15 mm along face of wall Geoguide 1 (1983), GEO Hong Kong
15 mm along face of wall
1:150 along face of wall
5. Reinforced fill walls/ structures
External Stability
120 yrs
5mm per metre height
15mm from reference alignment
1:100 along face of wall
Internal Stability
BS 8006
6. Individual Foundation Piles (mainly under axial loads)
6.1 Shaft Resistance
2.0
75 yrs
12 mm along axis of pile at pile head at design load. 38 mm or 10% pile size at pile head at twice design load.
6.2 Base Resistance
2.0
BS 8004
7. Individual Foundation loads (mainly under lateral & bending loads perpendi- cular to axist of pile)
Ultimate lateral Resistance
2.5
75 yrs
12 mm along axis of pile at pile head at design load
BS 8004
12 mm perpendicular to axis of pile at design load
8. Pile group
Block Bearing Capacity
2.0
75 yrs
12 mm at Working Load BS 8004
10 mm
9. Piles as retaining structures
As for 4, 6 & 7 above
As for individual foundation piles
75 yrs
As 4 above for rigid retaining structures BS 8004
10. Embankment on Soft Ground
11.1 Bearing (short term) 11.2 Local & global slope stability (long term)
1.4 1.2
75 yrs
- Total post construction settlement < 400 mm - 5 years post construction settlement < 100 mm (or 10% of estimated ultimate settlement) (For embankment within 10 m from bridge abutment, the above settlement criteria should be reduced to 15%).
APPENDIX B
LIST OF LABORATORY & INSITU TESTS
1. Soil Classification Tests: BS 1377: Part 2: 1990
Moisture content, Liquid limit, Plastic limit, Plasticity index, linear shrinkage, particle size distribution. (These tests are from disturbed samples such as split spoon samplers (SPT), bulk samples, etc.).
2. Chemical & Electro-chemical Tests: BS 1377 Part 3: 1990
Organic matter content, Mass loss on ignition, Sulphate content of soil and ground water, Carbonate content, Chloride content, Total dissolved solids, pH value, Resistivity and Redox potential.
3. Compaction-related Tests: BS 1377: Part 4 (These tests are from bulk samples)
3.1 Dry density - moisture relationship (2.5 kg/4.5 kg hammer) - Soil with some coarse gravels - vibrating method 3.2 Moisture condition value (MCV) 3.3 CBR tests
4.* Compressibility, Permeability and Durability Tests: BS 1377: Part 5
4.1 1-D consolidation test 4.2 Swelling and collapse tests 4.3 Permeability by constant head 4.4 Dispersibility
5.* Consolidation & Permeability Tests in Hydraulic Cells & with pore pressure measurements: BS 1377: Part 6
5.1 Consolidation Properties using hydraulic cell 5.2 Permeability in hydraulic consolidation cell 5.3 Isotropic consolidated properties using triaxial cell 5.4 Permeability in a triaxial cell
6.* Shear Strength Tests (Total Stress) BS 1377: Part 7
7.* Shear Strength Tests (Effective Stress) BS 1377: Part 8
7.1 CIU with pore pressure measurement 7.2 CD with pore pressure measurement
8. Insitu Tests: BS 1377: Part 9
Field Density (cone, sand replacement & balloon), CBR, SPT, Plate Bearing, Vane shear (Acker, Geonor, cylindrical), DS (Static Dutch Cone), Piezocone Test, etc.
* These tests are from undisturbed samples (thin wall samplers, piston samplers, Mazier samplers, block samples etc).
APPENDIX C
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/SYMBOLS
ACEM = Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia ASTM = American Society For Testing And Meterials BS = British Standard BQ = Bills of Quantities C c = Compression Index C v = Coef. of Consolidation C 1 = Effective Cohesion Cu = Cohesion CBR = California Bearing Ratio CIDB = Construction Industry Development Board CU = Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Test CD = Consolidated Drained Triaxial Test CIUC = Consolidated Undrained Compression Triaxial Test With Pore Pressure Measurement (Effective stress) CIUE = - Ditto - extension Ck o UC = Consolidated Undrained Compression At Ko Conditions DB = Deep Boring (rotary drilling) DS = Deep Sounding (Static Dutch Cone Penetrometer) GL = Ground Level HA = Hand Auger HMLC = 65 mm Triple Tube Core Barrel (DCMA) IEM = Institution of Engineers Malaysia JKR = Jabatan Kerja Raya LL = Liquid Limit M/C = Moisture Content M v = Coef. of Compressibility MHB = Motorized Hand Boring (Wash Boring/Percussion Drilling) MS = Malaysian Standard NW = N Size Casing (101.6 mm diam) NMLC = 52 mm Triple Tube Core Barrel (DCMA) P.Eng = Professional Engineer registered with Board of Engineers Malaysia pH = Acidity Index PL = Plastic Limit PI = Plasticity Index Pc = Effective Preconsolidated Pressure RL = Reduced Level RQD = Rock Quality Designation R/r = Recovery Ratio SI = Site Investigation SPT = Standard Penetration Test TNW = 61 mm Double Tube Core Barrel (Atlas Copco) UU = Unconsolidated Undrained Test gives undrained shear strength (total stresses) UCS = Unconfined Compression Strength WT = Water Table APPENDIX D
Legends:- A = suitable/useful = effective frictional angle K = coef. of permeability B = moderate Cu = undrained strength C = doubtful Mv = coef. of volume compressibility X = not suitable Cv = coef. of consolidation
SCOPE OF SI & SI METHODS Geophysical Geophysical Sounding Boring and Sampling Ground Loading survey Logging water Test Boring and Rock-core SI Method Seismic Electric soil sampling boring Scope & purpose of SI by type of road structure Identify soil & rock weathering profile A A B A B B B A B A B suitability of construction material survey A B B B B B A A A subgrade investigation rock B B (after excavation) soil B B B A B A Stability rock A B B A B B B B A B soil A B B B B B B B A B B B A B B A B B B B A B Identify soil & rock weathering profile A B B B B B A B B A B suitability of construction material survey A B B B B A A B A B surface deposit A A B B B B A A B B A B B B B rock property (strength, etc) A A B A A A B B A A B A B B A geologic strata (fault, etc) A A B B B A A A A A B B A A A B B B A see-page B B A A B B A B B A B B A B A tulus B B A B B mountainous sand gravel B B A B B sandy soil B B B A B B clayey soil B B B A B B B B rolling/flat sandy soil B B B B B A B B clayey soil B B B B B B A A B B sandy soil A A A B A B B B A B flat (soft) clayey soil A A A B A A B A A A B peat A A A B A B B A A A B foundation for pipe culvert, retaining wall (toe wall <2m) A B B B B A B A B B B B structures with mountainous/rolling B B A B B B A B A small-medium flat (general) B A B B A B B A B B A scale flat (soft) B A B ** A B A A A supporting strata B B A B A B B B A B A A mountainous excavation B B A B A B A A A structures /rolling large scale excavation B B A B A B A B A A A with supporting strata B B B B A B B A B A B B A B A large flat (general) excavation B B B B A B B A B A B B A B A A scale excavation below water level B B B B A B B A B A A A A supporting strata B A A A B A A B A B A flat (soft) excavation B A A B B A A A B A A excavation below water level A A B B A A A A B A A : applicable B : supplementary or may be applicable APPENDIX D1 P r e s s u r e m e t e r
T e s t H o r i z o n t a l
B o r i n g P a c k e r
T e s t / S e e p a g e
P r e s s u r e P u m p i n g
o r
P e r m e a b i l i t y
T e s t V a r i a t i o n
i n
G r o u n d
W a t e r
L e v e l P l a t e / L o a d i n g
T e s t T e s t
P i t / T r e n c h H o r i z o n t a l I n c l i n e d V e r t i c a l H a n d
A u g e r i n g T h i n
W a l l
T u b e D o u b l e
o r
T r i p l e
T u b e C o n t i n u o u s
F o i l
S a m p l i n g I n
S i t u
V a n e
T e s t S P T D u t c h
C o n e
P e n e t r a t i o n
T e s t
( D S ) J K R
P r o b e F l a t
D i l a t o m e t e r
T e s t P i e z o c o n P S
W a v e R e f l e c t i o n E l e c t r i c N u c l e o n i c H o r i z o n t a l V e r t i c a l S .
W a v e
R e f r a c t i o n V e l o c i t y S t r u c t u r e F i l l
I n s p e c t i o n /
W a l k - O v e r
S u r v e y P .
W a v e
R e f r a c t i o n C u t B o r r o w
P i t T u n n e l F i l l
APPENDIX E COMMON SAMPLERS
TYPE OF SAMPLERS
REMARKS 1. OPEN DRIVE SAMPLERS 1.1 Split-spoon for SPT 1.2 Thin-wall sampler 1.3 Thick wall sampler (50mm, 75mm, 100mm, 150mm).
2. THIN-WALL SAMPLER WITH STATIONARY PISTON (50mm, 75mm, 100mm, 150mm)
3. DENISON SAMPLER (Double tube with thin wall tube)
4. MAZIER SAMPLER (74mm)
5. FOIL CONTINUOUS SAMPLERS (DELFT 29mm, 66mm OR SWEDISH SAMPLER 68mm diam)
6. BLOCK SAMPLING
7. ROTARY ROCK CORE SAMPLERS 1. No piston; penetration by static thrust or dynamic impact; suitable for almost all types of soils except gravelly soils or hard/dense materials.
2. The most reliable sampler to procure undisturbe soft to stiff cohesive soils; area ratio is usually about 10%. The inside clearance ratio shall be 0.5 to 1%. Mainly for shear strength & consolidation tests.
3. No piston; suitable for stiff to very stiff cohesive soil and sandy soil (SPT = 4-20); open drive sampler
4. Triple tube sampler; usual core size 74mm diam & PW casing is required; air foam drilling technique is preferred to procure high quality undisturbed samples from residual soils. Not suitable for gravelly soils.
5. With stationary piston; suitable for minor stratification ie sand seams because of continuous samples of 5 to 8m can be procured.
Continuous samples for soil fabrics & stratigraphical or profiling evaluation etc.
6. Blocks of soil (200 to 350mm cubes) cut from test pits; Need careful sealing and handling. Mainly for triaxial, shear box & permeability tests.
7. Double tube core barrels for strong rock (Grade 1 or 2): 30mm; 42mm; 54mm; TNW, 61mm; T2-76, 62mm.
TABLE 2 Casing Sizes ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Size Designation Outside Diameter Inside Diameter Will Fit Hole Drilled with _______________ _______________ Threads per in. Core Bit Size in mm in mm ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ RW 1.144 36.5 1.19 30.1 5 EWT, EWG, EWM EW 1.81 46.0 1.50 38.1 4 AWT, AWG, AWM AW 2.25 57.1 1.91 48.4 4 BWT, BWG, BWM BW 2.88 73.0 2.38 60.3 4 NWT, NWG, NWM NW 3.50 88.9 3.00 76.2 4 HWT, HWG HW 4.50 114.3 4.00 101.6 4 4 x 5 1/2 PW 5.50 139.7 5.00 127.0 3 6 x 7 3/4 SW 6.63 168.2 6.00 152.4 3 6 x 7 3/4 UM 7.63 193.6 7.00 177.8 2 ... ZW 8.63 219.0 8.00 203.2 2 ... ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 3 Drill Rods ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Size Designation Rod and Coupling Outside Rod Inside Diameter Coupling Bore, Threads ______________________ ______________________ ____________________________ in mm in mm in mm per in ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ RW 1.09 27.7 0.72 18.2 0.41 10.3 4 EW 1.38 34.9 1.00 25.4 0.44 11.1 3 AW 1.72 43.6 1.34 34.1 0.63 15.8 3 BW 2.13 53.9 1.75 44.4 0.75 19.0 3 NW 2.63 66.6 2.25 57.1 1.38 34.9 3 HW 3.50 88.9 3.06 77.7 2.38 60.3 3 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ APPENDIX G
QUALITY OF SAMPLES (AFTER ROWE)
Quality Class
Properties
Purpose
Typical Sampling Procedure
1
- Remoulded properties - Fabric - Water content - Density and porosity - Compressibility & deformation - Effective strength parameters - Total strength parameters - Permeability* - Consolidation*
Laboratory data on in situ soils (classification tests & engineering properties)
Piston thin walled sampler with water balance
Mazier sampler with foam drilling
Block samples
2
- Remoulded properties - Fabric - Water content - Density and porosity - Compressibility and deformation* - Effective strength parameters* - Total strength parameters*
Laboratory data on in situ insensitive soils
Pressed or driven thin or thick walled sampler with water balance
Mazier sampler
3
- Remoulded properties - Fabric A * 100% recovery. Continuous B * 90% recovery. Consecutive
Fabric examination and laboratory data on remoulded soils
Pressed or driven thin or thick walled samplers. Water balance in highly permeable soils.
4
- Remoulded properties
Laboratory data on remoulded soils. Sequence of strata
Bulk and jar samples (from SPT split samplers)
5
None
Aproximate sequence of strata only
Washings (washed samples)
* Items changed from original German classification (7th. Int. Conf. Soil Mech. Foundn. Engng. Mexico 1969). APPENDIX H
GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF SUMMARY OF SCOPE OF SI WORKS (DESIGN OF SCOPE OF SI FOR ROAD PROJECTS)
Summary of Scope of SI Works with the following details should be given to the SI Contractor:
1. Brief project description and objectives of SI.
2. SI Methods & Locations (Scope of SI Works)
- Types & methods SI & the brief quantities should be summarized & indicated - Locations of SI shown on Drawings should be indicated
3. Criteria of Terminating Boreholes
Criteria of terminating boreholes or other SI methods should be clearly indicated, eg, in Cut Areas, in fill areas (in soft ground/swamp and residual soil areas) and in structure areas.
4. Field testing & sampling criteria
Types & frequency of various field testing & sampling should be specified.
5. Laboratory Testing
Types of lab testing & the selection criteria of samples should be specified.
6. Special requirements
Special requirements about SI methods, testing & sampling if any should be clearly mentioned. Method Statement for SI methods & tests plus works programme shall be submitted to the Designer at least 3 working days before commencement of SI works.
* Example of Scope of SI Works for road project is enclosed.
* Scope of SI works are based on Guidelines for planning SI works for Road Projects
OK Detail Geotechnical Design Prepare factual SI interpretative report by Designer End Prepare factual SI report (SI Contractor) NO Additional SI ? Execute SI works programme Determine scope of Lab tests Direct, supervise and monitor SI Works by Designer Yes OK NOT OK NOT OK Identify likely geotechnical issues & problems Determine design parameters required Prepare SI programme & budget Preliminary Project Appraisal Desk Studies Site reconnaissance Preliminary SI Preliminary Engineering Assessment Project Brief Scope of Works Design Criteria Define Project Work Plan Project Initiation Audit by Expert Design or determine scope of SI in detail (see Appendix H) Preparation of tender/contract documents, BQ & Spec. Send SI proposal to client for approval