Form 4 Add Science

CHAPTER 1: PHYSICAL QUANTITY

1. Physical Quantity
CHAPTER 2: MEASURING PROCESS
1. Measuring Process
2. Graphs
CHAPTER 3: ENERGY
1. Principle of Conservation of Energy
CHAPTER 4: HEAT
1. Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
2. Latent Heat and Specific Latent Heat
CHAPTER 5: ELECTRICITY
CHAPTER 6: SOURCES OF ENERGY
CHAPTER 7: PERIODIC TABLE
CHAPTER 8: CHEMICAL BONDING
CHAPTER 9: MOLE CONCEPT
CHAPTER 10: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 11: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
CHAPTER 12: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 13: EXCRETORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 14: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
CHAPTER 15: BIODIVERSITY
CHAPTER 16: BIOTIC RESOURCES
CHAPTER 17: BALANCE IN ECOSYSTEM

Summary of Form 4 Topics ( ADD SCIENCE )

Chapter 1

Physical Quantity

1. A physical quantity is a quantity that can be measured and consists of a

numerical magnitude and a unit.
2. Physical quantities can be classified into two types: base
quantitiesand derived quantities.
3. Five of the base quantities are length, mass, time temperature andelectric
current.
Base quantity
Length
Mass
Time
Temperature
Electric current

Simbol
l
m
t
T
I

SI unit
Metre
Kilogram
Second
Kelvin
ampere

Symbol for the unit

m
kg
s
K
A

4. Derived units are constructed using the base units.

Physical
quantity

Symbol

Relation with base quantity

Formula

SI units

Volume

Length (m) Length (m) Length(m)

V = l3

m3

Velocity

Displacement (m) / Time (s)

v = s/t

ms3

Density

Mass (kg) / Volume (m3)

= m/V

kg m-3

Force

Mass (kg) Acceleration (m s-2)

F = ma

Electric charge

Current (ampere) time (s)

Q = It

5. In scientific notation, the numerical part of a quantity is written as a

number between 1 and 10 multiplied to the power of a whole number.
M 10 n,

1 < M < 10 and n is an integer.

6. Prefixes.
Prefix
TeraGigaMegakilohectodekadecicentimillimicronanopico-

Symbol
T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m

n
p

Standard Form
1012
109
106
103
102
101
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12

Example
Terametre (Tm)
Gigabyte (GB)
Megawatt (MW)
Kilometre (km)
Hectometre (hm)
Dekametre (da m)
Decimetre (dm)
Centimetre (cm)
Milligram (mg)
Microwatt (W)
Nanosecond (ns)
Pikometre (pm)

7. A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction.

8. A scalar quantity has magnitude but no direction.
9. The resultant force of two vectors acting at a point can be found using the
parallelogram method.

Chapter 2

Measuring Process

1. A micrometer can be used to measure up to accuracy of 0.01 mm.

2. A vernier calliper can be used to measure up to accuracy of 0.01 cm.
3. The volume of liquids can be measured with a measuring cylinder, pipette
and burette.
4. Time can be measured with either an analogue of digital stopwatch.
However, the digital stopwatch is more accurate.
5. Consistency is a set of readings that are close to each other.
6. Accuracy is a measurement that is close to the actual value of the quality
being measured.
7. A graph must be drawn with the best line through the points.
8. In plotting a graph, we must know the manipulated variable and the
responding variable.
Chapter 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Energy

Energy is the capacity to do work.

The energy of motion is kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy, .
Potential energy is stored energy.
Change in gravitational potential energy.
There are various forms of energy.
Energy is neither created nor destroyed.
Energy can be converted from one form to another.

Chapter 4

Heat

1. Heat is the thermal energy that is being transferred from a body or system
to another as a result of a difference in temperature.
2. When the rate of the transfer of thermal energy is the same for two objects
in contact, the two objects are a state of thermal equilibrium.
3. A mercury or alcohol thermometer works on the principle of expansion of
liquids.
4. In an electrical resistance thermometer, the resistance of a wire changes
with temperature.
5. The thermal energy required to overcome the attraction of the molecular
forces is called latent heat.
6. Specific latent heat of fusion (lf) of a substance is the quantity of heat
needed to change a unit mass of the substance from solid to liquid without a
change in temperature.
7. Specific latent heat of vaporisation (lv) of substance is the quantity of heat
needed to change a unit mass of the substance from liquid to gaseous state
without a change in temperature.
Chapter 5

Electricity

1. Current flows from the positive to the negative terminal of a cell, but
electrons move in the opposite direction.
2. Current (I) is the rate of flow of electric charge (Q).
3. The relationship between charge, current and time is given by the formula .
4. An oscilloscope (CRO) can be used to display a waveform of the AC current.
5. Potential difference, , where E = energy, Q = charge.
6. Root mean square voltage, .
7. Root mean square current, .
8. Mean power = .

Chapter 6

Sources of Energy

1. During nuclear fission, the nucleus splits into two or more parts.
2. Rods of cadmium are lowered into a reactor to control the reaction. The
rods regulate the nuclear divisions by absorbing a number of freed neutrons.
3. Energy released during fission heats water, creating high pressure steam.
The steam is used to drive a turbine connected to an electrical generator.
4. Nuclear fusion is the union of two small nuclei, such as those of hydrogen,
to form another heavier nucleus, such as helium.
5. Fusion occurs in a tokomak or in the sun.
6. Solar energy can be harnessed in two main ways, which are for heating and
for the production of electricity.
7. Transparent materials used as covers will determine the amount of solar
radiation absorbed.
8. Biomass energy comes from plants that store the energy from the sun. The
burning of biomass substances will produce energy.
9. The kinetic energy of wind can turn the turbine of a windmill.
10. At the bottom of the windmill, there is a generator the produces electricity.
11. Geothermal energy is produced from heat in the earths crust.
12. Exploration of renewable energy sources is important to the economies,
society and the environment.
13. There is a need to increase the efficiency of energy used.

Chapter 7

Periodic Table

1. The Periodic Table contains elements arranged with their proton numbers
in increasing order. The columns are called groups and the rows are called
periods.
2. The electron configuration of an element indicates its group and period.
Elements in the same group have the same number of outermost electrons
and similar chemical properties.
3. The Group 1 elements (the alkali metals) are Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Fr. They
are soft metals with low densities and melting point, and very reactive. The
hardness and melting points decrease, but densities and reactivities increase
on going down the group.
Equation: 2M + 2H2O 2MOH + H2.
4. Hydrogen is in Period 1 and in a group by itself.
5. The Group 17 elements (the halogens) are F, Cl, Br, I and At. Their physical
states change from gas (F2, Cl2) to liquid (Br2) to solid (I2, At).
X2 + H2O HX + HOX
X2 + 2NaOH NaX + NaOX + H2O
X2 + 2Na NaX
3X2 + 2Fe 2FeX3
6. The Group 18 elements (the noble gases) are He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Rn have low
densities and boiling points. The boiling point increases on going down the
group. Their atoms have a duplet or an octet arrangement of outermost
electrons; they are inert gases.
7. The last elements in Group 1, Group 17, Group 18 and all actinoids are
radioactive. Elements with proton number 92 and higher are synthetic and
radioactive.
8. The period 3 elements are Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Al are metals, Si is a
metalloid and P, S, Cl and Ar are non-metals. Oxides of the metals are basic;

while silicon dioxide and oxides of the non-metals. Oxides of the metals are
basic; while silicon dioxide and oxides of the non-metals are acidic.
MgO + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2O
SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O
S + O2 SO2; SO2 + H2O H2SO3
9. The transition elements in Period 4 are in Group 3 to Group 12 (Sc, Ti, V, Cr,
Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn). They are metals, solid, have high densities and
melting points and they formed coloured compounds.
10. An element is made of one type of atoms only. A compound is made of two
or more different types of atoms. Matter can exist as elements, compounds
and mixtures.

Chapter 8

Chemical Bonding

1. Atoms or ions with the duplet or octet valence electron configuration are
stable.
2. Atom achieves a stable electron configuration by sharing, donating or
receiving valence electrons.
3. Atoms of metals donate one or more valence electrons to become positive
ions.
4. Atoms of non-metals receive one or more valence electrons to become
negative ions.
5. Non-metallic atoms share one or more valence electrons to achieve the
duplet or octet valence electron configuration.
6. An ionic compound is the electrostatic force of attraction between a
positive ion and a negative ion.
7. An ionic compound is formed from a metal and a non-metal.
8. Ionic compounds are insulators in the solid state; conductors when melted
of dissolved in water and have high melting points. Some ionic compounds
are soluble in water.
9. A covalent bond is the electrostatic force of attraction between the shared
electrons and the nuclei of both atoms.
10. Covalent compounds are insulations, generally have low melting points and
most of them are insoluble in water.

Chapter 9
1.
2.
3.
4.

Mole Concept

Relative atomic mass of X =

Relative molecular mass of X =
Relative molecular mass of Xa = a Relative atomic mass of X
Relative molecular mass of XaYb = (a Relative atomic mass of X) + (b Relative atomic
mass of Y)
5. 1 mol = 6.02 10 23 = Avogadros number.
6. Number of moles of atoms =
7. Number of moles of molecules =
8. Number of atoms = Number of moles of atoms Avogadros number.
9. Number of molecules = Number of moles of molecules Avogadros
number.
10. Balanced chemical equation: Number of atoms of reactants = number of
atoms of products.

Chapter 10

Respiratory System

1. The lungs are organs that facilitate the intake of oxygen and elimination of
carbon dioxide.
2. Respiration is the oxidation of glucose with the release of energy in living
cells.
3. The energy is used to perform activities in the cells.
4. There are two types of respiration; aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
5. Aerobic respiration involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of
oxygen, releasing a large amount of energy (36 ATP). Carbon dioxide and
water are released as waste products.
6. Anaerobic respiration in human involves breakdown of glucose with the
release of a small amount of energy (2ATP) and acid lactic in the absence of
oxygen.
7. Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen in yeast producing
ethanol and carbon dioxide.
8. In human muscle cells, anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid.
9. When oxygen enters the blood in our lungs, it binds with the haemoglobin
in the red blood cell to form oxyhaemoglobin and is transported to the
tissues and organs. Carbon dioxide is transported in the form of carbonic
acid and carbaminohaemoglobin from the body cells to the lungs where it is
expelled.
10. In case of lung failure, a ventilator or respirator can assist breathing.
11. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency treatment to assist
an individual who is out of breath for a while before proper treatment can
be carried out.
12. Asthma, lung cancer, pneumonia and bronchitis are some of the diseases
and illnesses infecting the lungs.

13. Healthy lifestyle includes abstaining from smoking and doing regular
exercises.
14. Conservation of air is essential to ensure healthy air quality.
Chapter 11

Digestive System

1. The human digestive system consists of mouth, salivary glands,

oesophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, duodenum, ileum, colon,
rectum and anus.
2. Digestion is the process of breaking down food molecules into smaller
molecules that can be absorbed by cells.
3. There are two types of digestive processes: that is mechanical and
chemical.
4. Chemical digestion involves hydrolysis that is catalysed by enzyme.
5. Enzymes need suitable environments to function actively. Their activity will
depend on factors such as pH and temperature.
6. Gastritis, constipation, appendicitis and diarrhoea are some diseases
related to the digestive system.
7. People who practice good nutrition, hygiene and exercise regularly are
healthy for many years. Therefore, we must practice good eating habits.

Chapter 12

Circulatory System

1. Blood has two major constituents; plasma and cellular elements.

2. Plasma plays a role in carrying dissolved substances, as well as being
involved in osmotic balance and pH buffering.
3. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells are
involved in defence and immunity. Platelet is important in blood clotting.
4. Blood types depend on the antigen on the red blood cells: antigen A and
antigen B.
5. Plasma also contains proteins called antibodies: Anti-A and Anti-B.
6. Blood compatibility depends on reactions between antigens and antibodies.
7. Rh factor is another group of antigens on the surface of red blood cells of
humans.
8. Blood clotting stops blood loss by clumping blood cells which are trapped
by the fibrin strands and protect the wound from entry of harmful
microorganisms.
9. A cardiac cycle is made of an auricular systole, a ventricular systole and a
complete auricular ventricular diastole.
10. Heartbeat increases when blood pressure rises and decreases when blood
pressure drops.
11. The lymphatic system cleanses the lymph by collecting excess tissue fluid
that leak from the capillaries and return them to the blood circulation.
12. The flow of lymph: lymph capillary lymph vessel lymph node lymph
duct larger lymph vessel left or right subclavian vein vena cava heart.
13. The lymphatic system filters lymph, fights infection and returns tissue fluid
back to the circulatory system.

Chapter 13

Excretory System

1. Excretion is the process of moving metabolic wastes products and toxic

materials, such as urea, ammonia and uric acid.
2. Kidneys and skin play an important role in excretion.
3. Defecation is removing indigestion food from digestive system.
4. Urine formation involves three processes : Filtration, selective reabsorption
and secretion.
5. Skin removes toxic wastes from the body through sweating. Sweat is a
mixture of water, salts and urea.
6. We can prevent the kidney related diseases by reducing salt and sugar
intake in our diet, drinking plenty of water, avoiding medications without
proper prescription and avoiding drugs and alcohol.

Chapter 14

Reproductive System

1. The menstrual cycle is a cycle of physiological events of the female

reproductive system in every 28 days.
2. The menstrual cycle, involves changes in hormone levels which in turn
causes changes to the ovaries and uterus.
3. The four hormones that affect the cycle are follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), oestrogen andprogesterone.
4. Spermatogenesis is the development of male gametes or sperm cells that
occurs in the testes, which is triggered by the hormone FSH.
5. Oogenesis is the development of an ovum that takes place in the ovary.
6. The fusion of the haploid sperm and haploid egg nucleus to produce a
diploid zygote is called fertilisation.
7. Reproductive technology such as In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF), Gamete Intra
Fallopian (GIFT) and Zygote Intra Fallopian (ZIFT) help to solve infertility
problems.
8. The foetal phase is the beginning of the 9th to the 40th week, where
organs begin to function and growth rapidly.
9. Amniotic fluid protects the foetus from mechanical damage by cushioning
sudden movements, facilitates the movement of the foetus and maintains a
relatively constant temperature in the environment surrounding the foetus.
10. The placenta secretes estrogen and progesterone, allows exchange of
nutrients and waste between maternal and foetal circulation, and acts as a
partial barrier from harmful substances.
11. Birth occurs in three stages: dilatation, delivery and afterbirth.
12. An infected reproductive system can cause illness and infertility.Sexually
transmitted infection (STI) involves infections that can be passed from an
infected partner to his or her partner during sexual intercourse.

Chapter 15

Biodiversity (Biokepelbagaian)

1. Biodiversity refer to the diversity of biological resources. (kepelbagaian

sumber hidup di dunia)
2. Biodiversity includes genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem
diversity.
3. Abiotic factors include water, soil, sunlight, temperature and they influence
the survival of the biotic components in the different ecosystems.
4. The interrelationships between the abiotic and biotic components have
created three major ecosystems in Malaysia; the marine, the
wetlands and the tropical rainforest ecosystem.
5. The stress factors are the disruptive causes of the ecosystems equilibrium.
6. The ecosystem imbalance caused by the human activities has lead to
biodiversity declining in the ecosystem.
7. The impacts of biodiversity decline are species extinction,endangered
species and threatened species.
8. Measures should be taken to prevent biodiversity from declining in the
ecosystem.
9. Means of conservation include the protection, management and renewal of
natural resources.
10. Aims of conservation are to preserve biodiversity, provide food and other
natural resources, balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide, preserve water
and catchments areas.

Chapter 16

Biotic Resources

1. Biotic resources are organisms that provide raw materials for agriculture,
medicine, construction, nutrition and many more.
2. In agriculture, food crops and marine are the main biotic resources. They
can be modified into high yield producers, biological pest control and
pollinators.
3. In the medicine sector, biotic resources can be manufactured into
antibiotics.
4. Traditional or alternative formulations include herbal health supplements.
5. Mushrooms, seaweeds, raw vegetables and honey bees are examples of
biotic resources providing valuable nutrients.
6. Timber, rattan, and bamboos are biotic resources used for building
constructions and furniture.
7. Other uses of biotic resources are as ingredients in the catchment areas.
8. Tropical forests provide fresh water trapped in the catchment areas.
9. Water catchment is an area of land where water collects and drains into
streams and rivers or lakes.
10. The catchment areas provide environmental services such as provide fresh
water, recycle water, store fresh water, flood regulator and prevent soil
erosion.
11. Destruction of water catchment will disrupt the water cycle, the supply of
fresh water and it cause flood and landslides.
12. Human activities like throwing rubbish into rivers, seas and streams add to
the destruction of the catchment areas by.
13. Human, animal and industrial waste can cause diseases, deformities and
even death.
14. Effects of development on tropical rainforest will cause loss of habitat, loss
of carbon dioxides, CO2 sink, loss of biodiversity, loss of possible medicinal
plants, soil erosion, water pollution and ecosystem destruction.

15. Biotic resources are meant to be utilised but in a sustainable manner.

Chapter 17

Balance in Ecosystem

1. Changes in the flora and fauna within a community take place

throughecological succession.
2. Primary succession takes place where no community previously existed. It
starts with soil building, often by lichens and other pioneer organisms. This
is followed by grasses and mosses. Eventually this is replaced by more
complex communities until climax state is reached.
3. Secondary succession, the establishment of a new community where the
previously community has been destroyed or disrupted, occurs more rapidly
than primary succession.
4. Causes of extinction including habitat loss, pollution, and over exploitation
are now largely responsible for the loss of biodiversity.
5. Conservation
techniques involve habitat
preservation and habitat
restoration in order to maintain a stable and balanced ecosystem.