SOPA LOANA

Class: 3042
n: 7
Retaining wall type: C
1st PROJECT - RETAINING WALL
Design a concrete retaining wall with the fllowing specifications:
n 7 :=
H 2.75m 0.25 n m + 4.5m = :=
q
k
15 0.5 n ( )
kN
m
2
11.5
kN
m
2
= :=
8 0.2 n ( ) 6.6 = :=
1st layer: yellow clay 2nd layer: yellowish brown silty sand
h
1
2.0 0.2 n + ( )m 3.4m = := h
2
10m :=

k2
18.5
kN
m
3
:=

k1
18
kN
m
3
:=
'
k2
16.5 0.3 n + ( ) 18.6 = :=
'
k1
10 0.5 n + ( ) 13.5 = :=
c'
k1
13 0.2 n + ( )
kN
m
2
14.4 kPa = := c'
k2
15 0.15 n + ( )
kN
m
2
16.05 kPa = :=
1. INITIAL SIZING
IPTANA a 1m := H
frost
80cm := ( Cluj )
b 1.7m :=
D
f
H
frost
20cm +
c 1.5m :=
d 1m := D
f
1.6m :=
B 3m :=
2. DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL
2.1. Design against sliding according to SR EN 1997-1
- we design the retaining wall for ultimate limit state GEO using partial safety factors
Design approach 1:
Combination 1 A1+M1+R1
Determination of safety partial factors for DA1, combination 1:
Actions for:

G.f
1.0 := (permanent actions - favourable)

G.u
1.35 := (permanent actions - unfavourable)

Q.f
0 := (variable actions - favourable)

Q.u
1.5 := (variable actions - unfavourable)
Geotechnical parameters for :

'
1 := (angle of effective shearing resistance)

c'
1 := (effective cohesion)

1 := (weight density)
Total resistance of soil :

R.h
1.0 := (sliding resistance)

R.v
1.0 := (bearing capacity)
Design value for the geotechnical parameters:
Design value of weight density
unfavorable variable load q : q
d
q
k

Q.u
17.25
kN
m
2
= :=
concrete
concrete
25
kN
m
3
:= rocks
rocks
19
kN
m
3
:=

d1

concrete

25
kN
m
3
= :=
d2

rocks

19
kN
m
3
= :=
Design value for the tangent angle of effective shear resistance:
'
k1
13.5 = '
k2
18.6 =
tan '
k1
( )
0.24 = tan '
k2
( )
0.337 =
tan'
d1
tan '
k1
( )

'
0.24 = := tan'
d2
tan '
k2
( )

'
0.337 = :=
'
d1
atan tan'
d1
( )
13.5 = := '
d2
atan tan'
d2
( )
18.6 = :=
Design value of effective cohesion:
c'
d1
c'
k1

c'
14.4 kPa = := c'
d2
c'
k2

c'
16.05 kPa = :=
Calculation of active pressure and earth thrust:
Active thrust coefficient for each layer (Coulomb Theory)
1st layer

1
0 :=
- the wall is a vertical section

1
2
3
'
k1
9 = :=
- friction angle between soil and wall
k
a1
cos '
k1

1

( )
2
cos
1
( )
2
cos
1

1
+
( )
1
sin '
k1

1
+
( )
sin '
k1

( )

cos
1

1
+
( )
cos
1

( )

+
|

\
|
|
|

0.647 = :=
2nd layer
a).

1
0 :=
- the wall is a vertical section on
h
21
1.7m :=

2
2
3
'
k2
12.4 = :=
- friction angle between soil and wall
k
a21
cos '
k2

1

( )
2
cos
1
( )
2
cos
1

2
+
( )
1
sin '
k2

2
+
( )
sin '
k2

( )

cos
1

2
+
( )
cos
1

( )

+
|

\
|
|
|

0.518 = :=
b).

2
53 :=
- the wall is leaning on a portion of
h
22
1.6m :=
k
a22
cos '
k2

2

( )
2
cos
2
( )
2
cos
2

2
+
( )
1
sin '
k2

2
+
( )
sin '
k2

( )

cos
2

2
+
( )
cos
2

( )

+
|

\
|
|
|

0.155 = :=
1st layer:
p
a1.0.
2 c'
d1
k
a1
q
d
k
a1
+ 12.005 kPa = :=
p
a1.0
0kPa :=
p
a1.1
q
d
k
a1

G.f

d1
h
1
k
a1
2 c'
d1
k
a1

( )
+ 42.982 kPa = :=
2nd layer:
a).
h
21
1.7m =
p
a2.0
q
d
k
a21

G.f

d1
h
1
k
a21
2 c'
d2
k
a21

( )
+ 29.879 kPa = :=
p
a2.1
q
d
k
a21

G.f

d1
h
1
k
a21

d2
h
21
k
a21
+ 2 c'
d2
k
a21

( )
+ 46.617 kPa = :=
b).
h
22
1.6m =
p
a2.2
q
d
k
a22

G.f

d1
h
1
k
a22

d2
h
21
k
a22
+ 2 c'
d2
k
a22

( )
+ 8.236 kPa = :=
p
a2.3
q
d
k
a22

G.f

d1
h
1
k
a22

d2
h
21
k
a22
+
d2
h
22
k
a22
+ 2 c'
d2
k
a22

( )
+ 12.954 kPa = :=
Thrust on each layer:
P
a1
p
a1.1
h
1
146.14
kN
m
= :=
P'
a2.1
p
a2.0
h
21
50.794
kN
m
= := P''
a2.1
p
a2.1
p
a2.0

( )
h
21
2
14.227
kN
m
= :=
P'
a2.2
p
a2.2
h
22
13.177
kN
m
= := P''
a2.2
p
a2.3
p
a2.2

( )
h
22
2
3.774
kN
m
= :=
Deconstruction of thrust in horizontal and vertical components:
P
a1.H
P
a1
cos
1
( )
144.341
kN
m
= := P
a1.V
P
a1
sin
1
( )
22.861
kN
m
= :=
P'
a2.H
P'
a2.1
cos
2
( )
49.609
kN
m
= := P'
a2.V
P'
a2.1
sin
2
( )
10.907
kN
m
= :=
P''
a2.H
P''
a2.1
cos
2
( )
13.895
kN
m
= := P''
a2.V
P''
a2.1
sin
2
( )
3.055
kN
m
= :=
P'
a2.2.H
P'
a2.2
cos
2

2
+
( )
10.005
kN
m
= := P'
a2.2.V
P'
a2.2
sin
2

2
+
( )
8.576
kN
m
= :=
P''
a2.2.H
P''
a2.2
cos
2

2
+
( )
2.866
kN
m
= := P''
a2.2.V
P''
a2.2
sin
2

2
+
( )
2.456
kN
m
= :=
We don't take into consideration the negative components of the earth pressure!
Calculation of horizontal action:
H
d
P
a1.H
P'
a2.H
+ P''
a2.H
+ P'
a2.2.H
+ P''
a2.2.H
+
( )
1 m 220.716 kN = :=
Calculation of vertical action:
wall weight: G
wall
450.48 kN :=
drain weight: G
drain
76 kN :=
drain
19
kN
m
3
:=
V
d
P
a1.V
1 m P'
a2.V
1 m + P''
a2.V
1 m +
G.f
G
wall
G
drain
+
( )
+ 563.304 kN = :=
Evaluation of sliding resistance
11.1 := - sliding angle
- forces projection according to the sliding plane of the wall:
V'
d
V
d
cos ( ) H
d
sin ( ) + 595.259 kN = :=
H'
d
H
d
cos ( ) V
d
sin ( ) 108.139 kN = :=
'
cvd
2
3
'
d2
12.4 = := - angle of effective shear resistance for precast elements
( )
Sliding resistance:
R'
d
V'
d
tan '
cvd
( )

R.h
130.876 kN = :=
verification_sliding "ok" H'
d
R'
d
if
"not ok" otherwise
:=
verification_sliding "ok" =
2.2. Design against bearing capacity failure to SR EN 1997-1
Note: 1. Design against bearing capacity is to be done for ultimate limit state GEO.
2. For the design against bearing capacity is recommended to use partial safety
factors of design approach 1, combination 1: A1+M1+R1
Reduction of actions with the design value i the centre of gravity of the foundation foot:
Vertical action:
V
d
563.304 kN =
Horizontal action:
H
d
220.716 kN =
Bending moment:
M
G
G
wall
1.28 m G
drain
3.17 m
( )
817.534 kN m = :=
M
P.V
P
a1.V
P'
a2.V
+ P'
a2.V
+
( )
3.67 m

1 m 163.96 kN m = :=
M
P.H
P
a1.H
4.13 m P'
a2.H
2.15 m + P''
a2.H
1.86 m + P'
a2.2.H
0.5 m + P''
a2.2.H
0.23 m +
( )
1 m :=
M
P.H
734.294 kN m =
M
Ed
M
G
M
P.V
+ M
P.H
+ 247.201 kN m = :=
Calculation of bearing capacity:
c'
d
soil cohesion beneath retaining wall base
B'
effective width of foundation
'
weight density of the soil beneath foundation bottom
q'
design overburden which acts at the foundation bottom
Dimensionless factors for the pressure calculation of the foundation soil:
excentricity on B direction: e
B
M
Ed
V
d
0.439 m = :=
L' 1 m := B' B 2 e
B
3.878m = :=
A' L' B' 3.878m
2
= :=
bearing capacity: N
q
e
tan '
d2
( )

tan 45
'
d2
2
+
|

\
|
|

2
5.575 = :=
N
c
N
q
1
( )
1
tan '
d2
( )
13.593 = :=
N

2 N
q
1
( )
tan '
d2
( )
3.079 = :=
inclination of foundation base:
0.194 rad =
b
q
1 tan '
d2
( )

( )
2
0.874 = :=
b

b
q
:=
b
c
b
q
1 b
q

( )
N
c
tan '
d2
( )

( )
0.846 = :=
foundation geometry: s
q
1
B'
5m
|

\
|
|

sin '
d2
( )
+ 1.247 = :=
s

1 0.3
B'
5m
|

\
|
|

0.767 = :=
s
c
s
q
N
q
1
( )
N
q
1
1.301 = :=
m
B
2
B'
5m
+
1
B'
5m
+
1.563 = := - if H acts on B` direction
loading inclination: i
q
1
H
d
V
d
A'
c'
d2
tan '
d2
( )
+

\
|
|
|
|

m
B
0.579 = :=
( )
i

1
H
d
V
d
A'
c'
d2
tan '
d2
( )
+

\
|
|
|
|

m
B
1 +
( )
0.408 = :=
i
c
i
q
1 i
q

( )
N
c
tan '
d2
( )

0.487 = :=
overburden calculation: q' D
f

d2
30.4 kPa = :=
R
d
c'
d2
N
c
b
c
s
c
i
c
q' N
q
b
q
s
q
i
q
+ 0.5
d2
B' N

+
( )
A' 988.96 kN = :=
V
d
563.304 kN =
Verification_bearing_capacity "ok"
V
d
A'
R
d
A'
if
"not ok" otherwise
:=
Verification_bearing_capacity "ok" =
2.3. Design against overturning according to SR EN 1997-1
The vertical components of the active pressure of the earth are favourable, but the horizontal
ones are unfavourable. We calculate the active pressure in both cases.
The design overturning is done for ultimate limit state EQU.
Safety partial factors for EQU:
Actions for:

Gstb
0.9 := - stablishing favourable permanent actions

Gdst
1.1 := - destablishing unfavourable permanent actions

Qstb
0 := - stablishing favourable variable actions

Qdst
1.5 := - destablishing unfavourable variable actions
Geotechnical parameters for:

'equ
1.25 := - angle of effective shearing resistancce

c'equ
1.25 := - effective cohesion

equ
1 := - weight density
Design value for geotechnical parameters:
design value of weight density

d_1

k1

equ
18
kN
m
3
= :=
d_2

k2

equ
18.5
kN
m
3
= :=
design value of angle of effective shearing resistance
tan '
k1
( )
0.24 = tan '
k2
( )
0.337 =
tan'
d_1
tan '
k1
( )

'equ
0.192 = := tan'
d_2
tan '
k2
( )

'equ
0.269 = :=
'
d_1
atan tan'
d1
( )
13.5 = := '
d_2
atan tan'
d2
( )
18.6 = :=
design value of effective cohesion
c'
d_1
c'
k1

c'equ
11.52 kPa = := c'
d_2
c'
k2

c'equ
12.84 kPa = :=
Calculation of active pressure and earth thrust:
Active thrust coefficient for each layer (Coulomb Theory)
1st layer

1
0 := - the wall is a vertical section

1
2
3
'
k1
9 = := - friction angle between soil and wall
k
a1
cos '
k1

1

( )
2
cos
1
( )
cos
1
( )
cos
1

1
+
( )
1
sin '
k1

1
+
( )
sin '
k1

( )

cos
1

1
+
( )
cos
1

( )

+
|

\
|
|
|

0.647 = :=
2nd layer
a).
1
0 = - the wall is a vertical section on h
21
1.7m =

2
2
3
'
k2
12.4 = := - friction angle between soil and wall
k
a21
cos '
k2

1

( )
2
cos
1
( )
2
cos
1

2
+
( )
1
sin '
k2

2
+
( )
sin '
k2

( )

cos
1

2
+
( )
cos
1

( )

+
|

\
|
|
|

0.518 = :=
b).

2
53 :=
- the wall is leaning on a portion of
h
22
1.6m =
k
a22
cos '
k2

2

( )
2
cos
2
( )
2
cos
2

2
+
( )
1
sin '
k2

2
+
( )
sin '
k2

( )

cos
2

2
+
( )
cos
2

( )

+
|

\
|
|
|

0.155 = :=
1st layer:
p
a1.0.
2 c'
d_1
k
a1
q
d
k
a1
+ 7.372 kPa = :=
p
a1.0
0kPa :=
p
a1.1
q
d
k
a1

Gdst

d_1
h
1
k
a1
2 c'
d_1
k
a1

( )
+ 34.325 kPa = :=
2nd layer:
a).
h
21
1.7m =
p
a2.0
q
d
k
a21

Gdst

d_1
h
1
k
a21
2 c'
d_2
k
a21

( )
+ 23.49 kPa = :=
p
a2.1
q
d
k
a21

Gdst

d_1
h
1
k
a21

d_2
h
21
k
a21
+ 2 c'
d_2
k
a21

( )
+ 41.417 kPa = :=
b).
h
22
1.6m =
p
a2.2
q
d
k
a22

Gdst

d_1
h
1
k
a22

d_2
h
21
k
a22
+ 2 c'
d_2
k
a22

( )
+ 7.366 kPa = :=
p
a2.3
q
d
k
a22

Gdst

d_1
h
1
k
a22

d_2
h
21
k
a22
+
d_2
h
22
k
a22
+ 2 c'
d_2
k
a22

( )
+ :=
p
a2.3
12.419 kPa =
Thrust on each layer:
P
a1
p
a1.1
h
1
116.704
kN
m
= :=
P'
a2.1
p
a2.0
h
21
39.933
kN
m
= := P''
a2.1
p
a2.1
p
a2.0

( )
h
21
2
15.238
kN
m
= :=
P'
a2.2
p
a2.2
h
22
11.785
kN
m
= := P''
a2.2
p
a2.3
p
a2.2

( )
h
22
2
4.043
kN
m
= :=
Deconstruction of thrust in horizontal and vertical components:
P
a1.Hu
P
a1
cos
1
( )
115.267
kN
m
= := P
a1.Vf
P
a1
sin
1
( )
18.257
kN
m
= :=
P'
a2.Vf
P'
a2.1
sin
2
( )
8.575
kN
m
= :=
P'
a2.Hu
P'
a2.1
cos
2
( )
39.001
kN
m
= :=
P''
a2.Hu
P''
a2.1
cos
2
( )
14.883
kN
m
= := P''
a2.Vf
P''
a2.1
sin
2
( )
3.272
kN
m
= :=
P'
a2.2.Hu
P'
a2.2
cos
2

2
+
( )
8.948
kN
m
= := P'
a2.2.Vf
P'
a2.2
sin
2

2
+
( )
7.669
kN
m
= :=
P''
a2.2.Hu
P''
a2.2
cos
2

2
+
( )
3.069
kN
m
= := P''
a2.2.Vf
P''
a2.2
sin
2

2
+
( )
2.631
kN
m
= :=
Destablishing moment
M
dstb
3.83 m P
a1.Hu
1.85 m P'
a2.Hu
+ 1.56 m P''
a2.Hu
+ 0.2 m P'
a2.2.Hu
+
( )
1 m :=
M
dstb
538.632 kN m =
Stablishing moment
M
stb
2.8 m G
wall
4.7 m G
drain
+
( )

Gstb
5.2m 1 m P
a1.Vf
P'
a2.Vf
+ P''
a2.Vf
+
( )
+ :=
M
stb
1.613 10
3
kN m =
Verification_overturning "ok" M
dstb
M
stb
if
"not ok" otherwise
:=
Verification_overturning "ok" =
2.4. Design against dangerous sections
The design against dangerous sections is done in the ultimate limit state STR.
Partial safety factors are the same used for the design approach in the ultimate limit state STR
and GEO. (we use the thrust diagram DA1)
We consider a dangerous section, the base elevation section.
We are going to calculate the bending moment produced by the active pressure and the actial
force at elevation base.
A
a_a
8.66m
2
:=
G
k.a_a
A
a_a
1 m
concrete
216.5 kN = :=
V'
d.a_a
G
k.a_a

G.u
292.275 kN = :=
1st layer:
p
a1.0
0 kPa =
p
a1.1.
q
d
k
a1

G.f

d1
h
1
k
a1
2 c'
d1
k
a1

( )
+ 42.982 kPa = :=
2nd layer:
h
21.
0.6m :=
p
a2.0.
q
d
k
a21

G.f

d1
h
1
k
a21
2 c'
d2
k
a21

( )
+ 29.879 kPa = :=
p
a2.1.
q
d
k
a21

G.f

d1
h
1
k
a21

d2
h
21.
k
a21
+ 2 c'
d2
k
a21

( )
+ 35.786 kPa = :=
Thrust on each layer:
P
a1
p
a1.1.
h
1
2
73.07
kN
m
= :=
P'
a2
p
a2.0.
h
21.
17.927
kN
m
= := P''
a2
p
a2.1.
p
a2.0.

( )
h
21.
2
1.772
kN
m
= :=
Deconstruction of thrust in horizontal components:
P
a1.H
P
a1
cos
1
( )
72.17
kN
m
= :=
P'
a2.H
P'
a2
cos
2
( )
17.509
kN
m
= := P''
a2.H
P''
a2
cos
2
( )
1.731
kN
m
= :=
M
Ed.a_a
1.73m 1 m P
a1.H
0.3 m 1 m P'
a2.H
0.2 m 1 m P''
a2.H
+
( )
+ 130.454 kN m = :=
e
B
M
Ed.a_a
V'
d.a_a
0.446m = := b 2.833 m :=
- we have concrete C8/10 f
cd
5.333
N
mm
2
:= f
ctd
0.733
N
mm
2
:=
e
b
M
Ed.a_a
V'
d
0.219m = :=
c
b
2
e
b
1.197m = :=

max
2V'
d.a_a
3 c 1 m
0.163 MPa = :=
Verification_dangerous_section "ok"
max
f
cd
if
"not ok" otherwise
:=
Verification_dangerous_section "ok" =

min
V'
d.a_a
b 1 m
1
6 e
B

\
|
|

5.643 10
3
MPa = :=
verification_min "ok"
max
f
ctd
if
"not ok" otherwise
:=
verification_min "ok" =
- no need of reinforcement

max.
V'
d.a_a
b 1 m
1
6 e
B

b
+
|

\
|
|

0.201 MPa = :=
verification_max "ok"
max
f
cd
if
"not ok" otherwise
:=
verification_max "ok" =