KARACHI

A city of southern Pakistan on the Arabian Sea. Developed as a trading center in the
early 18th century, it passed to the British in 1843 and was the capital of newly
independent Pakistan from 1947 until 1959. Population: 11,600,000.

City (pop., 1998: 9,339,023; 2005 est.: urban agglom., 11,608,000), Pakistan.
Located in southern Pakistan on the Arabian Sea northwest of the mouth of the
Indus River, it was a small fishing village when traders arrived in the early 18th
century. It was captured by the British in 1839 and was a major port of the British
Empire by 1914. The provincial capital of Sindh from 1936, it was also the first
capital of independent Pakistan (1947 – 59). Karachi is Pakistan's largest city,
principal seaport, and a major industrial and commercial centre. It is the seat of the
University of Karachi and the terminus of Pakistan's railway system.

Karachi culture

One day she will be the Queen of the East, said Charles Napier a hundred years ago about
Karachi. It was then only a small village. Today Karachi bursts upon the visitor as a vast
commercial and industrial centre. With a mix of ancient and modern, Muslim and British,
commercial and recreational, Karachi is a diverse and interesting city.
Karachi is a city that has a large variety of places to go and things to do. In every part of the city
there is some club or organization. No matter where you are, you can be guaranteed a good time.
The city is vast in area. You can expect to see a large variety of modern and Colonial
architecture. Though there are very few tall buildings in Karachi but the modern architecture is
matured and highly sophisticated. There are many beautiful mosques, Mausoleums, Churches
and Libraries here. Bazaars of this city are the most attractive. There are typical oriental style of
bazaars with colours and narrow streets and also are the modern shopping centres offering a vast
variety of goods. One of the major tourist attraction is the busses and trucks of Karachi they are
seen everywhere and present a whole art gallery of colours in them. The national museum of
Pakistan is the most prestigious museums in Pakistan housing the artefacts from the old
civilizations and the modern Pakistan movements relics.
Because it is relatively new, the city of Karachi is not rich in ancient monuments and shrines. It
is here, however, that Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad ali Jinnah (the Founder of Pakistan) is laid to
rest, and his mausoleum is regarded as an outstanding example of modern Islamic architecture.
The Defence Housing Society Mosque with a dome is claimed to be the largest of its kind in the
world. The Holy Trinity Cathedral and St. Andrew's Church are examples of Anglo-Indian
architecture.
Karachi's cloth bazaar is in fact an excellent place to sample for the first time the intoxicating
atmosphere of this great city. Here amidst the food-and drink-stalls that seem to congregate
wherever goods are bought and sold, merchants from all over Pakistan are to be found engaged
in the serious business of making money.
Karachi is the centre of education and other cultural and social activities. A great number of
prestigious educational institutions are functioning here. It is an ultra-modern city, with most
modern cinemas, recreational clubs, hotels and restaurants . Of course, Karachi is a fine holiday
resort in its own right and many visitors to Pakistan never venture out of its boundaries. The city
enjoys year-round sunshine and has extensive facilities for yachting, water-skiing, sailing, skin-
diving, tennis, squash, cricket, hockey and other games and sports. There are also a number of
white-sand beaches lapped by the warm waters of the Arabian Sea. These places are excellent
picnic resorts with their tranquil surroundings and provide an atmosphere to rest and relax.
Karachi's charm is hard to define. At one level it is a harsh mercantile city with all the brash,
skin-deep self-assurance of the "nouveau riche"; at another level its complex, colourful bazaars
bespeak an ancient oriental tradition of barter and exchange; at still another level it is the most
advanced city in Pakistan, boasting advanced educational institutions, a nuclear power-station
and sophisticated banking and technical skills.
Karachi Sight places
Beaches
Clifton Beach
French Beach
Hawks Bay
Sand Spit
Paradise Point

Parks
Quaid-e-Azam Park
Aladdin Park
Hill Park
Safari Park
Muhammad Bin Qasim Park
Gandhi garden
Zoo Garden
Aziz Bhatia Park
Burns Garden

Fun parks
Fun Land
Sindhbad
Aladdin Park
 Beaches
Clifton Beach
French Beach
Hawks Bay
Sand Spit
Paradise Point

Parks
Quaid-e-Azam Park
Aladdin Park
Hill Park
Safari Park
Muhammad Bin Qasim Park
Gandhi garden
Zoo Garden
Aziz Bhatia Park
Burns Garden

Fun parks
Fun Land
Sindhbad
Aladdin Park

•
• APNA Water Warld
• Dream World Family Resort
• Aladdin Amusement Park
• Sindbad Amusement Park
• Feasta Water Park
• Sunway Lagoon Water Park
• Water World park
• Samzu Water Park
• Siddiquians Water Park
• cozy water park
World's Largest Ice Rink in Mexico

For the second year in a row, Mexico City is home to the world's biggest ice rink. Set in the
heart of town--in the Zócalo--the ice spans more than 300,000 square feet, making it about 20
times bigger than an NHL hockey rink.

The five-hour opening ceremony Saturday included Mexican pop stars, pro skaters inaugurating
the ice and the lighting of Christmas decorations--including a 163-foot tree--in the square. There
were even some mountains of snow for kids to enjoy.

While it's not exactly sweltering in Mexico City right now, the weather is far from frightful:
Highs above 70 are forecast for this weekend. The rink will be open until January 10, and
admission is free.

We wouldn't normally put ice skating high on our activities list for a trip to Mexico City, but
maybe we should reconsider. The DF recently set up an enormous skating rink in the city center,
and ice time and skate rental is free. (Good thing: We'd hate to have to schlep our own skates to
Mexico.)

The massive rink sits on top of miles of refrigeration tubes, ensuring that the ice stays frozen
even in the from-from-frigid December weather. And though a handful of residents think the big
price tag for the rink ($1.5 million) could be better spent on repairing the city's infrastructure,
most people think it's great, including this high school student:

'World's biggest' ice rink

Could this be the biggest ice skating rink in the whole world?
Well, according to the authorities in Mexico City it is. The huge rink in Zocalo Square measures 3,200
square metres.
People there can have a skate on the huge rink for free, if they're prepared to wait in the long queues for
their turn!
Around 14,000 people are expected to go for a skate every day.
And to complete the larger-than-life winter wonderland there is a 50-metre high Christmas tree, toboggan
slide and a huge snow area.

How the refrigeration system is work?

Refrigeration:

Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space, or from a substance, and
moving it to a place where it is unobjectionable. The primary purpose of refrigeration is lowering
the temperature of the enclosed space or substance and then maintaining that lower temperature.
The term cooling refers generally to any natural or artificial process by which heat is dissipated.
The process of artificially producing extreme cold temperatures is referred to as cryogenics.

Cold is the absence of heat, hence in order to decrease a temperature, one "removes heat", rather
than "adding cold." In order to satisfy the Second Law of Thermodynamics, some form of work
must be performed to accomplish this. This work is traditionally done by mechanical work but
can also be done by magnetism, laser or other means

EXPLANATION OF HOW IT WORKS/ IS USED:

Refrigerant flows through the compressor, which raises the pressure of the refrigerant. Next the
refrigerant flows through the condenser, where it condenses from vapor form to liquid form,
giving off heat in the process. The heat given off is what makes the condenser "hot to the touch."
After the condenser, the refrigerant goes through the expansion valve, where it experiences a
pressure drop. Finally, the refrigerant goes to the evaporator. The refrigerant draws heat from the
evaporator which causes the regrigerant to vaporize. The evaporator draws heat from the region
that is to be cooled. The vaporized refrigerant goes back to the compressor to restart the cycle.

Methods of refrigeration
Methods of refrigeration can be classified as non-cyclic, cyclic and thermoelectric.

[edit] Non-cyclic refrigeration

In these methods, refrigeration can be accomplished by melting ice or by subliming dry ice.
These methods are used for small-scale refrigeration such as in laboratories and workshops, or in
portable coolers.

Ice owes its effectiveness as a cooling agent to its constant melting point of 0 °C (32 °F). In
order to melt, ice must absorb 333.55 kJ/kg (approx. 144 Btu/lb) of heat. Foodstuffs maintained
at this temperature or slightly above have an increased storage life. Solid carbon dioxide, known
as dry ice, is used also as a refrigerant. Having no liquid phase at normal atmospheric pressure, it
sublimes directly from the solid to vapor phase at a temperature of -78.5 °C (-109.3 °F). Dry ice
is effective for maintaining products at low temperatures during the period of sublimation.

[edit] Cyclic refrigeration

Main article: Heat pump and refrigeration cycle

This consists of a refrigeration cycle, where heat is removed from a low-temperature space or
source and rejected to a high-temperature sink with the help of external work, and its inverse, the
thermodynamic power cycle. In the power cycle, heat is supplied from a high-temperature source
to the engine, part of the heat being used to produce work and the rest being rejected to a low-
temperature sink. This satisfies the second law of thermodynamics.

A refrigeration cycle describes the changes that take place in the refrigerant as it alternately
absorbs and rejects heat as it circulates through a refrigerator. It is also applied to HVACR work,
when describing the "process" of refrigerant flow through an HVACR unit, whether it is a
packaged or split system.

Heat naturally flows from hot to cold. Work is applied to cool a living space or storage volume
by pumping heat from a lower temperature heat source into a higher temperature heat sink.
Insulation is used to reduce the work and energy required to achieve and maintain a lower
temperature in the cooled space. The operating principle of the refrigeration cycle was described
mathematically by Sadi Carnot in 1824 as a heat engine.

The most common types of refrigeration systems use the reverse-Rankine vapor-compression
refrigeration cycle although absorption heat pumps are used in a minority of applications.
BERG
Made in Canada, Berg Chilling is located in Toronto. We have all components in stock for quick, reliable
service.

Berg has been recognized by the Canadian Government and awarded a Canadian Export Award , a
measure of quality and service.
Heat leakages of an indoor ice rink
 Typical Layout of an Ice Rink
Refrigeration System