RATE OF REACTION

Definition
Speed at which reactants are converted into products in a chemical reaction.
Fast reaction;
time ta!en is short
So" the reactants is #uic!l$ converted to the products.
Thus" the rate of reaction is hi%h&hi%her.
Slow reaction;
time ta!en is lon%
So" the reactants is slowl$ converted to the products.
Thus" the rate of reaction is low&lower.
So'
(hat is the relation )etween rates of reaction with
time*
(hen the time ta!en is short" the rate of reaction is hi%her"
(hen the time ta!en is lon%er" the rate of reaction is lower,
Rate of reaction is directl$ proportional with +&time
Rate of reaction is inversel$ proportional with time
Exercise: pg 3 Learning Task 1.1 Classification
,easurin% the rate of reaction
Chan%es in selected #uantit$
Rate of reaction
-
........................................
Time ta!en
Suita)le chan%es'
volume of %as li)erated
precipitate formation
chan%e in mass durin% the reaction
colour chan%es
temperature chan%es
pressure chan%es
Other o)serva)le chan%es*
Avera%e rate of reaction /
The avera%e value of the rate of reaction within a
specified period of time.
Notes/
Reaction with hi%h rate of reaction"
completed in short time.
Reaction with low rate of reaction"
completed in lon%er time.
Rate of reaction at %iven&Instantaneous time /
The actual rate of reaction at that instant.
0a.!.a / Instantaneous rate of reaction1
Ta)le +.+ p% 2
Avera%e rate
of reaction
)alas
-
Changes in selected quantity
............................................
Tie taken
Instantaneous
rate of reaction

)alas
-
3radient of the curve at that instant
E4ample +.+ p% 2 05(note1
i. The avera%e rate of reaction in the first 67
seconds from %raph plotted*
Solutions/
The formula

8+.9 cm
8

67 s
7.82 cm
8
s
+
ii. The rate of reaction at 67 seconds*
0Instantaneous rate of reaction1

Solutions/ :lot a %raph
Draw a tan%ent
Find the %radient
The rate of reaction at 67 seconds
- %radient at 67 seconds
- ;en%th of DF
Avera%e rate
of reaction
)alas
-
Total !olue of gas li"erated
............................................
Tie taken
Instantaneous
rate of reaction
at 67 seconds

-
3radient of the curve at 67 seconds
-
-
;en%th of EF
- 7.+< cm8s+
#: $actors %ffecting The &ate of &eaction
(h$ these two %raph different*
a1
a1
a1
a1
a1
a1
a1
a1
a1
a1
a1
a1
a1
Total surface area of solid reactant
)1 Concentration of reactant
c1 Temperature of reactant
d1 =se of catal$st
e1 :ressure of %aseous reactant
Collision Theor$
Dear )o$s and %irls to )etter understand of
collision theor$ $ou must !now few thin%
related to the theor$ which is'
Collision
Effecti!e collision
%cti!ation energy
Collision frequency
Effecti!e collision frequency
Energy profile diagra
> And also the chemical e#uation
'hat is the Collision Theory(
Durin% a reaction" the particles of the reactants must
collide with each other" for )ond )rea!in% and then )ond formation
to occur to produce product.
?ond )rea!in% : a"sor" heat energy
?ond formation : release heat energy
Those collisions which achieved a minimum activation ener%$
and with the correct orientation will result in a reaction.
These collisions are called effective collisions.
If the particles collide with less ener%$ than
activation ener%$ or with wron% orientation" it will
not result in reaction" is called ineffective collisions.
So what is i. effective collisions*
ii. activation ener%$*
Effective collisions
Those collisions )hich achie!ed a minimum activation
ener%$
and )ith the correct orientation, )ill result in a
reaction.
Activation Ener%$
Activation ener%$ is the energy "arrier that ust "e
o!ercoe "y the collidin% particles of the reactants in
order for reaction to occur
Ener%$ :rofile Dia%rams
i. E4othermic Reactions
Remem)er the process and dia%rams" we will stud$ more when we reach topic <.
ii. Endothermic Reactions
Energy
&eactants
*roducts
%cti!ation Energy
E4othermic Reaction
&eaction path
5eat chan%es

Activation ener%$ is the difference in ener%$ )etween the ener%$ in reactants and the ener%$ at the pea!
of curve
E4othermic Reaction
Reactants :roduct
Total 5eat Ener%$ 5i%her ;ower
5eat Ener%$ durin% reaction Ener%$ a)sor)s durin% )ond
)rea!in% is lower
Ener%$ releases durin% )ond
formation is hi%her
Thus'
5eat chan%es - 5eat Ener%$ in product @
5eat Ener%$ in reactant
- ve
Energy
&eactants
*roducts
%cti!ation Energy
Endothermic Reaction
&eaction path
Endothermic Reaction
Reactants :roduct
Total 5eat Ener%$ ;ower 5i%her
5eat Ener%$ durin% reaction Ener%$ a)sor)s durin% )ond
)rea!in% is hi%her
Ener%$ releases durin% )ond
formation is lower
Thus'
5eat chan%es - 5eat Ener%$ in product @
5eat Ener%$ in reactant
- A ve
The conclusion is'
The reaction occur when reactants collide'
a. achieved activation ener%$
). with correct orientation
An$ Buestion so far*
+ Effect of surface area&siCe
S,A;;ER siCe solid reactant"
?i%%er total surface area per volume
5i%her fre#uenc$ of effective collision
5i%her rate of reaction
?I33ER siCe solid reactant"
Smaller total surface area per volume
;ower fre#uenc$ of effective collision
;ower rate of reaction
S!etch %raph volume of %as a%ainst time
?ase from the %raph" please e4plain*
I / Small mar)le
II / ;ar%e mar)le
Dolume of
%as & cm
8
Time & min
I II
D
t
+
t
E
- 3raph I is more steeper than %raph II
- Thus" the %radient of %raph I is more than
%raph II
- Thus" the rate of reaction for the e4periment I
is hi%her than e4perimen II
Buestion/ (h$ the total volume of %as is
same*
%ns)er: the nu"er of mole of reactant
is sae
5(/ draw %raph fi%ure +.Fp%+7
Effect of SiCe
(hen the siCe of fi4ed mass of solid reactant
0name the reactant" CaCO
8
1 is smaller"
The total surface area per volume e4posed to collision with other
reactant 0name the reactant1 particles is )i%%er.
Thus" the num)er of collision amon% the
reactin% particles at the surface of the
solid reactants increases. Fre#uenc$ of collission is hi%her.
Thus" the num)er of collision achieved
the activation ener%$ to )ecome effective
collision is also increases.
This lead to an increase in the FREB=ENCG of EFFECTIDE
CO;;ISION.
5ence" a hi%her rate of reaction.
Effect of Concentration
(hen the concentration of the solution of a
reactant increases'
The num)er of particles per unit volume of the solution of the reactant also increases.
Thus" the num)er of collision amon% the
reactin% particles increases. Fre#uenc$ of collission is hi%her.
Thus" the num)er of collision achieved
the activation ener%$ to )ecome effective
collision is also increases.
This lead to an increase in the fre#uenc$ of
effective collision.
5ence" a hi%her rate of reaction.
5(/ draw %raph fi%ure +.9 p%++
5(/ draw %raph fi%ure +.6 p%+E
Effect of Temperature
(hen the temperature of a reactant increases'
The !inetic ener%$ of reactin% particles will increase" so the particles moves faster.
Thus" the num)er of collision amon% the
reactin% particles increases. Fre#uenc$ of collission is hi%her.
Thus" the num)er of collision achieved
the activation ener%$ to )ecome effective
collision is also increases.
This lead to an increase in the fre#uenc$ of
effective collision.
5ence" a hi%her rate of reaction.
5(/ draw %raph fi%ure +.+7 p%+8
draw %raph fi%ure +.++ p%+8
Effect of Catal$st
0:% +81
Catal$st/ a su)stance which alters the rate of
chemical reaction while it remains
chemicall$ unchan%ed at the end of
the reaction.
:roperties of catal$st'

(hen the catal$st is presence'

The catal$st allows the reactian to ta!e
place throu%h an alternative path which re#uires a
lower activation ener%$.
Ener%$
Reactant
E
a
:roduct
E
a
/ Activation ener%$
without catal$st
E
c
/ Activation Ener%$
with catal$st
E
c
Reaction with
catal$st
Reaction without
catal$st
Reaction path
Thus" more collision amon% the reactin%
particles are a)le to achive the lower
activation ener%$.
Thus" the num)er of collision achieved
the activation ener%$ to )ecome effective
collision is also increases.
This lead to an increase in the fre#uenc$ of
effective collision.
5ence" a hi%her rate of reaction.
Effect of :ressure
(hen the pressure of the %as of a reactant
increases'
The num)er of particles per unit volume of the %as of the reactant also increases.
Thus" the num)er of collision amon% the
reactin% particles increases. The fre#uenc$ of collision is increase.
Thus" the num)er of collision achieved
the activation ener%$ to )ecome effective
collision is also increases.
This lead to an increase in the fre#uenc$ of
effective collision.
5ence" a hi%her rate of reaction.
5(/ p%. E2 E:C no. +" E" <
S!etch %raph/
0i1 Concentration of solution a%ainst time
0ii1 Concentration of solution a%ainst +&time
Concentration of sodium thiosulfate
0Na
E
S
E
O
8
1 & mol dm
8
Time & s
So" what can $ou conclude from the %raph*
0iii1 Temperature a%ainst time
....
time
+
&s
+
Concentration of sodium thiosulfate
0Na
E
S
E
O
8
1 & mol dm
8
Temperature &
o
C
time &s
Teperature is directly proportional
to the rate of reaction
0iv1 Temperature a%ainst +&time
So" what can $ou conclude from the %raph*
Concentration is directly proportional
to the rate of reaction
Suhu &
o
C
+
time
.....
&s
+
5ow to anal$se the %raph*
First Situation/
All of these e4periments are usin% the same siCe
and mass of catal$st. The temperature of the
reactants remains the same.
(h$ are there differences in the rate of reaction
shown*
I and II
I and III I and ID HcomparisonI
:lease remem)er that the total volume of the %as
depends on the num)er of moles of the reactant.
Num)er of moles - ,olarit$ J Dolume
0solution1 +777
Can $ou anal$se the %raph )ased from the
volume and the concetration of the reactant*
Dolume of %as & cm
8
Time & min
I II
D
t
+
t
E
+++
+,
D&E
Second Situation/
All of these e4periments are usin% the same t$pe
of catal$st. The volume" concentration and
temperature of the reactants remains the same.
(h$ are there differences in the earl$ rate of reaction
shown*

The siCe of catal$st in e4p I is smaller compare to e4p II and III.
Or
The mass of catal$st in E4p I is more than e4p II and III.
Or
The siCe of reactant in e4p I is smaller than e4p II and III
2.E
E4ercise/
An e4periment is carried out )etween +7 %
of ma%nesium with E7 cm
8
h$drochloric acid
7.2 mol dm
8
. The reaction is completed in 9
minutes.
HRelatif atomic mass/ 5" +' Cl" 82 ' ,%" E<'
I II III
Dolume of the
%as & cm
8
D
t
+
t
E
Time & min
,olar volume of %as is E< dm
8
at room
conditionI
a1 (rite a )alanced chemical e#uation
for this reaction.
)1 Calculate the ma4imum volume of the
%as li)erated at room condition.
c1 Calculate the avera%e rate of reaction
within 9 minutes.
d1 Calculate the mass of the ma%nesium
used in the reaction.
e1 S!etch the %raph of volume a%ainst
time for these e4periment
The formula/
IF REACTANT IS SO;ID
Num)er of mole - . mass .
A
r
or ,
r
IF REACTANT IS SO;=TION
Num)er of moles - ,olarit$ J Dolume
+777
VOLUME OF THE GAS AT ROOM
CONDITION
Dolume of - Num)er of moles J E< dm
8

the %as
Solution/
a. ,% A E5Cl K ,%Cl
E
A 5
E

7.7+
). Num)er of moles of ,%
- mass ,%
A
r
- +7
E<
- 7.<E mol 0ELCESS
?ER;E?I5AN
Num)er of moles of h$drochloric acid
- Concentration J Dolume
+777
- ,D
+777
- 7.2 4 E7
+777
- 7.7+ mol
,% A E5Cl K ,%Cl
E
A 5
E

7.<E 07.7+1
F?CE'
E mol 5Cl produce + mol 5
E
7.7+ mol 5Cl produce M 4 7.7+ mol 5
E


Thus'
The no. of mole of 5
E
- 7.772 mol
0+ mol of %as - E< dm
8
in room condition1
Dolume of 5
E
- 7.772 L E< dm
8
5
E
- 7.+E dm
8

- +E7 cm
8
c. Avera%e reaction in 9 minute
- +E7 & 9 cm
8
min
+

- +2 cm
8
min
+

d.
F?CE'
E mol 5Cl reacts with + mol ,%
7.7+ mol 5Cl reacts with M 4 7.7+ mol ,%

Thus'
The no. of mole of ,% - 7.772 mol
0+ mol of ,% - E< %1
,ass of ,% - 7.772 L E< %
- 7.+E %
5(/ p%. E9E6 RB o)N.B no. +9 0cop$paste1
p%. E6 Su).B no. +
p%. 87 Ess.B no. E
E. An e4periment is carried out )etween E %
of ma%nesium car)onate with E7 cm
8

h$drochloric acid 7.E mol dm
8
.
0RA,/ 5" +' C" +E' O" +F' ,%" E<'
,olar volume of %as is EE.< dm
8
at s.t.p1
a1 (rite a )alanced chemical e#uation
for this reaction.
)1 Calculate the ma4imum volume of the
%as li)erated at s.t.p.
c1 Draw a la))eled apparatus for
e4perimet.
d1 5ow to test and confirm the %as
li)erated
Solution'
a1 ,%CO
8
A E5Cl ,%Cl
E
A CO
E
A 5
E
O
)1 No. mol of 5Cl - ,D&+777
- 7.E 4 E7 & +777
- 7.77< mol
F?CE'
5Cl CO
E
E mol +mol
7.77< mol 7.77E mol
No. of mol CO
E
- 7.77E mol
Dolume of CO
E
- 7.77E 4 EE.< dm
8

- 7.7<<9 dm
8

- 7.7<<9 4 +777 cm
8
- <<.9 cm
8

d1 Add E7 cm
8
lime water into a test tu)e" and
passed throu%h the %as into the test tu)e.
The lime water turns cloud$&chal!$.