1Z1ELEN AGBON

MAT. ERIAL ' BALANCE

I N
HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS
-Objectives
-Basic Concepts
Conventional Material Balance Equation
-Material Balance Equation as a Straight Line
-Gas Reservoirs
General Material Balance Equation
Drive Mechanism
Prediction Methods
-Case Studies
Course
MATERIA. L ~ALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERV01RS !
Homogeneous Tank Model.
Fluid Production and Injection at Single Points.
No Direction to Fluid Flow. f .
BASIC ASSUMPTINS.
-Dterrnination of Initial Hydrocarbon inPlace.
Calculation of Water Influx,
Prediction of Reservoir Pressures
-Determination ofDrive Mechanism
OBJ ECTIVES
1 :MATERIAL BALANCE. IN HYDROCARBON_ RESERVOIRS l .
ORIGINAL HYDROCARBON MAS:S
~ PRODUCED HYDROCARBON MA,SS
+REMAINING HYDROCARBON MASS
CONSERVATION OF MASS
BASIC CONCEPTS
f MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESBRVOlRS 1
FLUID EXPANSIO
OILZONE
FREE GAS ZONE
CONNATE WATER
PORE VOLUME CHANGE.
WATERTNFLUX
FLUID PRODUCTlON
\ OIL PRODUCTION
GAS PRODUCTION
!!WATER PRODUCTION

FLUID INJ ECTED
INJ ECTED GAS
INJ ECTED WATER
l MATERIAL BALWCE fN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS t
Water
Inj
vVATER
OIL
GAS
Fluid
Gas Inj prod
woc
Fluid
prod
Water
Inj
1 MATERIAL_ BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
Net change in volume ofwater, oil, free gas,
and void space == O
~V==O
Assuming a volumetric balance
B. ASIC CONCEPTS
NlA TRRIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOlRS
~V~N[Boi - Bo] +NpBo
ilV ==NB. - [N. -N ]B
o 01 . p o
Reservoir Oil Volume at time t 0 == NB0i
Reservoir Oil Volume at time ti== [N - NP]B0
Change in Oil V olume = Ll V
0
BASIC CONCEPTS
Change in Ol Volume
1 MATERIAL BALANCE. IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS-
l SCF Free Gas at t] == -NmB0i ~Gf
o -
[ SCF Initial Gas Free+ Dissolved] = [N~0 I Bg] +NRsoi
[ SCF Gas Produced ] == NP~ o
[ SCF Gas Remaining In Solution] = [N . . . Np J ~0
[ SCF Free Gas at t ] == [ SCF Initial Gas Free+ Dissolved ]
. . . [ SCF Gas Produced ]
- [ SCF Gas Remaining inSolution]
BASIC CONCEPTS
Change in Free . Gas Volume
L MATERIAL BALANCE IN_ ' ffYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
~Vg-==: Nn1 E0i -{[(NmB0i I BgD +NRsoi]
- - [Np~] - [N - Np]Rso} B,
[ SCF Free Gas at t ]== [ SCF Initial Gas Free+Dissolved ]
- [ SCF Gas Produced ]
- [ SCF Gas Remaining in Solution]
BASIC CONCEPTS
Change in Free Gas Volurne
1 MATERlt. \L BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
Cbange in Water Volume
~W- ' [W+W -B W +WC ~P]
e. w p e
- - W +B W - WC ~p
e w p
1 e
'--() (\, ~
Initial reservoir Water volume ::::::: W
Cumulative Water Produced at t =- W P
Reservoir Volume ofWP =- BwWp
Volume of Water Encroachment at == W e
BASIC CONCEPTS
Change in Water Volume
l MA! ERJ AL BALANCE lN HYDROC . . -illBON RE8ERV01RS 1
Change in Water and Rock Volume
[ilVw_ +L'. iVf ]
- - W e+ n,WP - (1 +m)NB01 [(CwSw1 + Cf ,w) I (1 - Swi)] ilP
Change in Rock Volume == - Change inVoid Space Volume
--vf cf ~P
. ,w
W ==Vf s;
Vf = [1 +m]NB01
BASIC CONCEPTS
Change in Void Space Volume == V f Cf w ~p
1 MATERIAL BALANCE ]N HYDROCARBON RESE! {VOIRS 1
NB0i - NB0 +NPB0+ Nm B01
- [(Nm B0 Bg) / . Bgi ]- NRsoi Bg +NP~n,
+NR80 B g +NPR80 Bg - W e - Bw W p
+ (1 +m)NB0i [(CwSw + Cf~w) I (1 - Swi)] Af l
=O
AV +~V +~V +t' . ' . \V ==O
w -- o g f
BASIC CONCEPTS
1 MATERIAL BALANCE IN 1-IYDROC:A. RBON RESERVOIRS _ I
NB0i +NmB0i - N[Bg +(Rso - R80 )B0]
+ Np[Bo+ CRsoi - Rso )Bg]
+ (~- Rsoi )Bg NP - [(NmB0i Bg)/ Bg]
~W - B W +(1 +n1)NB [(-e S . +e~ ) / (1 - S )] ~
e - W p - 01 W \VI ~W Wl
Reorganizing
BASIC CONCEP:TS
ilVW +~V+~vg +LlVr== o
1 MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOrRS 1
N(Bt +Bt i) +G(Bg - Bgi)
+(NB . .
1
t + -)[(C S . + Cf. ). I S )] AP +W
1 . g1 ' w -w1 ,w w1 e
:=: NpBt + (Gp - NRsoi )Bg +a, WP
For gas reservoirs, N =O and NP =O.
! MATERIAL BALANCE, IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS f
UNDERSATURATED OIL RESERVOIR.
SATURATED OIL RESERVOIR . .
- - - -
VOLATILE OIL RESERVOIR
GAS CAP RESERVOIRS
GAS CONDENSATE RESERVOIR.
VOLUMETRIC DRY GAS RESERV. OIR.
OVERP. RESSURED GAS RESERVOIR
TYPES OF RESERVOIRS
BASIC CONCEPTS
1 MATERIAL BAL}~NCE IN HYDROCARBON RESE" RVOIRS I!
N [Bt - BtJ +NB. g {[CwSwi + Cf,w] I [1 - Sw]} ~p + We
== NP {Bt + [~ - Rs0 ] Bg } +u,WP
Boi == Bti
Bt == {B, + [Rsoi - Rso]Bg}
NBoi +NmBoi - N {Bg + [Rsoi - ~] n, }
+Np {Bo + [Rsoi - RsoJ B. g}
+ ~ - Rsoi]Bg Np - [NmBoi Bg/ Bg]
- We - Bw WP +[1+ m]NB0i {[CwSwi + Cf,w] I [I - Sw1]} Af l
Conventional Material Balance Equation
11 MA TERlAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RB~ERVOIRS 1
Fluid Expansi n
Expansi n of oil zone ( Initial oil and gas in solution) = N(B1 - BJ
Expansion of free gas zone = (Bg- Bgi)(NmBti I Bgi)
Water influx = W e
Expansi n of connate water and change inpore volume
= (1 +ro )NBtLlP[(CwSwi + Cr ,w) l (1 ,_ Swi )]
Fluid production
on producton = NpBr
Gas production = (~ - R50)B~P
Water production = Bw W P
Fluid expansi n ~ Fluid pro. duction
r MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RE~:RVOIRS 1
Conventional Balance
OIL RESBRVOIRS
NmB~ = GB . .
b) gJ
G(Bg -Bgi) + {GBgi ~P[(CwSw + Cf;. vJ I (l - Swi)]} + We = GP B8 +BwWp
NR = G
p~'p p
N(B1 - Bt) +[(Bg - B. gi)(NmBti I Bg)]
+{(1 +m)NBt1 ~P[(CwSwi + Cf,w) ! (1 - S" " )]} +W e
= NP[Bt +(~ - Rs0)Bg] +Bw vVP
GAS RESERVOIR
Fluid expansi n = Fluid production
OIL RESERVOIRS
1 MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
- ----------~-
C0 = Oil compressibility
Ce = Eff ective fluid compressibility
Ce== [(C0S0 + CwSwj + C :. w) I (1 - SwJ ]
C0 = [(Bt -- BtD I (BtiAP)] = B01) I (B0iLiP)]
N = [NpBt(WP - Wi - We )Bw] I [B11Ce~P]
Bt := s, + ( Rsof . . . Rso) Bg
Bti = B0i
as sume
Rso = . Rsoi
m=O
G-=0
l
UNDERSATURATED OIL. RESERVOIRS -ABOVE. BUBBLE POINT
1 IvrATERIAL BALANCE. l N HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
N = NP[B1 + (~ - R JBg ] + a,WP / (BL - Bt i) +[(Bg - Bgi)(mB1iI Bgi)]
Bt = a, +( Rsoi - Rso) Bg
assume CwSwi and C' f,w ate negligible
Large gas cap; Homogeneous permeable formation;
Good gravitational segregation, Low ol viscosity ~
SATIJ RATED OIL RESERVOIRS - BELOW BUBBLE POlNT
Equation
1 MATERIAL RA. L~CE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS
11
111 = o
We =O
Assume CwS" ' 1 and Cr ,w are negligible
SOLUTION GAS DRIVE RESERVOIRS - BELO' W BUBBLE POINT
Conventional
1 MATERLU BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR. S 1
l .
B' O = Ol Formation Volume Factor
B0a = Differential B0
Bobf =Flash B0 at P b
Rso = Solution Gas OH Ratio
Rsoid = Diff erential Initial R8
R ~ = Differential R
Su S
R. V. = Relative Volume
B0 = (B0d) [B:-b~ /Bobd ] for P <P b
Rso=Rsif- {[Rsoid - Rsod](Bobf/Bobd)}
. .
- -
-
~
DIFFERENTIAL LIBERATION DATA
PVT DATA ADJ USTMENT
11 MATERIAL BALANCE J N J ;:IYDROCARBO~RESBRV()IRS j
Er,w == [Bti / (1 - Swi) ] [CwSwi + Cf ~wJ Af l
Eg:== [(m Bti) /Bgi] [Bg - Bg1]
F ~NP {Bt +[ ~-R801] B8} + n,WP - Wi- G1 Bgi
E0 == N { [Bt - Bt i]
NP {Bt + [~- ~0J Bg} +n,WP -Wi- G1 Bgi
~N { rn, - Bti]. + [Bti I (1 - Sw1 ) ] [CwSwi + Cf,w]~
+ [(rn Bti) /Bgi] [Bg - B8d} +We
Material Balance as an Equation of a Straight Line
1 MATERIAL BALANCE _ IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOlRS 1
. . . . . . . . - =- . :;::
Material Balance as an Equation of a Straight Line
SATURATED RESERVOIRS
1 MA 1' ER1AL BALANCE 1N HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS f
E
o
o
o
N
i
F
F==NE
- o
No Water Drive
No Original Gas Cap
SATURATED RESERVOIRS
Material Balance. as an Equation of a Straight Line
r MATERIAL BALA. " ' J ' CE lN HYDROCARBON RESERVOlRS 1
F
o
N
o
1 '
1 '
No N et Water Influx
With Net
Campbell Method
Plot F ! Et vs. F to obtain a
stra ght line with Y intercept N . .
E E +mE +E
t = o a fw
Water Drive
No Original Gas Cap
Material Balance as an Equation of a Straight Line
SATURATED RESERVOIRS
1 MAT' BruAl. BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOlR. . S J
o
F
i
111 too small
FE Method
F == N[E +m(Bt. I B )E ]
o . 1 gi -g
No Water Drive
A l(nown Gas Cap
SATURA. TED RESERVOIRS
Material Balance as an Equation of a Straight Line
1 MATERIAL BALANCE_ IN HY" DROCARBON RESERVOtRS 1
o
G
N
o
Havlena - Odeh Method
G == Nm(Bti /Bgi)
i
F/E0
No Water Drive
N and m are Unknown
SATURATED RESERVOIRS
Material Balan. ce as an Equation of a Straight Line
1 MATERIAL . BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
--~ o
J . -Iavlena- Odeh Method
:E LlPQ(A t0J
too Iarge
F/E
o
Assume linear drive
i
WaterDrive
No Original Gas Cap
Two Unknown
Material Balance asan Equation of a Straight Line
1 MJ \TERLt \L BALANCE iN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
2 . : APQ L\ ij\))
too small
WATER DRIVEN RESERVOIRS
F I E0 == N + C' (L\P' /E0)
i
C'
F/E
o
o
)N
~--
o
/E
. .
~P' ==p. - p
l
C' == WC
w
VERY SMALL AQUIFER
W eak Water Drive
Material Balance as an Equation of a Straight Line
1 MATERLAl,- BALANCE ]N HYDROCAID30N RESERVOIRS 1
Plot F / [E0 +m(Bti /Bgi )Eg] vs.
L L\PQ{ t 0)} I [E0 +m(Bti I Bgi )Eg] to obtain
a straight line with slope C and Y intercept N.
F / [E0 +m(Bt i /Bgi )Eg] -
N + {C L L\PQ(~t 0)} I [E0 +m(B1 1 I Bg1 )Eg]
WATERDRIVE
A Known G. as Cap
Material Balance as an Equation of a Straight Line
1 MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
F / [E0 + m(Bti /Bgi )Eg] ==
/[E0+1n(Bti /Bgi)E8]
Plot F / [E0 +m(Bti I Bgi )Eg] vs.
L M' I [E0+1n(Bti / Bgi )Eg] to obtain a
straight Iine with slope C' and Y intercept N.
VERY SMALL AQUIFER
A Known Gas Cap
Material Balance as an Equation of a Straight Line
\ MATERJ AL BALANCE ThT HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
GAS OIL
CONTACT
OIL
GAS
/
,--------~--i OIL WATER
CONTACT
WATER
GAS OU . . ,
CONTACi
OIL
GAS
1 MATERIAL BALANCE lN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS l
No Water Drive
A - ~
NP n,= ~oi [So e+s. , e,+cf ,w]L1 P ' I (1 - SwJ
P1ot NP B0 vs. B0i ~P' [S0 C0 +Sw1 e, + Cf~wJ I (1 - Swi)
to obtain a straight line going through the origin with
slope N.
Material Balance as an Equation of a Straight Line
UNDERSATURATED RESERVOIRS
1 MATERIAL BALANCE IN INDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
P l ot {NP B0 +WP - Wi } I B0i L'. l P ' [S0 C0 + s; e,+ Cf ,wJ I (1 - Swi)
vs. L: Af >Q(~tn) I B0i ~P '[S0 C0 + s;e, +Cf ,wJ I (1 - Swi)
to obtain a straight line with slope C and Y intercept N.
With Water Drive
( {NP B0 + WP - W } I B0 Af >~S0 C0 + Swi e, + Cr,wl)/ (1 - SwJ )
== N +C L ~PQ(L\ t n) I B0i Afl' [S0 C0 + s; e, +Cf,w] I (1 - Swi)
UNDERSATURATED RESERVOIRS
Material Balance as an Equation of a Straight Line
1 MATERLAL. B_ A. LANCE IN - HYDROCARBON RBSER_ VOJ RS 1
FE Method
Plot GP B_ g vs. Eg, to obtain a straight line
going through the origin with slope G.
o
No Water Drive
GAS RESERVOIRS
t
Material Balance as an Equation of a Straight Line
1 MATERIAL BALA. . NCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS
{GP Bg + WP - W1 } / Eg == G + C L ~PQ(~ tn) I Eg
Plot {GP Bg +WP ~w. : / Eg vs. L L1PQ(~tn) ! Eg
to obtain a straight line with slope C and Y intercept G.
With Water Drive
Material Balance as an Equation of a Straight Line
GAS RESERVOIRS
1 MATERIAL BALANCE IN ' f:IYDROCARBON R:ESERVOIRS 1
F
o
G
No Net Water Influx
WithNet
o
Plot F I Et vs. F to obtain a
straight line with Y intercept G
Water Drive
No Original Gas Cap
COLE Method
i
F I Et
1
~--------
Material Balance as an Equation of a Straight Line
l MATERIAL B~ANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS ~
Water Drive
o
Linear plot f or W e Ef ~w== O
Plot P / Z vs. GP to obtain a
line with X intercept G
P / Z = [1 + (G/G)] {P/Z} i
PIZ
Any Reservoir
P / Z Method
Material Balance as an Equation of a Straight Line
' MATERIAL ' BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESBRVOIRS 1
WATER
WATER
GAS WATER
CONTACt
. GAS WATER
-4-----------'I
CONTACT
GAS
GAS
1 MATERIAL BAL. ANCE IN HYDROCARBON R' . ESERVQIRS l
GAS ZONB
CONNATE WATER
PORE VOLUME CHANGE
FLUID EXP ANSION
GAS PRODUCTION
FLUID PRODUCTION
GIVES DBGREE OF HETEROGENEITY WHEN COMP ARED TO OGIP FROM
VOLUMETRIC CALCULATIONS~
MEASURES MOV ABLE OGIP THA T IS IN PRESSURE COMMUNICATION
AND CAN BE RECOVERED BY BXISTING WELLS.
l _ MATBUAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON ' RESERVOIR. S l
Fluid expansion only. No externa! energy.
Total compressibility is negligable
No water influx
Constant pare volume.
Later conditions
P_ <P.
Initial conditions
[P ==P ]
VOLUMETRJ c DRY GAS RESERVOIR,
1 MA TERlAL BALANCE IN HYDROCi\R. BON RESERVOIRS 1
[P/Z] ==[Pi I ZJ ( 1 [GP / G])
[P/Z] ~[Pi I Zi] - (Pi/ 1[ZiG] )
Plot [P/Z] vs. GP to obtain a straight Ine with Y
intercept [P j / ~] and slope ( P1 / [ZiG] )
VOLUMETRIC DRY GAS RESERVOIR.
GP=:; . Q ( Bg - Bgi)
[Bgi I Bg] - [ZiP I ZPi]
GP == G ( l - [ZiP l ZP1])
F == ( 1 -- [ZiP I ZPi] )
F = Gas Recovery Factor (average . 80% - %)
GP inc1udes vapor equivalent of condensare produced,
1 MATERIAL BALANCE IN HWROCARBON RESERVOIRS [
GAS PRODUCTION
WATER PRODUCTION
FLUID PRODUCTION
GAS ZONE
CONNATE WATER
PORE VOLUME CH,ANGE
WATERINFLUX
FLUID EXPANSION
1 MATERIAL BALANCE IN BYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
- - ~
we
Water influx reduces pore volume by ~VP f : ,J
Total compressbility is negligable,
rGPandWP
11
[G-G]B
GB.
-- p g
f
gi
'
~V
'
p
Later conditions
[ p <. P]
Initial conditions
[P==Pi]
DRY GAS RESERVOIR WITH WATER INFLUX.
1 MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
Method
Van Everdingen and Hurst
Carter and Tracy
Fetkovich
Fetkovich
Fetkovich
Water drive model
Edge
Ed
ae
. ' b
Edge
Bottom
A11 other geometries
G and W e are unknown,
Given G from volumetric calculations, we can estmate We
DRY GAS RESERV,OIR WITH WATER INFLUX.
11 MATERLA. . L BALANCE IN HYDRG>~AR. B~N R. ESBRVOIRS 1
Constant Terminal Pressure - f l
Pn == 0. 00708Kh [ P1 - P] I (q)
Constant Tenni11al Rate
Van Everdingen and Hurst Method
Edge Water drive, Radial or Linear Geomentry, Unsteady State flow.
DRY GAS RESERVOIR WITH WATER IN' FLUX.
' . 11. ATERIAL Bi\LANCE. IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
Radial
. . ---n == r / r r
) " " -- ,, '
:n == [0. 00633kt] I [ cpcr2]
B == 1. 119 ~cprr2 [ 8/360]
Af>n == 0. 5 [P n-2 - p n]
Van Everdingen and Hurst Method
DRY GAS RE. SERVOIR WITH WATER INFLUX.
1 MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
1 --
Calculate QPD(tD) using Edwardson or Kil11 co. ~el~ations .
. . , i. 2. . <'" ' s: - - ' - p
1 -
We = 1. 119 cf > c. h r,? [ 9/360] ~i QPD
Constant Pressure Solution
Linear
tD == ( 0. 00633 kt) / (~ctL2 )
B == 0. 178 ~cthL
Van Everdingen and Hurst Method
DRY GAS RES. ERVOIR WITH WATER INFLUX.
1 MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS l
[1 + 0. 616599 t 0 o. s + 0. 41 3008 tnJ
. 01 <t D <200
t D <0. 01
Van Everdingen and Hurst Method
Dimensionless Cumulative Water Influx [ QPD(tD) ]
Edwardson et al correlation for inifinite acting aquifers
DRY GAS RESERVOIR WITH WATER INFLUX.
1 MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYD~CARBON RESERVOIRS 1
U se Klins et al correlations f or finite and infinite acting
aquifers
[ln(tn)]
QPD(tD) =
[ --4. 2 9881+2 . 02 566 t 0 ]
Van Everdingen and Hurst Method
Dimensionless Cumulative Water Influx [ QPD(tD) ]
Edwardson et al correlation f or inifinite acting aquifers
DRY GAS RESERVOIR WITH WATER INFLUX.
1 MATERLA. L BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOJ RS 1
Radial
Carter and Tracy Method
Edge Water drive, Radial or Linear Geomentry, Unsteady State flow. ,
Infinite and finite acting aquifer; Does not require superposition
DRY GASRESE. RVOIR WITHWATERJ NFLUX.
! NLi\TE' RlAL BALANCE ~ HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
Linear
tn == ( 0. 00633 Kt ) / (cpc1 L2)
B == 0. 178 oc. b L
Carter and Tracy Method
Edge Water drive, Radial or Linear Geomentry, Unsteady State flow. ,
Infinite and finite acting aquifer; Does not require superposition
Calculate P0 and Pn' using Edwardson or Kiln correlations
DRY GAS RESERVOIR WITHWATERINFLUX.
1 MA ' fERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS !
U se Klins et a1 correlations for finite and infinite acting aquifers
[ 12 96. 8-6 t n -5 +12 04. 73 t D + 618. 618 t D +53 8. 072 t n2 +142 . 41 t D
25
]
[ 716. 441+46. 7984 tn. S +2 70~038 t 0 +71 . QQ98 tDl,S]
[32 8. 834 +2 65. 488 tn5 +45. 2 157 t 0 + tnr. ~]
P D(t D) =
DRY GASRESERVOIR WITHWATERINFLUX.
Carter and Tracy Method
1 . MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 11
Wei :;;;:: et P aq. iWi
\Vei = Maximum volurne of water from aquifer
ra:::: {[(43560 A)/ n] [ 8/360 ]}5
wi== rc(ra2 - rr2 )h 8/360 ]/ (5. 615)
W1 = Initial volume of water in aquifer
Fetkovich Method
Edge and Bottom Water drive Infinite and finite acting aquifer.
U se pseudosteady state aquif er PI to represent Ct. Elimina tes need for superposition
DRY GAS RESERVOIR WITH WATER INFLUX.
l~TERIAL BALA. NCE IN ID1)ROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
J }Wen _ _ ;; [Wei/ P aq. 1][P* aq. n-I - P* rnJ [l- exp( {-J Paq. 1 A tn}/Wei)]
P* aq. n-I == p aq. 1 [ (1 - W e n-1)/ W ei]
P* == [P P ]1 2
n1 aq. l aq. l
Wen == ~We1
we== Ci Wi (P aq. l - P* aq )
Caculate 1 [Productivity Index]
Caculate We
Fetkovich Method
Edge and Bottom Water drive, Infinite and finite acting aquifer,
Use pseudosteady state aquifer PI to represent Ct . . Eliminares need for superposition
DRY GAS RES. ERVOIR WITH WATER INFLUX.
' I M. . A. TERlAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RBSERVOIRS 1
P1ot {[GpBg +WpBwJ I [Bg - B. gi]} vs. {l ! [Bg - Bgi]} to
obtain a straight line of slope W e and Y intercept G
DRY GAS RESERVOIR WITH WATER INFLUX.
{[GpBg +WpBw] I [Bg - Bgi]} == G +{ We: I [Bg - Bgi]}
We=C [f(p,t)]
[f (p,t)] = ~p QPD
C =Water Influx Constant
Calculate 2 : ~p QPD
1 MAT' HRJ AL BALANC~E IN HYDROCARBON RESERVO:IRS l
1000 I (0. 0633Kt) I (~ . et ) ]
L
0. 00112 7 k wh
3(0,00112 7) kwh
L
J for Linear Flow
(STB/D-psi)
ln [ (0. 0142 l(t) / (~ctr/) J 5
0. 00708 kh [ 0/360]
[ln ( r/ / r /) J
0. 00708 kh [ 8/360]
0. 00708 kh [ 8/360]
J f or Radial Flow
(STB/D-psi)
Infinite.
Finite,
Constant Pressure
Finite, No Flow
Type of Outer
Aquifer Boundary
AQUIFERPL
l MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON R' . BSERVOIRS 1
~
G
[G;GP}Bg
p
1
GB
gi
AVP
~Vw
Later conditions
[P<Pd
Initial conditions
[P=Pd
VOLUMETRIC GEOPRESSURED GAS RESERVOIRS.
Normal Reservor = ~~s! ~;~{~nt of o. 43 ~. 50. psi/ft . . . v - )
'
Geopressured Reservoir = Pressure Gradient of about 1. O psi/ft
Overburden Pressure Gradient = 1. 0 psi/ft
l 1\1ATERIAL BALANCE l N HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
GBg; = reservoir volume of gas at P1 (rb)
( G- GP )Bg = reservoir volume of gas at P <Pi (rb)
~Yw = In crease in reservoir pore volume occuped by water (rb)
~V1 = Increase in reservoir pore volume occupied by rock (rb)
AVw = e, ( [(Swi GBin) I ( s. , )]
e, = [1 /V" " wJ l [~ Vw/~P] ~
e, = [1/Vp] / [AVP/&J ~ c. , -= e,
Vpi = GBgi I (1-Sw)
~VI = c. , V p! Af> = . . ~Vr
-~VP = tc. , (P i - P ) GBgi] /(1 -SWi) = AV1
GBgi= (G . . . Gp )Bg, +{[Cw(Pi - P)SwiGBgi] I (1-Sw)} + {[C~/Pi - P)SwGBgi] I (1- SwJ }
GB . :== (G - G )B ~V +~Vf
gi p- g w
\ MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
Plot [1 /(Pi - P)] [ {(P-1 Z)/(P I Z)} - 1] vs. [GP/ {P1 - P} ][(P1 / Z)/(P / Z1)] to obtain a
straight line of slope 1 /G and Y intercept - {[Sw1Cw +C*f]/[ 1 - Swi]}
Simultaneous determination of G and C*r Assuming C1ff varies with pressure.
Assume C*fis a constant, Plot of [P/Z](1- {[Cw Swi + C;k d (Pi -P) I (l - S\vi)}] vs. GP
gives a straight line of slope - [P1 I ZJ / G anda Y intercept of [P1 I Z1] .
GBgi = (G - Gp )Bg + {[Cw(Pi - P)SwiGBgi] I (1-Sw)} + {[C~pi - P)SwiGBgi] I (1- SwJ }
GB. gi = (G - Gp)Bg, + {[GBgi (P1 - P) / (1- Swi)]}[Cw s. , + C*f]
[PZ/PZ] = [Bgi/ Bg]
[P/Z][l- {[Cw s. , +C*f] (Pi - P) ! (1 - Swi)}] = [P1 I Zi] - [Pi I Z1][Gp I G]
VOLUMETRIC GEOPRESSURED GAS RESERVOIRS.
,\ MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
G
p
G
[P/Z] '
1 MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCAR1:30N RESERVOlRS 1
F Np [ B0 (1 - ~~8) + ( ~ - Rs0) Bg] / (1 - Rftso)
F Np [ B0 (1 - ~8) + ( ~- Rs0) Bg] / (1 - ~R50)
E, =l (B, - Bo) + Bg (~oi - Rso) + ~(Boi B, Rso)J / (1 - R, ~o)
Eg =[ (Bg - Bgi) + Bo (~ ~) + n,(Bgi n, - Bg Ry1)] / (1 - Ry R~m)
B to -' ---- [ Bo l - ~ Rso1 + B g ( Rsoi - Rso ) J / ( 1 - ~ Rso )
~s = = Gps I Np = [Cumulative produced sales gas /Cumulative produced oil]
R, = Volatile gasoil ratio
R, = lnitial vo lati le gas oil ratio
Bto = Two phase oil formation volume factor.
NEW GENERALIZED MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION.
ALL RESERVOIRS
(Black oil, Volatile oil, Gas condensate and Gas reservoirs. )
\ ~TERlAL BALANCE J N HYDROCARBON RESERVOlRS 1
G = Gf gi + Nf oi Rsoi
N foi = Oil in initial free oil phase
Gf g i := Gas in initial free gas phase
F = N~. E + E + /J . W
roi o 1gI g
NEW GENERALIZE. D MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION.
ALL RESERVOIRS
(Black oil, volatile oil, Gas condensate and Ga~reservoirs. )
1 MATERIAL BALANCE . lN . HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
B0 = Bg/ ~r
R,,s - Gps/Np=Rs
F or a single phase fluid at P > P b
F =NPB
F == Gps Bg
E0 = [B0 - B0J
Eg =:; [Bg - Bgi]
Undersaturated Reservoirs
P >P b
NEW GENERALIZED MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION .
MATER1AL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVQIRS 1
t
F
F ==GE
. g
N =GRVl
o _ _ . . .
E
o
Initially Undersaturated Volumetric Gas Reservoirs
Nf0=N, Gf l r i~o, W=O
-O
G =NRsi
t
F
F =NE
o
Initially Undersaturated V olumetric Oil Reservoirs
Nf01 = N,. Grgi = O, W ~O
NEW GENERALIZED MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION .
1 MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYOROCARBON RESERVOIRS -1
Nf gi = Gfgi Ryi' Nfo1 [Gf g /RsiJ , m= [,Gf gi Bgi] / ' [,Nfoi BOJ l)
N == Nfoi { 1 + [(m . Bo~) I B gi]}
G= Gf oi{l +, [(rn B0i) I (BgiRs)J }
G=G -+G
fo fgi
N = Nfoi +Nfgi
NEW GEN" ERALIZED MATERIAL BALANCE E,QUATION .
Initially Saturated Volumetric Oil Reservoirs
F/ E0 == Nf oi + Gf gi [Eg/ E0]
Plot F/ E0 vs. [Eg/ E0] to obtain a straight line ofslope Gfgj and Y intercept Nfoi
\, MATERIAL . BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
Initially Saturated Non-volumetric Reservoirs
[(F - ~W) I E0] == Nroi + Grgi[Eg I E0]
sume A W is known, Plot [ (F - 6 W) / E0] vs. [E0 / E0] to obtain straght line
wth slope G~ ~ and Y intercept N, .
r gi 101.
Use tbe same formulas as Havlena and Odeh with the new GMBE definition for
E0 and
Assume ~W is known . . Plot F - A W vs, E0 to obtain straight line with slope N.
F-~W=NE
o
Initially Undersaturated N on-volumetric Reservoirs
Nf01 = N, Gfgi =O,
NEW GENERALIZED MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION.
MATERIAL BALi,\NCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS !
= cf of gas in Remaining free gas phase
Nro. = stb of oil inRemaining free oil phase
Nrg = stb of oil in Remaimng free gas phase
Nfo=Gr~
t;; ~,
N +N
- N N - - 1
f o . . fg - p
stb of oil in free oil phase + stb of oil infree gas phase
= initial stb of oil - produced stb of oil
Mathematical Development,
NEW GENERALIZED MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION.
MA ' TBRT AL BALANCE r N HYDROC' ARBON R. ESERVOIRS
Gps = Produced gas sales
Gfo = scf of gas in Remaining free oil phase
rg =Fraction of total produced wellhead gas (Gp) which is re-injected.
Gfo = NfoRs
Nfo= (N - Np)- Gf~
Gfg = {[G - G](l - rg) - (N -NP)~} / (1 -Rfts)
Nfo = {[N -Np] - (G - Gps)~} / (1 - ~s)
Gr g = GP(l - rg)
NEW GENERALIZED MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION .
Mass balance of gas component.
scf of gas infree oil phase +scf of gas in free gas phase
= initial scf of gas -produced scf of gas
1 NLA. . . _ TERIAL :BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS Ir
VP = NfoBo + GrgB. g +V pSw
VP ~ volume of free oil phase +volume of free gas phase +volume of free water phase
vp = systempore volume.
VpSw = VpSwi + AW
~W-= [W1 - WP]Bw
VP[l - SwiJ = {[B0 - Rs Bg](N - Np) +(Bg- ~B0)[G - Gps] +~W} I [l - Ry. RJ
~s-= GP (1 - r g) I NP ~Gps I NP
NEW GENERALIZED MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION .
V olume balance.
Assuming constant volume system,
1 MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS -
N = Nror + GfgiRyi
G = Gfgi +NfoiRsi
N foi = stb of oil in free oil phase
Gf gi = scf of gas infree gas phase
VP[l - Swr J =NfoiBor +Gf giBgi
F = Nfoi E0 + Gr~Eg + W
NEW GENERALIZED MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION .
1 MATERIAL BALANCE IN 1-IYDROCARB~N RESERVOIRS \
Black Oil Reservoirs
Bto = {[Bo(l - ~si)+ CRsr - R)Bg] / (1 ~ R)ls)}
B1g = {[Bg(l - ~~) +(R; - Ry)B0] / (1 - ~7-Rs)}
B10 =: two phase ol formation volume factor
Bt<r e-- two phase gas f ormation volurne factor
;,
NEW GEN-ERALIZED MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION.
1 MATERIAL BALANCE 1N HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
GpsBg= G(Bg-BgJ
[Gps/ G] = {1- [(P / Z) I (P1 I Z1 ))
Plot (P / Z) vs. Gps to obtain a straight 1ine with Y intercept G
Eg - B -B -
. g gl
Ry. =O
Nro =D
N =O
p
Dry Gas Reservoirs
NEW GENERALIZED MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION.
1 MATERIAL BALANCE IN ~ROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
G = [350 . . 5y0 (10. 73)(52 0)] ! (14 . . 7Mw0)
Ge = (133000 Yo)/ ~o
MW() = 5954 /(Po. - 8. 811)
~o = (42. 43y0) /(1. 008 -)' 0)
= Gps + GpsT +Ge
Ge-=- n RTS. / PSG
EQUIV ALENT
t MATERIAL BALANCE 1N HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
Gas phase in the reservoir
GP = separator gas production + tock tank gas production
+ gas equivalent of stock tank Iiquid.
Primary recovery mechanisrns aff ect
Ultimate recovery factor
Pressure decline rate
-Gas oil ratio
Water production
Prirnary recovery mechanisms include
Rock and Liquid expansi n drive
Depletion drive
-Gas cap drive
Water drive
Gravity drainage drive
-Combination drive
DRIVE MECHANISMS
OlL RESERVOIRS
1 MATERIAL BALA. . NCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERV01RS 1
~ - - -
. :t ' ,
(Bt +Bti) +mBct[(Bg / Bg) - 1] +Bti(l + m)[(CwSwi +C4w) I (1 - SwJ J ~p
D = Np[Bt + (~- Rsoi' )Bg]
1 = N (Bt - Bti) / NP[Bt + (~- R~01 )Bg]
+ {NmBti [(Bg - Bgi) / Bg} I Np[Bt+ (~ - Rsoi )Bg]
+ n, W-p) / Np[Bt +(~ - Rsoi )Bg]
+NB0l l +ro)[(CwSwj + CfJ (1 - SwJ J ! NP[Bt + (~-R~soi )Bg]
+GinjBginj Np[Bt +(~ -- Rsoi )Bg]
+W injBwinj / Np[Bt + (~- Rs,01)Bg]
1 = DDI +SDI +WDI + ED1 + GJ DI +W1DI
N=
Convectional Material Balance Equation
DRIVE MECHANISMS
1 MATERIAL B. UANCE 1N HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS
DRIVE MECHANISMS
= DDI +SDI +WDI +EDI + GIDI +WIDI
DDI = N (Bt - Bti) I Np[Bt +(!\- Rsoi )Bg]
SDI == {NmBti [(Bg - Bgi) / Bgi} / Np[Bt +(!\- )Bg]
WDI = (We-BwWp)/Np[Bt+(l\-Rsoi)Bg]
EDI = NB0i(1 +m)[(CwSwi + Cf,\\) I (1 - Sw)] Af l / Np. [Bt +(!\- Rsoi )Bg]
GIDI = GinJ Bginj I NP[Bt+ (1 \- R50i)Bg]
WIDI = W1 nJ Bwinj / Np[Bt + (1\ - R801 )Bg]
DDI = Depletion Drive Index
SDI = Segregation Drive Index
WDI =Water Drive Index
EDI = Expansion (Rock and Liquid) Drive Index
GIDI = Gas Injecton Drive Index
WIDI =Water Injection Drive Index
1 . NIATE. RIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS
_ _ _ . . _ . . . _ _ _ _ ,_ _ _ _ _ ---------~-------~- . . . _ _ ~~-
Net wat er
Rernaining oil
Rock compaction
~ -
New gas cap
' Tank Model
~--~----'
Gas cap
OilZone
vVnj~
o.
l l l J '
w
e
DDI Oil recovery mechanism due to expansi n of original ol and dissolved gas
SDI Oil recovery mechanisrn dueto expansi n oforiginal free gas cap
WDI Oil recovery mechanism due to net encroachment of aquifer water into oil zone
EDf Oil recovery mechanism dueto rock compaction and water expansi n
GIDI Oil recovery mechanism dueto gas injection
WTDI 011 recovery rnechanism dueto water injection
1 = DDI +SDI +WDI +EDI +GIDI + WIDI
DRIVE
l MATERIAL BALANCE. 1N RYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
Depletion Drive Mechanism
( Solution Gas Drive or Dissolved Gas Drive or Internal Gas Drive)
Principal source of energy is expansion ofsolution gas. as reservoir pressure
drops resulting in. gas Iiberation from the crude ol. Water production is
minimal and GOR. increases as Pressure drops, Recovery faotor is 5 /o - 30%. A
great potential for secondary recovery efforts therefore exists
Pt>Pb
Rock Compaction and Liquid Expansion Drive Mechanism
Undersaturated oil reservoir
[Expansi n of water+expansi n of rock grains + formation compaction]
DRIVE MECHANISMS
1 MATERIAL BALANCE. ~ HYDRocMf f ioN RESERVOIRS 1
High GOR wells often shut down to preserve gas cap energy ~ swept efficiency
and estimated ultimate recovery (EUR). The existence ofa high dip angle
increases recovery factor. The larger the gas cap, the higher the recovery factor.
Oil
Oil
Gas Cap Drive Mechanism
Original gas cap exists. Water production is small. Recovery factor is 2 0% - 40%.
Recovery rnechanisms include the expansion of the free gas cap and the solution
gas.
DRIVE MECHANISMS
1 MATBRIA. . L BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESBRVOIRS 1
Water flow
Aquifer
Mechanism
1 M. l\TERJ AL B~ANCE 1 N HYDROCARBON RESER\rOIRS l
Bottorn Water Orive Edge Water Drive
Water
\--\-, owoc
/------>;-owoc
W a. ter Drive Mechanism
Water Influx replaces produced fluids. Reservo ir pressure decline is very
gradual, Recovery factor is 35% - 75%. High water cut wells shut in.
DRIVE MECHANISMS
1 MATERIAL BALANCE. IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR. S 1
completions
Secondary
Gas Cap
Gravity Drive Mechanism
Reservoir pressure decline is very gradual. Recovery factor is greater than 80o/o
for high dip reservoirs with good permeability in t h e direction of the dip.
DRIVE MECHANISMS
l MATERIAL. BALAt~CE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
Aquifer
/
Water
Combnation Drive Mechanism
Two or more drive rnechanisms present, Reservoir pressure decline is rapid for
small gas cap. Often requires the introduction of pressure mantenance activities
(water or gas injection) . .
-----~ -
1 MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROC. ARBON RESERVOlRS 1
DRIVE MECHANISMS
PLOTS FOR VARIOUS DRIVE MECHANISM.
G
Drrve
Strong: Water Drlve
[P/Z]
Gas Reservoirs
1 MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
Tracy s method
-Muskat s method
-Tarner s method
PREDICTION METHODS
~MATERIAL E. A. LANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESBRVOIRS 1
N = NP <D0 + GP <1 >8 + ( We - BwWp) e,
(l)g - 1 1 [ (B B0) I Bg - (~0. - R501) + mB0i[(1 / Bg) - (1 I Bg) ]]
<Do - [ (Bo/ Bg) - ~o] c! >g
e, = ( 1 /Bg) <l>g
et >
0;
<I>g and el )w are functions of pressure and gas cap size
Tracy s method
l MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROC~ON RESERVOIRS l
AN = {1 - I N1 rr. + G . d) ] \ / [rr' +ffi. ( R - R ) I ? J
0
p p{i - 1) \. J !o p(i - 1) - g f '*'g (i) (1 - l) ~
R = Instantaneous gas oil ratio
Assume We = O
ilNP and R are unknown,
TO PREDICT FUTURE PERFORMANCE
Tracy s method
{ MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RBSERVOIRS
-Select average pressure
-Calculate PVT values of <P
0
and <I>
. ;:,
Estimate GOR at pressure P
-Calculate GOR average
Calculate ~NP and NP
Calculate S
0
and S g
-Obtain ~ /~0 at saturation Sg
o
Calculate GOR
-Compare estimated GOR with calulated GOR.
Restart if a large diff erence exist.
Procedure
Tracy' s method
PREDIC. TION
1 MATERJ AL. ' BALANCE. IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOJ RS 1
[8S0. I 6P] := [{S0(Bg/ BQ)( B R80 / 8P . )} +{(S0~g 0 I B0 ~ g) I (0 B0 I oP)}
- {(1-80 - Swc) Bg [8(1 /Bg) (8P)]}] ! [ 1 + l<r0)(0 / g)]
X(p) = (Bg I B0)( o~/ 8P)
Y(p) = (1 I B0)(0 I g)(6 B0. I o. P)
Z(p) = Bg [8(1 / Bg ) I (8P)]
No initial gas cap; depletion drive at below bubble point pressure; no water influx
Muskat s method
PREDICTION METHODS
1 MATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCAR. BON RESERVOIRS. 1
-------. -~,--~----------------
-Plot (ir _ / t . - . ) vs. S
. L'Tg . L'" r 0 o.
Plot (1 / Bg),B0and R5vs, P
Calculate Xr p), Y(p) and Z(p) and plot against P
-Calculate [ L\ S0 A P] at S oi
-Calculate S
. o
-Calculate _ [A S I il P] at S
o o
-Calculate [L\ S0 I L\ P] average
-Calculate S
0
with [ L\ . S
0
/ L\ P] average
-Caculate Sg
Calculate NP and GP
Procedure
Muskat' s method
PREDIC' TION METHODS
l 1\1A1' ERIAL- BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RBSERVOIRS 1
P 1 -P 2=L\P
NP1 = GP1 at P1 = P b
Estmate NP2 at P2
Calculate G112
Gp2 = N [(Rsi - Rs) - {(Boi - Bo) / Bg}] - Np2 {(Bo /Bg) - R}
GP2 := [N (Bt . . BtJ - NP2 (Bt - ~rBg)] Bg
Calcula te S
0
and S g
so= (1 - SwD[l - (Np2 / N)](Bo /Bg)
S =1-S -s. .
. g o - \ \ ri
-Calculate fkrg/ ~0) at Sg2 for P _
-Calculate GOR2
Tarner s method
Procedure
PREDICTION METHODS
1 MATERIAt BAl . ANCE IN HYDROCARBON RBSER 1
If both GP2 caleulated agree, the GP2 value is correct,
If not, then obtain an intercept of both equations,
-Calcula te G P 2 again
Tamer s method
-Calculate GO~
GO~ =R5+(~g/~0)(0B0/ gBg)
PREDICTION METHODS
,, MATERIAL . BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR~ 1
Nomenclature
N = INITIAL RESERVO IR OIL (stb)
B0i - INITIAL OIL FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR (bbl/stb)
Np - CUMULATIVE PRODUCED on. (stb)
B0 - OIL FORMATION VOLOME FACTOR (bbl/stb)
B, - T' OTAL FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR (bbl/stb)
a, - INITIAL TOTAL FORMATIONVOLUME FACTOR(bbl/stb)
B - GAS FORMA _ _ TION VOLUME FACTOR (bbl/stb)
g
Bgi - INlTIAL GAS FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR (bbl/stb)
G, - FREE GAS RESERVOIR VOLUME (scf)
~oi = INITIAL SOLUTION GAS OIL RATIO (scf/stb)
~ - SOLUTION GASOIL RATIO (scf/stb)
~ - CUMULATIVE PRODUCED GAS OILRATIO (scf/stb)
G - INITIAL RESBRVOIR GAS (scf)
W - INITIAL RESERVOIR WATER (bbl)
WP - CUMULATIVE. PRODUCEDWATER (stb)
We - WATERINFLUX INTO RESERVOIR (bbl)
B; - WATER FORMATION VOLUME FAC. TOR (bbl/stb)
1 MATERIAL BALANCE 1N . HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
AP = CI-IANGE IN AVERAGE RESERVOIR PRESSURE (psia)
Swi = INITIAL WATERSATURATION
Cf,w= FORMATIONISOTHERMAL COMPRESSIBILITY (L' psi)
m = INITIAL RESERVOIR FREE GAS VOLUME - :: ~
INTIAL RESERVOIR OIL VOLUME
V1 = INITIAL VOID SP ACE (bbl)
Gi = FREE GAS IN RESERVOIR (SCF)
Btg = TWO PHASE GAS FVF (RB/STB)
s, = TWO PHASE OIL FVF (RB/STB)
E~- NET GAS EXP ANSION (RB/SCF)
;::.
E0 = NET OIL EXP ANSION (RB /SCF)
F = TOTAL HYDROCARBON FLUID WlTHDRA WAL (RB)
Ge= ORIGINAL EQU1V AL. ENT IN PLACE (SCF)
GP = PRODUCED WELLHEAD GAS (SCF)
Gpe = PRODUCED GAS EQUIV ALENT (SCF)
:1 MATERIAL BALANCE_ r n HYDROCARBON RESBRVOIRS 1
Gps = PRODUCED SALES GAS (SCF)
Gfg =GAS IN FREE GAS PHASE (SCF)
Gfo =GAS IN FREE OIL PHASE (SCF)
L -LIQUID PHASE MOLE FRACTION
M0 = STOCK TAN' K OIL MOLECULAR WBIGHT (LBS/LBMOLE)
NP = = PRODUCED OIL (STB)
Nrg =OIL IN FREE GAS PHASE (STB)
Nfo -:-QIL IN FREE OIL PHASE (STB)
Nfoi =OIL IN INITIAL FREE OIL PHASE. (STB)
P PRESSURE (PSIA)
P1 ~INITIAL PRESSURE (PSIA)
~=GAS EQUN~t\LENT RATIO (SCF/STB)
<::>
n, =VOLATILE OIL GAS RATIO (S. TB/SCF)
Rvi INITIAL YOLA TILE OIL GAS RATIO (STB/SCF)
n, =:;CUMULATIVE PRODUCED SALES GOR (SCF /STB)
r , =FRACTION OF PRODUCED GAS RE-INJ ECTED
e
1 MATERlAL BALANCE IJ\ T HYDROC~ON RESERVOIRS ,
IvlATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RBSERVOIRS l .
N omenclature
s;= INITIAL WATER SATURATION
S = GAS SATURATION
VP = RESERVOIR PORE VOLUME (RB)
V;;:: VAPOR PHASE MOLE FRACTION
V0 = VOLUME FRACTION OILPHASE
V Tg =TOTAL GAS PHASE VOLUME (RB)
VTo =TOTAL OlL PHASE VOLUME (RB)
Wi= INFLUXEDWATER(STB)
WP = PRDUCED WATER (STB)
. ! 1W= NETWATER VOLUME
Zi = INITIAL GAS COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR
z, = LIQUID PHASE COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR
= GAS PHASB coMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR
Z2 = TWO PHASE COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR
Z = GAS COMPRESSIBILITY' FACTOR
,0= OIL VISCOSITY (cp)
u,= GAS VISCOSITY ( cp)
:::. :
p0 = STOCK TANK OTL DENSITY (lbs/cf)
j ! vrATERIAL BALANCE IN HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS 1
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