Tutorial 6 Solution

Question 1
(a) Synchronous speed ns = 60f/p = 60(50)/3 = 1000 rpm
Where p = pole pairs
OR
ns = 120f/p where p = number of poles.
s = ns-nr/ns
0.04 = 1000-nr/1000 => nr = 1000 40 = 960 rpm
(b) Pin = 20000+250 = 20250
Slip s = 0.04, Rotor copper loss = sPin/1-s = 0.04(20250) / (1-0.04) = 843.75 = 844
W

Question 2
(a) ns = 60f/p = 60(50)/2 = 1500 rpm where pole pair, p =2
nr = m = 1440 * 2pi/60 = 150.796 rad/s
ns = 1500 * 2pi/60 = 157.08
Pm=Tm 70(150.796) = 10555.75 W
s = ns-nr/ns = 1500-1440/1500 = 0.04
Pin = Pag = Pm + losses/ (1-s) = 10555.75/0.96 = 10995.57 = 11 kW
(b) Rotor loss = S Pin = 0.04 * 11000 = 440 W

Question3

EEE3044S-2014
Tutorial 6- INDUCTION MACHINES
Question 1
(a) State three applications of: (i) Small single-phase induction machine (ii) Large threephase induction machine
(b) With the aid of diagrams explain two types of rotor windings
(c) A three phase, 50 Hz, six-pole induction motor has a slip of 0.04 per unit when the
output is 20 kW. The frictional loss is 250 W. Calculate:
(i) The rotor speed (ii) The rotor copper loss

Question 2
(a) Draw and explain the power flow of an induction machine indicating all losses.
(b) A three-phase, 50 Hz induction motor has four poles and runs at a speed of 1440 rpm
when the total torque developed by the rotor is 70Nm, Calculate :
(i) The total input (in kW) to the rotor (ii) the rotor cupper loss in Watts.

Question 3
A 3, 208 V, 60 Hz, 20 hp, four-pole induction motor has the following equivalent circuit
parameters. R1 = 0.12 , R2 = 0.1 , X1 = X2 = 0.25 , Xm = 10.0 . The rotational loss is
400 W. For 5% slip, determine:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)

The motor speed in rpm and rad/s.

The motor current.
The stator cu-loss.
The air gap power.
The rotor cu-loss
The shaft power.
The developed torque and the shaft torque.
The efficiency.

Fig. 1: IEEE-recommended equivalent circuit

Zth

jX m ( R1 jX1)
Rth jX th
R1 j ( X1 X m )

Note: Solve questions 1 and 2 in energy conversion and delivery note.

Tutorial 7 Solution
Question 1
(a) At higher frequencies the depth of penetration is small. Skin effect heating (at a
frequency of 0.5 MHz) is used for hardening machine tools, with a depth of heating
in iron of only about 0.02 mm. The advantages of induction hardening are that
temperatures of 850-1100C can be reached quickly (in seconds) and immediately
quenched, with the rest of the work piece staying cold.

(b)

100 kg natural gas = 42000 MJ

52 % efficiency =52/100 42000
21840 MJ
1 kWh =3.6 MJ
21840 MJ =21840/3.6
= 6066.67 kWh

If 6 % of the energy is lost, therefore 94 % is delivered.

94/100 6066.67 = 5702.67 kWh
1 kWh = R160
160/5702.67 = R 0.02805
= 0.02805 100
= 2.805 cents

Question 2
(a)

(b)

Total flux required is

= 30 20144/0.6 0.75= 192,000 lm

300 W lamp lumen output = 300 13 =3900 lm

Number of 300 W lamp required = 19200/3900 = 49
500 W lamp lumen output = 500 16 =8,000 lm
Number of 500 W lamp required = 19200/8,000 = 24
From the calculation 300 W lamps cannot be used because their number cannot be
arranged in a hall of area 600 m2 (30 m 20 m) with a space/height ratio of 1. 500 W lamps
can be used since their number can be arranged in a hall of 30 m 20 m. the lamps can be
arranged in 4 rows of 6 lamps each with 5 m spacing both in width and the length of the
hall.

Question 3
(i) Diversity factor =

Power factor =0.9

Minimum power rating of the transformer = 1634 kVA

(ii) Load factor =

=

Energy = Average Demand Time

Average demand = Maximum Demand Load Factor
For factory A, Average Demand = 800 0.4 = 320 kW
For factory B, Average Demand = 550 0.5 = 275 kW
For factory C, Average Demand = 1150 0.6 = 690 kW

= 1285 kW
Load factor (LF) =

= 0.79

Loss Load Factor (LLF) = cLF + (1-c)

Assume c = 0.3
LLF = 0.3(0.79) + (1-0.3)
LLF = 0.237 + (0.7)0.6241
= 0.67
(iii) Energy = Average demand Time
Energy A = 320 720 = 230400 kWh
Energy B = 275 720 =198000 kWh
Energy C = 690 720 = 496800 kWh
Total energy used = 230400 + 74250 + 496800
= 925200 kWh [OR]
Average Demand Time = 1285 720
= 925200 kWh
Energy Charge = (total energy used + losses) rate
(925200 +25250) 0.454

= R 431504.3
Demand Charge = Demand in kVA rate
= 1634 135.16
= R 22051.44
Daily Service Charge = 30 days rate
30 28.67 = R 860.1
Total bill = Energy Charge + Demand Charge + Daily Service Charge
= 431504.3 + 22051.44 + 860.1
= R 454415.84

EEE3044 -2014
Tutorial 7- Energy Conversion and Tariffs
Question 1
(a) Describe briefly how induction heating of steal is used to harden a machine tool.
(b) Natural gas has a calorific value of 42 MJ/kg (1kWh = 3.6 MJ). The efficiency of
converting natural gas into electricity is approximately 52 %. If 6 % of the electrical
energy is lost in the electricity delivery network, how much electrical energy can be
delivered by burning 1 tonne (1000 Kg) of natural gas? If the natural gas costs R 160
/tonne (delivered), what is the fuel component in the cost of delivered electricity in
c/kWh)?

Question 2
(a) Draw and label the principal components of a fluorescent lamp.
(b) A drawing hall in an engineering college is to be provided with a lighting installation.
The hall is 30 m 20 m 8 m (height). The mounting height is 5 m and the required
level of illumination is 144 lm/m2. Using metal filament lamps, estimate the size and
number of single lamps luminaires. Sketch the space layout. Assume: coefficient of
utilization of 0.6, maintenances factor of 0.75, and space/height ratio of 1.
Size of lamp (W)
Luminous efficiency (lm/W)

300
13

500
16

Question 3
(a) Explain 5 factors influencing cost and tariff of electricity supply.
(b) A small industrial estate has three factories with demand and monthly load factor
as shown in the table below. The diversity factor between the factories individual
demands is 1.7
Factory
A
B
C
(i)

Max demand (kW)

800
550
1150

Min demand (kW)

400
160
400

LF
0.4
0.5
0.6

What is the minimum power rating (kVA) of 22/0.4 kV transformer and the
minimum current rating in (A/Phase) of the 22 kV three-phase cable that should
be adequate to supply the estate? Assume a power factor of 0. 9 lagging at
maximum demand in calculating the ratings.

(ii)
(iii)

Determine the load factor of the estate on a 30-day month. Using an empirical
formula, calculate a likely value for the Loss Load Factor (LLF).
Assume that there are energy losses of 25,250 kWh in the transformer and
distribution cables, and the peak demand falls between 06 h00 and 22 h00. If
the owner of the estate is billed using large power user (medium Voltage tariff in
the city of Cape Town Electricity Tariffs July 2011-commercial customer below,
what is this monthly bill?

City of Cape Town Electricity Tariffs from July 2011 commercials

Large power
Small power Small power Large power
user
Parameter user(low
user (high
user (low
(medium
consumption) consumption) consumption) voltage)
Energy
Less than
More than
range
1000
1000
Demand
Less than
500 to
range
Less than 500 Less than 500 500/500 to
1000/more
1000
than 1000
Energy
charge
1.446
0.9315
0.4884
0.454
Monthly
demand
145.32
135.16
charge
(6h-22h)
(6h-22h)
Daily
service
17.21
28.67
28.67
charge

Units

kWh/month
kVA

Rand/kWh
Rand/kVA

Rand/day

Tutorial 8 solutions
(1)

(a) Using the formula PV =

Cn
r

= Cn r

with r = 1.1 and Cn = R60000:

n=3: PV = R45 079

n=8: PV = R27 990
(b) A way of understanding this concept is to think about the results of investing the R27
990 in the present in a bank account with 10% interest per year. In 8 years time the
investment would have grown to R60 000.
Looking at it the other way around: the further into the future that an expense occurs, the
less its impact on the present value of the project. This is because the capital required for
this expense is only tied up into the project further into the future, with the associated loss
in potential investment earnings from this capital therefore also occurring only later.
2a
Using the formula PV = Ca

rn _ 1
, with r = 1.09, n = 20 and Ca =R 15000,
r n (r _ 1)

PV = R137035.714
(a) NPV = R[137035.714 (45079 +27990)]

= R63966.714
Yes, the NPV is positive / shows net income
3a
1+ d
links all three rates mathematically, where the factor r 1 is called the
1+ i
net discount rate. Where d is the discount rate and i is inflation rate.

The formula r =

(b)
r = (1+0.07) / (1+0.02) = 1.049
Therefore the net discount rate is 1.049-1 = 0.049 = 4.9%
(c)
Net discount rate is a composite indicator of the opportunity cost of capital. If capital is
scarce, the investor will expect a high yield on the investment as reward for using the scarce

capital to invest. Similarly, if the investment risk is large the investor will expect a large
return on the investment to justify the risk.

(4)
Load = 1100 kVA, 0.96 pf (7am5pm (10 hrs)) on weekdays-20 days of the month;
Load = 700 kVA, 0.96 pf (5pm10pm (5 hrs)) and 150kVA, 1pf, (10pm7am (9 hrs)) for 4
weekdays -16 days
Load = 150 kVA, 1 pf, (5pm -7am (14 hrs)) on one weekday 4 days (i.e. 1 day per week
without shift work)
Load = 150 kVA, 1pf on weekends (wknd) 8 days of the month
(a) Energy = Ewkd +Ewknd = (1100*0.96*10)(20) +((700*0.96*5)+(150*1*8))(16) +(150*1*14)(4)
+ (150*24)(8) = 211,200 + 75,360 + 8,400 +28800 = 323760 kWh
LF =Energy/ (Max demand * time) = 323760 kWh / (1100 x 0.96 kW x 672 hrs) = 0.4562
(b) Expected range of LLF; LF LLF LF2 = 0.445 LLF 0.1984
(c) Using the empirical formula
LLF = cLF + (1-c) LF2 = (0.3) (0.4562) + (1-0.3) (0.4562)2 = (0.3) (0.4562) + (0.7) (0.2081)
=0.1335+0.1386 = 0.2825

EEE3044 -2014
Tutorial 8 - Time Value of Money and Tariffs
1 (a)

Assumed that the present moment is 1st January 2014; two projects expenditure of R60 000

each is planned for 2016 and 2021 respectively, that is 3rd and 8th year of the projects, assuming a
net discount rate of 10%. Calculate the present values of these expenditures using a mathematical
formula.
(b)

Interpret your answer. Why is expenditure 8 years in the future worth so much less in

present value terms than expenditure 3 years in the future?

2(a)
Assume that a project with a lifetime of 20 years has an income of R15000 per year in
current prices. Assuming a net discount rate of 9%, calculate the present value of these annually
recurring incomes using a mathematical formula
(b)

What would be the net present value of the project described in (a), assuming two once-off

expenditures of R60 000 in years 3 and 8, as calculated in (1a)? Would you invest in this project?
3 (a) How is the inflation, discount and net discount rates linked to one another mathematically
(supply the formula)?
(b)

Using the mathematical relationship above, calculate the net discount rate, given an

inflation rate of 2% and a discount rate of 7%.

(c)
Net discount rates of around 3% to 6% are typically used for projects in developed countries
like the USA, while net discount rates of 8% to 15% are used in developing countries like South
Africa. Explain how the availability of capital and the investment risks associated with the project
defines the net discount rate used
4.

A factory load is constant at 1100 kVA, 0.96 pf from 7am to 5pm weekdays, and at 700 kVA,

0.96 pf during four evening shifts from 5 pm to 10pm. For the rest of the time the load is 150 kVA at
upf. Ignore voltage discounts and transmission surcharges.
(a)

What was the factorys monthly load factor in February 2014?

(b)

What is the expected range of the loss load factor?

(c)
The factory distribution network was designed for a maximum voltage drop of 10% at a peak
load of 1200 kW. What is the effective loss load factor?
(d)
What was the cost of electricity, per month and per kWh, on City of Cape Town 2012 Large
Power Medium voltage tariff.
(e)
What was the cost of electricity on City of Cape Town 2012 Medium voltage Time-of-Use
tariff, per month and per kWh?