Activity 3 (Question)

1. Explain what happen to the voltage and current when the load of exercise two has been
changed to R-L loads.
When the load is changed to R-L loads the waveform is different. When the dial is 2, the
slider is 14, IA and EA voltage and current is same waveform. For the IB and EB the graph
is different because the when dial is 2 the fault control signal can be configured
automatically by using the Timed Fault Logic component, or the Sequencer components.
The fault may also be controlled manually through the use of on-line controls, or through
a more elaborate control scheme. The three-phase breaker operation is virtually identical
to that described for the Single Phase Breaker. The breaker control can be configured
automatically by using the Timed Breaker Logic Component.

2. Explain the result of the experiments. What is the effect when the two phases fault
happen in phase A and B. Explain the voltage and current magnitude.
For the voltage waveform, when phase A and phase B have been connected to the ground
caused by fault, their voltage are drop to zero after fault is applied at 0.2s.While the other
phase C, the voltage remain the same as a supply until circuit breaker open or disconnect
the circuit at 0.31s.When circuit breaker opened and closed the voltage waveform is in
the form of transient in all phases.
For the current waveform we can identity that the phase A and phase B will over current
when fault is applied at 0.2s. When at fault condition the current will greater or triple
bigger than normal or no fault condition. At no fault condition the value of current is
0.33A at phase A and phase B and at fault their current will increase at phase A and
phase B respectively. Fault current in this system is the summation of both phases. There
is no current in this system when circuit breaker is open or disconnect at 0.31s.

DISCUSSION
The discussion for this experiment is to transfer energy from one circuit to another
through magnetic coupling. Take two inductors, send an ac current through the first, this induces
a changing B field through the second inductor. This activity generated a current in the second
inductor and transferred energy to that second circuit. It is often used to convert between high
and low voltages and accordingly between low and high currents. The component allows
simulation of single phase circuit breaker operation. The Open and Close resistance of the
breaker is specified along with its initial state. If the input is 0, the breaker will close. If the input
1, the breaker will open. The breaker current may be labeled and monitored via an output
channel if desired.
The multiplier component determines the magnitude of the current waveform which
controlled externally by the Multiple Run simulation component. The phase voltage Va is an
output variable produces by the phase voltage generator model whereas it is an input. The
component three phase source is used for generating faults on a three phase AC circuit. Line-toline as well as line-to-neutral faults are available and fault current variable names can be
specified in each phase and monitored via output channels if desired. An external connection is
supplied to the component so that may connect any type of external fault circuit directly to the
fault common point.

CONCLUSION
As a conclusion when fault is applied at 0.2 s at all location in the system, it will affect
the waveform of voltage and current for every phase. However the result at location 1 is
approximately equal to no fault condition. Therefore it can be concluded that the fault that
located near to plant or generator is difficult to detect and more protection scheme must be
installed at this location. The PSCAD simulation software tool provides students in the
undergraduate power electronics classes an opportunity to study expensive power electronics
circuits in a cost-effective manner. PSCAD/EMTDC is used for one of the ways to understand
the behavior of a complicated system is to study its response when subjected to disturbances or
parametric variations. Simulation is one way of producing these responses. In power systems,
these responses can be studied by observing either the time domain instantaneous values, time
domain rms values, or the frequency components of response. The circuit breakers are modeled
as simple time controlled switches in the PSCAD/EMTDC program. The program allows various
options to vary the closing time ranging from one-shot deterministic closings to multiple shot
statistical closings. For the statistical switching simulations, the characteristics of the mechanical
operating parts are modeled by a random pole spreading with a standard deviation for the three
phase breaker operating times. Randomly generated switch closing times varying are also used to
account for random operation at any point on the power frequency waveform.