CIVL151 Fluid Mechanics

Laboratory Experiment 1: Hydraulic Jump

1 !e"inition
Hydraulic jump is a phenomenon that a rapidly flowing stream suddenly becomes a
slowly flowing stream with a larger cross-sectional area. In other words, there is a
depth increase for a hydraulic jump to exist by definition.
# $b%ecti&e
1) A prediction of whether or not a hydraulic jump can occur and
!) "o find the depths and #elocity at the upstream and at the downstream and
$) "o calculate the energy loss through the hydraulic jump.
' (heory
"here are two e%uations to describe the hydraulic jump. &ne is the conser#ation of
mass and the other is the conser#ation of linear momentum.
- Conser&ation o" mass
It is because the flow rate is constant in section 1 and !. "herefore,
! ! 1 1
! ! 1 1
! 1
) '
h V h V
same b width A V A V
Q Q
=
=
=
(igure 1) A hydraulic jump in a channel flow.
- Conser&ation o" linear momentum
*ewton+s second law states that the net force acting on a body in any fixed direction
is e%ual to the rate of increase of momentum of the body in that direction.
. )
1
,
1
!
1
) '
! !
1
!
1
1
!
1 !
!
!
!
1
! 1
width unit per rate flow is Q Note
gh
v
h
h
v v Q
h
g
h
g F F F
x

+ =
= = =

Here, we define
1
1
gh
v
Fr =
and (r is called the (roude *umber.
(roude *o. -epth "ype .ill hydraulic jump
occur/
(r 0 1 h
!
0 h
1
1uper-critical flow 2es3*o
(r 41 h
!
4 h
1
5ritical flow 2es3*o
(r 6 1 h
!
6 h
1
1ub-critical flow 2es3*o
- Ener)y dissipation
"he energy will be loss in the hydraulic jump and the energy loss is
! 1
$
1 !
7
) '
h h
h h
h
L

=
'2ou should appro#e this e%uation by yourself and show it in the report8)
'All dimensions are in 1I units.)
* Experimental +rocedure
1. Adjust the channel to hori9ontal position and start the pump.
!. .ait until water le#el rises in the tan: to the highest le#el mar: of the tan:
'se#eral cm from the top). Allow a short inter#al of time between each
adjustment of the pump to allow the water le#el to stabili9e. &therwise the water
tan: may be o#ertopped.
$. "hen a supercritical flow can be seen throughout the entire length of the channel.
;et it run for a few more minutes to ensure stability.
7. "hen place a straight edged ruler on the outside walls of the channels to measure
the heights h, h
1
and h
!
and ta:e the readings of v and v
!
from the computers.
<. 1lowly reduce the pump to adjust the le#el of water to certain le#els, which are
mar:ed in the water tan:.
=. >y using different water le#els by adjusting the pump to adjust the water to a
lower le#el mar:, repeat step 7 to < for at least = times.
5 ,esult and calculation
1. ?lease deri#e theory from 1
st
principle.
!. ?lease calculate and plot rele#ant graphs to show your results.
$. -iscuss assumptions of the theory and possible experimental errors.
'?lease refer to your lecture notes, textboo: or other related materials)
- !eadline "or report submission
1. @ach group of students AB1" submit one report to pigeon hole outside "A office
'Cm!1!=) ! wee:s after the date of experiment.
!. "he report should be typed and well-written. ?oorly-written report will be
returned for resubmission.
$. 5opying is not allowed and reference must be clearly stated at the end of report.
7. D@C& mar:s .I;; be gi#en if cases of plagiarism are found.
Experiment ,ecord .Hydraulic Jump/
0roup 1o:
!ate:
Experimental !ata:
*o. (low
rate
h #
1
h
1
#
!
h
!
-oes
hydraulic
jump
occur/
1
!
$
7
<
=
E
1ote:
1 +lease hand in this record sheet to me a"ter the experiment
Experiment ,ecord .Hydraulic Jump/
0roup 1o:
!ate:
Experimental !ata:
*o. (low
rate
h #
1
h
1
#
!
h
!
-oes
hydraulic
jump
occur/
1
!
$
7
<
=
E
1ote:
1
Acceleration due to gra#ity) g 4F.,ms
-!
#
+lease hand in your experiment report 2ith this experiment record sheet
to)ether
'
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