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RRHRRH
MAKTAB RENDAH SAINS MARA

KUALA TERENGGANU

MASTERY PHYSI CS
SPM 2014
PAPER 3 : EXPERI MENT
PHYSICS REMAINS IN MY HEART
NAME:

CLASS:
2

CHAPTER 2 FORCES AND MOTION
HYPOTHESIS AIM OF
EXPERIMENT
VARIABLES ARRANGMENT OF THE APPARATUS PROCEDURES OF THE EXPERIMENT

When the mass
increase, the
acceleration will
decreases

To investigate the
relationship
between
mass and
acceleration

m, a
force constant

Manipulated:
mass//number of
trolley

Responding:
acceleration of
trolley

Constant:
Force applied by
an elastic cord,F

1. Switch on power supply and a ticker timer.
2. The trolley is pulled down the inclined runway
with an elastic cord attached to the hind post of
the trolley.
3. The elastic cord is stretched until the other end is
with the front end of the trolley. The length is
maintained as the trolley runs down the runway.
4. The ticker tape obtained is cut into strips of 10-
ticks and the acceleration, produced by the one
unit of force is calculated by using the formula,
a=v-u/t
5. The experiment is repeated with 2,3,4 and 5
trolley (with a second trolley stack up on the first
trolley)

When the force
increase, the
acceleration will
increases

To investigate the
relationship
between
force and
acceleration

F, a
mass constant

Manipulated:
Force applied by
an elastic cord,F

Responding:
acceleration of
trolley,a

Constant:
mass//number of
trolley

1. Switch on power supply and a ticker timer.
2. The trolley is pulled down the inclined runway
with an elastic cord attached to the hind post of
the trolley.
3. The elastic cord is stretched until the other end is
with the front end of the trolley. The length is
maintained as the trolley runs down the
runway.
4. The ticker tape obtained is cut into strips of 10-
ticks andthe acceleration, produced by the one
unit of force is calculated by using the formula,
a=v-u/t
5. The experiment is repeated with 2,3,4 and 5
identical elastic cord.

3

HYPOTHESIS AIM OF EXPERIMENT VARIABLES ARRANGMENT OF THE APPARATUS PROCEDURES OF THE EXPERIMENT

When height of
trolley increase
the velocity will
increases

To investigate the
relationship between
velocity and height of
a trolley

Manipulated:
Height of a trolley

Responding:
Velocity

Constant:
angle of inclined
runway,

1. A ticker tape is attached to a trolley and passed
through a ticker-timer connected to a power supply.
2. The trolley is placed at a height,h=10.0cm from the
table top. The height, h is measured by using a ruler
and recorded.
3. The power supply is turned on and the trolley is
released to the run down the runway.
4. The velocity of the trolley at the bottom of the
runway is determined Using the formula

V= Distance traveled,s
Time for 5 ticks
= s cm
5 ticks X 0.02s
5. The experiment repeated with a height,h=15.0cm,
20.0cm, 25.0cm and 30.0cm

When the
distance of
spring
compresion
decrease the
velocity will
increases

To investigate the
relationship between
velocity/speed and
distance of spring
compression

Manipulated:
distance of spring
compression

Responding:
velocity/speed

Constant:
elasticity
of a spring/ spring
constant

1. Switch on the power supply and ticker timer.
2. Compress the spring by pushing the trolley at a
distance, x =2.0cm measured by a ruler.
3. Release the trolley and calculate the velocity of a
trolley from a ticker tape by using the formula,

Time for 5 ticks
= s cm
5 ticks X 0.02s
4. The experiment repeated with a distance
compression,x =4.0cm, 6.0cm, 8.0cm and 10.0cm.

4

HYPOTHESIS AIM OF
EXPERIMENT

When distance
of elastic string
stretching
increase the
velocity will
increases

To investigate the
relationship
between
velocity and
distance of elastic
string stretching

Manipulated:
distance of elastic
string stretching

Responding:
velocity/speed

Constant:
elasticity of a
elastic string
/ stiffness/
diameter/thickness
of a elastic string

1. Switch on the power supply and ticker timer.
2. Pull the trolley at a distance x =2.0cm measured by
a ruler.
3. Release the trolley and calculate the velocity of a
trolley from a ticker tape by using the formula,

Time for 5 ticks
= s cm
5 ticks X 0.02s
4. The experiment repeated by pulling the trolley at a
distance,x =4.0cm,6.0cm,8.0cm and 10.0cm.

When mass
increase the
period of
oscillation will
increases

To investigate the
relationship
between
period of
oscillation
/inertia and mass
of plasticin

Manipulated:
mass of plasticine

Responding:
period of
oscillation/ inertia

Constant:
The number of
hacksaw blade
oscillation/amplitude
/angle of
displacement

1. Measure the mass of the plasticine, m= 20.0g by
using the triple beam balance and place it at the
end of the hacksaw blade.
2. Displace the hacksaw blade at a small angle of
about 10
0
.
3. Release the hacksaw blade and at the same time
start the stopwatch.
4. Record the time for 10 complete of hacksaw
oscillations, t
5. The period of the hacksaw blade oscillation is
calculated by using the formula T= t/10
6. Experiment is repeated by using different mass of
plasticine, m= 40.0g, 60.0g, 80.0g and 100.0g.

5

HYPOTHESIS AIM OF
EXPERIMENT

When force
increase the
extension of a
spring will
increases

To investigate the
relationship
between
extension of a
spring and
force/mass of load

Manipulated:
force/mass of load

Responding:
extension of a
spring, x

Constant:
length/diameter
/elasticity/spring
constant/stiffness of
a spring

1. Measure the initial length of the spring, L1
2. Put one slotted mass, 50g at the end of the
Spring. The force is determined using the formula,
F = mg
3. Measure the length of the spring, L2
4. Calculate the extension of the spring, x= L2 - L1
5. Repeat the experiment for the force 0.5N, 1.0N,
1.5N and 2.0N

CHAPTER 3 : FORCES AND PRESSURE
HYPOTHESIS AIM OF
EXPERIMENT

When depth of
water increase
the pressure of
a liquid will
increase

To investigate the
relationship
between
pressure and
depth of
water

Manipulated:
Depth of a liquid, h

Responding:
pressure of a liquid,
L

Constant:
density of a liquid

1. The measuring cylinder is completely filled with
water.
2. The thistle funnel is connected to the manometer
with a rubber tube.
3. The thistle funnel is lowered vertically at the depth
of water, h=10.0cm.
4. The difference height of water, L in manometer is
measured using a ruler.
5. The experiment is repeated with the depth of
water,h=20.0cm, 30.0cm, 40.0cm and 50.0cm

6

HYPOTHESIS AIM OF
EXPERIMENT

When the
weight of
water displaced
increases, the
buoyant force
increase

To investigate the
relationship
between
buoyant force/up
thrust and the
weight of
water displaced

Manipulated:
weight of
water displaced

Responding:
buoyant
force/up thrust

Constant:
density of a
liquid
(8) Archimedes Principle

1. The weight of iron rod in air is measured by
using a spring balance,W0
2. The iron rod is lowered vertically in the water
at depth, L= 2.0cm
3. The weight of iron in the water is measured,W1.
4. The buoyant force,B is measured by using a
formula
Fb = W0 W1.
5. The weight of the water displaced in the beaker is
measure using a balance, W.
6. The experiment is repeated with depth,
L=10.0cm,15.0cm,20.0cm and 25.0cm.

As the weight of
load increases,
the volume of
water displaced
increase/depth
of sinking
increase

To investigate the
relationship
between
weight/mass of
slotted weight and
the volume of
water/liquid
displaced/depth of
sinking

Manipulated:
weight/mass of
slotted weight

Responding:
volume of
water/liquid
displaced/depth of
sinking

Constant:
density of a
liquid

1. The slotted weight of mass = 50 g is placed on the
wooden block
2. The depth of sinking of the wooden block in the
water is measured using ruler, h.
3. The experiment is repeated with mass of slotted
weight , m=100 g,150 g, ,200g and 250g..

Wooden block
Slotted weight
7

CHAPTER 4 : HEAT
HYPOTHESIS AIM OF
EXPERIMENT

As the mass
increases the
heat will
increase

To investigate the
relationshio
between mass
and the heat

Manipulated:
Mass

Responding:
Heat

Constant:
Specific heat
capacity/heating tie

1. The mass of cooper bob is measured using a
balance, m = 20.0 g
2. The initial temperature of water in the beaker is
measured by using thermometer 1,
3. The copper bob is heated by a bunsen burner in 5
minutes and then inserted in to the beaker. The
maximum temperature of the water in the beaker is
recorded,2.
4. The raise of the temperature of the water is
calculated,
= 2 1..
5. The experiment is repeated with the mass of
copper block, m =40.0g, 60.0g, 80.0g and 100.0g

When the
volume / mass
increases,
change in
temperature
decreases

To investigate the
relationship
between the
volume / mass
and temperature

Manipulated :
volume / mass of
water

Responding:
change in
temperature

Fixed :
heating
time/specific heat
capacity

1. The apparatus is set up as shown figure above
2. The initial temperature of 20 cm
3
//g of water in the
beaker is measured by using thermometer 1,
3. The water is heated by an immersion heater
for 5 minutes.
4. Final temperature, 2 is recorded after 5 minutes.
5 The change of the temperature of the water is
calculated,
= 2 1..

6. Step 2 and 3 are repeated using 40 cm
3
, 60 cm
3
, 80
cm
3
and 100 cm
3
of water

Water

Stirrer

Immersion heater
Power supply
Connecting wire

Beaker

Thermometer
t
8

HYPOTHESIS AIM OF
EXPERIMENT

As volume
of a air
decreases the
pressure of air
will increase

To investigate the
relationship
between
pressure and
volume
of a air

PV/T

Manipulated:
volume of air in a
syringe

Responding:
pressure of trapped
air

Constant:
temperature/mass
of air inside a
syringe

1. The piston of the syringe is adjusted until the
volume of air in the syringe is 60cm
3
at
atmospheric pressure.
2. The piston of the syringe is pushed in until the
enclosed volume/air trapped is 50cm
3
3. The pressure on the Bourdon gauge is recorded.
4. Repeat the experiment for enclosed volume
/air trapped in the syringe 40cm
3
,30cm
3
, 20cm
3

and10cm
3
.

When
temperature of
air increases
the volume of
air trapped will
increase

To investigate the
relationship
between
volume and
temperature of a
air

Manipulated:
Temperature of
trapped air,

Responding:
Length
of air column,x

Constant:
mass/volume of
trapped air

1. The water is heated and continuously stirred
until the temperature of the water reaches
20
0
C.
2. The length of air column, x is measured and
recorded using a ruler.
3. The experiment is repeated by increases the
temperature 40
0
C, 60
0
C, 80
0
C and 100
0
C.

9

HYPOTHESIS AIM OF
EXPERIMENT

As temperature
of a air
increases the
pressure of air
will increase

To investigate the
relationship
between
pressure and
temperature of a
air

Manipulated:

Temperature of
trapped air,

Responding:
Pressure of trapped
Air

Constant:
mass/volume of
trapped air

1. The water bath is heated and continuously
stirred until the temperature of the water
reaches 20
0
C.
2. The pressure of the air is measured by using
the Bourdon gauge.
3. The experiment is repeated by increases the
temperature 40
0
C,60
0
C, 80
0
C and 100
0
C..

CHAPTER 5 : LIGHT
HYPOTHESIS AIM OF
EXPERIMENT

The angle of
reflection
increases as
the angle of
incidence
increases

To investigate the
relationship
between the angle
of incidence and
the angle of
reflection

Manipulated:
Angle of incidence

Responding:
Angle of reflection

Constant:
Position of the
plane mirror

1. A normal line, O N is drawn on the white paper.
2. A ray of light from the ray box is directed to the
plane mirror.
3. By using a protractor, the angle of incidence
measured, i = 10
o
4. Then the angle of reflection, r is measured using
protractor.
5. The experiment is repeated for the other angles of
incidence i = 20
o
, 30
o
, 40
o
and 50
o
.

10

HYPOTHESIS AIM OF
EXPERIMENT

The greater the
angle of
incidence,i , the
greater the
angle of
refration,r

To investigate the
relationship
between
the angle of
incidence,i and the
greater the angle
of refration,r

Manipulated:
the angle of
incidence,i

Responding:
the greater the
angle of refration,r

Constant:
Refractice index

1. The outline of the glass block is traced onto a sheet
of white paper and labelled ABCD.
2. The normal line is drawn on the white paper.
3. A ray of light from the ray box is directed to the
plane mirror.
4. By using a protractor, the angle of incidence
measured, i = 10
o
5. Then the angle of refraction, r is measured using
protractor.
6. The experiment is repeated for the other angles of
incidence i = 20
o
, 30
o
, 40
o
and 50
o
.

When the
density (of
material)
increase , the
apparent depth
decrease/depth
of image

To investigate the
relationship
between density
and apparent
depth/depth of the
image

Manipulated:
density// mass of
salt

Responding:
apparent
depth/depth of
image

Constant:
real depth ,
volume water

1. The beaker is filled with ( V = 1000 cm
3
) water.
2. The 20 g of salt is put into the beaker and stir .
3. A pin O is placed into the water.
4. Adjust the position of the pin I (at the retort stand)
by observing
above the beaker until it appears in line with the
image
5. Measure the apparent depth of the straight line,d.
6. Repeat the experiment with( different four densities
of liquids) by mixing the mass of salt , m = 30g ,
40g, 50g, and 60g

Glass block
11

HYPOTHESIS AIM OF
EXPERIMENT

The greater the
object distance,
the smaller the
linear
magnification,
m

To investigate the
relationship
between
object distance, u
and linear
magnification, m

Manipulated:
object distance, u

Responding:
linear magnification,
m

Constant:
Focal length

1. The convex lens is placed at distance of u = 15.0
cm from the object
2. The screen is adjusted until the sharp image is
formed on it
3. The image distane, v is measure using metre rule
4. The linaer magnification, mis calculated m = v/u.
5. The experiment is repeated for the other object
distance, 20.0 cm, 25.0 cm, 30.0 cm and 40.0 cm.

The greater the
object distance,
the smaller the
linear
magnification,
m

To investigate the
relationship
between
object distance, u
and linear
magnification, m

Manipulated:
object distance, u

Responding:
image distance, v

Constant:
Focal length

1. The convex lens is placed at distance of u = 15.0
cm from the object
2. The screen is adjusted until the sharp image is
formed on it
3. The image distane, v is measure using metre rule
4. The linaer magnification, mis calculated m = v/u.
5. The experiment is repeated for the other object
distance, 20.0 cm, 25.0 cm, 30.0 cm and 40.0 cm.

12

CHAPTER 6 : WAVES
HYPOTHESIS AIM OF
EXPERIMENT

The depth of
water increases
as the
wavelength of
water waves
increases.

To investigate the
relationship
between
wave length and
the depth of water.

Manipulated:
depth of water

Responding:
wave length

Constant:
frequency

1. Fill in the ripple tank with water at depth 2cm.
2. A piece of perspex plate at thickness 0.3cm is
placed at the middle of the ripple tank.
3. Switch on the power supply, vibrating motor
and lamp.
4. Freeze the water wave by using the stroboscope.
5. Measure the distance between 11 consecutive
bright OR dark fringes on white paper using a
ruler, x.
6. The wavelength is calculated = x / 10
7. Repeat the experiment by using a perspex
plate at thickness 0.6cm,0.9cm,1.2cm and 1.5cm.

The angle of
bent increases
as the size of
aperture
decreases

To investigate the
relationship
between the
angle of bent and
the size of
aperture

Manipulated:
size of aperture

Responding:
the angle of bent

Constant:
frequency of
vibrator

1. By using a metre rule , the width of the slit is
Measured, a = 0.5 cm
2. The power supply is switched on to produce plane
waves which propagate towards the aperture.
3.The waves are freeze by a mechanical stroboscope.
4. The waves are sketched on the screen.
5. By using a protractor , the angle of bent =
6.The experiment is repeated 5 times for with different
widths of slit 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm and 3.0 cm

13

HYPOTHESIS AIM OF
EXPERIMENT

The distance
between two
consecutive
node lines
increases as
the distance
between to
coherent
sources
decreases

To investigate the
relationship
between the
distance between
to coherent
sources and the
distance between
two consecutive
node lines

Manipulated:
distance between to
coherent sources

Responding:
distance between
two consecutive
node lines

Constant:
frequency of
vibrator

1. By using a metre rule , the distance between two
dippers is measured, a = 0.5 cm
2. The power supply is switched on to produce two
circular waves from the dippers
3. The waves are freeze by a mechanical
stroboscope.
4. The waves are sketched on the screen.
5. By using the metre rule , the distance between two
consecutive node lines is measured = x
6. The experiment is repeated 5 times for with
different distances between two dippers, a = 1.0
cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm and 3.0 cm

The angle of
bent increases
as the size of
aperture
decreases

To investigate the
relationship
between
distance between
two consecutive
loud sounds,x
and distance
between two
loud speakers,a

Manipulated:
distance between
two
loud speakers,a

Responding:
distance between
two consecutive
loud sounds,x

Constant:
frequency
of the signal
generator

SOUND WAVE ( = ax/D)
X and a ( ,D constant)

1. Place a signal generator and two loudspeakers on a
long bench in an open space.
2. Adjust the separation, a, of the two speakers A
and B to 1.0m.
3. Switch on the signal generator.
4. An observer stand 5m in front of A and B and
walks in a straight line parallel to AB.
5. The distance between two consecutive loud
sound heard, x, is measured by metre rule.
6.Repeat the experiment with distance between
two loudspeakers, a=1.2m, 1.4m,1.6m,1.8m
and 2.0m.

14

HYPOTHESIS AIM OF
EXPERIMENT

The distance
between two
consecutive
bright fringes
increases as
the wavelength
of light waves
increases.

To investigate the
relationship
between the
wavelength of the
light waves
distance and the
distance between
two consecutive
bright fringes

Manipulated:
wavelength of the
light waves

Responding:
distance between
two consecutive
bright fringes

Constant:
slit separation and
the distance
between double slit
and screen

1. A green filter is placed between the light source and
the slits.
2. The source of light is switched on.
3. The interference pattern formed on the screen is
observed and drawn.
4. By using a metre rule the distance across 6
consecutive bright fringes is measured.
5. The distance between two consecutive bright
fringes is calculated , x = L
5
6.The experiment is repeated 5 times for with different
colour filters

15

CHAPTER 7 : ELECTRICITY
HYPOTHESIS AIM OF
EXPERIMENT

The potential
difference
across a metal
conductor
increases as
the current in
the metal
conductor
increases.

To investigate the
relationship
between the
potential
difference ,V and
current, I in a
metal conductor

Manipulated:
current, I

Responding:
Potential difference
,V

Constant:
Temperature

1. The switch is closed.
2. The rheostat is adjusted until size of current 0.2 A
3. The reading of the voltmeter ,V is recorded.
4. The experiment is repeated 5 times for with different
value of, I, by adjusting the rheostat 0.4 A, 0.6 A,
0.8 A and 1.0 A

The resistance
increases as
the length of
wire increases

To investigate the
relationship
between
resistance and the
length of wire.

Manipulated:
length of wire.

Responding:
Resistanc

Constant:
Cross sectional
area/diameter of
wire

Resistance and length/diameter of wire

1. A length of wire 10.0cm constantan wire (s.w.g 28)
is connected between XY.
2. The rheostat is adjusted until the current
flows in the circuit 0.5A and voltmeter reading
is recorded.
3. The resistance is calculated by using a formula,
R=V/I
4. Repeat the experiment with length of wire,
L=20.0cm, 30.0cm, 40.0cmand 50.0cm

16

HYPOTHESIS AIM OF
EXPERIMENT

The
temperature
increases as
the current in
increases.

To investigate the
relationship
between
rise in temperature
and current.

Manipulated:
current, I

Responding:
rise in
temperature/
changing in
temperature.

Constant:
time of
heating/ volume of
water

rise in temperature and current

1. Record the initial temperature, 0
2. Switch on the circuit and adjust the the
rheostat to supply a current 0.2A.
3. Record the final temperature, f after 5 minutes.
4. Rise in temperature, is calculated by using
the formula = f - 0
5. Repeat the experiment for different magnitude
of current, I=0.4A, 0.6A,0.8A and 1.0A.

The
energy/Work
done/Power/hei
ght
/distance of the
load
increases as
the magnitude
of current
/voltage
increases

To investigate the
relationship
between
Energy/Work
done/Power/height
/distance of the
load
and magnitude of
current /voltage.

Manipulated:
Magnitude of
current

Responding:
Energy/Work
done/Power/height
/distance of the load

Constant:
mass of
the load

Energy/Work done/Power/height of the load and magnitude of
current/voltage.

1. A length of wire 10.0cm constantan wire (s.w.g 28)
is connected between XY.
2. The rheostat is adjusted until the current
flows in the circuit 0.5A and voltmeter reading
is recorded.
3. The resistance is calculated by using a formula,
R=V/I
4. Repeat the experiment with length of wire,
L=20.0cm, 30.0cm, 40.0cmand 50.0cm

17

CHAPTER 8 : ELECTROMAGNETISM
HYPOTHESIS AIM OF
EXPERIMENT

The strength of
magnetic
field/no.of
pin attracted
increases as
magnitude of
current.
increases.

To investigate the
relationship
between
the strength of
magnetic
field/no.of
pin attracted and
magnitude of
current.

Manipulated:
current, I

Responding:
strength of
magnetic field/no.of
pin attracted.

Constant:
no.of turn
of the solenoid

Strength of magnetic field/no.of pin attracted and magnitude of
current

1. The switch is on and rheostat is adjusted to set
the current flow 0.2A.
2. Bring the petri dish filled with pin at the end of
solenoid/soft irn core.
3. Record the number of pin attracted by the
solenoid.
4. Repeat the experiment with current, I =0.4A,
0.6A, 0.8A and 1.0A.

The magnitude
of the induced
current
increases as
the
velocity/speed/
height of the
magnet
increases

To investigate the
relationship
between
velocity/speed/
height of the
magnet
and magnitude of
the
induced current

Manipulated:
velocity/speed/
height of the
magnet

Responding:
magnitude of the
induced current

Constant:
number
of turns of the coil

1. The height of bar magnet is adjusted at h = 20
cm.
2. The bar magnet is dropped vertically into the
coil of wire.
3. The maximum reading of miliammeteris recorded.
4. The steps are repeated for h = 30 cm, h = 40
cm, h = 50 cm and h = 60 cm

Rheostat
Miliammeter
Cardboard cylinder
Bar magnet
Solenoid
h
18

HYPOTHESIS AIM OF
EXPERIMENT

The force on a
current-carrying
conductor in a
magnitude field
increases as
the magnitude
of the current
increases.

To investigate the
relationship
between the
magnitude of the
force on a current-
carrying conductor
in a magnitude
field with the
magnitude of the
current.

Manipulated:
magnitude of the
current

Responding:
magnitude of the
force on a current-
carrying conductor
in a magnitude field.

Constant:
The strength of
magnetic field and
length of the
current-carrying
conductor.

1. The d.c. power supply is switched on.
2. The rheostat is adjusted until magnitude of the
current is 0.5 A
3. The distance of short copper wire moves on the
thick copper wire is measured by a ruler = L
4. The experiment is repeated 5 times for with different
magnitude of the current I = 1.0 A, 1.5 A, 2.0 A
and 2.5 A
.

The output
voltage of the
transformer
increases as
the number of
turns of the
secondary coil
increases.

To investigate the
relationship
between the
number of turns of
the secondary coil
and output
voltage of a
transformer.

Manipulated:
number of turns of
the secondary coil

Responding:
output voltage of a
transformer

Constant:
number of turns of
the primary coil and
the input voltage

1. The number of turns of the secondary coil is
recorded N = 20 turns
2. The low voltage power supply is switched on.
3. The reading of the voltmeter is recorded = V
4. The experiment is repeated 5 times with different
number of turns of the secondary coil 40 turns, 60
turns, 80 turns and 100 turns

19

HYPOTHESIS AIM OF
EXPERIMENT

The magnitude
of (induced)
current //
potential
difference
increases as
number of turns
of the
secondary coil
increases.

To investigate the
relationship
between
the number of
turns
of the secondary
coil
and the magnitude
of
(induced) current
//
potential
difference

Manipulated:
number of turns
of the secondary
coil

Responding:
magnitude of
(induced) current //
potential difference.

Constant:
input
voltage // no of
turns of the primary
coil // size /
diameter / thickness
of wire of coils.

Magnitude of (induced) current // potential difference (Vs) and
number of turns of the secondary coil

1. Set up the apparatus as shown, with a 240 V
ac current supply with 50 turns on the primary
coil.
2. Set the secondary coil so that the number of
turns n = 20
3. Switch on the power supply, measure the
current, I (with the ammeter) that passes
through the secondary coil.
4. Repeat step 2 and 3 for n = 40, 60, 80 and 100
turns..

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1

CONTENTS
DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER PAGE
1 - INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS 2
2 - FORCES AND MOTION 3 - 5
3 - FORCES AND PRESSURE 6
4 - HEAT 7
5 - LIGHT 8 - 9
6 - WAVES 10 - 11
7 - ELECTRICITY 12
8 - ELECTROMAGNETISM 13 - 14
9 - ELECTRONIC 15 - 16
10 - RADIOACTIVITY 16 - 17

PHYSICS THERMINOLOGIES 18 - 20
PHYSICS PRECAUTIONARY 21
PHYSICS FORMULAE 22 25
PHYSICAL QUANTITY AND UNIT 26

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2

DEFINITION

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS

NO.

TERMS

DEFINITIONS /MEANING

FORMULA/
REMARKS

1

Physical quantities

Quantities that can be measured

2

Base quantities

Physical quantities that cannot be defined in terms
of other quantities

3

Derived quantities

Physical quantity obtained from the combination of
base quantities through multiplication or division
or both.

4

Base units

Units that cannot be defined in terms of other units

5

Derived units

Unit which are obtained from the combination of
base units through multiplication or division or
both

6

Consistency

The ability (of a measuring instrument) to measure
a quantity with little or no deviation among the
measurements

7

Accuracy

This closeness of a measurement to the actual
value.

8

Sensitivity

The ability (of a measuring instrument) to detect a
small change in the quantity to be measured.

Smallest scale

9

Error

The difference between the measured value and
the actual value.

10

Systematic errors

Errors in the calibration of instruments or the non-
zero reading when the actual reading should be
zero.

Zero error

11

Random error

Errors due to the mistakes made by the observer
when taking measurement either through incorrect
positioning of the eye or the instrument.

Parallax error

12

Parallax error

Error due to the incorrect positioning of the eye
when reading a measurement.

13

Zero error

The pointer of the instrument does not return to
the zero position when it is not being used.

Length, mass, time,
temperature, electric
current
metre, kg, second, Kelvin,
Ampere
e.g: velocity, forces,
work, density, pressure,
momentum
e.g: ms
-1
, kgms
-2
, joule,
kgm
-3
, Nm
-2
,kgms
-1
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3

CHAPTER 2 : FORCES AND MOTION

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/
REMARKS

1

Vector quantity

Physical quantities that have both magnitude and
direction

2

Scalar quantity

Physical quantities that have magnitude only.

3

Distance

The total path length travelled from one location
to the other.

4

Displacement

The distance between two locations measured
along the shortest path connecting them in a
specified direction.

5

Speed

Rate of change of distance OR Distance travelled
per unit time
t
s
v =

6

Velocity

Rate of change of displacement

t
s
v =

7

Acceleration

Rate of change of velocity
t
u v
a

=

8

Deceleration

Rate of decrease in velocity
t
u v
a

=

9

Inertia

The tendency of the object to remain at rest or if
moving to continue its motion.

10

Mass

The quantity of matter in an object

11

Momentum

Product of mass and velocity

p = mv

12

Principle of
conservation of
momentum

In a closed system, the total momentum before
collision is equal to the total momentum after
collision provided there is no external force.

13

Elastic collision

A collision in which the objects do not combine
after collision

2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
v m v m
u m u m
+ =
+

14

Non-elastic collision
Force

A collision in which the objects are combined after
collision
( )v m m
u m u m
2 1
2 2 1 1
+ =
+

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4


NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/
REMARKS

15

Unbalanced/net/
resultant force.

A single force that represents the combined effect
of two or more forces with magnitude and
direction.

ma F =

16

Balanced forces/
Forces in
equilibrium

Situation in which forces acting on an object
produces no net force. The object is stationary
or moves with a constant velocity in a straight
line

F = 0 N

17

Force / Impulsive
Force

Something can be change the shape, direction of
motion and can move the object// Rate of change
of momentum
t
mu mv
F

=

18

Impulse

Change in momentum

mu mv Ft =

19

Gravitational field

The region around the earth which an object
experiences a force towards the centre of earth.

20

Gravitational field
strength.

The gravitational force acting on a mass of 1 kg.
placed at that point

g = 10 Nkg
-1

21

Gravitational
acceleration

The acceleration of an object due to the pull of the
gravitational force.

g = 10 m s
-2

22

Free fall

The motion in which the object falls due to
gravitational force only.

23

Weight

The gravitational force acting on the object.

mg W =

24

Newtons Second
Law of Motion

The acceleration produced by a net force on an
object is directly proportional to the
magnitude of the net force applied and is
inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

ma F =

25

Resolution of forces

The separation of a single force into two
perpendicular components called the vertical
and the horizontal component

26

1Newton

Is the force which acts on a body of mass 1 kg.
and causes the body to accelerate at 1 ms
-2

27

Energy

The ability to do work.

28

Frictional Force

The force that act to oppose the moving object
with opposite direction

Fy
Fx
F
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5


NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/
REMARKS

29

Work done

The product of the applied force and the
displacement in the direction of the applied force.

Fs W =

30

Power

The rate at which work is done OR the amount of
work done per second.

P =
t
E

31

1 watt

The power generated when I J of work is done is
1 s

32

Kinetic energy

The energy of an object due to its motion.

E
k
= mv
2

33

Gravitational
potential energy

The energy of an object due to its higher position
in the gravitational field

E
p
=mgh

34

Density

Mass per unit volume.

V
m
=

35

Principle of
Conservation of
energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy
can be transformed from one form to another.
The total energy in a closed system is constant.

mgh= mv
2

36

Efficiency

The percentage of the energy input that is
transformed into useful energy.
% 100 x
P
P
E
i
o
f
=

37

Elasticity

The ability of an object to return to its original
size/length/shape when the force that is acting on
it is removed.

38

Hookes Law

The extension of a spring is directly proportional to
the applied force provided the elastic-limit is not
exceeded.

kx F =

39

Elastic limit

The maximum force which can act on an object
before it loses its elasticity.

40

Force constant/
spring constant

Force per unit extension
x
F
k =

41

Elastic potential
energy

The energy stored in an object when it is stretched
or compressed.

E
E
= Fx

E
E
= kx
2

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6

CHAPTER 3 : FORCES AND PRESSURE

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/
REMARKS

1

Pressure

Magnitude of force acting perpendicularly to a
surface per unit area of the surface.
A
F
P =

2

Pressure in liquid

The pressure at any point in a liquids act in al l
directions.

g h P =

3

1 Pascal or 1 N m
-2

The pressure exerted on a surface when a force
of 1 N acts perpendicularly to an area of 1 m
2

4

Atmospheric
pressure

The pressure due to the weight of the air acting
per unit area on the earths surface.

5

Pascals Principle

The pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is
transmitted uniformly to every part of the liquid.
2
2
1
1
A
F
A
F
=

6

Buoyant force

The upward force exerted by a fluid when an
object is wholly or partially immersed in the fluid.

vg F
B
=

7

Archimedes
Principle

For a body wholly or partially immersed in a fluid,
the buoyant force is equal to weight of the fluid it
displaces.

8

Bernoullis Principle
In a moving fluid, where the speed is low, the
pressure is high and where the speed is high, the
pressure is low.

An intelligent plan is the first step to success.
The man who plans knows where he is going,
knows what progress he is making, and has a
pretty good idea when he will arrive.
Planning is the open road to your destination.
If you dont know where you are going, how
can you expect to get there?
Basil S.Walsh
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7

CHAPTER 4 : HEAT

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/
REMARKS

1

Temperature

Degree of hotness

2

Thermal equilibrium

The situation in which two objects which are in
thermal contact have the same rate of heat
transfer and the same temperature. The net heat
flow between the two objects is zero.

3

Lower fixed
point/ice point

The temperature at which pure ice melts under the
standard atmospheric pressure.

4

Upper fixed point/
Steam point

The temperature of steam from pure water that is
boiling under standard atmospheric pressure.

5

Heat capacity

The amount of heat required to increase the
temperature of an object by 1
o
C.

mc Q =

6

Specific heat
capacity

The amount of heat that must be supplied to an
object of mass 1 kg. to increase its temperature by
1
o
C.

m
Q
c =

7

Specific latent heat
of fusion.

The amount of heat required to change 1 kg. of a
substance from solid to liquid without any change
in temperature

m
Q
l =

8

Specific latent heat
of vaporization.

The amount of heat required to change 1 kg. of a
substance from liquid to gas without any change
in temperature.

m
Q
l =

9

Boyles Law

For a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is
inversely proportional to its volume when the
temperature is kept constant.

2 2 1 1
V P V P =

10

Charles Law

For a fixed mass of gas, the volume of the gas is
directly proportional to the absolute
temperature of the gas when the pressure is kept
constant.
T K = (T
O
C + 273) K

2
2
1
1
T
V
T
V
=

11

Pressure Law

For a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is
directly proportional to the absolute temperature
of the gas when the volume is kept constant.
T K = (T
O
C + 273) K

2
2
1
1
T
P
T
P
=

12

Absolute zero

The lowest temperature in theory in which the
pressure and the kinetic energy of gas molecules
are zero.

T = + 273 K

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8

CHAPTER 5 : LIGHT

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/
REMARKS

1

Law of reflection

i) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the
normal all lie in the same plane.
ii) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection.

2

Principal axis of a
curved mirror

The line passing through the vertex. P and the
centre of curvature C.

3

Centre of curvature,
C

The centre of the sphere that forms the curved
mirror.

4

Focal point, F of a
concave mirror

The point on the principal axis where the reflected
rays converge that is meet and intersect./The mix
point between centre of curvature and pole of mirror.

5

Focal point, F of a
convex mirror

The point on the principal axis where the reflected
rays diverge that is appear to spread out from
behind the mirror./ The mix point between centre of
curvature and pole of mirror.

6

Real image

The image that can be formed/displayed on a
screen.

7

Virtual image

The image that cannot be formed on a screen.

8

Reflection of light

The return of light waves when they hit a reflector
(mirror)

9

Refraction of light

The bending of light ray at the boundary as it
travels from one medium to another of different
optical densities.

10

Law of refraction

The incident ray, the refracted ray and normal all
lie in the same plane. The ratio of sin i/sin r is a
constant (Snells Law)

11

Refractive index, n

The value of the constant (sin i / sin r) for a light
ray passing through a vacuum into a given
medium.
r
i
n
sin
sin
=

12

Real depth

The distance of the real object from the surface of
a medium (eg. Water, glass).

13

Apparent depth

The distance of the virtual image from the surface
of the medium (eg. Water, glass).

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9

CHAPTER 5 : LIGHT

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/
REMARKS

14

Critical angle, C

The angle of incidence in the denser medium when
the angle of refraction in the less dense medium is
90
o
.

c
n
sin
1
=

15

Total internal
reflection

The condition in which the light ray from a denser
medium to a less dense medium is reflected back
into the denser medium when the angle of
incidence is greater than the critical angle

16

Focal point, F of a
lens

A common point on the principal axis where all the
rays parallel to the axis converge to it after passing
through a convex lens or appear to diverge from it
after passing through a concave lens.

17

Focal length, f

The distance between the focal point and the
optical centre.
2
r
f =

18

Power of lens

The reciprocal of the focal length.

f
P
1
=

19

Linear
magnification

The ratio of the image size to the object size OR
the ratio of the image distance to object distance.
u
v
M =

5 Principles of a Successful person
Be Strong
Be Perfect
Be Good
Try Harder
Hurry Up
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10

CHAPTER 6 : WAVES

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/
REMARKS

1

Wave

A travelling disturbance from a vibrating or
oscillating source which comes energy along with
it in the direction of the propagation.

2

Vibration/oscillation

A uniform to-and-fro motion of an object/particle
from a vibrating source.

3

Transverse wave

A wave in which the particles of the medium
oscillate in the direction perpendicular to the
direction in which the wave moves.
(eg. Water, light, all EM waves)

4

Longitudinal wave

A wave which the particles of the medium oscillate
in the direction parallel to the direction in which
the wave moves.
(eg. Sound)

5

Wavefront

An imaginary line that joins all identical points on a
wave.

6

One complete
oscillation

The to-and-fro motion of an object/particle from
one particular point.

7

Amplitude, a
(SI unit: m)

The maximum displacement from the mean
position of a wave.

8

Period, T(SI unit: s)

The time taken to complete one oscillation.

9

Frequency, f
(Sl unit: Hz)

The number of complete oscillations made in 1
second.
T
f
1
=

10

Wavelength, A

The horizontal distance between two successive
equivalent points on a wave.
f
v
=

11

Damping

Energy loss from an oscillating system to the
surrounding in the form of heat energy.

12

Natural frequency

The frequency in which an oscillating system
vibrates when no external force is applied.

13

Resonance

The phenomena in which an oscillating system is
driven at its natural frequency by a periodic
force. Maximum energy transfer occurs to the
system and it oscillates at a large amplitude.

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11

CHAPTER 6 : WAVES

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/
REMARKS

14

Reflection of
waves

The return of all or part of the waves when they
encounter on obstacle.

15

Refraction of
waves

The phenomena in which there is a change of
direction of propagation due to a change of
speed when water waves travel one area to
another of different depths.

16

Diffraction of
waves

The phenomena that refers to the spreading out of
waves when they move through a gap or round
an obstacle.

17

Interference of
waves

The phenomena in which two sets of coherent
waves meet/combine.
=
D
ax

18

Coherent waves

Waves which maintain a constant phase
difference, amplitude and frequency.

19

Principle of
Superposition

The combined wave forms of two or more
interfering waves are given by the sum of the
displacement of the individual wave at each point
of the medium.

20

Constructive
interference

The combination/superposition of two coherent
waves in which the vertical displacements of the
two waves are in the same direction.

Crest + Crest

Trough + Trough

21

Destructive
interference

The combination/superposition of two coherent
waves in which a positive displacement of a wave
meets a negative displacement of another wave
and the combined amplitude becomes zero.

Crest + Trough

22

Audio waves

Sound waves generated between 20Hz and 20
kHz and can be heard by normal human ears.

23

Infrasound

Sound with frequency below 20 Hz.

24

Ultrasound

Sound with frequency above 20 kHz.

25

Electromagnetic
spectrum

Consists of a group of waves with similar natures
and are arranged in increasing frequencies and
decreasing wavelengths.

26

Electromagnetic
waves

Waves which consist of a joint electric and
magnetic fields which oscillate perpendicular to
each other.

Frequency,
wavelength, speed
unchanged
Frequency
unchanged but
wavelength, speed
change
Frequency,
wavelength, speed
unchanged
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12

CHAPTER 7 : ELECTRICITY

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/
REMARKS

1

Electric current

The rate of charge flow in a circuit.

t
Q
I =

2

1 Ampere

The electric current that flows through a conductor
if 1 coulomb of charge flows through the conductor
in 1 second.

3

Electric field

A region in which an electric charge experiences
an electric force.

4

Potential difference

The work done or the Energy that would be
required to move 1 C of charge from one point to
another in a circuit.

Q
E
V =

5

1 volt

The work done to move 1C of charge between two
points is 1 J .

6

Resistance

The ratio of potential difference across a conductor
to the electric current flowing through the conductor
I
V
R =

7

Ohms Law

The electric current passing through an ohmic
conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference between its ends provided that the
temperature and other physical properties of
the conductor are constant.

IR V =

8

Series circuit

All the components are connected one after
another in a single path.

I - same
V - different

9

Parallel circuit

All the components are connected with their
corresponding ends joined together at common
points to form separate and parallel paths.

V - same
I - different

10

Electromotive force
(e.m.f)

The work done by a source (dry cell / battery) in
driving a unit charge around a complete circuit.

11

Internal resistance,
r

The resistance against the moving charge due to
the electrolyte in the cell/battery.

Ir V E + =

12

Electrical power

The rate of electrical energy dissipated or
transferred.
t
E
P =

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13


NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/
REMARKS

1

Electromagnet

A temporary magnet made by winding a coil of
insulated wire round a soft iron core.

2

Magnetic field

A region round a current carrying conductor in
which a magnetic force acts.

3

Catapult field

The resultant magnetic field due to the
combination of the magnetic field due to the current
in the conductor and the external magnetic field.

4

Electromagnetic
induction

The setting up of an electromotive force in a
conductor due to a change in the magnetic flux
caused by the relative motion of the conductor and
an magnetic field. The induced e.m.f will cause
induced current to flow.

5

Lenzs Law

The direction the induced current in such that the
change producing it will be opposed.

6

Faradays Law

The magnitude of the induced e.m.f is directly
proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux
or the rate of cutting of the magnetic flux.

7

Direct current

A current that flows in one direction only in a circuit
and the magnitude of the current maybe constant
or charges with time.

8

Alternating current

A current which flows to and fro in two opposite
directions in a circuit and it changes its direction
periodically.

9

Transformer

A device which works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction which steps up or steps
down alternating current voltages.

p
s
p
s
V
V
N
N
=

10

Step-up
transformer

A transformer where the number of turns in the
secondary coil is greater than the number of turns
in the primary coil, the voltage across the
secondary coil is greater than the voltage across
the primary coil.

11

Step-down
transformer

A transformer where the number of turns in the
secondary coil is less than the number of turns in
the primary coil, the voltage across the secondary
coil is less than the voltage across the primary coil

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14


NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/
REMARKS

12

Idea transformer

A transformer in which the output power is equal to
the input power and there is no energy loss during
the process of transforming the voltage.

13

Eddy current

The current induced in the soft iron core due to the
changing magnetic field produced by the
alternating current in the coils.

14

National Grid
Network

A network system of cables which connects all the
power stations and substations in the country to
the consumers in a closed network to transmit
electricity.

Motivation is like food for the brain, you
cannot get enough in ones sitting. It
needs continual and regular top ups
Peter Davies
RRHR
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15

CHAPTER 9 : ELECTRONIC

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/
REMARKS

1

Thermionic
emission

The process of emission of electrons from the
surface of a heated metal.

2

Cathode ray

The stream of electrons which moves from cathode
to anode at high speed across a vacuum.

3

Semiconductor

A material which can conduct electricity better then
insulator, but not as well as conductor.

4

Doping

A process of adding a certain amount of specific
impurities to a semiconductor to increase its
conductivity.

5

n-type
semiconductor

Semiconductor obtained when pentavalent atoms
which are doped into the intrinsic semiconductor
contribute extra electrons. Free electrons become
the majority charge carrier and the holes become
the minority carrier.

6

p-type
semiconductor

Semiconductor obtained when trivalent atoms
which are doped into the intrinsic semiconductor
contribute extra holes. Free electrons become the
minority charge carrier and the holes become the
majority charge carrier.

7

p-n junction

Formed when pieces of n-type and p-type
semiconductors are fused together.

8

Semiconductor
diode

An electronic device made from a p-n junction that
allows current to flow in one direction only but
blocks it in the opposite direction.

9

Forward bias

The connection in which the p-type (anode) of the
diode is connected to the positive terminal of a
battery and the n-type (cathode) is connected to
the negative terminal of the battery.

10

Reverse bias

The connection in which the p-type (anode) of the
diode is connected to the negative terminal of a
battery and the n-type (cathode) is connected to
the positive terminal of the battery.

11

Rectifier

An electrical device that converts alternating
current to direct current.

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16

CHAPTER 9 : ELECTRONIC

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/
REMARKS

12

Half-wave
rectification

A process where only half of every cycle of an
alternating current is made to flow in one direction
only.

13

Full-wave
rectification

A process where both halves of every cycle of an
alternating current is made to flow in the same
direction.

14

Transistor

An electronic device which has three terminals
labeled base, collector and emitter, made by
coalescing (fusing) the n-type and p-type
semiconductors.

15

Logic gates

A switching circuit made up of a combination of
transistor switches which has one or more inputs
but only one output.

16

Truth table

A record of all the possible combinations of inputs
and the corresponding outputs for a particular logic
circuit.

CHAPTER 10 : RADIOACTIVITY

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/
REMARKS

1

Proton number, Z

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

2

Nucleon number, A

The total number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom.

3

Isotopes

Atoms of an element which have the same proton
number but different nucleon number.

4

Radioactivity

The spontaneous disintegration of an unstable
nucleus accompanied by the emission of an
energetic particle or a photon (or radioactive
emission)

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17

CHAPTER 10 : RADIOACTIVITY

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/
REMARKS

5

Radioactive decay

The process in which an unstable nucleus changes
into a more stable nucleus by emitting radiation.

6

Radiation

The energy given out by an unstable nucleus in the
form of energetic particles or photon.

7

Half-life

The time taken for the number of the undecayed
nuclei in the sample to be reduced to half of its
original number.

T
1/2

8

Radioisotopes

Unstable nuclei of an element which have the
same number of protons but different number of
neutrons which decay and give out radioactive
emissions.

9

Atomic mass unit
(a.m.u)

1/12 of the mass of the carbon 12 atom.

10

Nuclear fission

The process of splitting a heavy nucleus into two
lighter nuclei which releases enormous amount of
energy.

11

Nuclear fusion

The process of combining two lighter nuclei to form
a heavier nucleus which releases enormous
amount of energy

12

Chain reaction

Self-sustaining reaction in which the products of a
reaction can initiate another similar reaction.

13

Einsteins principle

Mass and energy are not conserved separately
and can be exchanged one for the other by using
this equation: E =mc
2
where
E =energy released (J ), m =mass defect (kg)
c =speed of light (3x10
8
ms
-1
)

E = mc
2

WHY DID I WANT TO WIN?
BECAUSE I DID NOT WANT TO LOSE

Max Schmelling
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PHYSICS TERMINOLOGIES

NO

TERM

VALUE

MEANING/EXPLANATION

Low Slow increase of velocity
High Fast increase of velocity

Low Lighter / Less compact
High Heavier / More compact

Small Spring is soft / Easy to stretch
High Spring is stiff / Difficult to stretch

Low Change shape easily when acted upon by external
force
High Does not change shape easily when acted upon by
external force

Low Breaks easily / Break under small external force
High Difficult to break / Need a large force to break

Low Does not rust easily / quickly
High Rust easily / quickly

Low Easily heated up / Short time to heat up
Need less heat to raise temperature

High
More difficult to heat up / Take more time to heat up
Need more heat to raise temperature / Use more fuel

Low Need less heat to melt or vaporize
Time to melt or vaporize is shorter
High Need more heat to melt or vaporize
Time to melt or vaporize is longer

Low Melt at low temperature
High Melt at higher temperature

Low Freezes at low temperature
High Freezes at high temperature

Low
Starts boiling at lower temperature
Starts boiling earlier
Slower to begin condensation

High
Starts boiling at high temperature
Starts boiling latter
Faster to begin condensation

Low Substance that refracts light less
High Substance that refracts light more

Acceleration
Density
Force constant
Rigidity
Strength
Rate of rusting
Specific Heat Capacity
Specific Latent Heat
Melting point
Freezing point
Boiling point
Refractive index
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
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NO

TERM

VALUE

MEANING/EXPLANATION

Small Easier for total internal reflection occur
Big Difficult for total internal reflection to occur

Low Long focal length
Refract light less
High

Short focal length
Refract light more

Short Higher power
Long Lower power

High Short wavelength
High penetrating power

Long Low frequency
Low penetrating power

High
High pitch
Short wavelength
Spread out less

Low Having lower resistance compared to wires of the
same thickness and length
High Having higher resistance compared to wires of the
same thickness and length

e.m.f of cell Large Supply a larger current through the same resistance

Power of electrical
device
High Uses more energy per second

Voltage (working
voltage of electrical
device)
High Needs a smaller current to produce a fixed amount of
power

Low Not easy to bend
High Easy to bend

Low Safe cost
High More energy loss

Low Prevent power loss due to heat
High Produce more heat

Short Not pose any serious health risk/Easy to dissolve
Long Danger to consumer/Difficult to dissolve

Focal length
Frequency (of
electromagnetic wave)
Wavelength (of
electromagnetic wave)
Resistivity
Frequency (sound)
Power of a lens
13 Critical angle
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Flexibility
Efficiency
Resistance
Half life
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NO

TERM

VALUE

MEANING/EXPLANATION

Short Smaller resistance
Long Higher resistance

Low Lower strength of electromagnetic field
High Higher strength of electromagnetic field

Aerodynamic Reduce air resistance
Streamline Reduce water resistance

Low Does not ionize the other ion / cell
High Easy to ionize the other ion /cell

Low Cannot penetrate through medium easily
High Can penetrate through medium easily

27 Cable
Number of turns
of coil
Shape
Ionizing power
Penetrating power
28
29
30
31

You may never know what
results comes of your action,
but if you do nothing there will
be no results.
Mahatma Gandhi
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PRECAUTIONARY STEPS FOR INVESTIGATIVE EXPERIMENTS

NO

TYPE OF EXPERIMENT
INVOLVING;

PRECAUTIONS THAT CAN BE TAKEN

1

Measuring instruments such as
ammeter, voltmeter, meter rule

a. The position of eye is perpendicular to the scale of
measuring cylinder to avoid the parallax error.
b. The zero error should be corrected by turning the
zero error adjustment knobs until the pointer reads
exactly 0 on the instrument (ammeter/voltmeter).
c. The experiment is repeated and the average
readings are taken.

2

Linear motion
a. Ensure the trolley moves down the inclined plane in
a straight path without knocking the sides of the
inclined plane.

3

Spring
a. Make sure the spring in not loaded beyond the
elastic limit. (Spring return to original length when
load is taken off)
b. Avoid parallax error by placing the eye such that the
line of view is perpendicular to the scale of the ruler.

4

Heat
a. Liquid must be stirred constantly so that temperature
rises evenly.
b. Aluminum block must be wrapped with insulating
material to prevent heat lost.
c. Thermometer bulb should be smeared with oil to give
better thermal contact with the block.
d. Avoid parallax error by placing the eye such that the
line of view is perpendicular to the scale of the
thermometer.

5

Light
a. Experiment must be carried out in darkened room.
b. Lens, screen and object must be in a straight line.
c. Avoid parallax error by placing the eye such that the
line of view is perpendicular to the scale of the ruler.

6

Waves
a. Sponge is used at the side of the ripple tank, to
prevent reflection of water wave
b. Experiment of interference of sound waves is carried
out at the field, to avoid the reflection of sound wave

7

Electricity
a. All connections must be tight/ secure.
b. Off the switch after readings are taken to prevent
wires from heating up (resistance increase).
c. Avoid parallax error by placing the eye such that the
line of view is perpendicular to the scale of the
ammeter/voltmeter.

*Assumption for heat experiment: - No heat loss to the surrounding

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FORMULAE IN PHYSICS

FORCES AND MOTION

1 Average speed = Total distance travelled
Time taken
t
s
v =

v
s
t = tv s =
7 a. Weight of momentum, W =mg
b. Gravitational field strength ,
m
W
g =

2
Acceleration,
t
u v
a

=

8

Work done, W =Fs

3 Equation of motion
a. at u v + = b. ( )t
v u
s
2
+
=
c. as u v 2
2 2
+ = d.
2
2
1
at ut s + =
9
Power,
t
W
P =

10
a. Kinetic energy
2
2
1
mv =
b. Gravitational potential energy =mgh

4 Momentum =mv 11 a. Hookes law, F = kx
b. Elastic potential energy
2
2
1
kx = , Fx
2
1

5 a. Change of momentum =mv-mu

b. Impulse =Ft = mv-mu

6

a.
t
mu mv
F

=
b. ma F =
Principle of conservation of energy

12

13

mgh = mv
2

Fx = mv
2

FORCES AND PRESSURE

12
a. Density ,
V
m
= b. Density ,
m
V =
c. mass, m =v
13
a. Pressure ,
A
F
P = b. Force, F=PA

14 Pressure in liquid, P =hg 15 Buoyant force =weight of liquid displaced

F
B
=Vg

16 Law of floatation
Weight of object =Buoyant force
mg =vg

17 Pascals Principle
2
2
1
1
A
F
A
F
=

s
t
v
F

a

m
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HEAT

18
Temperature, ( ) C x
X X
X X
o
ice steaam
ice
100
0
=
19 Specific heat capacity
Heat absorbed or Heat released

mc Q =

20 Specific latent heat, ml Q = 21 Absolute temperature, T K = (T
O
C + 273) K

22
Boyles law,
2 2 1 1
V P V P =
23
Charles law,
2
2
1
1
T
V
T
V
=

24
Pressure law,
2
2
1
1
T
P
T
P
=
25 mc mgh =

mc Pt =

LIGHT

25
Focal length,
2
r
f =
27
Power of lens,
f
P
1
=

26 Refractive index,
a.
r
i
n
n
sin
sin
1
2
=

b.
c
n
sin
1
=

c. n = Real depth
Apparent depth

d. n = Speed of light in vacuum
Speed of light in medium

28
Lens formula,
v u f
1 1 1
+ =

29
Linear magnification,
u
v
M = or
o
i
h
h
M =

30 Astronomical telescope
a. Magnifying power of telescope,
e
o
f
f
M =
b. Distance between lenses =f
o
+ f
e

WAVES

31
Frequency,
T
f
1
=
32
Wavelength,
f
v
=

33 Young double slit experiment,
=
D
ax

34 Wave speed, f v =

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ELECTRICITY

35
a. Charge, It Q =
b. Current,
t
Q
I =

36
Potential difference,
Q
E
V =
37 Energy transferred, QV E =

38
a. Resistance,
I
V
R =
b. Current,
R
V
I = .
c. Potential difference or voltage, IR V =
39 Resistor in SERIES:

a.
3 2 1
R R R R + + =
b. Same current flows in each resistor
c. potential difference across resistor R

40 Resistor in PARALLEL:
a.
3 2 1
1 1 1 1
R R R R
+ + =
b. Same p.difference in each resistor
c. current in resistor
R
1

41 a. Energy, VIt E =

b. Energy, Rt I E
2
=

c. Energy, t
R
V
E
2
=

42
a. Power,
t
E
P =
b. Power, Pt E =
43
a. Power,
R
V
P
2
=
b. Power, VI P =
c. Power, R I P
2
=

44 For battery with internal resistance
a. EMF, Ir V E + =
b. ( ) r R I E + =

ELECTROMAGNETISM

45 Transformer
a.
p
s
p
s
V
V
N
N
=
c. Efficiency = Output power x 100%
Input power

b.
p p s s
I V I V =
d. % 100 x
I V
I V
Efficiency
p p
s s
=

46 Transmission of electricity
a. Power transmitted, VI P =

b. Power dissipated, R I P
2
=

V

R
I
P

V
I
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ELECTRONIC

47 Transistor
a. xV
R R
R
V
yz xy
xy
xy
+
=

b. xV
R R
R
V
yz xy
yz
yz
+
=

48
eV = mv
2
where: e = 1.6 x 10
-19
C

49

RADIOACTIVITY, Einstein equation :
2
mc E =

SOME INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES
YEAR INVENTOR INVENTION
1676 Van Leeuwenhoek Use Lenses to observe bacteria
1679 Denis Pan Pressure Cooker
1765 James Watt Steam Engine
1777 Antoine Lavoisier Explained Combustion
1784 William Murdock Locomotive
1794 Eli Whitney Spinning Machines
1831 Michael Faraday Electromagnetic Induction
1836 Samuel More Telegraph
1839 Jacques Daguerre Photographic Process

WHERE THERES A WILL, THERES A WAY
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NO. PHYSICAL QUANTITY SYMBOL UNIT
1 Distance / Displacement s / d Metre, m
2 Speed / Velocity V ms
-1

3 Time t Second, s
4 Acceleration a ms
-2
5 Momentum p kg ms
-1

6 Force F kg ms
-2
/ N
7 Impulse Ft Ns
8 Weight W kg ms
-2
/ N
9 Work done w J oule, J
10 Energy E J oule, J
11 Power P watt, W
12 Density kgm
-3
13 Volume V m
-3

14 Extension of spring x / e cm / m
15 Force constant k Ncm
-1
/ Nm
-1
16 Pressure P Nm
-2
/ Pa
17 Area A m
2
18 Temperature in Celsius
o
C
19 Heat Q J oule, J
20 Specific heat capacity c J kg
-1

o
C
-1
21 Specific latent heat l J kg
-1

22 Absolute temperature T Kelvin, K
23 Focal length f cm / m
24 Radius of curvature r cm / m
25 Angle of incidence i Degree (
o
)
26 Angle of refraction r Degree (
o
)
27 Refractive index n -
28 Critical angle c Degree (
o
)
29 Power of lens P Diopter, D
30 Object distance u cm / m
31 Image distance v cm / m
32 Period T Second, s
33 Frequency f Hertz, Hz / s
-1
34 Wavelength cm / m
35 Electric charge Q Coulomb, C
36 Current I Ampere, A
37 Potential difference V Volt, V
38 Resistance R Ohm,
39 Electrical energy E J oule, J
40 Electrical power P watt, W
41 Electromotive force (emf) E Volt, V
42 Internal resistance r Ohm,
43 Peak voltage V
p
Volt, V
44 Charge of an electron e Coulomb, C
45 Speed of light c ms
-1

ITEM NUMBER OF
QUESTION
SKILLS
ESSAY
QUESTION
(SECTION B)
2 QUESTION
(Choose and
answer 1 only)
Problem Solving
Experimenting
(Scientific
Investigation)
Diagram 3.1 shows a students squeezing a balloon filled with air.

Diagram 3.2 shows the students queezing the balloon further
upwards. The volume of the balloon decreases and it becomes
harder.
Balloon
Diagram 3.1 Diagram 3.2

(a) State one suitable inference.

(b) State one hypothesis that could be
investigated.

(c) With the use of apparatus such as syringe,
rubber tube and other apparatus, describe
an experiment to investigate the hypothesis
state in 3(b).
In your description, state clearly the
following:

(i) The aim of the experiment.
(ii) The variables in the experiment.
(iii) The list of apparatus and materials.
(iv) The arrangement of the apparatus.
(v) The procedure used in the experiment.
Describe how to control and measure the
manipulated variables and how to measure
the responding variables.
(vi) The way to tabulate the data.
(vii) The way to analyse the data.

NO. ITEM SCHEME MARK
3 (a) State one suitable inference

Cause (MV) Effect (RV)
Volume Pressure
Pressure Volume
RV affects/influence MV // RV depends on/ influence by MV

1. Pressure of air depends on volume of air
2. Volume of air depends on pressure of air

Reject : comparison of variable.

1
3 (b) State one suitable hypothesis

The higher the pressure the lower the volume of air

The higher the volume the lower the pressure of air

Reject: Conclusion statement
Eg: Volume is inversly proportional to pressure

1

3 (c) State the aim of experiment

To investigate/study the relationship between pressure and
volume of air

1
State the correct manipulated variable and responding
variable

MV: Pressure/Volume of air

RV: Volume/Pressure of air

2
State one constant variable

Temperature/mass of air

3

State the list of apparatus and material

Rubber tube, Bourdon gauge and syringe //
Bourdon gauge, manometer, ruler and slotted weight
(load)

4
3 (c) Functional arrangement of apparatus

5

State one method of controlling the manipulated variable

Set the first value of pressure or volume
Eg: The piston of the syringe is pulled upwards so that the
volume of air in the cylinder is 50.0 cm
3
.// Push the piston
until the reading of bourdon gauge 1.5 kPa

6
State one method of measuring the responding variable

The pressure reading from Bourdon gauge is recorded//
The volume of air trapped in the syring is recorded

7

3 (c) Repeat the experiment at least 4 times

Repeat the experiment by pulled/pushing the piston at
different values of volume.

Push or pulled the syringe so that the volume in the syringe
is 45.0 cm
3
, 40.0 cm
3
, 35.0 cm
3
and 30.0 cm
3

8
Tabulate the data correctly

9
Analyse the data

Plot the graph Pressure / Volume
againstVolume / Pressure

10
Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2 show two electric bread toaster A and B
with the same power rating.
Toaster A has a thick heating element. It glows less brightly and
produces less heat.
Toaster B has thin heating element. It glows more brightly and
produce more heat.


investigated.

(c) With the use of apparatus such as a d.c
power supply, a voltmeter, constantan wire
and other apparatus, describe an
experiment to investigate the hypothesis
state in 4(b).
following:




Thickness Brightness
Diameter Resistance
SWG Heat
No. Of wire connected in Energy
Parallel Temperature
Cross sectional area Power

RV affects/influence MV // RV depends on/ influence by
MV

Resistance of wire depends on diameter of wire


1


The bigger the diameter the lower the resistance
The brightness/hotness of heating element depends on its
thickness/diameter
Eg: Resistance is inversly proportional to diameter

1
4 (c) (i)

(ii)

State the aim of experiment

To investigate/study the relationship between resistance
and diameter of wire

variable

MV: Diameter of wire

RV: Resistance

1

2

Length of wire/Temperature/Resistivity

Reject: Type of wire

3
(iii) State the list of apparatus and material

Dry cell or Power supply, constantan wire, ammeter,
voltmeter, switch and rheostat

4
(iv)

Functional arrangement of apparatus

5

(v) State one method of controlling the manipulated variable

Use the constantan wire of diameter 0.2 mm

6

Turn on the switch. Adjust the rheostat until the reading of
ammeter, I = 0.5 A

Record the reading of voltmeter.

Calculate the resistance , R = V/I

7
Repeat the experiment at least 4 times

Repeat the experiment with diameter of wire d = 0.4 mm,
0.6 mm, 0.8 mm and 1.0 mm

Accept 8 if Constan variable : Length of wire

8

(vi) Tabulate the data correctly

9
(vii) Analyse the data

Plot the graph resistance against diameter

10
Diagram 3.1 shows a diver in the sea.
Diagram 3.2 shows the same diver at the deeper position. He
noticed that both of his ears feel uncomfortable due to the
pressure of the sea water


investigated.

(c) With the use of apparatus such as a thistle
funnel, U-tube, container, rubber band,
rubber sheet and other apparatus,
describe an experiment to investigate
the hypothesis state in 3(b).
following:




Depth of liquid Pressure

RV affects/influence MV // RV depends on/ influence by MV

The pressure depends on the depth of liquid

Reject : comparison of variable

MV and RV Does not clear

Length - Length of water increase
Height of thistle - Change in high of manometer
Funnel immersed - Reading of water level in tube

Penalize for the first time in aim.

1

(b) State one suitable hypothesis

The depth of liquid increases, the pressure is increases


Eg: Depth of liquid is directly proportional to pressure

1
3 (c) (i)

(ii)


To investigate/study the relationship between depth and
the pressure in liquid

variable

MV: Depth of liquid
Reject: Depth of sea
RV: - Pressure in liquid or
- Different high water level in U-tube

1

2

Density of the liquid/Gravitational force/Acceleration due
to graviti,g

Reject: Atmospheric pressure////g//Gravity

3

Thistle funnel, rubber sheet, rubber tube, plastic container,
rubber band, water or liquid, meter rule, U-tube, retort
stand and clamp

4
(iv)


5


The thistle funnel is immersed vertically into water until
h = 5.0 cm
Reject: Depth is measured form the bottom

6

The different in water level in U-tube is measured.

7

Repeat the experiment with depth of liquid, h = 10 cm,
15 cm, 20 cm and 25 cm.

8


9

Plot the graph depth against pressure/different water level

10
Diagram 4 shows a cross-section of seabed and the water wave
as it propagates to the seashore


investigated.

(c) With the use of apparatus such as a ripple
tank, glass block and other apparatus,
describe an experiment to investigate
the hypothesis state in 4(b).
following:




Depth Wavelength
High of seabed Distance between
Two succesive crest

RV affects/influence MV // RV depends on/ influence by
MV

The distance between two succesive crest depends on the
depth of the water//

Wavelength depends on the depth of water


1


The deeper the water the longer the wavelength /the
distance between two successive crests

1
4 (c) (i)

(ii)


To investigate/study the relationship between depth
ofwater and the wavelength /the distance between two
successive (consecutive) crests

variable

MV: Depth of water/ Thickness of glass block/Number of
glass block/High of water

RV: Wavelength /The distance between two successive
(consecutive) crests

1

2

Frequency

Reject: Vibration

3

Ripple tank, stoboscope, power supply, motor, water, glass
block/perspex plate, lamp, white paper (screen) and metre
rule

4
(iv)


5


A glass block/perspex of thickness 0.1 cm is placed in the
ripple tank and measure depth of water .

Reject: if no - measure depth of water .

6

Switch on the motor and the lamp

Stroboscope is used to freeze the image of the wave and
distance between two successive crests of water wave is
measured

7

Repeat the experiment with four different thickness of glass
block/perspex 0.2 cm, 0.3 cm, 0.4 cm and 0.5 cm.

8


9

Plot the graph against thickness of glass block, d

10

PREPARED BY :
ROHANA HASSAN @ SAFIEE
GURU FIZIK
MRSM KUALA TERENGGANU

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