also in desi)n, =ith percenta)e $@.$P and 55.IP respecti.ely. Table +) (he respondent?s years o% experiences in construction =ork (ears o: ';5erience %reCuency Percent Bess than 4 Qears I@ &8@ Qears &1 $@.$ 2&.4 16814 Qears 24 11.@ 1&81@ Qears 1I 4.& 26 Qears and abo.e $6 14.@ (otal 261 166.6 %igure +) (he respondent?s years o% experience in construction =ork State %reCuency Percent 2ohor 44 21.@ 0edah 1 .& 0elantan 4& 22.4 Ee)eri Sembilan 2 1.6 7ahan) 2 1.6 7erak $ 1.& 7erlis 1 .& 7ulau 7inan) &4 25.@ Selan)or 4@ 24.4 (otal 261 166.6 %igure @) (he distribution o% respondents accordin) Table /) (he respondent?s years o% experiences in desi)n =ork (ears o: ';5erience %reCuency Percent Bess than 4 Qears 1$4 55.I &8@ Qears $$ 16814 Qears 14 15.4 @.6 1&81@ Qears 11 &.& 26 Qears and abo.e & 2.& (otal 261 166.6 %igure /) (he respondent?s years o% experience in desi)n =ork (able I and -i)ure I demonstrate the distribution o% respondent?s company location. Eine states took part in the sur.ey. -our major states in.ol.ed are 7ulau 7inan), Selan)or, 0elantan and 2ohor =ith each hold more than 26P o% respondent, =hich means more than 46 respondents participated in the sur.ey. (he minor states are 7erak, Ee)eri Sembilan, 7ahan), 7erlis and 0edah. Table @) (he distribution o% respondents accordin) to states to states 0." The 6e8el o: I-5ortance o: Buildability Attributes in Malaysian Construction Industry Section 9 o% the Fuestionnaire %ocused on to determine the de)ree o% importance o% the buildability attributes in desi)n phase amon) practitioner in the Malaysian construction industry. -or each o% the attributes, their mean .alues are obtained by usin) S7SS so%t=are and then the attributes are ranked based on this .alue. (he hi)her the mean .alue indicates that the builadbility attribute must be considered in desi)n sta)e. 9ased on the sur.ey results, the attribute =ith the hi)hest mean is 7ro.ide 'lear and 'omplete Aesi)n <n%ormation, 4.&5 +see (able 4,. (hus, it means this attribute is .ery important to be considered durin) the desi)n sta)e. (his attribute enables a smooth and success construction project, =hich is by co8ordinatin) o% dra=in)s and speci%ications and updatin) speci%ications and remo.in) ambi)uities or misunderstandin)s. Table 1) (he rank o% buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n based on mean .alue Buildability Attributes Mean Std. De8iation S>e?ness 7ro.ide 'lear and 'omplete Aesi)n <n%ormation 4.&5 .5$4 81.244 'onsider Sa%ety 4.$4 .416 8.@$4 /ncoura)e Sustainable 'onstruction 4.2$ .I46 8.I54 /%%ecti.e Site Bayout 4.22 .I24 8.I5I 'onsider <nno.ati.e/e%%icient 'onstruction Methods 4.26 .I66 8.$44 'onsider 'onstruction SeFuence 4.14 .I&5 8.$26 3ptimise Materials 1sa)e 4.1I .5@5 8.4$6 Maximise Standardi:ation 4.12 .I$2 8.I$1 Simple <nstallation 4.16 .II1 8.445 3ptimise 7lant and /Fuipment 1sa)e 4.16 .I6$ 8.4@I 3ptimise Babour/Skills 1sa)e 4.64 .I24 8.241 #llo= -lexibility $.@5 .425 8.II& Su%%icient (olerance $.@1 .I2@ 8.61I Maximise 7re%abrication $.4I .II$ 8.625 /mploy Lisuali:ation (ools $.4I .I&$ 8.412 Simple Aetailin) $.45 .@66 8.444 'onsider <mpact o% Ceather $.45 .I44 8.6&& Minimise/#.oid eturn Lisit $.I6 .4@& 8.$6& Bess Cork 9elo= Dround $.56 .@1I 8.452 9y re%errin) to -i)ure 4, there are 16 other buildability attributes =ith mean .alue abo.e 4.66 and 4 attributes =ith mean .alues belo= 4.66. (he lo=est is Bess Cork 9elo= Dround =ith $.56 mean .alue. Most o% the respondent point out that this attribute is less important to be considered durin) the desi)n sta)e. %igure 1) (he rank o% buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n based on mean .alue (able @ sho= the 'hi8sFuare .alues and si)ni%icance le.els %or each buildability attributes, yield %rom analysin) mean .alue by usin) 0ruskall8Callis test. (he test checks Client Me Consultant n Balue Contractor Institution 4.2I 4.1@ 4.6& 4.&6 =hether the distribution o% means amon) the company has si)ni%icance di%%erence or other=ise. Cith si)ni%icance le.el o% 6.6&, there are only t=o attributes has si)ni%icance .alue less than 6.6&. (hose attributes are 'onsider 'onstruction SeFuence and 'onsider Sa%ety, =ith .alue 6.62I and 6.64@ respecti.ely. (his su))ests that there is no si)ni%icance di%%erence o% ratin)s on the de)ree o% importance o% buildability attributes amon) the company or or)anisation. Table A) (he si)ni%icance di%%erence o% buildability attributes bet=een company or or)anisation +0ruskall8Callis H8test, Buildability Attributes Chi7 sCuare Asy-5totic Sig:inicance 'onsider <nno.ati.e/e%%icient 'onstruction Methods 2.I$5 6.4$4 7ro.ide 'lear and 'omplete Aesi)n <n%ormation 1.1&1 6.I5& Maximise 7re%abrication &.&&5 6.1$& Maximise Standardi:ation 1.42I 6.56@ Bess Cork 9elo= Dround 2.124 6.&45 Simple Aetailin) I.1@2 6.655 #llo= -lexibility 4.44I 6.21$ Simple <nstallation $.I54 6.244 /mploy Lisuali:ation (ools 1.4I6 6.54@ 3ptimise Babour/Skills 1sa)e 4.I1& 6.1@4 3ptimise Materials 1sa)e 6.I4& 6.452 3ptimise 7lant and /Fuipment 1sa)e 6.426 6.44& /%%ecti.e Site Bayout 4.62$ 6.2&@ Minimise/#.oid eturn Lisit 6.$25 6.@&& 'onsider 'onstruction SeFuence @.144 6.62I Su%%icient (olerance $.$I$ 6.$$4 'onsider <mpact o% Ceather $.6$6 6.$4I 'onsider Sa%ety I.4I1 6.64@ /ncoura)e Sustainable 'onstruction 2.$I@ 6.4@4 0.".1 The i-5ortance le8el o: buildability attributes :ro- clientDs 8ie? (he result presented in (able @ only sho=s the o.erall analysis o% buildability attributes amon) 261 respondents. Since %or each or)anisation, di%%erent opinion to=ards the le.el o% importance o% buildability attributes may exist, there%ore, detail analysis %or each types o% or)anisation has been carried out. (able 16 tabulates the rank o% buildability attributes in %our or)anisations in.ol.ed, =hich are the client, consultant, contractor and hi)her institution. (he attributes in the table are or)anised %rom 9#1 to 9#1@, not accordin) to its mean .alue. Table 10) (he rank o% buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n bet=een the companies respecti.ely Builadbilitty Attribute 'onsider <nno.ati.e/e%%icient 'onstruction Methods 7ro.ide 'lear and 'omplete Aesi)n <n%ormation 4.&5 4.51 4.44 4.&6 Maximise 7re%abrication $.@2 $.I2 $.@4 4.&6 /ncoura)e Sustainable 'onstruction Maximise Standardi:ation 4.1& 4.11 4.6& 4.&6 Bess Cork 9elo= Dround $.&1 $.54 $.I1 4.66 Simple Aetailin) $.5I $.@@ 4.62 4.66 #llo= -lexibility $.44 4.65 4.62 4.66 Simple <nstallation 4.62 4.24 4.6& 4.66 /mploy Lisuali:ation (ools $.4@ $.4@ $.I@ $.&6 3ptimise Babour/Skills 1sa)e 4.1$ 4.6$ 4.62 &.66 3ptimise Materials 1sa)e 4.26 4.1I 4.12 4.&6 3ptimise 7lant and /Fuipment 1sa)e 4.6@ 4.14 4.6& 4.&6 /%%ecti.e Site Bayout 4.2I 4.2& 4.6I 4.&6 Minimise/#.oid eturn Lisit $.55 $.I2 $.I5 $.&6 'onsider 'onstruction SeFuence 4.62 4.$5 4.1@ 4.&6 Su%%icient (olerance $.46 4.66 $.@4 4.66 'onsider <mpact o% Ceather $.45 $.I4 4.66 $.&6 'onsider Sa%ety 4.$4 4.&6 4.6I 4.&6 4.2@ 4.24 4.16 4.66 -i)ure @ is the rankin) o% buildability attributes %rom the clients? perspecti.e. (he clients rated attribute 7ro.ide 'lear and 'omplete Aesi)n <n%ormation +9#2, as the most important attribute to be considered in desi)n sta)e =ith 4.&5 mean .alue. Mean=hile, the attribute Bess Cork 9elo= Dround has the smallest mean .alue +$.&1,, thus considered as less important buildability attribute in desi)n sta)e. 3ut o% 1@ attributes, only 4 attributes ha.e mean .alues less than 4.66. %igure A) (he rank o% buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n amon) the client 0."." The i-5ortance le8el o: buildability attributes :ro- consultantDs 8ie? -rom consultant?s .ie=, the most important attribute is 7ro.ide 'lear and 'omplete Aesi)n <n%ormation and the less important is Bess Cork 9elo= Dround +see -i)ure 16,. 9y comparin) the results bet=een the client and consultant, the rankin) %or the %irst, second and nineteenth ranked attributes are Fuite similar. Ho=e.er, %rom the third until $@ Published by!ni"ersiti Tun #ussein $nn %alaysia &!T#%' and Concrete Society of %alaysia &CS%' http: //pen e rbi t. u th m .edu. m y /e jo u rnal/in d e x.ph p /journal/ijscet se.enteenth ranked attributes the rankin) sho= si)ni%icant di%%erence. 3ut o% nineteen attributes, only six ha.e mean .alues belo= 4.66. %igure 10) (he rank o% buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n amon) the consultant 0.".. The i-5ortance le8el o: buildability attributes :ro- contractorDs 8ie? 9y re%errin) to -i)ure 11, it demonstrates that the contractor seems to be in a)reement =ith the client and the consultant opinion %or the hi)hest and lo=est rank buildability attributes in desi)n sta)e. (he hi)hest is 4.44 mean .alue %or 7ro.ide 'lear and 'omplete Aesi)n <n%ormation and the lo=est is $.I1 mean .alue %or Bess Cork 9elo= Dround. 3ut o% nineteen attributes, only %i.e ha.e less than 4.66 mean .alues. %igure 11) (he rank o% buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n amon) the contractor 46 Published by!ni"ersiti Tun #ussein $nn %alaysia &!T#%' and Concrete Society of %alaysia &CS%' http: //pen e rbi t. u th m .edu. m y /e jo u rnal/in d e x.ph p /journal/ijscet 0.".0 The i-5ortance le8el o: buildability attributes :ro- institutionDs 8ie? -or hi)her institution, there =ere only t=o respondents in.ol.ed. (hus, the buildability attributes? rankin) is uniFue %rom other or)anisations. (he hi)hest mean .alue attribute is 3ptimise Babour/Skill 1sa)e, &.66, =hile the lo=est mean is /mploy Lisualisation (ools, $.&6 +see -i)ure 12,. %igure 1") (he rank o% buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n amon) the institution 0.. Buildability in Construction Method Section ' o% the Fuestionnaire seeks the repondent opinion re)ardin) the in%luence o% construction method to=ards buildabilty. -i)ure1$ indicates the result o% the importance le.el o% considerin) buildin) construction method at desi)n sta)e. Mean=hile, -i)ure 14a and 14b sho= the respondent?s opinion re)ardin) the in%luence o% construction method to=ards project cost and duration respecti.ely. %igure 1.) (he consideration o% buildin) construction method at desi)n sta)e 9ased on the bar chart abo.e, @2 respondents pointed out that buildin) construction method is stron)ly important to be considered at desi)n sta)e. 3nly one 41 Published by!ni"ersiti Tun #ussein $nn %alaysia &!T#%' and Concrete Society of %alaysia &CS%' http: //pen e rbi t. u th m .edu. m y /e jo u rnal/in d e x.ph p /journal/ijscet respondent mentioned it as least important. -rom -i)ure 14, @6 respondents hi)hli)hted that construction method is .ery in%luential to=ards project cost =hile @4 o% respondents emphasi:ed that it is .ery in%luential to=ard project duration. #lso, only one respondent sin)led out construction method as least in%luential to=ard both project cost and duration. a, b, %igure 10) a, (he in%luential o% construction method to=ard project cost, and b, (he in%luential o% construction method to=ard project duration +.0 CNC6!SIN (his study has identi%ied 1@ buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n phase %or Malaysian construction industry. -rom the results o% sur.ey, the attribute 7ro.ide 'lear and 'omplete Aesi)n <n%ormation, =ith mean .alue o% 4.&5 is considered as the most important =hile Bess Cork 9elo= Dround, =ith mean .alue o% $.56, is considered as the least important attribute. (he client, consultant and contractor share the same opinion re)ardin) the most important and the least important attributes, only hi)her institution?s .ie= is sli)htly di%%erent. -rom 0ruskall8Callis test, only the attributes o% 'onsider 'onstruction SeFuence and 'onsider Sa%ety ha.e si)ni%icance .alue less than 6.6&, but the rest sho= no si)ni%icance di%%erence o% ratin)s on the de)ree o% importance o% buildability attributes amon) the company or or)anisation. (he study has success%ully assessed the importance le.el o% buildability attributes amon) Malaysian construction practitioner. /.0 R'%'R'NC'S G1H ussell, 2., Du)el, 2., and adke, M. C. +1@@2,. (enefits of Constructability -our Case Studies. (he 'onstruction <ndustry <nstitute, #ustin, (exas. G2H 2er)eas, D., and Lan der 7ut, 2. +2661,. 9ene%its o% 'onstructability on 'onstruction 7rojects. Journal of Construction Engineering and %anage.ent. 12I+4,: 241R2@6. G$H osli Mohamad !in. + 2664,. Constructability )ssess.ent of Pro/ect at *esign Phase. -aculty o% 'i.il /n)ineerin), 1ni.ersiti (eknolo)i Malaysia: 7hA. (hesis, 1npublished. G4H (am L.C.Q., (am '.M. and E) C.'.Q. +266I,. 3n pre%abrication implementation %or di%%erent project types and procurement methods in Hon) 0on). Journal of Engineering, *esign and Technology. &+1,: 54846. G&H '<<#. +1@4$,. (uildability )n )ssess.ent0 Special 7ublication 25: 'onstruction <ndustry esearch and <n%ormation #ssociation. 42 Published by!ni"ersiti Tun #ussein $nn %alaysia &!T#%' and Concrete Society of %alaysia &CS%' http: //pen e rbi t. u th m .edu. m y /e jo u rnal/in d e x.ph p /journal/ijscet G5H '<<. +1@45,. Constructability 1 ) Pri.er. 7ublication $81. #ustin, (exas: 'onstruction <ndustry <nstitute. GIH (ri)unarsyah, 9., 9akti, /.S. and Majid, M.!.#. +2611,. 'onstructability <nno.ation in 7iperack Aesi)n %or e%inery 7roject. <n Hu)hes, Cill, /ds. Proceedings Construction %anage.ent and Econo.ics. eadin), 10. G4H Hon, S.B., Dairns, A.#. and Cilson, 3.A. +1@44,. (uildability ) 2e"ie3 of 2esearch and Practice0 #ustralian <nstitute o% 9uildin) 7apers: $. G@H Dri%%ith #. and Sid=ell #.'. +1@@I,. Ae.elopment o% constructability concepts, principles and practices. Engineering, Construction and )rchitectural %anage.ent, 4+4,, 2@&8$16. G16H '<<, #ustralia. +1@@$,. Constructability Princi,les -ile. 1ni.ersity o% South #ustralia, #delaide, #ustralia: 'onstruction <ndustry <nstitute. G11H Eima, M.#. +2661,. Constructability -actors in the %alaysian Construction Industry. 1ni.ersiti 7utra Malaysia: 7h.A. (hesis. G12H Bam 7.(.<., Con) -.C.H. and 'han #.7.'. +2665,. 'ontributions o% Aesi)ners to <mpro.in) 9uildability and 'onstructability. Journal of *esign Studies. 2I+4,: 4&I8 4I@. G1$H (atum, '.9., Lane)as, 2.#., and Cilliams, 2.M. +1@4&,. Constructability I.,ro"e.ent !sing Prefabricated, Preasse.bly, and %odularisation. (echnical eport Eo. 2@I. Aept. o% 'i.il /n)ineerin), 1ni.ersity o% Stan%ord, Stan%ord, '#. G14H '<< +1@4I,. Constructability Conce,ts -ile. 7ublication $8$. #ustin, (exas: 'onstruction<ndustry <nstitute. G1&H 9'#. +266&,. Code of Practice on (uildable *esign. Sin)apore: 9uildin) and 'onstruction #uthority. G15H '<'. +2661,. Construct for E4cellence 2e,ort of the Construction Industry 2e"ie3 Co..ittee. Hon) 0on), 'hina: 'onstruction <ndustry e.ie= 'ommittee. G1IH (ri)unarsyah, 9. +266I,. 7roject Aesi)ners? ole in <mpro.in) 'onstructability o% <ndonesian 'onstruction 7rojects. Construction %anage.ent and Econo.ics. 2&+2,: 26IR21&. G14H Con) -.C.H., Bam 7.(.<., 'han #.7.'., and 'han /.H.C. +2665,. # e.ie= o% 9uildability 7er%ormance in Hon) 0on) and Strate)ies %or <mpro.ement. Sur"eying and (uilt En"iron.ent. 1I+2,: $I844. G1@H Dri%%ith, # and Sid=ell, (. +1@@&,. Constructability in (uilding and Engineering Pro/ects. Mac Millan 7ress. Btd., Bondon. G26H Bo= S.7. and #beye)oonasekera 9. +2661,. <nte)ratin) buildability in <S3 @666 Fuality mana)ement systems: case study o% a condominium project. (uilding and En"iron.ent, $5+$,, 2@@8$12. G21H /)an 2. +1@@4,. 2ethin5ing Construction the 2e,ort of the Construction Tas5 -orce to the *e,uty Pri.e %inister, John Prescott, on the Sco,e for I.,ro"ing the 6uality and Efficiency of !7 Construction. Aept. o% the /n.ironment, (ransport and the e)ions, Bondon. G22H Dri%%ith, #. +1@44,. ) Critical In"estigation of -actors Influencing (uildability and Constructability0 Heriot8Catt 1ni.ersity, 10: 7h.A. (hesis. G2$H -er)uson, <. +1@4@,. (uildability in Practice. Mitchell?s 7ro%essional Bibrary, 1 st . /dition, Bondon. G24H Mahalin)am, #., 0ashyap, . and Mahajan, '. +2616,. #n e.aluation o% the applicability o% 4A '#A on construction projects. )uto.ation in Construction 1@: 144R1&@. 4$ Published by!ni"ersiti Tun #ussein $nn %alaysia &!T#%' and Concrete Society of %alaysia &CS%' http: //pen e rbi t. u th m .edu. m y /e jo u rnal/in d e x.ph p /journal/ijscet G2&H Danah, #., #numba, '. and 9ouchla)hem, E. +2666,. (he 1se o% Lisualisation to 'ommunicate <n%ormation to 'onstruction Sites. )2C$% 18th0 )nnual Conference0 584 September. Dlas)o= 'aledonian 1ni.ersity, 10: 4$$8442. G25H #dams, S. +1@4@,. Practical (uildability. (he 'onstruction <ndustry esearch and <n%ormation #ssociation, Bondon. G2IH 9allal (.M.#. and Sher C.A. +266$,. #rti%icial Eeural Eet=ork %or the selection o% buildable structural systems. Engineering, Construction and )rchitectural %anage.ent, 16+4,, 25$82I1. G24H 7ulaski, M.H., Horman, M.2. and iley, A.. +2665,. 'onstructability 7ractices to Mana)e Sustainable 9uildin) 0no=led)e0 Journal of )rchitectural Engineering0 12+2,: 4$8@2.