ANLISE ESTATSTICA E ESTIMAO DE PARMETROS APLICADOS A

CARACTERIZAO DA FORMA DE PARTCULAS COM VISTAS INTERAO

PARTCULA-FLUIDO
J. M. A. R. ALMEIDA, P. N. ROMANO*
*

e-mail: promano@peq.coppe.ufrj.br

RESUMO
A interao partcula-fluido determinante no projeto, na avaliao e em ajustes
operacionais de diversos equipamentos de processo no mbito da engenharia qumica. O
cerne desta interao a fora de arraste que o fluido exerce sobre a partcula e que,
para dado fluido, depende da velocidade relativa fluido-partcula, do tamanho e da
forma da partcula. Tradicionalmente a forma da partcula quantificada atravs dos
chamados fatores de forma, sendo a esfericidade o mais utilizado na rea de sistemas
particulados. Entretanto, h evidncias de que a esfericidade no discrimina bem os
efeitos da forma quando a superfcie da partcula apresenta reentrncias pronunciadas.
Assim motivados, estudou-se a queda de partculas com formatos distintos, porm de
mesmo material, dimetro caracterstico e esfericidade, em fluidos newtonianos. Apesar
da geometria relativamente simples, as partculas eram no isomtricas e fortemente
reentrantes. O coeficiente de arraste (CD) e o nmero de Reynolds de partcula (Rep)
foram obtidos a partir de suas velocidades terminais. De posse dos dados experimentais
ser feita uma anlise estatstica dos dados de maneira a confirmar ou refutar com certo
nvel de confiana a suspeita de que a esfericidade sozinha no descreve bem a
morfologia da partcula com vistas interao partcula-fluido. Aps essa etapa, ir se
estudar a influncia de outros fatores de forma (ICON e IEC) no problema e uma
estimao de parmetros ser realizada para um novo modelo que possui como base o
de Coelho e Massarani (1996). Finalmente, o desempenho do modelo proposto ser
avaliado.

1. OBJETIVOS
Analisar a luz da estatstica os dados
obtidos nos 1.155 experimentos realizados no
estudo de Almeida, Carvalho e Romano
(2013) verificando a validade das concluses
obtidas, alm de estimar parmetros para o
modelo proposto no mesmo trabalho e avaliar
seu desempenho.
2. METODOLOGIA
De forma a obter rplicas suficientes
para determinar com certo grau de confiana
o tipo de distribuio dos dados, ser feita

uma nova srie de ensaios onde, uma

partcula ter sua velocidade terminal aferida
200 vezes em um fludo.
Conhecendo a provvel distribuio dos
dados para esse experimento, faremos a
suposio de que todos os outros dados, para
diferentes partculas, seguem a mesma
distribuio (haja vista a impossibilidade de
aferir o mesmo nmero de dados para todas as
partculas).
Sendo assim, torna-se possvel calcular
os intervalos de confiana para as mdias e
varincias das velocidades terminais para
cada partcula. Dessa forma, ser possvel
avaliar o desempenho da esfericidade como

fator de forma. Esta anlise ser feita

utilizando os softwares STATISTICA 10 e
MATLAB R2013.
Alm disso, os dados detalhados sobre
as velocidades terminais, como ilustrados na
Tabela 2 do Apndice, serviro como base
para a estimao dos parmetros para a nova
correlao proposta. Como formato inicial
para o modelo a ser proposto no processo de
estimao de parmetros, ser utilizada a
correlao contida na segunda linha da Tabela
1 desenvolvida por Coelho e Massarani
(1996). Com os parmetros estimados, o
desempenho do modelo ser avaliado e, em
seguida, ser proposto um planejamento
experimental para melhor estudar a influncia
do ICON e IEC na interao partcula-fluido.
Tabela 1 Correlaes de Coelho & Massarani (1996)
com base nos dados de Pettyjohn & Christiansen (1948)

Fonte: Massarani, 2002.

3. REFERNCIAS
Almeida, J. M. A. R.; Carvalho, Y.; Romano,
P. N. Caracterizao da Forma de
Partculas com Vistas Interao
Partcula-Fluido. Projeto Final Escola de
Qumica, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, 2013.
MASSARANI, G. Fluidodinmica em
Sistemas Particulados. 2. ed. E-Papers,
2002.

PETTYJOHN, E. S.; CHRISTIANSEN, E. B.

Effect of Particle Shape as Free-Setting
Rates of Isometric Particles. Chemical
Engineering Progress, Vol. 43, p. 157-172,
1948.
Pinto, J. C.; Schwaab, M. Anlise de Dados
Experimentais I. 1. ed. E-Papers, 2007.
Pinto, J. C.; Schwaab, M. Anlise de Dados
Experimentais II. 1. ed. E-Papers, 2011.

4. APNDICE
Tabela 2 Velocidades Terminais para os ensaios com gua destilada

Partcula Ponto

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

C1

C2

C3

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

1
Ensaio
17,5439
18,1818
17,6991
17,6991
17,6991
18,1818
15,7480
15,3846
14,9254
21,2766
21,2766
21,2766
21,5054
20,6186
21,0526
10,9290
11,1111
10,3627
10,0000
10,4712
10,0000
10,1010
10,9290
10,9290
10,1523
10,3627
10,4712
10,0000
10,2041
10,6952
35,0877
33,8983
37,7358
29,8507
29,4118
31,7460
34,4828
33,3333
33,8983

2
Ensaio
16,3934
17,2414
17,3913
17,3913
17,3913
17,3913
16,2602
16,0000
15,8730
20,6186
19,8020
19,6078
10,0000
10,1523
10,5263
10,2564
10,4167
10,2564
10,7527
11,0497
10,8696
11,1111
10,3627
10,0000
10,7527
10,5263
10,5820
35,0877
36,3636
40,0000
30,3030
29,8507
29,8507
37,0370
35,7143
33,3333

Vt (cm/s)
3
Ensaio
17,0940
17,6991
18,1818
17,8571
16,6667
16,6667
15,6250
14,9254
15,1515
18,3486
19,2308
21,2766
10,3093
10,5263
10,5820
10,1523
10,0000
10,2041
12,5000
10,7527
10,5263
9,5238
10,2041
10,0000
12,5000
11,1111
9,6618
36,3636
37,0370
35,0877
30,3030
29,8507
29,4118
34,4828
35,0877
35,7143

4
Ensaio
18,0180
19,2308
19,2308
17,0940
17,3913
17,6991
15,3846
15,3846
15,2672
19,4175
18,8679
18,3486
20,0000
19,4175
19,0476
9,9502
10,6383
10,7527
9,9502
9,8039
10,0000
10,2041
9,6618
11,2994
10,2041
10,1523
10,3093
10,9890
10,8108
10,7527
37,0370
35,0877
36,3636
28,9855
29,8507
29,8507
36,3636
35,0877
33,8983

Vt Final (cm/s)
5
Ensaio
17,5439
17,6991
17,7693
17,3913
16,6667
16,8067
17,3131
17,0940
15,5039
15,6250
15,5041
15,5039
20,0000
20,0000
19,8948
19,4175
20,8333
20,8333
20,2616
19,8020
9,5238
9,8522
10,1013
10,3093
10,2041
10,0000
10,9071
9,8039
12,9032
10,9890
10,9442
10,6952
9,6154
9,5238
10,0835
9,2593
11,6279
11,7647
10,3684
11,6279
36,2625
29,4118
29,8507
29,7595
29,8507
38,4615
34,4828
34,9091
32,2581

Desvio
Padro
0,7418

0,4727

0,3718

1,1438

0,7499

0,1998

0,7358

0,8288

0,4622

0,4248

1,6091

0,3529

1,5858

Partcula Ponto

C4

C5

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

E1

E2

E3

E4

E5

E6

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

1
Ensaio
29,4118
29,8507
32,2581
28,5714
28,5714
33,3333
26,3158
26,3158
25,9740
26,6667
26,3158
25,6410
25,0000
25,3165
27,0270
26,3158
26,6667
27,0270
25,9740
25,6410
7,6923
7,4074
7,6046
6,4516
4,5147
5,0891
4,2827
4,5455
4,5455
6,3898
6,3091
6,3291
5,1282
5,0505
5,1282
4,7962
4,7619
-

2
Ensaio
30,3030
31,2500
30,3030
29,8507
32,2581
35,7143
26,6667
27,0270
26,3158
25,3165
25,3165
25,3165
26,3158
25,6410
25,3165
26,6667
27,0270
26,3158
26,6667
27,0270
25,6410
7,7821
7,6923
7,9681
4,3384
4,5147
4,5351
6,2696
6,5574
6,6667
4,8780
5,1680
5,1813
-

Vt (cm/s)
3
Ensaio
31,7460
31,7460
33,3333
31,7460
31,7460
33,3333
26,3158
25,3165
27,0270
25,3165
26,3158
27,3973
26,3158
26,6667
25,3165
25,9740
26,6667
25,9740
26,3158
25,9740
7,9051
7,9681
8,0000
6,5147
4,5147
5,0251
4,7962
4,6620
4,1580
6,4516
6,2500
6,3091
5,1546
5,1813
5,1546
-

4
Ensaio
31,7460
30,3030
30,3030
33,3333
31,7460
29,8507
25,0000
24,6914
25,6410
25,6410
25,9740
24,0964
26,6667
25,6410
24,6914
25,6410
26,3158
26,3158
27,3973
27,3973
25,0000
7,7821
7,8740
7,4906
5,0891
4,2644
4,3956
4,4444
6,2696
6,6225
6,6667
5,0761
4,9875
5,0761
-

5
Ensaio
31,7460
31,2500
30,7692
32,7869
31,2500
32,2581
25,3165
26,3158
28,1690
25,0000
25,0000
25,0000
25,6410
25,6410
27,0270
27,3973
27,3973
26,3158
7,9051
7,4627
7,4074
4,4346
4,5558
4,5147
6,1538
6,2696
6,4309
4,8544
5,1282
5,1020
-

Vt Final (cm/s)

Desvio
Padro

31,0880

1,0386

31,7566

1,9365

26,1605

0,8923

25,6195

0,8408

25,8230

0,6791

26,4906

0,5875

26,3363

0,7664

7,7295

0,2120

5,3516

0,9099

4,4658

0,1624

6,3964

0,1638

5,0833

0,1028

4,7790

0,0242

Partcula Ponto

E7

E8

E9

E10

F1

F2

F3

F4

F5

G1

G2

G3

G4

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

1
Ensaio
4,8193
5,1282
5,0761
5,9524
6,1350
6,2696
3,9604
3,9920
4,0323
5,9172
5,7971
5,7971
11,1111
11,1732
11,2994
10,9890
11,6279
11,4943
12,5000
12,4224
11,3636
11,6959
11,9760
11,8343
13,1579
13,2450
13,2450
12,5000
13,0719
12,7389
13,8889
13,7931
13,8889
14,2857
14,1844
13,8889
16,6667
16,6667
16,8067

2
Ensaio
5,1948
5,1546
5,0505
6,1350
6,2500
6,2696
4,0816
4,1237
4,1068
5,5556
4,4543
5,6022
11,1111
11,4286
10,8696
11,4286
11,4943
10,9290
12,1212
12,4224
12,3457
12,2699
12,6582
12,5786
13,8889
13,5135
12,9870
12,2699
11,9760
12,8205
14,2857
14,1844
14,4928
14,4928
14,4928
14,3885
18,8679
18,1818
17,5439

Vt (cm/s)
3
Ensaio
4,9140
5,0633
5,0125
6,0241
6,1538
6,2305
4,2194
4,0900
4,0000
5,9524
5,7637
5,6497
11,8343
11,5607
11,8343
11,7647
11,4943
11,6279
11,5607
11,9048
11,8343
12,6582
12,5000
12,7389
13,5135
13,5135
13,3333
12,6582
12,7389
13,1579
13,7931
13,4228
14,0845
14,2857
14,2857
14,0845
17,3913
17,5439
17,8571

4
Ensaio
5,0633
5,2770
5,3050
5,9880
5,9701
6,1350
4,0080
4,0241
4,0733
5,8824
5,9524
6,0790
11,4943
11,5607
11,2994
11,1732
11,3636
11,7647
11,9048
11,6279
11,9760
12,9032
13,0719
13,0719
13,6986
13,4228
13,0719
12,8205
13,0719
12,8205
15,0376
14,4928
13,8889
14,5985
14,4928
14,4928
19,4175
20,4082
19,6078

5
Ensaio
5,1020
5,2910
5,1151
6,1728
6,1350
6,1162
5,7971
5,7637
5,9172
11,2360
11,3636
11,3636
11,9760
11,1732
11,2994
12,1951
11,9760
11,6959
11,7647
11,1732
11,3636
13,7931
13,3333
12,9870
12,7389
12,5786
12,6582
13,6986
13,9860
13,9860
14,8148
15,0376
14,7059
18,6916
19,4175
19,0476

Vt Final (cm/s)

Desvio
Padro

5,1045

0,1335

6,1291

0,1051

4,0593

0,0714

5,8162

0,1465

11,3693

0,2638

11,4400

0,2940

11,9901

0,3436

12,2839

0,6117

13,3803

0,2778

12,7081

0,3048

14,0616

0,3942

14,4354

0,2895

18,2744

1,1778

Partcula Ponto

G5

I1

I2

I3

I4

I5

I6

I7

I8

I9

I10

J1

J2

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

1
Ensaio
17,0940
16,8067
17,3913
14,5985
14,4928
14,2857
15,0376
15,3846
15,6250
14,2857
13,0719
11,9760
14,5985
14,9254
15,1515
14,5985
14,4928
13,9860
14,2857
14,5985
14,9254
14,9254
15,2672
15,0376
15,7480
15,1515
14,7059
18,8679
18,0180
17,5439
14,5985
14,2857
14,5985
16,9492
15,8730
15,8730
-

2
Ensaio
17,6991
17,6991
17,2414
13,6054
13,3333
13,3333
16,6667
16,0000
16,2602
13,6986
13,3333
14,4928
14,8148
14,8148
14,5985
13,8889
14,9254
15,0376
14,9254
14,2857
15,7480
15,5039
15,8730
15,8730
15,3846
14,8148
17,6991
17,0940
16,6667
14,9254
13,6986
14,1844
18,1818
18,1818
17,5439
14,7059
14,2857
14,4928

Vt (cm/s)
3
Ensaio
17,3913
17,8571
17,5439
15,1515
14,7059
14,2857
17,0940
16,6667
15,7480
14,5985
14,5985
13,5135
14,7059
15,2672
14,7059
15,6250
15,1515
14,1844
14,5985
14,2857
14,7059
14,7059
14,4928
14,7059
15,6250
16,0000
16,6667
15,7480
16,1290
16,8067
17,0940
17,0940
15,0376
16,1290
16,2602
16,2602
14,3885
14,4928
14,5985

4
Ensaio
18,5185
18,5185
17,6991
14,5985
13,9860
14,2857
16,2602
16,1290
15,7480
13,6054
12,9032
12,5000
14,5985
14,5985
15,0376
15,5039
14,2857
14,0845
14,3885
14,1844
13,9860
16,0000
15,0376
14,3885
16,5289
16,6667
16,3934
18,8679
17,5439
17,5439
14,2857
13,8889
13,6054
16,9492
16,6667
16,2602
14,5985
15,0376
15,1515

5
Ensaio
17,5439
17,6991
17,8571
10,9890
13,6054
13,6054
17,0940
16,2602
15,7480
12,5000
12,6582
13,3333
14,5985
14,9254
15,2672
15,0376
14,2857
14,2857
14,7059
15,0376
13,8889
16,1290
15,3846
16,2602
14,9254
15,3846
15,7480
16,5289
17,0940
17,0940
15,3846
17,2414
16,6667
17,6991
16,6667
17,2414
-

Vt Final (cm/s)

Desvio
Padro

17,6373

0,4587

14,1338

0,5639

16,1148

0,5941

13,3269

0,7985

14,8335

0,2544

14,5956

0,5410

14,5226

0,3707

15,2973

0,6062

15,7078

0,6567

17,2831

0,8828

15,1060

1,2939

16,8490

0,7775

14,6391

0,2871

Partcula Ponto

J3

J4

J5

K1

K2

K3

K4

K5

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

1
Ensaio
15,3846
14,9254
14,5985
13,9860
13,8889
14,5985
15,3846
14,5985
14,5985
15,3846
16,5289
15,3846
15,0376
16,2602
17,5439
16,6667
15,6250
15,8730
15,0376
15,8730
16,2602
18,0180
16,2602
16,5289
20,0000
19,6078
20,2020
21,5054
20,6186
20,8333
22,4719
21,9780
21,9780
22,4719
21,2766
22,2222
20,6186
20,6186
20,6186

2
Ensaio
15,7480
15,1515
15,0376
14,2857
14,2857
15,3846
14,5985
14,2857
14,5985
15,7480
15,8730
14,8148
15,5039
18,0180
19,0476
16,2602
16,2602
17,5439
15,2672
15,3846
15,1515
15,2672
14,5985
14,7059
24,0964
23,2558
21,2766
22,9885
23,8095
24,3902
21,0526
21,7391
22,2222
21,2766
20,2020
20,2020
21,5054
20,8333
20,0000

Vt (cm/s)
3
Ensaio
14,8148
14,3885
14,5985
13,6054
15,3846
15,8730
14,3885
14,8148
14,7059
17,2414
20,4082
18,8679
15,7480
16,6667
15,1515
16,2602
16,6667
16,2602
16,2602
16,3934
15,3846
16,6667
17,3913
17,0940
24,3902
23,8095
22,9885
21,7391
21,5054
21,2766
21,0526
22,2222
21,5054
22,9885
22,7273
22,4719
21,2766
20,0000
19,4175

4
Ensaio
15,3846
15,5039
15,0376
14,7059
15,0376
14,9254
14,4928
16,1290
16,2602
16,1290
19,0476
19,6078
16,5289
15,6250
15,0376
14,7059
16,1290
17,0940
16,5289
17,0940
15,7480
15,7480
14,7059
14,4928
20,8333
21,5054
19,4175
25,3165
22,2222
20,4082
22,4719
21,2766
21,7391
21,7391
23,2558
22,4719
20,0000
20,6186
21,2766

5
Ensaio
14,7059
15,1515
15,2672
17,3913
15,3846
15,5039
15,7480
18,1818
19,0476
16,1290
15,6250
16,1290
14,5985
15,7480
16,1290
15,7480
15,0376
14,7059
21,9780
22,2222
20,8333
21,9780
22,2222
22,2222
21,2766
20,8333
21,5054
20,0000
19,4175
21,5054
20,8333
21,7391
22,7273

Vt Final (cm/s)

Desvio
Padro

15,0478

0,4094

14,6635

0,6863

14,9320

0,5994

16,8877

1,7885

16,6098

1,4166

16,2152

0,6583

15,7906

0,6640

15,7979

1,1413

21,7611

1,6528

22,2024

1,3985

21,6883

0,5289

21,6153

1,1974

20,8056

0,8243

Partcula Ponto

M1

M2

M3

M4

M5

N1

N2

N3

N4

N5

N6

N7

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

1
Ensaio
14,0845
14,5985
14,8148
15,8730
15,5039
15,8730
14,3885
13,3333
13,6054
17,5439
17,2414
16,6667
23,8095
22,4719
22,2222
21,2766
21,2766
21,5054
20,0000
20,4082
21,2766
24,3902
25,3165
25,9740
25,6410
25,0000
23,8095
19,6078
19,8020
20,4082
21,0526
20,6186
20,8333

2
Ensaio
13,6986
14,1844
13,7931
14,7059
14,4928
14,3885
15,5039
15,3846
15,7480
16,0000
15,7480
16,5289
23,8095
25,0000
23,8095
20,8333
20,0000
21,5054
20,4082
20,8333
20,2020
26,6667
25,9740
25,0000
25,3165
23,8095
23,8095
19,2308
19,4175
20,0000
20,0000
19,8020
21,7391

Vt (cm/s)
3
Ensaio
14,1844
14,3885
14,7059
14,5985
14,7059
14,9254
16,6667
11,0497
10,9290
14,9254
14,5985
14,2857
17,0940
17,6991
17,3913
24,0964
24,0964
25,9740
21,2766
21,5054
21,7391
20,4082
20,2020
21,5054
25,3165
25,6410
25,0000
25,0000
25,3165
26,3158
19,8020
20,2020
21,2766

4
Ensaio
14,3885
14,2857
14,2857
15,0376
14,7059
15,1515
16,2602
16,5289
16,5289
14,4928
13,7931
13,2450
16,8067
16,3934
16,2602
22,9885
21,9780
22,2222
20,4082
20,6186
19,6078
20,6186
20,2020
20,4082
23,5294
25,9740
29,4118
25,0000
24,3902
23,8095
20,4082
20,0000
20,2020
21,7391
21,2766
20,6186

5
Ensaio
14,1844
14,7059
14,7059
14,5985
14,5985
14,8148
15,0376
15,0376
15,0376
14,7059
14,1844
14,1844
16,9492
16,8067
17,0940
23,8095
23,2558
21,9780
20,4082
20,6186
21,9780
21,5054
21,0526
20,8333
24,3902
23,8095
23,8095
24,3902
25,9740
25,9740
19,6078
19,8020
19,4175
21,0526
21,5054
20,0000

Vt Final (cm/s)

Desvio
Padro

14,2926

0,3259

14,6814

0,2605

15,1308

1,7669

14,5346

0,9499

16,9955

0,4387

23,4348

1,1551

20,9705

0,6784

20,6576

0,4887

25,0565

0,9580

24,9038

0,8666

19,8253

0,3890

20,7679

0,6827